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bigrat(3)             User Contributed Perl Documentation            bigrat(3)
NAME
       bigrat - Transparent BigNumber/BigRational support for Perl
SYNOPSIS
         use bigrat;
         print 2 + 4.5,"\n";                   # BigFloat 6.5
         print 1/3 + 1/4,"\n";                 # produces 7/12
         {
           no bigrat;
           print 1/3,"\n";                     # 0.33333...
         }
         # Import into current package:
         use bigrat qw/hex oct/;
         print hex("0x1234567890123490"),"\n";
         print oct("01234567890123490"),"\n";
DESCRIPTION
       All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer
       and floating-point constants are created as proper BigInts or
       BigFloats, respectively.
       Other than bignum, this module upgrades to Math::BigRat, meaning that
       instead of 2.5 you will get 2+1/2 as output.
   Modules Used
       "bigrat" is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the
       Math::BigInt family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs
       the shop, and orders the others to do the work.
       The following modules are currently used by bignum:
               Math::BigInt::Lite      (for speed, and only if it is loadable)
               Math::BigInt
               Math::BigFloat
               Math::BigRat
   Math Library
       Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
       Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
               use bigrat lib => 'Calc';
       You can change this by using:
               use bignum lib => 'GMP';
       The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
       Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to
       Math::BigInt::Calc:
               use bigrat lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
       Using "lib" warns if none of the specified libraries can be found and
       Math::BigInt did fall back to one of the default libraries.  To
       suppress this warning, use "try" instead:
               use bignum try => 'GMP';
       If you want the code to die instead of falling back, use "only"
       instead:
               use bignum only => 'GMP';
       Please see respective module documentation for further details.
   Sign
       The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf'.
       A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments
       are not numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus
       respectively minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a
       positive number by 0, and '-inf' when dividing any negative number by
       0.
   Methods
       Since all numbers are not objects, you can use all functions that are
       part of the BigInt or BigFloat API. It is wise to use only the bxxx()
       notation, and not the fxxx() notation, though. This makes you
       independent on the fact that the underlying object might morph into a
       different class than BigFloat.
       inf()
         A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->binf(). Useful because Perl does
         not always handle bareword "inf" properly.
       NaN()
         A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->bnan(). Useful because Perl does
         not always handle bareword "NaN" properly.
       e
                 # perl -Mbigrat=e -wle 'print e'
         Returns Euler's number "e", aka exp(1).
       PI
                 # perl -Mbigrat=PI -wle 'print PI'
         Returns PI.
       bexp()
                 bexp($power,$accuracy);
         Returns Euler's number "e" raised to the appropriate power, to the
         wanted accuracy.
         Example:
                 # perl -Mbigrat=bexp -wle 'print bexp(1,80)'
       bpi()
                 bpi($accuracy);
         Returns PI to the wanted accuracy.
         Example:
                 # perl -Mbigrat=bpi -wle 'print bpi(80)'
       upgrade()
         Return the class that numbers are upgraded to, is in fact returning
         $Math::BigInt::upgrade.
       in_effect()
                 use bigrat;
                 print "in effect\n" if bigrat::in_effect;       # true
                 {
                   no bigrat;
                   print "in effect\n" if bigrat::in_effect;     # false
                 }
         Returns true or false if "bigrat" is in effect in the current scope.
         This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
   MATH LIBRARY
       Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
   Caveat
       But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a
       number, only a shallow copy will be made.
               $x = 9; $y = $x;
               $x = $y = 7;
       If you want to make a real copy, use the following:
               $y = $x->copy();
       Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the
       following work:
               $x = 9; $y = $x;
               print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\n";     # prints 10 9
       but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in
       both the original and the copy being destroyed:
               $x = 9; $y = $x;
               print $x->badd(1), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 10 10
               $x = 9; $y = $x;
               print $x->binc(1), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 10 10
               $x = 9; $y = $x;
               print $x->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 18 18
       Using methods that do not modify, but testthe contents works:
               $x = 9; $y = $x;
               $z = 9 if $x->is_zero();                # works fine
       See the documentation about the copy constructor and "=" in overload,
       as well as the documentation in BigInt for further details.
   Options
       bignum recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via
       use.  The options can (currently) be either a single letter form, or
       the long form.  The following options exist:
       a or accuracy
         This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be
         greater than or equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function
         for details.
                 perl -Mbigrat=a,50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
         Note that setting precision and accuracy at the same time is not
         possible.
       p or precision
         This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be
         any integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the
         dot, while a positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0
         or 1 mean round to integer. See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for
         details.
                 perl -Mbigrat=p,-50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
         Note that setting precision and accuracy at the same time is not
         possible.
       t or trace
         This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bignum or
         Math::BigInt/Math::BigFloat.
       l or lib
         Load a different math lib, see "MATH LIBRARY".
                 perl -Mbigrat=l,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
         Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the
         command line. This means the following does not work:
                 perl -Mbignum=l,GMP,Pari -e 'print 2 ** 512'
         This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
       hex
         Override the built-in hex() method with a version that can handle big
         numbers. This overrides it by exporting it to the current package.
         Under Perl v5.10.0 and higher, this is not so necessary, as hex() is
         lexically overridden in the current scope whenever the bigrat pragma
         is active.
       oct
         Override the built-in oct() method with a version that can handle big
         numbers. This overrides it by exporting it to the current package.
         Under Perl v5.10.0 and higher, this is not so necessary, as oct() is
         lexically overridden in the current scope whenever the bigrat pragma
         is active.
       v or version
         This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then
         exits.
                 perl -Mbigrat=v
CAVEATS
       Operator vs literal overloading
         "bigrat" works by overloading handling of integer and floating point
         literals, converting them to Math::BigInt or Math::BigRat objects.
         This means that arithmetic involving only string values or string
         literals will be performed using Perl's built-in operators.
         For example:
             use bigrat;
             my $x = "900000000000000009";
             my $y = "900000000000000007";
             print $x - $y;
         will output 0 on default 32-bit builds, since "bigrat" never sees the
         string literals.  To ensure the expression is all treated as
         "Math::BigInt" or "Math::BigRat" objects, use a literal number in the
         expression:
             print +(0+$x) - $y;
       in_effect()
         This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
       hex()/oct()
         "bigint" overrides these routines with versions that can also handle
         big integer values. Under Perl prior to version v5.9.4, however, this
         will not happen unless you specifically ask for it with the two
         import tags "hex" and "oct" - and then it will be global and cannot
         be disabled inside a scope with "no bigint":
                 use bigint qw/hex oct/;
                 print hex("0x1234567890123456");
                 {
                         no bigint;
                         print hex("0x1234567890123456");
                 }
         The second call to hex() will warn about a non-portable constant.
         Compare this to:
                 use bigint;
                 # will warn only under Perl older than v5.9.4
                 print hex("0x1234567890123456");
EXAMPLES
               perl -Mbigrat -le 'print sqrt(33)'
               perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 2*255'
               perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
               perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
               perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 12->is_odd()';
               perl -Mbignum=l,GMP -le 'print 7 ** 7777'
BUGS
       For information about bugs and how to report them, see the BUGS section
       in the documentation available with the perldoc command.
           perldoc bignum
SUPPORT
       You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.
           perldoc bigrat
       For more information, see the SUPPORT section in the documentation
       available with the perldoc command.
           perldoc bignum
LICENSE
       This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it
       under the same terms as Perl itself.
SEE ALSO
       bignum and bigint.
       Math::BigInt, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigRat and Math::Big as well as
       Math::BigInt::FastCalc, Math::BigInt::Pari and Math::BigInt::GMP.
AUTHORS
       o   (C) by Tels <http://bloodgate.com/>; in early 2002 - 2007.
       o   Peter John Acklam <pjacklam AT gmail.com<gt>, 2014-.
perl v5.26.3                      2018-02-03                         bigrat(3)