VERIFY(1) OpenSSL VERIFY(1)
NAME
openssl-verify, verify - Utility to verify certificates
SYNOPSIS
openssl verify [-help] [-CAfile file] [-CApath directory] [-no-CAfile]
[-no-CApath] [-allow_proxy_certs] [-attime timestamp] [-check_ss_sig]
[-CRLfile file] [-crl_download] [-crl_check] [-crl_check_all] [-engine
id] [-explicit_policy] [-extended_crl] [-ignore_critical]
[-inhibit_any] [-inhibit_map] [-nameopt option] [-no_check_time]
[-partial_chain] [-policy arg] [-policy_check] [-policy_print]
[-purpose purpose] [-suiteB_128] [-suiteB_128_only] [-suiteB_192]
[-trusted_first] [-no_alt_chains] [-untrusted file] [-trusted file]
[-use_deltas] [-verbose] [-auth_level level] [-verify_depth num]
[-verify_email email] [-verify_hostname hostname] [-verify_ip ip]
[-verify_name name] [-x509_strict] [-show_chain] [-] [certificates]
DESCRIPTION
The verify command verifies certificate chains.
OPTIONS
-help
Print out a usage message.
-CAfile file
A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain one or
more certificates in PEM format.
-CApath directory
A directory of trusted certificates. The certificates should have
names of the form: hash.0 or have symbolic links to them of this
form ("hash" is the hashed certificate subject name: see the -hash
option of the x509 utility). Under Unix the c_rehash script will
automatically create symbolic links to a directory of certificates.
-no-CAfile
Do not load the trusted CA certificates from the default file
location.
-no-CApath
Do not load the trusted CA certificates from the default directory
location.
-allow_proxy_certs
Allow the verification of proxy certificates.
-attime timestamp
Perform validation checks using time specified by timestamp and not
current system time. timestamp is the number of seconds since
01.01.1970 (UNIX time).
-check_ss_sig
Verify the signature of the last certificate in a chain if the
certificate is supposedly self-signed. This is prohibited and will
result in an error if it is a non-conforming CA certificate with
key usage restrictions not including the keyCertSign bit. This
verification is disabled by default because it doesn't add any
security.
-CRLfile file
The file should contain one or more CRLs in PEM format. This
option can be specified more than once to include CRLs from
multiple files.
-crl_download
Attempt to download CRL information for this certificate.
-crl_check
Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a
valid CRL. If a valid CRL cannot be found an error occurs.
-crl_check_all
Checks the validity of all certificates in the chain by attempting
to look up valid CRLs.
-engine id
Specifying an engine id will cause verify(1) to attempt to load the
specified engine. The engine will then be set as the default for
all its supported algorithms. If you want to load certificates or
CRLs that require engine support via any of the -trusted,
-untrusted or -CRLfile options, the -engine option must be
specified before those options.
-explicit_policy
Set policy variable require-explicit-policy (see RFC5280).
-extended_crl
Enable extended CRL features such as indirect CRLs and alternate
CRL signing keys.
-ignore_critical
Normally if an unhandled critical extension is present which is not
supported by OpenSSL the certificate is rejected (as required by
RFC5280). If this option is set critical extensions are ignored.
-inhibit_any
Set policy variable inhibit-any-policy (see RFC5280).
-inhibit_map
Set policy variable inhibit-policy-mapping (see RFC5280).
-nameopt option
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are
displayed. The option argument can be a single option or multiple
options separated by commas. Alternatively the -nameopt switch may
be used more than once to set multiple options. See the x509(1)
manual page for details.
-no_check_time
This option suppresses checking the validity period of certificates
and CRLs against the current time. If option -attime timestamp is
used to specify a verification time, the check is not suppressed.
-partial_chain
Allow verification to succeed even if a complete chain cannot be
built to a self-signed trust-anchor, provided it is possible to
construct a chain to a trusted certificate that might not be self-
signed.
-policy arg
Enable policy processing and add arg to the user-initial-policy-set
(see RFC5280). The policy arg can be an object name an OID in
numeric form. This argument can appear more than once.
-policy_check
Enables certificate policy processing.
-policy_print
Print out diagnostics related to policy processing.
-purpose purpose
The intended use for the certificate. If this option is not
specified, verify will not consider certificate purpose during
chain verification. Currently accepted uses are sslclient,
sslserver, nssslserver, smimesign, smimeencrypt. See the VERIFY
OPERATION section for more information.
-suiteB_128_only, -suiteB_128, -suiteB_192
Enable the Suite B mode operation at 128 bit Level of Security, 128
bit or 192 bit, or only 192 bit Level of Security respectively.
See RFC6460 for details. In particular the supported signature
algorithms are reduced to support only ECDSA and SHA256 or SHA384
and only the elliptic curves P-256 and P-384.
-trusted_first
When constructing the certificate chain, use the trusted
certificates specified via -CAfile, -CApath or -trusted before any
certificates specified via -untrusted. This can be useful in
environments with Bridge or Cross-Certified CAs. As of OpenSSL
1.1.0 this option is on by default and cannot be disabled.
-no_alt_chains
By default, unless -trusted_first is specified, when building a
certificate chain, if the first certificate chain found is not
trusted, then OpenSSL will attempt to replace untrusted issuer
certificates with certificates from the trust store to see if an
alternative chain can be found that is trusted. As of OpenSSL
1.1.0, with -trusted_first always on, this option has no effect.
-untrusted file
A file of additional untrusted certificates (intermediate issuer
CAs) used to construct a certificate chain from the subject
certificate to a trust-anchor. The file should contain one or more
certificates in PEM format. This option can be specified more than
once to include untrusted certificates from multiple files.
-trusted file
A file of trusted certificates, which must be self-signed, unless
the -partial_chain option is specified. The file contains one or
more certificates in PEM format. With this option, no additional
(e.g., default) certificate lists are consulted. That is, the only
trust-anchors are those listed in file. This option can be
specified more than once to include trusted certificates from
multiple files. This option implies the -no-CAfile and -no-CApath
options. This option cannot be used in combination with either of
the -CAfile or -CApath options.
-use_deltas
Enable support for delta CRLs.
-verbose
Print extra information about the operations being performed.
-auth_level level
Set the certificate chain authentication security level to level.
The authentication security level determines the acceptable
signature and public key strength when verifying certificate
chains. For a certificate chain to validate, the public keys of
all the certificates must meet the specified security level. The
signature algorithm security level is enforced for all the
certificates in the chain except for the chain's trust anchor,
which is either directly trusted or validated by means other than
its signature. See SSL_CTX_set_security_level(3) for the
definitions of the available levels. The default security level is
-1, or "not set". At security level 0 or lower all algorithms are
acceptable. Security level 1 requires at least 80-bit-equivalent
security and is broadly interoperable, though it will, for example,
reject MD5 signatures or RSA keys shorter than 1024 bits.
-verify_depth num
Limit the certificate chain to num intermediate CA certificates. A
maximal depth chain can have up to num+2 certificates, since
neither the end-entity certificate nor the trust-anchor certificate
count against the -verify_depth limit.
-verify_email email
Verify if the email matches the email address in Subject
Alternative Name or the email in the subject Distinguished Name.
-verify_hostname hostname
Verify if the hostname matches DNS name in Subject Alternative Name
or Common Name in the subject certificate.
-verify_ip ip
Verify if the ip matches the IP address in Subject Alternative Name
of the subject certificate.
-verify_name name
Use default verification policies like trust model and required
certificate policies identified by name. The trust model
determines which auxiliary trust or reject OIDs are applicable to
verifying the given certificate chain. See the -addtrust and
-addreject options of the x509(1) command-line utility. Supported
policy names include: default, pkcs7, smime_sign, ssl_client,
ssl_server. These mimics the combinations of purpose and trust
settings used in SSL, CMS and S/MIME. As of OpenSSL 1.1.0, the
trust model is inferred from the purpose when not specified, so the
-verify_name options are functionally equivalent to the
corresponding -purpose settings.
-x509_strict
For strict X.509 compliance, disable non-compliant workarounds for
broken certificates.
-show_chain
Display information about the certificate chain that has been built
(if successful). Certificates in the chain that came from the
untrusted list will be flagged as "untrusted".
- Indicates the last option. All arguments following this are assumed
to be certificate files. This is useful if the first certificate
filename begins with a -.
certificates
One or more certificates to verify. If no certificates are given,
verify will attempt to read a certificate from standard input.
Certificates must be in PEM format.
VERIFY OPERATION
The verify program uses the same functions as the internal SSL and
S/MIME verification, therefore, this description applies to these
verify operations too.
There is one crucial difference between the verify operations performed
by the verify program: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue
after an error whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the
first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to
be determined.
The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps.
Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied
certificate and ending in the root CA. It is an error if the whole
chain cannot be built up. The chain is built up by looking up the
issuers certificate of the current certificate. If a certificate is
found which is its own issuer it is assumed to be the root CA.
The process of 'looking up the issuers certificate' itself involves a
number of steps. After all certificates whose subject name matches the
issuer name of the current certificate are subject to further tests.
The relevant authority key identifier components of the current
certificate (if present) must match the subject key identifier (if
present) and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer, in
addition the keyUsage extension of the candidate issuer (if present)
must permit certificate signing.
The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no
match is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates.
The root CA is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the
certificate to verify is a root certificate then an exact match must be
found in the trusted list.
The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's
extensions for consistency with the supplied purpose. If the -purpose
option is not included then no checks are done. The supplied or "leaf"
certificate must have extensions compatible with the supplied purpose
and all other certificates must also be valid CA certificates. The
precise extensions required are described in more detail in the
CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS section of the x509 utility.
The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root CA. The
root CA should be trusted for the supplied purpose. For compatibility
with previous versions of OpenSSL, a certificate with no trust settings
is considered to be valid for all purposes.
The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain.
For each element in the chain, including the root CA certificate, the
validity period as specified by the "notBefore" and "notAfter" fields
is checked against the current system time. The -attime flag may be
used to use a reference time other than "now." The certificate
signature is checked as well (except for the signature of the typically
self-signed root CA certificate, which is verified only if the
-check_ss_sig option is given).
If all operations complete successfully then certificate is considered
valid. If any operation fails then the certificate is not valid.
DIAGNOSTICS
When a verify operation fails the output messages can be somewhat
cryptic. The general form of the error message is:
server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024 bit)
error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate
The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified
followed by the subject name of the certificate. The second line
contains the error number and the depth. The depth is number of the
certificate being verified when a problem was detected starting with
zero for the certificate being verified itself then 1 for the CA that
signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version of the error
number is presented.
A partial list of the error codes and messages is shown below, this
also includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file
x509_vfy.h Some of the error codes are defined but never returned:
these are described as "unused".
X509_V_OK
The operation was successful.
X509_V_ERR_UNSPECIFIED
Unspecified error; should not happen.
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT
The issuer certificate of a looked up certificate could not be
found. This normally means the list of trusted certificates is not
complete.
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL
The CRL of a certificate could not be found.
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE
The certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that
the actual signature value could not be determined rather than it
not matching the expected value, this is only meaningful for RSA
keys.
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE
The CRL signature could not be decrypted: this means that the
actual signature value could not be determined rather than it not
matching the expected value. Unused.
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY
The public key in the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be
read.
X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE
The signature of the certificate is invalid.
X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE
The signature of the certificate is invalid.
X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID
The certificate is not yet valid: the notBefore date is after the
current time.
X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED
The certificate has expired: that is the notAfter date is before
the current time.
X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID
The CRL is not yet valid.
X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED
The CRL has expired.
X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD
The certificate notBefore field contains an invalid time.
X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD
The certificate notAfter field contains an invalid time.
X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD
The CRL lastUpdate field contains an invalid time.
X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD
The CRL nextUpdate field contains an invalid time.
X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM
An error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never
happen.
X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT
The passed certificate is self-signed and the same certificate
cannot be found in the list of trusted certificates.
X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN
The certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted
certificates but the root could not be found locally.
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY
The issuer certificate could not be found: this occurs if the
issuer certificate of an untrusted certificate cannot be found.
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE
No signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one
certificate and it is not self signed.
X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG
The certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum
depth. Unused.
X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED
The certificate has been revoked.
X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA
A CA certificate is invalid. Either it is not a CA or its
extensions are not consistent with the supplied purpose.
X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED
The basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded.
X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE
The supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose.
X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED
The root CA is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose.
X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED
The root CA is marked to reject the specified purpose.
X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH
Not used as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 as a result of the deprecation of the
-issuer_checks option.
X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH
Not used as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 as a result of the deprecation of the
-issuer_checks option.
X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH
Not used as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 as a result of the deprecation of the
-issuer_checks option.
X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN
Not used as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 as a result of the deprecation of the
-issuer_checks option.
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL_ISSUER
Unable to get CRL issuer certificate.
X509_V_ERR_UNHANDLED_CRITICAL_EXTENSION
Unhandled critical extension.
X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CRL_SIGN
Key usage does not include CRL signing.
X509_V_ERR_UNHANDLED_CRITICAL_CRL_EXTENSION
Unhandled critical CRL extension.
X509_V_ERR_INVALID_NON_CA
Invalid non-CA certificate has CA markings.
X509_V_ERR_PROXY_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED
Proxy path length constraint exceeded.
X509_V_ERR_PROXY_SUBJECT_INVALID
Proxy certificate subject is invalid. It MUST be the same as the
issuer with a single CN component added.
X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE
Key usage does not include digital signature.
X509_V_ERR_PROXY_CERTIFICATES_NOT_ALLOWED
Proxy certificates not allowed, please use -allow_proxy_certs.
X509_V_ERR_INVALID_EXTENSION
Invalid or inconsistent certificate extension.
X509_V_ERR_INVALID_POLICY_EXTENSION
Invalid or inconsistent certificate policy extension.
X509_V_ERR_NO_EXPLICIT_POLICY
No explicit policy.
X509_V_ERR_DIFFERENT_CRL_SCOPE
Different CRL scope.
X509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_FEATURE
Unsupported extension feature.
X509_V_ERR_UNNESTED_RESOURCE
RFC 3779 resource not subset of parent's resources.
X509_V_ERR_PERMITTED_VIOLATION
Permitted subtree violation.
X509_V_ERR_EXCLUDED_VIOLATION
Excluded subtree violation.
X509_V_ERR_SUBTREE_MINMAX
Name constraints minimum and maximum not supported.
X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION
Application verification failure. Unused.
X509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_CONSTRAINT_TYPE
Unsupported name constraint type.
X509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_CONSTRAINT_SYNTAX
Unsupported or invalid name constraint syntax.
X509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_NAME_SYNTAX
Unsupported or invalid name syntax.
X509_V_ERR_CRL_PATH_VALIDATION_ERROR
CRL path validation error.
X509_V_ERR_PATH_LOOP
Path loop.
X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_VERSION
Suite B: certificate version invalid.
X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_ALGORITHM
Suite B: invalid public key algorithm.
X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_CURVE
Suite B: invalid ECC curve.
X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM
Suite B: invalid signature algorithm.
X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_LOS_NOT_ALLOWED
Suite B: curve not allowed for this LOS.
X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_CANNOT_SIGN_P_384_WITH_P_256
Suite B: cannot sign P-384 with P-256.
X509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH
Hostname mismatch.
X509_V_ERR_EMAIL_MISMATCH
Email address mismatch.
X509_V_ERR_IP_ADDRESS_MISMATCH
IP address mismatch.
X509_V_ERR_DANE_NO_MATCH
DANE TLSA authentication is enabled, but no TLSA records matched
the certificate chain. This error is only possible in s_client(1).
X509_V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL
EE certificate key too weak.
X509_ERR_CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL
CA certificate key too weak.
X509_ERR_CA_MD_TOO_WEAK
CA signature digest algorithm too weak.
X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CALL
nvalid certificate verification context.
X509_V_ERR_STORE_LOOKUP
Issuer certificate lookup error.
X509_V_ERR_NO_VALID_SCTS
Certificate Transparency required, but no valid SCTs found.
X509_V_ERR_PROXY_SUBJECT_NAME_VIOLATION
Proxy subject name violation.
X509_V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_NEEDED
Returned by the verify callback to indicate an OCSP verification is
needed.
X509_V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_FAILED
Returned by the verify callback to indicate OCSP verification
failed.
X509_V_ERR_OCSP_CERT_UNKNOWN
Returned by the verify callback to indicate that the certificate is
not recognized by the OCSP responder.
BUGS
Although the issuer checks are a considerable improvement over the old
technique they still suffer from limitations in the underlying
X509_LOOKUP API. One consequence of this is that trusted certificates
with matching subject name must either appear in a file (as specified
by the -CAfile option) or a directory (as specified by -CApath). If
they occur in both then only the certificates in the file will be
recognised.
Previous versions of OpenSSL assume certificates with matching subject
name are identical and mishandled them.
Previous versions of this documentation swapped the meaning of the
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT and
X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY error codes.
SEE ALSO
x509(1)
HISTORY
The -show_chain option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
The -issuer_checks option is deprecated as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 and is
silently ignored.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2000-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>;.
1.1.1k 2021-03-25 VERIFY(1)
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