strace(template) - phpMan

STRACE(1)                   General Commands Manual                  STRACE(1)

NAME
       strace - trace system calls and signals
SYNOPSIS
       strace [-ACdffhikqrtttTvVxxy] [-I n] [-b execve] [-e expr]...
              [-a column] [-o file] [-s strsize] [-X format] [-P path]...
              [-p pid]... { -p pid | [-D] [-E var[=val]]... [-u username]
              command [args] }
       strace -c [-df] [-I n] [-b execve] [-e expr]... [-O overhead]
              [-S sortby] [-P path]... [-p pid]... { -p pid | [-D]
              [-E var[=val]]... [-u username] command [args] }

DESCRIPTION
       In the simplest case strace runs the specified command until it  exits.
       It  intercepts  and  records  the  system  calls  which are called by a
       process and the signals which are received by a process.  The  name  of
       each  system  call,  its  arguments and its return value are printed on
       standard error or to the file specified with the -o option.
       strace is a useful diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool.  Sys-
       tem  administrators,  diagnosticians  and trouble-shooters will find it
       invaluable for solving problems with programs for which the  source  is
       not  readily available since they do not need to be recompiled in order
       to trace them.  Students, hackers and the overly-curious will find that
       a  great  deal  can  be  learned about a system and its system calls by
       tracing even ordinary programs.  And programmers will find  that  since
       system  calls  and  signals  are  events that happen at the user/kernel
       interface, a close examination of this boundary is very useful for  bug
       isolation, sanity checking and attempting to capture race conditions.
       Each  line  in the trace contains the system call name, followed by its
       arguments in parentheses and its return value.  An example from  strac-
       ing the command "cat /dev/null" is:
           open("/dev/null", O_RDONLY) = 3
       Errors (typically a return value of -1) have the errno symbol and error
       string appended.
           open("/foo/bar", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
       Signals are printed as signal symbol and decoded siginfo structure.  An
       excerpt from stracing and interrupting the command "sleep 666" is:
           sigsuspend([] <unfinished ...>
           --- SIGINT {si_signo=SIGINT, si_code=SI_USER, si_pid=...} ---
           +++ killed by SIGINT +++
       If  a  system call is being executed and meanwhile another one is being
       called from a different thread/process then strace will try to preserve
       the  order  of  those  events and mark the ongoing call as being unfin-
       ished.  When the call returns it will be marked as resumed.
           [pid 28772] select(4, [3], NULL, NULL, NULL <unfinished ...>
           [pid 28779] clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, {1130322148, 939977000}) = 0
           [pid 28772] <... select resumed> )      = 1 (in [3])
       Interruption of a (restartable) system call by  a  signal  delivery  is
       processed  differently  as  kernel  terminates the system call and also
       arranges its immediate reexecution after the signal handler completes.
           read(0, 0x7ffff72cf5cf, 1)              = ? ERESTARTSYS (To be restarted)
           --- SIGALRM ... ---
           rt_sigreturn(0xe)                       = 0
           read(0, "", 1)                          = 0
       Arguments are printed in symbolic  form  with  passion.   This  example
       shows the shell performing ">>xyzzy" output redirection:
           open("xyzzy", O_WRONLY|O_APPEND|O_CREAT, 0666) = 3
       Here,  the  third  argument  of open(2) is decoded by breaking down the
       flag argument into its three bitwise-OR constituents and  printing  the
       mode  value  in  octal  by  tradition.  Where the traditional or native
       usage differs from ANSI or POSIX, the latter forms are  preferred.   In
       some  cases,  strace  output  is  proven  to  be more readable than the
       source.
       Structure pointers are dereferenced and the members  are  displayed  as
       appropriate.  In most cases, arguments are formatted in the most C-like
       fashion possible.  For example, the  essence  of  the  command  "ls  -l
       /dev/null" is captured as:
           lstat("/dev/null", {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0666, st_rdev=makedev(1, 3), ...}) = 0
       Notice how the 'struct stat' argument is dereferenced and how each mem-
       ber is displayed symbolically.  In particular, observe how the  st_mode
       member  is  carefully decoded into a bitwise-OR of symbolic and numeric
       values.  Also notice  in  this  example  that  the  first  argument  to
       lstat(2)  is  an input to the system call and the second argument is an
       output.  Since output arguments are not modified  if  the  system  call
       fails, arguments may not always be dereferenced.  For example, retrying
       the "ls -l" example with a non-existent  file  produces  the  following
       line:
           lstat("/foo/bar", 0xb004) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
       In this case the porch light is on but nobody is home.
       Syscalls  unknown  to  strace  are printed raw, with the unknown system
       call number printed in hexadecimal form and prefixed with "syscall_":
           syscall_0xbad(0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6) = -1 ENOSYS (Function not implemented)

       Character pointers are dereferenced and printed  as  C  strings.   Non-
       printing  characters  in strings are normally represented by ordinary C
       escape codes.  Only the first strsize (32 by default) bytes of  strings
       are  printed;  longer  strings  have an ellipsis appended following the
       closing quote.  Here is a line  from  "ls  -l"  where  the  getpwuid(3)
       library routine is reading the password file:
           read(3, "root::0:0:System Administrator:/"..., 1024) = 422
       While  structures are annotated using curly braces, simple pointers and
       arrays are printed using square brackets with  commas  separating  ele-
       ments.  Here is an example from the command id(1) on a system with sup-
       plementary group ids:
           getgroups(32, [100, 0]) = 2
       On the other hand, bit-sets are also shown using  square  brackets  but
       set elements are separated only by a space.  Here is the shell, prepar-
       ing to execute an external command:
           sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, [CHLD TTOU], []) = 0
       Here, the second argument is a bit-set  of  two  signals,  SIGCHLD  and
       SIGTTOU.   In  some cases, the bit-set is so full that printing out the
       unset elements is more valuable.  In that case, the bit-set is prefixed
       by a tilde like this:
           sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, ~[], NULL) = 0
       Here, the second argument represents the full set of all signals.
OPTIONS
   Output format
       -a column   Align  return  values  in a specific column (default column
                   40).
       -i          Print the instruction pointer at the  time  of  the  system
                   call.
       -k          Print  the  execution  stack  trace of the traced processes
                   after each system call.
       -o filename Write the trace output to the file filename rather than  to
                   stderr.   filename.pid  form  is used if -ff option is sup-
                   plied.  If the argument begins with '|' or '!', the rest of
                   the  argument  is  treated  as  a command and all output is
                   piped to it.  This is convenient for piping  the  debugging
                   output  to  a program without affecting the redirections of
                   executed programs.  The latter is not compatible  with  -ff
                   option currently.
       -A          Open the file provided in the -o option in append mode.
       -q          Suppress  messages  about  attaching,  detaching etc.  This
                   happens automatically when output is redirected to  a  file
                   and the command is run directly instead of attaching.
       -qq         If  given  twice, suppress messages about process exit sta-
                   tus.
       -r          Print a relative timestamp upon entry to each system  call.
                   This  records  the time difference between the beginning of
                   successive system calls.  Note that since  -r  option  uses
                   the  monotonic clock time for measuring time difference and
                   not the wall clock time, its measurements can  differ  from
                   the difference in time reported by the -t option.
       -s strsize  Specify  the  maximum  string size to print (the default is
                   32).  Note that filenames are not  considered  strings  and
                   are always printed in full.
       -t          Prefix each line of the trace with the wall clock time.
       -tt         If given twice, the time printed will include the microsec-
                   onds.
       -ttt        If  given  thrice,  the  time  printed  will  include   the
                   microseconds and the leading portion will be printed as the
                   number of seconds since the epoch.
       -T          Show the time spent in system calls.  This records the time
                   difference between the beginning and the end of each system
                   call.
       -x          Print all non-ASCII strings in hexadecimal string format.
       -xx         Print all strings in hexadecimal string format.
       -X format   Set the format for printing of named constants  and  flags.
                   Supported format values are:
                   raw       Raw number output, without decoding.
                   abbrev    Output a named constant or a set of flags instead
                             of the raw number if they are found.  This is the
                             default strace behaviour.
                   verbose   Output  both the raw value and the decoded string
                             (as a comment).
       -y          Print paths associated with file descriptor arguments.
       -yy         Print protocol specific information associated with  socket
                   file descriptors, and block/character device number associ-
                   ated with device file descriptors.
   Statistics
       -c          Count time, calls, and errors  for  each  system  call  and
                   report  a  summary on program exit, suppressing the regular
                   output.  This attempts to show system time (CPU time  spent
                   running  in the kernel) independent of wall clock time.  If
                   -c is used with -f, only aggregate totals  for  all  traced
                   processes are kept.
       -C          Like  -c  but also print regular output while processes are
                   running.
       -O overhead Set the overhead  for  tracing  system  calls  to  overhead
                   microseconds.   This  is  useful for overriding the default
                   heuristic for guessing how much time is spent in mere  mea-
                   suring  when  timing system calls using the -c option.  The
                   accuracy of the heuristic can be gauged by timing  a  given
                   program  run  without tracing (using time(1)) and comparing
                   the accumulated system call  time  to  the  total  produced
                   using -c.
       -S sortby   Sort  the  output of the histogram printed by the -c option
                   by the specified criterion.  Legal values are time,  calls,
                   name, and nothing (default is time).
       -w          Summarise the time difference between the beginning and end
                   of each system call.  The default is to summarise the  sys-
                   tem time.
   Filtering
       -e expr     A  qualifying  expression  which  modifies  which events to
                   trace or how to trace them.  The format of  the  expression
                   is:
                             [qualifier=][!][?]value1[,[?]value2]...
                   where qualifier is one of trace, abbrev, verbose, raw, sig-
                   nal, read, write, fault, inject, or  kvm  and  value  is  a
                   qualifier-dependent  symbol  or number.  The default quali-
                   fier is trace.  Using an exclamation mark negates  the  set
                   of   values.    For   example,   -e open   means  literally
                   -e trace=open which in turn means trace only the open  sys-
                   tem call.  By contrast, -e trace=!open means to trace every
                   system call except open.  Question mark before the  syscall
                   qualification  allows  suppression  of  error  in  case  no
                   syscalls matched the qualification provided.  Appending one
                   of "@64", "@32", or "@x32" suffixes to the syscall qualifi-
                   cation allows specifying  syscalls  only  for  the  64-bit,
                   32-bit,  or  32-on-64-bit  personality,  respectively.   In
                   addition, the special values all and none have the  obvious
                   meanings.
                   Note that some shells use the exclamation point for history
                   expansion even inside quoted arguments.  If  so,  you  must
                   escape the exclamation point with a backslash.
       -e trace=set
                   Trace  only  the  specified  set  of  system calls.  The -c
                   option is useful for determining which system  calls  might
                   be       useful      to      trace.       For      example,
                   trace=open,close,read,write means to only trace those  four
                   system  calls.  Be careful when making inferences about the
                   user/kernel boundary if only a subset of system  calls  are
                   being monitored.  The default is trace=all.
       -e trace=/regex
                   Trace  only  those  system calls that match the regex.  You
                   can use  POSIX  Extended  Regular  Expression  syntax  (see
                   regex(7)).
       -e trace=%file
       -e trace=file (deprecated)
                   Trace  all  system calls which take a file name as an argu-
                   ment.  You  can  think  of  this  as  an  abbreviation  for
                   -e trace=open,stat,chmod,unlink,...   which  is  useful  to
                   seeing what files the process is referencing.  Furthermore,
                   using  the abbreviation will ensure that you don't acciden-
                   tally forget to include a call like lstat(2) in  the  list.
                   Betchya woulda forgot that one.
       -e trace=%process
       -e trace=process (deprecated)
                   Trace  all  system  calls which involve process management.
                   This is useful for watching the fork, wait, and exec  steps
                   of a process.
       -e trace=%network
       -e trace=network (deprecated)
                   Trace all the network related system calls.
       -e trace=%signal
       -e trace=signal (deprecated)
                   Trace all signal related system calls.
       -e trace=%ipc
       -e trace=ipc (deprecated)
                   Trace all IPC related system calls.
       -e trace=%desc
       -e trace=desc (deprecated)
                   Trace all file descriptor related system calls.
       -e trace=%memory
       -e trace=memory (deprecated)
                   Trace all memory mapping related system calls.
       -e trace=%stat
                   Trace stat syscall variants.
       -e trace=%lstat
                   Trace lstat syscall variants.
       -e trace=%fstat
                   Trace fstat and fstatat syscall variants.
       -e trace=%%stat
                   Trace  syscalls  used  for  requesting  file  status (stat,
                   lstat, fstat, fstatat, statx, and their variants).
       -e trace=%statfs
                   Trace   statfs,   statfs64,   statvfs,   osf_statfs,    and
                   osf_statfs64 system calls.  The same effect can be achieved
                   with -e trace=/^(.*_)?statv?fs regular expression.
       -e trace=%fstatfs
                   Trace  fstatfs,  fstatfs64,  fstatvfs,   osf_fstatfs,   and
                   osf_fstatfs64   system  calls.   The  same  effect  can  be
                   achieved with -e trace=/fstatv?fs regular expression.
       -e trace=%%statfs
                   Trace syscalls related to file system  statistics  (statfs-
                   like,  fstatfs-like,  and  ustat).   The same effect can be
                   achieved   with   -e trace=/statv?fs|fsstat|ustat   regular
                   expression.
       -e trace=%pure
                   Trace  syscalls  that always succeed and have no arguments.
                   Currently, this  list  includes  arc_gettls(2),  getdtable-
                   size(2),      getegid(2),     getegid32(2),     geteuid(2),
                   geteuid32(2), getgid(2), getgid32(2), getpagesize(2), getp-
                   grp(2),   getpid(2),   getppid(2),  get_thread_area(2)  (on
                   architectures  other  than  x86),  gettid(2),   get_tls(2),
                   getuid(2), getuid32(2), getxgid(2), getxpid(2), getxuid(2),
                   kern_features(2), and metag_get_tls(2) syscalls.
       -e abbrev=set
                   Abbreviate the output from printing each  member  of  large
                   structures.   The default is abbrev=all.  The -v option has
                   the effect of abbrev=none.
       -e verbose=set
                   Dereference structures for  the  specified  set  of  system
                   calls.  The default is verbose=all.
       -e raw=set  Print  raw,  undecoded  arguments  for the specified set of
                   system calls.  This option has the effect  of  causing  all
                   arguments  to  be  printed  in hexadecimal.  This is mostly
                   useful if you don't trust the decoding or you need to  know
                   the  actual  numeric value of an argument.  See also -X raw
                   option.
       -e signal=set
                   Trace only the specified subset of signals.  The default is
                   signal=all.   For  example,  signal=!SIGIO  (or signal=!io)
                   causes SIGIO signals not to be traced.
       -e read=set Perform a full hexadecimal and ASCII dump of all  the  data
                   read  from  file  descriptors  listed in the specified set.
                   For example, to see all input activity on file  descriptors
                   3  and  5  use  -e read=3,5.  Note that this is independent
                   from the normal tracing of the read(2) system call which is
                   controlled by the option -e trace=read.
       -e write=set
                   Perform  a  full hexadecimal and ASCII dump of all the data
                   written to file descriptors listed in  the  specified  set.
                   For example, to see all output activity on file descriptors
                   3 and 5 use -e write=3,5.  Note that  this  is  independent
                   from  the  normal tracing of the write(2) system call which
                   is controlled by the option -e trace=write.
       -e inject=set[:error=errno|:retval=value][:sig-
       nal=sig][:syscall=syscall][:delay_enter=usecs][:delay_exit=usecs][:when=expr]
                   Perform  syscall  tampering  for  the  specified   set   of
                   syscalls.
                   At  least  one  of  error,  retval, signal, delay_enter, or
                   delay_exit options has to be specified.  error  and  retval
                   are mutually exclusive.
                   If  :error=errno  option  is specified, a fault is injected
                   into a syscall invocation: the syscall number  is  replaced
                   by  -1  which  corresponds  to an invalid syscall (unless a
                   syscall is specified with :syscall= option), and the  error
                   code  is specified using a symbolic errno value like ENOSYS
                   or a numeric value within 1..4095 range.
                   If :retval=value option is specified, success injection  is
                   performed:  the  syscall  number  is  replaced by -1, but a
                   bogus success value is returned to the callee.
                   If :signal=sig option is specified with either  a  symbolic
                   value  like  SIGSEGV  or a numeric value within 1..SIGRTMAX
                   range, that signal is delivered on entering  every  syscall
                   specified by the set.
                   If  :delay_enter=usecs  or  :delay_exit=usecs  options  are
                   specified, delay injection  is  performed:  the  tracee  is
                   delayed by at least usecs microseconds on entering or exit-
                   ing the syscall.
                   If :signal=sig option is  specified  without  :error=errno,
                   :retval=value  or  :delay_{enter,exit}=usecs  options, then
                   only a signal sig is delivered without a syscall  fault  or
                   delay injection.  Conversely, :error=errno or :retval=value
                   option  without  :delay_enter=usecs,  :delay_exit=usecs  or
                   :signal=sig  options  injects  a fault without delivering a
                   signal or injecting a delay, etc.
                   If  both  :error=errno  or  :retval=value  and  :signal=sig
                   options  are  specified,  then  both  a fault or success is
                   injected and a signal is delivered.
                   if :syscall=syscall option is specified, the  corresponding
                   syscall  with  no  side  effects is injected instead of -1.
                   Currently, only "pure"  (see  -e  trace=%pure  description)
                   syscalls can be specified there.
                   Unless  a  :when=expr subexpression is specified, an injec-
                   tion is being made into every invocation  of  each  syscall
                   from the set.
                   The format of the subexpression is one of the following:
                     first
                       For  every  syscall  from the set, perform an injection
                       for the syscall invocation number first only.
                     first+
                       For every syscall from the set, perform injections  for
                       the  syscall invocation number first and all subsequent
                       invocations.
                     first+step
                       For every syscall from the set, perform injections  for
                       syscall    invocations    number   first,   first+step,
                       first+step+step, and so on.
                   For example,  to  fail  each  third  and  subsequent  chdir
                   syscalls             with            ENOENT,            use
                   -e inject=chdir:error=ENOENT:when=3+.
                   The valid range for numbers first and step is 1..65535.
                   An injection expression can contain only one error= or ret-
                   val= specification, and only one signal= specification.  If
                   an injection expression contains multiple when=  specifica-
                   tions, the last one takes precedence.
                   Accounting  of  syscalls  that  are subject to injection is
                   done per syscall and per tracee.
                   Specification of syscall injection  can  be  combined  with
                   other syscall filtering options, for example, -P /dev/uran-
                   dom -e inject=file:error=ENOENT.

       -e fault=set[:error=errno][:when=expr]
                   Perform syscall fault injection for the  specified  set  of
                   syscalls.
                   This  is  equivalent  to more generic -e inject= expression
                   with default value of errno option set to ENOSYS.
       -e kvm=vcpu Print the exit reason of kvm vcpu.  Requires  Linux  kernel
                   version 4.16.0 or higher.

       -P path     Trace  only  system  calls  accessing  path.   Multiple  -P
                   options can be used to specify several paths.
       -v          Print unabbreviated versions of environment, stat, termios,
                   etc.  calls.  These structures are very common in calls and
                   so the default behavior displays  a  reasonable  subset  of
                   structure  members.  Use this option to get all of the gory
                   details.
   Tracing
       -b syscall  If  specified  syscall  is  reached,  detach  from   traced
                   process.   Currently,  only execve(2) syscall is supported.
                   This option is useful if you want to  trace  multi-threaded
                   process  and  therefore require -f, but don't want to trace
                   its (potentially very complex) children.
       -D          Run tracer process as a detached grandchild, not as  parent
                   of  the  tracee.  This reduces the visible effect of strace
                   by keeping  the  tracee  a  direct  child  of  the  calling
                   process.
       -f          Trace  child  processes  as  they  are created by currently
                   traced processes as a result of the fork(2),  vfork(2)  and
                   clone(2) system calls.  Note that -p PID -f will attach all
                   threads of process PID if it is  multi-threaded,  not  only
                   thread with thread_id = PID.
       -ff         If  the  -o  filename  option  is in effect, each processes
                   trace is written to filename.pid where pid is  the  numeric
                   process  id of each process.  This is incompatible with -c,
                   since no per-process counts are kept.
                   One might want to  consider  using  strace-log-merge(1)  to
                   obtain a combined strace log view.
       -I interruptible
                   When strace can be interrupted by signals (such as pressing
                   CTRL-C).
                   1   no signals are blocked;
                   2   fatal  signals  are  blocked  while  decoding   syscall
                       (default);
                   3   fatal  signals  are  always blocked (default if -o FILE
                       PROG);
                   4   fatal signals and SIGTSTP (CTRL-Z) are  always  blocked
                       (useful  to  make  strace  -o  FILE  PROG  not  stop on
                       CTRL-Z).
   Startup
       -E var=val  Run command with var=val in its list of  environment  vari-
                   ables.
       -E var      Remove var from the inherited list of environment variables
                   before passing it on to the command.
       -p pid      Attach to the process with the process  ID  pid  and  begin
                   tracing.  The trace may be terminated at any time by a key-
                   board interrupt signal (CTRL-C).  strace  will  respond  by
                   detaching  itself  from  the  traced process(es) leaving it
                   (them) to continue running.  Multiple  -p  options  can  be
                   used  to  attach  to  many processes in addition to command
                   (which is optional if at least one -p option is given).  -p
                   "`pidof PROG`" syntax is supported.
       -u username Run  command  with the user ID, group ID, and supplementary
                   groups of username.  This option is only useful  when  run-
                   ning  as  root  and enables the correct execution of setuid
                   and/or setgid binaries.  Unless this option is used  setuid
                   and  setgid  programs are executed without effective privi-
                   leges.
   Miscellaneous
       -d          Show some debugging output of strace itself on the standard
                   error.
       -F          This  option  is  deprecated.   It is retained for backward
                   compatibility only and may be removed in  future  releases.
                   Usage  of  multiple instances of -F option is still equiva-
                   lent to a single -f, and it is ignored at all if used along
                   with one or more instances of -f option.
       -h          Print the help summary.
       -V          Print the version number of strace.
DIAGNOSTICS
       When command exits, strace exits with the same exit status.  If command
       is terminated by a signal, strace terminates itself with the same  sig-
       nal, so that strace can be used as a wrapper process transparent to the
       invoking parent process.  Note that parent-child  relationship  (signal
       stop  notifications,  getppid(2) value, etc) between traced process and
       its parent are not preserved unless -D is used.
       When using -p without a command, the exit  status  of  strace  is  zero
       unless  no processes has been attached or there was an unexpected error
       in doing the tracing.
SETUID INSTALLATION
       If strace is installed setuid to root then the invoking  user  will  be
       able  to  attach to and trace processes owned by any user.  In addition
       setuid and setgid programs will be executed and traced with the correct
       effective  privileges.   Since only users trusted with full root privi-
       leges should be allowed to do these things,  it  only  makes  sense  to
       install  strace as setuid to root when the users who can execute it are
       restricted to those users who have this trust.  For example,  it  makes
       sense  to  install  a  special version of strace with mode 'rwsr-xr--',
       user root and group trace, where members of the trace group are trusted
       users.   If you do use this feature, please remember to install a regu-
       lar non-setuid version of strace for ordinary users to use.
MULTIPLE PERSONALITY SUPPORT
       On some architectures, strace supports decoding of  syscalls  for  pro-
       cesses that use different ABI rather than the one strace uses.  Specif-
       ically, in addition to decoding native ABI, strace can decode the  fol-
       lowing ABIs on the following architectures:
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |Architecture   | ABIs supported                                                                           |
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |x86_64         | i386, x32 (when built as an x86_64 application); i386 (when built as an x32 application) |
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |AArch64        | ARM 32-bit EABI                                                                          |
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |PowerPC 64-bit | PowerPC 32-bit                                                                           |
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |RISC-V 64-bit  | RISC-V 32-bit                                                                            |
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |s390x          | s390                                                                                     |
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |SPARC 64-bit   | SPARC 32-bit                                                                             |
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       |TILE 64-bit    | TILE 32-bit                                                                              |
       +---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
       This  support  is  optional and relies on ability to generate and parse
       structure definitions during the build time.  Please refer to the  out-
       put  of  the  strace  -V command in order to figure out what support is
       available in your strace build ("non-native" refers to an ABI that dif-
       fers from the ABI strace has):
       m32-mpers      strace  can  trace and properly decode non-native 32-bit
                      binaries.
       no-m32-mpers   strace can trace, but cannot properly decode  non-native
                      32-bit binaries.
       mx32-mpers     strace   can   trace   and  properly  decode  non-native
                      32-on-64-bit binaries.
       no-mx32-mpers  strace can trace, but cannot properly decode  non-native
                      32-on-64-bit binaries.
       If  the output contains neither m32-mpers nor no-m32-mpers, then decod-
       ing of non-native 32-bit binaries is not  implemented  at  all  or  not
       applicable.
       Likewise,  if the output contains neither mx32-mpers nor no-mx32-mpers,
       then decoding of non-native 32-on-64-bit binaries is not implemented at
       all or not applicable.
NOTES
       It  is  a  pity  that  so  much  tracing clutter is produced by systems
       employing shared libraries.
       It is instructive to think about system  call  inputs  and  outputs  as
       data-flow across the user/kernel boundary.  Because user-space and ker-
       nel-space are separate and address-protected, it is sometimes  possible
       to  make  deductive  inferences about process behavior using inputs and
       outputs as propositions.
       In some cases, a system call will differ from the  documented  behavior
       or  have  a  different name.  For example, the faccessat(2) system call
       does not have flags argument, and  the  setrlimit(2)  library  function
       uses  prlimit64(2) system call on modern (2.6.38+) kernels.  These dis-
       crepancies are normal but idiosyncratic characteristics of  the  system
       call interface and are accounted for by C library wrapper functions.
       Some  system  calls have different names in different architectures and
       personalities.  In these cases, system call filtering and printing uses
       the names that match corresponding __NR_* kernel macros of the tracee's
       architecture and personality.  There are two exceptions from this  gen-
       eral  rule:  arm_fadvise64_64(2) ARM syscall and xtensa_fadvise64_64(2)
       Xtensa syscall are filtered and printed as fadvise64_64(2).
       On x32, syscalls that are intended to be used by 64-bit  processes  and
       not  x32  ones  (for  example,  readv(2), that has syscall number 19 on
       x86_64, with its x32 counterpart has syscall number  515),  but  called
       with __X32_SYSCALL_BIT flag being set, are designated with #64 suffix.
       On  some platforms a process that is attached to with the -p option may
       observe a spurious EINTR return from the current system  call  that  is
       not  restartable.   (Ideally,  all  system calls should be restarted on
       strace attach, making the attach invisible to the traced process, but a
       few  system calls aren't.  Arguably, every instance of such behavior is
       a kernel bug.)  This may have an unpredictable effect on the process if
       the process takes no action to restart the system call.
       As strace executes the specified command directly and does not employ a
       shell for that, scripts without shebang that usually run just fine when
       invoked  by  shell fail to execute with ENOEXEC error.  It is advisable
       to manually supply a shell as a command with the script  as  its  argu-
       ment.
BUGS
       Programs  that  use the setuid bit do not have effective user ID privi-
       leges while being traced.
       A traced process runs slowly.
       Traced processes which are descended from command may be  left  running
       after an interrupt signal (CTRL-C).
HISTORY
       The  original  strace  was written by Paul Kranenburg for SunOS and was
       inspired by its trace utility.  The SunOS version of strace was  ported
       to  Linux  and  enhanced  by Branko Lankester, who also wrote the Linux
       kernel support.  Even though Paul released strace 2.5 in 1992, Branko's
       work  was  based on Paul's strace 1.5 release from 1991.  In 1993, Rick
       Sladkey merged strace 2.5 for SunOS and the second  release  of  strace
       for  Linux,  added many of the features of truss(1) from SVR4, and pro-
       duced an strace that worked on both platforms.   In  1994  Rick  ported
       strace  to  SVR4 and Solaris and wrote the automatic configuration sup-
       port.  In 1995 he ported strace to Irix and tired of writing about him-
       self in the third person.
       Beginning with 1996, strace was maintained by Wichert Akkerman.  During
       his tenure, strace development migrated to CVS; ports  to  FreeBSD  and
       many  architectures on Linux (including ARM, IA-64, MIPS, PA-RISC, Pow-
       erPC, s390, SPARC) were introduced.  In  2002,  the  burden  of  strace
       maintainership  was  transferred to Roland McGrath.  Since then, strace
       gained support for  several  new  Linux  architectures  (AMD64,  s390x,
       SuperH),  bi-architecture support for some of them, and received numer-
       ous additions and improvements in syscalls decoders  on  Linux;  strace
       development  migrated to git during that period.  Since 2009, strace is
       actively  maintained  by  Dmitry  Levin.   strace  gained  support  for
       AArch64,  ARC,  AVR32,  Blackfin, Meta, Nios II, OpenSISC 1000, RISC-V,
       Tile/TileGx, Xtensa architectures since that time.   In  2012,  unmain-
       tained  and  apparently  broken support for non-Linux operating systems
       was removed.  Also, in 2012 strace gained support for path tracing  and
       file  descriptor  path  decoding.   In  2014,  support for stack traces
       printing was added.  In 2016, syscall fault injection was implemented.
       For the additional information, please  refer  to  the  NEWS  file  and
       strace repository commit log.
REPORTING BUGS
       Problems  with  strace should be reported to the strace mailing list at
       <strace-devel AT lists.io>.
SEE ALSO
       strace-log-merge(1), ltrace(1), perf-trace(1),  trace-cmd(1),  time(1),
       ptrace(2), proc(5)

strace 4.24                       2018-07-07                         STRACE(1)