SYSLOG(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SYSLOG(2)
NAME
syslog, klogctl - read and/or clear kernel message ring buffer; set
console_loglevel
SYNOPSIS
int syslog(int type, char *bufp, int len);
/* No wrapper provided in glibc */
/* The glibc interface */
#include <sys/klog.h>
int klogctl(int type, char *bufp, int len);
DESCRIPTION
Note: Probably, you are looking for the C library function syslog(),
which talks to syslogd(8); see syslog(3) for details.
This page describes the kernel syslog() system call, which is used to
control the kernel printk() buffer; the glibc wrapper function for the
system call is called klogctl().
The kernel log buffer
The kernel has a cyclic buffer of length LOG_BUF_LEN in which messages
given as arguments to the kernel function printk() are stored (regard-
less of their log level). In early kernels, LOG_BUF_LEN had the value
4096; from kernel 1.3.54, it was 8192; from kernel 2.1.113, it was
16384; since kernel 2.4.23/2.6, the value is a kernel configuration
option (CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT, default value dependent on the architec-
ture). Since Linux 2.6.6, the size can be queried with command type 10
(see below).
Commands
The type argument determines the action taken by this function. The
list below specifies the values for type. The symbolic names are
defined in the kernel source, but are not exported to user space; you
will either need to use the numbers, or define the names yourself.
SYSLOG_ACTION_CLOSE (0)
Close the log. Currently a NOP.
SYSLOG_ACTION_OPEN (1)
Open the log. Currently a NOP.
SYSLOG_ACTION_READ (2)
Read from the log. The call waits until the kernel log buffer
is nonempty, and then reads at most len bytes into the buffer
pointed to by bufp. The call returns the number of bytes read.
Bytes read from the log disappear from the log buffer: the
information can be read only once. This is the function exe-
cuted by the kernel when a user program reads /proc/kmsg.
SYSLOG_ACTION_READ_ALL (3)
Read all messages remaining in the ring buffer, placing them in
the buffer pointed to by bufp. The call reads the last len
bytes from the log buffer (nondestructively), but will not read
more than was written into the buffer since the last "clear ring
buffer" command (see command 5 below)). The call returns the
number of bytes read.
SYSLOG_ACTION_READ_CLEAR (4)
Read and clear all messages remaining in the ring buffer. The
call does precisely the same as for a type of 3, but also exe-
cutes the "clear ring buffer" command.
SYSLOG_ACTION_CLEAR (5)
The call executes just the "clear ring buffer" command. The
bufp and len arguments are ignored.
This command does not really clear the ring buffer. Rather, it
sets a kernel bookkeeping variable that determines the results
returned by commands 3 (SYSLOG_ACTION_READ_ALL) and 4 (SYS-
LOG_ACTION_READ_CLEAR). This command has no effect on commands
2 (SYSLOG_ACTION_READ) and 9 (SYSLOG_ACTION_SIZE_UNREAD).
SYSLOG_ACTION_CONSOLE_OFF (6)
The command saves the current value of console_loglevel and then
sets console_loglevel to minimum_console_loglevel, so that no
messages are printed to the console. Before Linux 2.6.32, the
command simply sets console_loglevel to minimum_con-
sole_loglevel. See the discussion of /proc/sys/kernel/printk,
below.
The bufp and len arguments are ignored.
SYSLOG_ACTION_CONSOLE_ON (7)
If a previous SYSLOG_ACTION_CONSOLE_OFF command has been per-
formed, this command restores console_loglevel to the value that
was saved by that command. Before Linux 2.6.32, this command
simply sets console_loglevel to default_console_loglevel. See
the discussion of /proc/sys/kernel/printk, below.
The bufp and len arguments are ignored.
SYSLOG_ACTION_CONSOLE_LEVEL (8)
The call sets console_loglevel to the value given in len, which
must be an integer between 1 and 8 (inclusive). The kernel
silently enforces a minimum value of minimum_console_loglevel
for len. See the log level section for details. The bufp argu-
ment is ignored.
SYSLOG_ACTION_SIZE_UNREAD (9) (since Linux 2.4.10)
The call returns the number of bytes currently available to be
read from the kernel log buffer via command 2 (SYS-
LOG_ACTION_READ). The bufp and len arguments are ignored.
SYSLOG_ACTION_SIZE_BUFFER (10) (since Linux 2.6.6)
This command returns the total size of the kernel log buffer.
The bufp and len arguments are ignored.
All commands except 3 and 10 require privilege. In Linux kernels
before 2.6.37, command types 3 and 10 are allowed to unprivileged pro-
cesses; since Linux 2.6.37, these commands are allowed to unprivileged
processes only if /proc/sys/kernel/dmesg_restrict has the value 0.
Before Linux 2.6.37, "privileged" means that the caller has the
CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability. Since Linux 2.6.37, "privileged" means that
the caller has either the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability (now deprecated for
this purpose) or the (new) CAP_SYSLOG capability.
/proc/sys/kernel/printk
/proc/sys/kernel/printk is a writable file containing four integer val-
ues that influence kernel printk() behavior when printing or logging
error messages. The four values are:
console_loglevel
Only messages with a log level lower than this value will be
printed to the console. The default value for this field is
DEFAULT_CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL (7), but it is set to 4 if the kernel
command line contains the word "quiet", 10 if the kernel command
line contains the word "debug", and to 15 in case of a kernel
fault (the 10 and 15 are just silly, and equivalent to 8). The
value of console_loglevel can be set (to a value in the range
1-8) by a syslog() call with a type of 8.
default_message_loglevel
This value will be used as the log level for printk() messages
that do not have an explicit level. Up to and including Linux
2.6.38, the hard-coded default value for this field was 4
(KERN_WARNING); since Linux 2.6.39, the default value is a
defined by the kernel configuration option CONFIG_DEFAULT_MES-
SAGE_LOGLEVEL, which defaults to 4.
minimum_console_loglevel
The value in this field is the minimum value to which con-
sole_loglevel can be set.
default_console_loglevel
This is the default value for console_loglevel.
The log level
Every printk() message has its own log level. If the log level is not
explicitly specified as part of the message, it defaults to
default_message_loglevel. The conventional meaning of the log level is
as follows:
Kernel constant Level value Meaning
KERN_EMERG 0 System is unusable
KERN_ALERT 1 Action must be taken immediately
KERN_CRIT 2 Critical conditions
KERN_ERR 3 Error conditions
KERN_WARNING 4 Warning conditions
KERN_NOTICE 5 Normal but significant condition
KERN_INFO 6 Informational
KERN_DEBUG 7 Debug-level messages
The kernel printk() routine will print a message on the console only if
it has a log level less than the value of console_loglevel.
RETURN VALUE
For type equal to 2, 3, or 4, a successful call to syslog() returns the
number of bytes read. For type 9, syslog() returns the number of bytes
currently available to be read on the kernel log buffer. For type 10,
syslog() returns the total size of the kernel log buffer. For other
values of type, 0 is returned on success.
In case of error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the
error.
ERRORS
EINVAL Bad arguments (e.g., bad type; or for type 2, 3, or 4, buf is
NULL, or len is less than zero; or for type 8, the level is out-
side the range 1 to 8).
ENOSYS This syslog() system call is not available, because the kernel
was compiled with the CONFIG_PRINTK kernel-configuration option
disabled.
EPERM An attempt was made to change console_loglevel or clear the ker-
nel message ring buffer by a process without sufficient privi-
lege (more precisely: without the CAP_SYS_ADMIN or CAP_SYSLOG
capability).
ERESTARTSYS
System call was interrupted by a signal; nothing was read.
(This can be seen only during a trace.)
CONFORMING TO
This system call is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs
intended to be portable.
NOTES
From the very start, people noted that it is unfortunate that a system
call and a library routine of the same name are entirely different ani-
mals.
SEE ALSO
dmesg(1), syslog(3), capabilities(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.15 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2017-09-15 SYSLOG(2)
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