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STAT(2)                    Linux Programmer's Manual                   STAT(2)

NAME
       stat, fstat, lstat - get file status
SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <sys/stat.h>
       #include <unistd.h>
       int stat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);
       int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf);
       int lstat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);
   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
       lstat():
           _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 ||
           _XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
           || /* Since glibc 2.10: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
DESCRIPTION
       These functions return information about a file.   No  permissions  are
       required  on the file itself, but--in the case of stat() and lstat() --
       execute (search) permission is required on all of  the  directories  in
       path that lead to the file.
       stat() stats the file pointed to by path and fills in buf.
       lstat() is identical to stat(), except that if path is a symbolic link,
       then the link itself is stat-ed, not the file that it refers to.
       fstat() is identical to stat(), except that the file to be  stat-ed  is
       specified by the file descriptor fd.
       All  of  these system calls return a stat structure, which contains the
       following fields:
           struct stat {
               dev_t     st_dev;     /* ID of device containing file */
               ino_t     st_ino;     /* inode number */
               mode_t    st_mode;    /* protection */
               nlink_t   st_nlink;   /* number of hard links */
               uid_t     st_uid;     /* user ID of owner */
               gid_t     st_gid;     /* group ID of owner */
               dev_t     st_rdev;    /* device ID (if special file) */
               off_t     st_size;    /* total size, in bytes */
               blksize_t st_blksize; /* blocksize for file system I/O */
               blkcnt_t  st_blocks;  /* number of 512B blocks allocated */
               time_t    st_atime;   /* time of last access */
               time_t    st_mtime;   /* time of last modification */
               time_t    st_ctime;   /* time of last status change */
           };
       The st_dev field describes the device on which this file resides.  (The
       major(3)  and  minor(3) macros may be useful to decompose the device ID
       in this field.)
       The st_rdev field describes the device that this  file  (inode)  repre-
       sents.
       The  st_size  field gives the size of the file (if it is a regular file
       or a symbolic link) in bytes.  The size  of  a  symbolic  link  is  the
       length of the pathname it contains, without a terminating null byte.
       The  st_blocks  field  indicates  the number of blocks allocated to the
       file, 512-byte units.  (This may be smaller than st_size/512  when  the
       file has holes.)
       The st_blksize field gives the "preferred" blocksize for efficient file
       system I/O.  (Writing to a file in smaller chunks may cause an  ineffi-
       cient read-modify-rewrite.)
       Not  all  of  the  Linux file systems implement all of the time fields.
       Some file system types allow mounting in such a way  that  file  and/or
       directory  accesses do not cause an update of the st_atime field.  (See
       noatime, nodiratime, and relatime in mount(8), and related  information
       in mount(2).)  In addition, st_atime is not updated if a file is opened
       with the O_NOATIME; see open(2).
       The field st_atime  is  changed  by  file  accesses,  for  example,  by
       execve(2),  mknod(2),  pipe(2), utime(2) and read(2) (of more than zero
       bytes).  Other routines, like mmap(2), may or may not update st_atime.
       The field st_mtime is changed by file modifications,  for  example,  by
       mknod(2), truncate(2), utime(2) and write(2) (of more than zero bytes).
       Moreover, st_mtime of a directory is changed by the creation  or  dele-
       tion of files in that directory.  The st_mtime field is not changed for
       changes in owner, group, hard link count, or mode.
       The field st_ctime is changed by writing or by setting  inode  informa-
       tion (i.e., owner, group, link count, mode, etc.).
       The following POSIX macros are defined to check the file type using the
       st_mode field:
           S_ISREG(m)  is it a regular file?
           S_ISDIR(m)  directory?
           S_ISCHR(m)  character device?
           S_ISBLK(m)  block device?
           S_ISFIFO(m) FIFO (named pipe)?
           S_ISLNK(m)  symbolic link?  (Not in POSIX.1-1996.)
           S_ISSOCK(m) socket?  (Not in POSIX.1-1996.)
       The following flags are defined for the st_mode field:
           S_IFMT     0170000   bit mask for the file type bit fields
           S_IFSOCK   0140000   socket
           S_IFLNK    0120000   symbolic link
           S_IFREG    0100000   regular file
           S_IFBLK    0060000   block device
           S_IFDIR    0040000   directory
           S_IFCHR    0020000   character device
           S_IFIFO    0010000   FIFO
           S_ISUID    0004000   set-user-ID bit
           S_ISGID    0002000   set-group-ID bit (see below)
           S_ISVTX    0001000   sticky bit (see below)
           S_IRWXU    00700     mask for file owner permissions
           S_IRUSR    00400     owner has read permission
           S_IWUSR    00200     owner has write permission
           S_IXUSR    00100     owner has execute permission
           S_IRWXG    00070     mask for group permissions
           S_IRGRP    00040     group has read permission
           S_IWGRP    00020     group has write permission
           S_IXGRP    00010     group has execute permission
           S_IRWXO    00007     mask for permissions for others (not in group)
           S_IROTH    00004     others have read permission
           S_IWOTH    00002     others have write permission
           S_IXOTH    00001     others have execute permission
       The set-group-ID bit (S_ISGID) has several special uses.  For a  direc-
       tory  it indicates that BSD semantics is to be used for that directory:
       files created there inherit their group ID from the directory, not from
       the effective group ID of the creating process, and directories created
       there will also get the S_ISGID bit set.  For a file that does not have
       the  group  execution bit (S_IXGRP) set, the set-group-ID bit indicates
       mandatory file/record locking.
       The sticky bit (S_ISVTX) on a directory  means  that  a  file  in  that
       directory  can  be renamed or deleted only by the owner of the file, by
       the owner of the directory, and by a privileged process.
RETURN VALUE
       On success, zero is returned.  On error, -1 is returned, and  errno  is
       set appropriately.
ERRORS
       EACCES Search  permission  is  denied for one of the directories in the
              path prefix of path.  (See also path_resolution(7).)
       EBADF  fd is bad.
       EFAULT Bad address.
       ELOOP  Too many symbolic links encountered while traversing the path.
       ENAMETOOLONG
              path is too long.
       ENOENT A component of path does not exist, or path is an empty string.
       ENOMEM Out of memory (i.e., kernel memory).
       ENOTDIR
              A component of the path prefix of path is not a directory.
       EOVERFLOW
              path or fd refers to a file whose size, inode number, or  number
              of  blocks  cannot  be  represented  in, respectively, the types
              off_t, ino_t, or blkcnt_t.  This error can occur when, for exam-
              ple,  an  application  compiled  on  a  32-bit  platform without
              -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 calls stat() on a file whose size exceeds
              (1<<31)-1 bytes.
CONFORMING TO
       These system calls conform to SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
       According to POSIX.1-2001, lstat() on a symbolic link need return valid
       information only in the st_size field and the  file-type  component  of
       the  st_mode  field  of  the  stat structure.  POSIX.-2008 tightens the
       specification, requiring lstat() to return  valid  information  in  all
       fields except the permission bits in st_mode.
       Use of the st_blocks and st_blksize fields may be less portable.  (They
       were introduced in BSD.  The interpretation  differs  between  systems,
       and  possibly on a single system when NFS mounts are involved.)  If you
       need to obtain the definition of the blkcnt_t or blksize_t  types  from
       <sys/stat.h>,  then  define _XOPEN_SOURCE with the value 500 or greater
       (before including any header files).
       POSIX.1-1990 did not describe the S_IFMT, S_IFSOCK,  S_IFLNK,  S_IFREG,
       S_IFBLK,  S_IFDIR,  S_IFCHR,  S_IFIFO,  S_ISVTX  constants, but instead
       demanded the use of the macros S_ISDIR(), etc.  The S_IF* constants are
       present in POSIX.1-2001 and later.
       The  S_ISLNK()  and S_ISSOCK() macros are not in POSIX.1-1996, but both
       are present in POSIX.1-2001; the former is from SVID 4, the latter from
       SUSv2.
       UNIX V7 (and later systems) had S_IREAD, S_IWRITE, S_IEXEC, where POSIX
       prescribes the synonyms S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, S_IXUSR.
   Other systems
       Values that have been (or are) in use on various systems:
       hex    name       ls   octal    description
       f000   S_IFMT          170000   mask for file type
       0000                   000000   SCO out-of-service inode; BSD
                                       unknown type; SVID-v2 and XPG2 have
                                       both 0 and 0100000 for ordinary file
       1000   S_IFIFO    p|   010000   FIFO (named pipe)
       2000   S_IFCHR    c    020000   character special (V7)
       3000   S_IFMPC         030000   multiplexed character special (V7)
       4000   S_IFDIR    d/   040000   directory (V7)
       5000   S_IFNAM         050000   XENIX named special file with two
                                       subtypes, distinguished by st_rdev
                                       values 1, 2
       0001   S_INSEM    s    000001   XENIX semaphore subtype of IFNAM
       0002   S_INSHD    m    000002   XENIX shared data subtype of IFNAM
       6000   S_IFBLK    b    060000   block special (V7)
       7000   S_IFMPB         070000   multiplexed block special (V7)
       8000   S_IFREG    -    100000   regular (V7)
       9000   S_IFCMP         110000   VxFS compressed
       9000   S_IFNWK    n    110000   network special (HP-UX)
       a000   S_IFLNK    l@   120000   symbolic link (BSD)
       b000   S_IFSHAD        130000   Solaris shadow inode for ACL (not
                                       seen by user space)
       c000   S_IFSOCK   s=   140000   socket (BSD; also "S_IFSOC" on VxFS)
       d000   S_IFDOOR   D>   150000   Solaris door
       e000   S_IFWHT    w%   160000   BSD whiteout (not used for inode)
       0200   S_ISVTX         001000   sticky bit: save swapped text even
                                       after use (V7)
                                       reserved (SVID-v2)
                                       On nondirectories: don't cache this
                                       file (SunOS)
                                       On directories: restricted deletion
                                       flag (SVID-v4.2)
       0400   S_ISGID         002000   set-group-ID on execution (V7)
                                       for directories: use BSD semantics
                                       for propagation of GID
       0400   S_ENFMT         002000   System V file locking enforcement
                                       (shared with S_ISGID)
       0800   S_ISUID         004000   set-user-ID on execution (V7)
       0800   S_CDF           004000   directory is a context dependent
                                       file (HP-UX)
       A sticky command appeared in Version 32V AT&T UNIX.
NOTES
       Since  kernel 2.5.48, the stat structure supports nanosecond resolution
       for the three file timestamp fields.  Glibc exposes the nanosecond com-
       ponent  of  each  field  using names of the form st_atim.tv_nsec if the
       _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE  feature  test  macro  is  defined.   These
       fields  are specified in POSIX.1-2008, and, starting with version 2.12,
       glibc also exposes these field names if _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined with
       the  value  200809L  or  greater,  or _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with the
       value 700 or  greater.   If  none  of  the  aforementioned  macros  are
       defined,  then the nanosecond values are exposed with names of the form
       st_atimensec.  On file systems that  do  not  support  subsecond  time-
       stamps, the nanosecond fields are returned with the value 0.
       On  Linux,  lstat()  will  generally  not  trigger  automounter action,
       whereas stat() will (but see fstatat(2)).
       For most files under the /proc directory, stat() does  not  return  the
       file  size in the st_size field; instead the field is returned with the
       value 0.
   Underlying kernel interface
       Over time, increases in the size of the  stat  structure  have  led  to
       three  successive  versions  of stat(): sys_stat() (slot __NR_oldstat),
       sys_newstat() (slot __NR_stat), and sys_stat64() (new  in  kernel  2.4;
       slot  __NR_stat64).   The  glibc  stat()  wrapper  function hides these
       details from applications, invoking the most recent version of the sys-
       tem call provided by the kernel, and repacking the returned information
       if required for old binaries.  Similar remarks apply  for  fstat()  and
       lstat().
EXAMPLE
       The  following program calls stat() and displays selected fields in the
       returned stat structure.
       #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <sys/stat.h>
       #include <time.h>
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>
       int
       main(int argc, char *argv[])
       {
           struct stat sb;
           if (argc != 2) {
               fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <pathname>\n", argv[0]);
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }
           if (stat(argv[1], &sb) == -1) {
               perror("stat");
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }
           printf("File type:                ");
           switch (sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) {
           case S_IFBLK:  printf("block device\n");            break;
           case S_IFCHR:  printf("character device\n");        break;
           case S_IFDIR:  printf("directory\n");               break;
           case S_IFIFO:  printf("FIFO/pipe\n");               break;
           case S_IFLNK:  printf("symlink\n");                 break;
           case S_IFREG:  printf("regular file\n");            break;
           case S_IFSOCK: printf("socket\n");                  break;
           default:       printf("unknown?\n");                break;
           }
           printf("I-node number:            %ld\n", (long) sb.st_ino);
           printf("Mode:                     %lo (octal)\n",
                   (unsigned long) sb.st_mode);
           printf("Link count:               %ld\n", (long) sb.st_nlink);
           printf("Ownership:                UID=%ld   GID=%ld\n",
                   (long) sb.st_uid, (long) sb.st_gid);
           printf("Preferred I/O block size: %ld bytes\n",
                   (long) sb.st_blksize);
           printf("File size:                %lld bytes\n",
                   (long long) sb.st_size);
           printf("Blocks allocated:         %lld\n",
                   (long long) sb.st_blocks);
           printf("Last status change:       %s", ctime(&sb.st_ctime));
           printf("Last file access:         %s", ctime(&sb.st_atime));
           printf("Last file modification:   %s", ctime(&sb.st_mtime));
           exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }
SEE ALSO
       access(2), chmod(2), chown(2), fstatat(2), readlink(2), utime(2), capa-
       bilities(7), symlink(7)
COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.53 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux                             2012-11-11                           STAT(2)