TC-HFSC(7) Linux TC-HFSC(7)
NAME
tc-hfcs - Hierarchical Fair Service Curve
HISTORY & INTRODUCTION
HFSC (Hierarchical Fair Service Curve) is a network packet scheduling
algorithm that was first presented at SIGCOMM'97. Developed as a part
of ALTQ (ALTernative Queuing) on NetBSD, found its way quickly to other
BSD systems, and then a few years ago became part of the linux kernel.
Still, it's not the most popular scheduling algorithm - especially if
compared to HTB - and it's not well documented for the enduser. This
introduction aims to explain how HFSC works without using too much math
(although some math it will be inevitable).
In short HFSC aims to:
1) guarantee precise bandwidth and delay allocation for all leaf
classes (realtime criterion)
2) allocate excess bandwidth fairly as specified by class hierar-
chy (linkshare & upperlimit criterion)
3) minimize any discrepancy between the service curve and the
actual amount of service provided during linksharing
The main "selling" point of HFSC is feature (1), which is achieved by
using nonlinear service curves (more about what it actually is later).
This is particularly useful in VoIP or games, where not only a guaran-
tee of consistent bandwidth is important, but also limiting the initial
delay of a data stream. Note that it matters only for leaf classes
(where the actual queues are) - thus class hierarchy is ignored in the
realtime case.
Feature (2) is well, obvious - any algorithm featuring class hierarchy
(such as HTB or CBQ) strives to achieve that. HFSC does that well,
although you might end with unusual situations, if you define service
curves carelessly - see section CORNER CASES for examples.
Feature (3) is mentioned due to the nature of the problem. There may be
situations where it's either not possible to guarantee service of all
curves at the same time, and/or it's impossible to do so fairly. Both
will be explained later. Note that this is mainly related to interior
(aka aggregate) classes, as the leafs are already handled by (1).
Still, it's perfectly possible to create a leaf class without realtime
service, and in such a case the caveats will naturally extend to leaf
classes as well.
ABBREVIATIONS
For the remaining part of the document, we'll use following shortcuts:
RT - realtime
LS - linkshare
UL - upperlimit
SC - service curve
BASICS OF HFSC
To understand how HFSC works, we must first introduce a service curve.
Overall, it's a nondecreasing function of some time unit, returning the
amount of service (an allowed or allocated amount of bandwidth) at some
specific point in time. The purpose of it should be subconsciously
obvious: if a class was allowed to transfer not less than the amount
specified by its service curve, then the service curve is not violated.
Still, we need more elaborate criterion than just the above (although
in the most generic case it can be reduced to it). The criterion has to
take two things into account:
o idling periods
o the ability to "look back", so if during current active period
the service curve is violated, maybe it isn't if we count
excess bandwidth received during earlier active period(s)
Let's define the criterion as follows:
(1) For each t1, there must exist t0 in set B, so S(t1-t0) <= w(t0,t1)
Here 'w' denotes the amount of service received during some time period
between t0 and t1. B is a set of all times, where a session becomes
active after idling period (further denoted as 'becoming backlogged').
For a clearer picture, imagine two situations:
a) our session was active during two periods, with a small time
gap between them
b) as in (a), but with a larger gap
Consider (a): if the service received during both periods meets (1),
then all is well. But what if it doesn't do so during the 2nd period?
If the amount of service received during the 1st period is larger than
the service curve, then it might compensate for smaller service during
the 2nd period and the gap - if the gap is small enough.
If the gap is larger (b) - then it's less likely to happen (unless the
excess bandwidth allocated during the 1st part was really large).
Still, the larger the gap - the less interesting is what happened in
the past (e.g. 10 minutes ago) - what matters is the current traffic
that just started.
From HFSC's perspective, more interesting is answering the following
question: when should we start transferring packets, so a service curve
of a class is not violated. Or rephrasing it: How much X() amount of
service should a session receive by time t, so the service curve is not
violated. Function X() defined as below is the basic building block of
HFSC, used in: eligible, deadline, virtual-time and fit-time curves. Of
course, X() is based on equation (1) and is defined recursively:
o At the 1st backlogged period beginning function X is initial-
ized to generic service curve assigned to a class
o At any subsequent backlogged period, X() is:
min(X() from previous period ; w(t0)+S(t-t0) for t>=t0),
... where t0 denotes the beginning of the current backlogged
period.
HFSC uses either linear, or two-piece linear service curves. In case of
linear or two-piece linear convex functions (first slope < second
slope), min() in X's definition reduces to the 2nd argument. But in
case of two-piece concave functions, the 1st argument might quickly
become lesser for some t>=t0. Note, that for some backlogged period,
X() is defined only from that period's beginning. We also define
X^(-1)(w) as smallest t>=t0, for which X(t) = w. We have to define it
this way, as X() is usually not an injection.
The above generic X() can be one of the following:
E() In realtime criterion, selects packets eligible for sending. If
none are eligible, HFSC will use linkshare criterion. Eligible
time 'et' is calculated with reference to packets' heads (
et = E^(-1)(w) ). It's based on RT service curve, but in case
of a convex curve, uses its 2nd slope only.
D() In realtime criterion, selects the most suitable packet from
the ones chosen by E(). Deadline time 'dt' corresponds to pack-
ets' tails (dt = D^(-1)(w+l), where 'l' is packet's length).
Based on RT service curve.
V() In linkshare criterion, arbitrates which packet to send next.
Note that V() is function of a virtual time - see LINKSHARE
CRITERION section for details. Virtual time 'vt' corresponds to
packets' heads (vt = V^(-1)(w)). Based on LS service curve.
F() An extension to linkshare criterion, used to limit at which
speed linkshare criterion is allowed to dequeue. Fit-time 'ft'
corresponds to packets' heads as well (ft = F^(-1)(w)). Based
on UL service curve.
Be sure to make clean distinction between session's RT, LS and UL ser-
vice curves and the above "utility" functions.
REALTIME CRITERION
RT criterion ignores class hierarchy and guarantees precise bandwidth
and delay allocation. We say that a packet is eligible for sending,
when the current real time is later than the eligible time of the
packet. From all eligible packets, the one most suited for sending is
the one with the shortest deadline time. This sounds simple, but con-
sider the following example:
Interface 10Mbit, two classes, both with two-piece linear service
curves:
o 1st class - 2Mbit for 100ms, then 7Mbit (convex - 1st slope <
2nd slope)
o 2nd class - 7Mbit for 100ms, then 2Mbit (concave - 1st slope >
2nd slope)
Assume for a moment, that we only use D() for both finding eligible
packets, and choosing the most fitting one, thus eligible time would be
computed as D^(-1)(w) and deadline time would be computed as
D^(-1)(w+l). If the 2nd class starts sending packets 1 second after the
1st class, it's of course impossible to guarantee 14Mbit, as the inter-
face capability is only 10Mbit. The only workaround in this scenario
is to allow the 1st class to send the packets earlier that would nor-
mally be allowed. That's where separate E() comes to help. Putting all
the math aside (see HFSC paper for details), E() for RT concave service
curve is just like D(), but for the RT convex service curve - it's con-
structed using only RT service curve's 2nd slope (in our example
7Mbit).
The effect of such E() - packets will be sent earlier, and at the same
time D() will be updated - so the current deadline time calculated from
it will be later. Thus, when the 2nd class starts sending packets
later, both the 1st and the 2nd class will be eligible, but the 2nd
session's deadline time will be smaller and its packets will be sent
first. When the 1st class becomes idle at some later point, the 2nd
class will be able to "buffer" up again for later active period of the
1st class.
A short remark - in a situation, where the total amount of bandwidth
available on the interface is larger than the allocated total realtime
parts (imagine a 10 Mbit interface, but 1Mbit/2Mbit and 2Mbit/1Mbit
classes), the sole speed of the interface could suffice to guarantee
the times.
Important part of RT criterion is that apart from updating its D() and
E(), also V() used by LS criterion is updated. Generally the RT crite-
rion is secondary to LS one, and used only if there's a risk of violat-
ing precise realtime requirements. Still, the "participation" in band-
width distributed by LS criterion is there, so V() has to be updated
along the way. LS criterion can than properly compensate for non-ideal
fair sharing situation, caused by RT scheduling. If you use UL service
curve its F() will be updated as well (UL service curve is an extension
to LS one - see UPPERLIMIT CRITERION section).
Anyway - careless specification of LS and RT service curves can lead to
potentially undesired situations (see CORNER CASES for examples). This
wasn't the case in HFSC paper where LS and RT service curves couldn't
be specified separately.
LINKSHARING CRITERION
LS criterion's task is to distribute bandwidth according to specified
class hierarchy. Contrary to RT criterion, there're no comparisons
between current real time and virtual time - the decision is based
solely on direct comparison of virtual times of all active subclasses -
the one with the smallest vt wins and gets scheduled. One immediate
conclusion from this fact is that absolute values don't matter - only
ratios between them (so for example, two children classes with simple
linear 1Mbit service curves will get the same treatment from LS crite-
rion's perspective, as if they were 5Mbit). The other conclusion is,
that in perfectly fluid system with linear curves, all virtual times
across whole class hierarchy would be equal.
Why is VC defined in term of virtual time (and what is it)?
Imagine an example: class A with two children - A1 and A2, both with
let's say 10Mbit SCs. If A2 is idle, A1 receives all the bandwidth of A
(and update its V() in the process). When A2 becomes active, A1's vir-
tual time is already far later than A2's one. Considering the type of
decision made by LS criterion, A1 would become idle for a long time. We
can workaround this situation by adjusting virtual time of the class
becoming active - we do that by getting such time "up to date". HFSC
uses a mean of the smallest and the biggest virtual time of currently
active children fit for sending. As it's not real time anymore (exclud-
ing trivial case of situation where all classes become active at the
same time, and never become idle), it's called virtual time.
Such approach has its price though. The problem is analogous to what
was presented in previous section and is caused by non-linearity of
service curves:
1) either it's impossible to guarantee service curves and satisfy
fairness during certain time periods:
Recall the example from RT section, slightly modified (with 3Mbit
slopes instead of 2Mbit ones):
o 1st class - 3Mbit for 100ms, then 7Mbit (convex - 1st slope <
2nd slope)
o 2nd class - 7Mbit for 100ms, then 3Mbit (concave - 1st slope >
2nd slope)
They sum up nicely to 10Mbit - the interface's capacity. But if we
wanted to only use LS for guarantees and fairness - it simply won't
work. In LS context, only V() is used for making decision which
class to schedule. If the 2nd class becomes active when the 1st one
is in its second slope, the fairness will be preserved - ratio will
be 1:1 (7Mbit:7Mbit), but LS itself is of course unable to guaran-
tee the absolute values themselves - as it would have to go beyond
of what the interface is capable of.
2) and/or it's impossible to guarantee service curves of all classes
at the same time [fairly or not]:
This is similar to the above case, but a bit more subtle. We will
consider two subtrees, arbitrated by their common (root here) par-
ent:
R (root) - 10Mbit
A - 7Mbit, then 3Mbit
A1 - 5Mbit, then 2Mbit
A2 - 2Mbit, then 1Mbit
B - 3Mbit, then 7Mbit
R arbitrates between left subtree (A) and right (B). Assume that A2
and B are constantly backlogged, and at some later point A1 becomes
backlogged (when all other classes are in their 2nd linear part).
What happens now? B (choice made by R) will always get 7 Mbit as R
is only (obviously) concerned with the ratio between its direct
children. Thus A subtree gets 3Mbit, but its children would want
(at the point when A1 became backlogged) 5Mbit + 1Mbit. That's of
course impossible, as they can only get 3Mbit due to interface lim-
itation.
In the left subtree - we have the same situation as previously
(fair split between A1 and A2, but violated guarantees), but in the
whole tree - there's no fairness (B got 7Mbit, but A1 and A2 have
to fit together in 3Mbit) and there's no guarantees for all classes
(only B got what it wanted). Even if we violated fairness in the A
subtree and set A2's service curve to 0, A1 would still not get the
required bandwidth.
UPPERLIMIT CRITERION
UL criterion is an extensions to LS one, that permits sending packets
only if current real time is later than fit-time ('ft'). So the modi-
fied LS criterion becomes: choose the smallest virtual time from all
active children, such that fit-time < current real time also holds.
Fit-time is calculated from F(), which is based on UL service curve. As
you can see, its role is kinda similar to E() used in RT criterion.
Also, for obvious reasons - you can't specify UL service curve without
LS one.
The main purpose of the UL service curve is to limit HFSC to bandwidth
available on the upstream router (think adsl home modem/router, and
linux server as NAT/firewall/etc. with 100Mbit+ connection to mentioned
modem/router). Typically, it's used to create a single class directly
under root, setting a linear UL service curve to available bandwidth -
and then creating your class structure from that class downwards. Of
course, you're free to add a UL service curve (linear or not) to any
class with LS criterion.
An important part about the UL service curve is that whenever at some
point in time a class doesn't qualify for linksharing due to its
fit-time, the next time it does qualify it will update its virtual time
to the smallest virtual time of all active children fit for linkshar-
ing. This way, one of the main things the LS criterion tries to achieve
- equality of all virtual times across whole hierarchy - is preserved
(in perfectly fluid system with only linear curves, all virtual times
would be equal).
Without that, 'vt' would lag behind other virtual times, and could
cause problems. Consider an interface with a capacity of 10Mbit, and
the following leaf classes (just in case you're skipping this text
quickly - this example shows behavior that doesn't happen):
A - ls 5.0Mbit
B - ls 2.5Mbit
C - ls 2.5Mbit, ul 2.5Mbit
If B was idle, while A and C were constantly backlogged, A and C would
normally (as far as LS criterion is concerned) divide bandwidth in 2:1
ratio. But due to UL service curve in place, C would get at most
2.5Mbit, and A would get the remaining 7.5Mbit. The longer the back-
logged period, the more the virtual times of A and C would drift apart.
If B became backlogged at some later point in time, its virtual time
would be set to (A's vt + C's vt)/2, thus blocking A from sending any
traffic until B's virtual time catches up with A.
SEPARATE LS / RT SCs
Another difference from the original HFSC paper is that RT and LS SCs
can be specified separately. Moreover, leaf classes are allowed to have
only either RT SC or LS SC. For interior classes, only LS SCs make
sense: any RT SC will be ignored.
CORNER CASES
Separate service curves for LS and RT criteria can lead to certain
traps that come from "fighting" between ideal linksharing and enforced
realtime guarantees. Those situations didn't exist in original HFSC
paper, where specifying separate LS / RT service curves was not dis-
cussed.
Consider an interface with a 10Mbit capacity, with the following leaf
classes:
A - ls 5.0Mbit, rt 8Mbit
B - ls 2.5Mbit
C - ls 2.5Mbit
Imagine A and C are constantly backlogged. As B is idle, A and C would
divide bandwidth in 2:1 ratio, considering LS service curve (so in the-
ory - 6.66 and 3.33). Alas RT criterion takes priority, so A will get
8Mbit and LS will be able to compensate class C for only 2 Mbit - this
will cause discrepancy between virtual times of A and C.
Assume this situation lasts for a long time with no idle periods, and
suddenly B becomes active. B's virtual time will be updated to
(A's vt + C's vt)/2, effectively landing in the middle between A's and
C's virtual time. The effect - B, having no RT guarantees, will be pun-
ished and will not be allowed to transfer until C's virtual time
catches up.
If the interface had a higher capacity, for example 100Mbit, this exam-
ple would behave perfectly fine though.
Let's look a bit closer at the above example - it "cleverly" invali-
dates one of the basic things LS criterion tries to achieve - equality
of all virtual times across class hierarchy. Leaf classes without RT
service curves are literally left to their own fate (governed by messed
up virtual times).
Also, it doesn't make much sense. Class A will always be guaranteed up
to 8Mbit, and this is more than any absolute bandwidth that could hap-
pen from its LS criterion (excluding trivial case of only A being
active). If the bandwidth taken by A is smaller than absolute value
from LS criterion, the unused part will be automatically assigned to
other active classes (as A has idling periods in such case). The only
"advantage" is, that even in case of low bandwidth on average, bursts
would be handled at the speed defined by RT criterion. Still, if extra
speed is needed (e.g. due to latency), non linear service curves should
be used in such case.
In the other words: the LS criterion is meaningless in the above exam-
ple.
You can quickly "workaround" it by making sure each leaf class has RT
service curve assigned (thus guaranteeing all of them will get some
bandwidth), but it doesn't make it any more valid.
Keep in mind - if you use nonlinear curves and irregularities explained
above happen only in the first segment, then there's little wrong with
"overusing" RT curve a bit:
A - ls 5.0Mbit, rt 9Mbit/30ms, then 1Mbit
B - ls 2.5Mbit
C - ls 2.5Mbit
Here, the vt of A will "spike" in the initial period, but then A will
never get more than 1Mbit until B & C catch up. Then everything will be
back to normal.
LINUX AND TIMER RESOLUTION
In certain situations, the scheduler can throttle itself and setup so
called watchdog to wakeup dequeue function at some time later. In case
of HFSC it happens when for example no packet is eligible for schedul-
ing, and UL service curve is used to limit the speed at which LS crite-
rion is allowed to dequeue packets. It's called throttling, and accu-
racy of it is dependent on how the kernel is compiled.
There're 3 important options in modern kernels, as far as timers' reso-
lution goes: 'tickless system', 'high resolution timer support' and
'timer frequency'.
If you have 'tickless system' enabled, then the timer interrupt will
trigger as slowly as possible, but each time a scheduler throttles
itself (or any other part of the kernel needs better accuracy), the
rate will be increased as needed / possible. The ceiling is either
'timer frequency' if 'high resolution timer support' is not available
or not compiled in, or it's hardware dependent and can go far beyond
the highest 'timer frequency' setting available.
If 'tickless system' is not enabled, the timer will trigger at a fixed
rate specified by 'timer frequency' - regardless if high resolution
timers are or aren't available.
This is important to keep those settings in mind, as in scenario like:
no tickless, no HR timers, frequency set to 100hz - throttling accuracy
would be at 10ms. It doesn't automatically mean you would be limited to
~0.8Mbit/s (assuming packets at ~1KB) - as long as your queues are pre-
pared to cover for timer inaccuracy. Of course, in case of e.g. locally
generated UDP traffic - appropriate socket size is needed as well.
Short example to make it more understandable (assume hardcore
anti-schedule settings - HZ=100, no HR timers, no tickless):
tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1:0 hfsc default 1
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:1 hfsc rt m2 10Mbit
Assuming packet of ~1KB size and HZ=100, that averages to ~0.8Mbit -
anything beyond it (e.g. the above example with specified rate over 10x
larger) will require appropriate queuing and cause bursts every ~10 ms.
As you can imagine, any HFSC's RT guarantees will be seriously invali-
dated by that. Aforementioned example is mainly important if you deal
with old hardware - as is particularly popular for home server chores.
Even then, you can easily set HZ=1000 and have very accurate scheduling
for typical adsl speeds.
Anything modern (apic or even hpet msi based timers + 'tickless sys-
tem') will provide enough accuracy for superb 1Gbit scheduling. For
example, on one of my cheap dual-core AMD boards I have the following
settings:
tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent root handle 1:0 hfsc default 1
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:1 hfsc rt m2 300mbit
And a simple:
nc -u dst.host.com 54321 </dev/zero
nc -l -p 54321 >/dev/null
...will yield the following effects over a period of ~10 seconds (taken
from /proc/interrupts):
319: 42124229 0 HPET_MSI-edge hpet2 (before)
319: 42436214 0 HPET_MSI-edge hpet2 (after 10s.)
That's roughly 31000/s. Now compare it with HZ=1000 setting. The obvi-
ous drawback of it is that cpu load can be rather high with servicing
that many timer interrupts. The example with 300Mbit RT service curve
on 1Gbit link is particularly ugly, as it requires a lot of throttling
with minuscule delays.
Also note that it's just an example showing the capabilities of current
hardware. The above example (essentially a 300Mbit TBF emulator) is
pointless on an internal interface to begin with: you will pretty much
always want a regular LS service curve there, and in such a scenario
HFSC simply doesn't throttle at all.
300Mbit RT service curve (selected columns from mpstat -P ALL 1):
10:56:43 PM CPU %sys %irq %soft %idle
10:56:44 PM all 20.10 6.53 34.67 37.19
10:56:44 PM 0 35.00 0.00 63.00 0.00
10:56:44 PM 1 4.95 12.87 6.93 73.27
So, in the rare case you need those speeds with only a RT service
curve, or with a UL service curve: remember the drawbacks.
CAVEAT: RANDOM ONLINE EXAMPLES
For reasons unknown (though well guessed), many examples you can google
love to overuse UL criterion and stuff it in every node possible. This
makes no sense and works against what HFSC tries to do (and does pretty
damn well). Use UL where it makes sense: on the uppermost node to match
upstream router's uplink capacity. Or in special cases, such as testing
(limit certain subtree to some speed), or customers that must never get
more than certain speed. In the last case you can usually achieve the
same by just using a RT criterion without LS+UL on leaf nodes.
As for the router case - remember it's good to differentiate between
"traffic to router" (remote console, web config, etc.) and "outgoing
traffic", so for example:
tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1:0 hfsc default 0x8002
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:999 hfsc rt m2 50Mbit
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:1 hfsc ls m2 2Mbit ul m2 2Mbit
... so "internet" tree under 1:1 and "router itself" as 1:999
LAYER2 ADAPTATION
Please refer to tc-stab(8)
SEE ALSO
tc(8), tc-hfsc(8), tc-stab(8)
Please direct bugreports and patches to: <netdev AT vger.org>
AUTHOR
Manpage created by Michal Soltys (soltys AT ziu.info)
iproute2 31 October 2011 TC-HFSC(7)
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