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LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)
NAME
       ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
       List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort  is  speci-
       fied.
       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
       too.
       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .
       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..
       --author
              with -l, print the author of each file
       -b, --escape
              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
       --block-size=SIZE
              with  -l,  scale  sizes  by  SIZE  when  printing  them;   e.g.,
              '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
       -B, --ignore-backups
              do not list implied entries ending with ~
       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by  name;
              otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
       -C     list entries by columns
       --color[=WHEN]
              colorize  the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted),
              'auto', or 'never'; more info below
       -d, --directory
              list directories themselves, not their contents
       -D, --dired
              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
       -F, --classify
              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
       --file-type
              likewise, except do not append '*'
       --format=WORD
              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column  -1,
              verbose -l, vertical -C
       --full-time
              like -l --time-style=full-iso
       -g     like -l, but do not list owner
       --group-directories-first
              group directories before files;
              can   be  augmented  with  a  --sort  option,  but  any  use  of
              --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
       -G, --no-group
              in a long listing, don't print group names
       -h, --human-readable
              with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
       -H, --dereference-command-line
              follow symbolic links listed on the command line
       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
              follow each command line symbolic link
              that points to a directory
       --hide=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell  PATTERN  (overridden
              by -a or -A)
       --hyperlink[=WHEN]
              hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted),
              'auto', or 'never'
       --indicator-style=WORD
              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
       -i, --inode
              print the index number of each file
       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
       -k, --kibibytes
              default  to  1024-byte  blocks for disk usage; used only with -s
              and per directory totals
       -l     use a long listing format
       -L, --dereference
              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa-
              tion  for  the file the link references rather than for the link
              itself
       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
       -N, --literal
              print entry names without quoting
       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
       -p, --indicator-style=slash
              append / indicator to directories
       -q, --hide-control-chars
              print ? instead of nongraphic characters
       --show-control-chars
              show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is
              'ls' and output is a terminal)
       -Q, --quote-name
              enclose entry names in double quotes
       --quoting-style=WORD
              use  quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
              shell-always,  shell-escape,  shell-escape-always,   c,   escape
              (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
       -r, --reverse
              reverse order while sorting
       -R, --recursive
              list subdirectories recursively
       -s, --size
              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
       -S     sort by file size, largest first
       --sort=WORD
              sort  by  WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t),
              version (-v), extension (-X)
       --time=WORD
              with -l, show time as WORD instead of default modification time:
              atime  or  access  or  use  (-u); ctime or status (-c); also use
              specified time as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
       --time-style=TIME_STYLE
              time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
       -t     sort by modification time, newest first
       -T, --tabsize=COLS
              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l:  show  access
              time  and  sort  by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest
              first
       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text
       -w, --width=COLS
              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
       -Z, --context
              print any security context of each file
       -1     list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
       --help display this help and exit
       --version
              output version information and exit
       The SIZE argument is an integer and  optional  unit  (example:  10K  is
       10*1024).   Units  are  K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y  (powers  of 1024) or KB,MB,...
       (powers of 1000).
       The TIME_STYLE argument can be  full-iso,  long-iso,  iso,  locale,  or
       +FORMAT.   FORMAT  is  interpreted  like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FOR-
       MAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FOR-
       MAT2  to  recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect
       only outside the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE  environment  vari-
       able sets the default style to use.
       Using  color  to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
       with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only  when
       standard  output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment
       variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.
   Exit status:
       0      if OK,
       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
AUTHOR
       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
REPORTING BUGS
       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>;
       Report ls translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>;
COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+:  GNU
       GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>;.
       This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
       Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>;
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
GNU coreutils 8.30                 July 2018                             LS(1)