IP(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation IP(3)
NAME
NetAddr::IP - Manages IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and subnets
SYNOPSIS
use NetAddr::IP qw(
Compact
Coalesce
Zeros
Ones
V4mask
V4net
netlimit
:aton DEPRECATED
:lower
:upper
:old_storable
:old_nth
:rfc3021
:nofqdn
);
NOTE: NetAddr::IP::Util has a full complement of network address
utilities to convert back and forth between binary and text.
inet_aton, inet_ntoa, ipv6_aton, ipv6_ntoa
ipv6_n2x, ipv6_n2d inet_any2d, inet_n2dx,
inet_n2ad, inetanyto6, ipv6to4
See NetAddr::IP::Util
my $ip = new NetAddr::IP '127.0.0.1';
or if you prefer
my $ip = NetAddr::IP->new('127.0.0.1);
or from a packed IPv4 address
my $ip = new_from_aton NetAddr::IP (inet_aton('127.0.0.1'));
or from an octal filtered IPv4 address
my $ip = new_no NetAddr::IP '127.012.0.0';
print "The address is ", $ip->addr, " with mask ", $ip->mask, "\n" ;
if ($ip->within(new NetAddr::IP "127.0.0.0", "255.0.0.0")) {
print "Is a loopback address\n";
}
# This prints 127.0.0.1/32
print "You can also say $ip...\n";
* The following four functions return ipV6 representations of:
:: = Zeros();
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF = Ones();
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:: = V4mask();
::FFFF:FFFF = V4net();
Will also return an ipV4 or ipV6 representation of a
resolvable Fully Qualified Domanin Name (FQDN).
###### DEPRECATED, will be remove in version 5 ############
* To accept addresses in the format as returned by
inet_aton, invoke the module as:
use NetAddr::IP qw(:aton);
###### USE new_from_aton instead ##########################
* To enable usage of legacy data files containing NetAddr::IP objects
stored using the Storable module.
use NetAddr::IP qw(:old_storable);
* To compact many smaller subnets (see:
"$me->compact($addr1,$addr2,...)"
@compacted_object_list = Compact(@object_list)
* Return a reference to list of "NetAddr::IP" subnets of $masklen mask
length, when $number or more addresses from @list_of_subnets are found
to be contained in said subnet.
$arrayref = Coalesce($masklen, $number, @list_of_subnets)
* By default NetAddr::IP functions and methods return string IPv6
addresses in uppercase. To change that to lowercase:
NOTE: the AUGUST 2010 RFC5952 states:
4.3. Lowercase
The characters "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", and "f" in an IPv6
address MUST be represented in lowercase.
It is recommended that all NEW applications using NetAddr::IP be
invoked as shown on the next line.
use NetAddr::IP qw(:lower);
* To ensure the current IPv6 string case behavior even if the default
changes:
use NetAddr::IP qw(:upper);
* To set a limit on the size of nets processed or returned by
NetAddr::IP.
Set the maximum number of nets beyond which NetAddr::IP will return an
error as a power of 2 (default 16 or 65536 nets). Each 2**16 consumes
approximately 4 megs of memory. A 2**20 consumes 64 megs of memory, A
2**24 consumes 1 gigabyte of memory.
use NetAddr::IP qw(netlimit);
netlimit 20;
The maximum netlimit allowed is 2**24. Attempts to set limits below the
default of 16 or above the maximum of 24 are ignored.
Returns true on success, otherwise "undef".
INSTALLATION
Un-tar the distribution in an appropriate directory and type:
perl Makefile.PL
make
make test
make install
NetAddr::IP depends on NetAddr::IP::Util which installs by default with
its primary functions compiled using Perl's XS extensions to build a C
library. If you do not have a C complier available or would like the
slower Pure Perl version for some other reason, then type:
perl Makefile.PL -noxs
make
make test
make install
DESCRIPTION
This module provides an object-oriented abstraction on top of IP
addresses or IP subnets that allows for easy manipulations. Version
4.xx of NetAddr::IP will work with older versions of Perl and is
compatible with Math::BigInt.
The internal representation of all IP objects is in 128 bit IPv6
notation. IPv4 and IPv6 objects may be freely mixed.
Overloaded Operators
Many operators have been overloaded, as described below:
Assignment ("=")
Has been optimized to copy one NetAddr::IP object to another very
quickly.
"->copy()"
The assignment ("=") operation is only put in to operation when the
copied object is further mutated by another overloaded operation.
See overload SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR "use overload" for details.
"->copy()" actually creates a new object when called.
Stringification
An object can be used just as a string. For instance, the following
code
my $ip = new NetAddr::IP '192.168.1.123';
print "$ip\n";
Will print the string 192.168.1.123/32.
Equality
You can test for equality with either "eq" or "==". "eq" allows
comparison with arbitrary strings as well as NetAddr::IP objects.
The following example:
if (NetAddr::IP->new('127.0.0.1','255.0.0.0') eq '127.0.0.1/8')
{ print "Yes\n"; }
will print out "Yes".
Comparison with "==" requires both operands to be NetAddr::IP
objects.
In both cases, a true value is returned if the CIDR representation
of the operands is equal.
Comparison via >, <, >=, <=, <=> and "cmp"
Internally, all network objects are represented in 128 bit format.
The numeric representation of the network is compared through the
corresponding operation. Comparisons are tried first on the address
portion of the object and if that is equal then the NUMERIC cidr
portion of the masks are compared. This leads to the
counterintuitive result that
/24 > /16
Comparison should not be done on netaddr objects with different
CIDR as this may produce indeterminate - unexpected results, rather
the determination of which netblock is larger or smaller should be
done by comparing
$ip1->masklen <=> $ip2->masklen
Addition of a constant ("+")
Add a 32 bit signed constant to the address part of a NetAddr
object. This operation changes the address part to point so many
hosts above the current objects start address. For instance, this
code:
print NetAddr::IP->new('127.0.0.1/8') + 5;
will output 127.0.0.6/8. The address will wrap around at the
broadcast back to the network address. This code:
print NetAddr::IP->new('10.0.0.1/24') + 255;
outputs 10.0.0.0/24.
Returns the the unchanged object when the constant is missing or
out of range.
2147483647 <= constant >= -2147483648
Subtraction of a constant ("-")
The complement of the addition of a constant.
Difference ("-")
Returns the difference between the address parts of two NetAddr::IP
objects address parts as a 32 bit signed number.
Returns undef if the difference is out of range.
(See range restrictions on Addition above)
Auto-increment
Auto-incrementing a NetAddr::IP object causes the address part to
be adjusted to the next host address within the subnet. It will
wrap at the broadcast address and start again from the network
address.
Auto-decrement
Auto-decrementing a NetAddr::IP object performs exactly the
opposite of auto-incrementing it, as you would expect.
Serializing and Deserializing
This module defines hooks to collaborate with Storable for serializing
"NetAddr::IP" objects, through compact and human readable strings. You
can revert to the old format by invoking this module as
use NetAddr::IP ':old_storable';
You must do this if you have legacy data files containing NetAddr::IP
objects stored using the Storable module.
Methods
"->new([$addr, [ $mask|IPv6 ]])"
"->new6([$addr, [ $mask]])"
"->new_no([$addr, [ $mask]])"
"->new_from_aton($netaddr)"
new_cis and new_cis6 are DEPRECATED
"->new_cis("$addr $mask)"
"->new_cis6("$addr $mask)"
The first two methods create a new address with the supplied
address in $addr and an optional netmask $mask, which can be
omitted to get a /32 or /128 netmask for IPv4 / IPv6 addresses
respectively.
The third method "new_no" is exclusively for IPv4 addresses and
filters improperly formatted dot quad strings for leading 0's that
would normally be interpreted as octal format by NetAddr per the
specifications for inet_aton.
new_from_aton takes a packed IPv4 address and assumes a /32 mask.
This function replaces the DEPRECATED :aton functionality which is
fundamentally broken.
The last two methods new_cis and new_cis6 differ from new and new6
only in that they except the common Cisco address notation for
address/mask pairs with a space as a separator instead of a slash
(/)
These methods are DEPRECATED because the functionality is now
included in the other "new" methods
i.e. ->new_cis('1.2.3.0 24')
or
->new_cis6('::1.2.3.0 120')
"->new6" and "->new_cis6" mark the address as being in ipV6 address
space even if the format would suggest otherwise.
i.e. ->new6('1.2.3.4') will result in ::102:304
addresses submitted to ->new in ipV6 notation will
remain in that notation permanently. i.e.
->new('::1.2.3.4') will result in ::102:304
whereas new('1.2.3.4') would print out as 1.2.3.4
See "STRINGIFICATION" below.
$addr can be almost anything that can be resolved to an IP address
in all the notations I have seen over time. It can optionally
contain the mask in CIDR notation.
prefix notation is understood, with the limitation that the range
specified by the prefix must match with a valid subnet.
Addresses in the same format returned by "inet_aton" or
"gethostbyname" can also be understood, although no mask can be
specified for them. The default is to not attempt to recognize this
format, as it seems to be seldom used.
To accept addresses in that format, invoke the module as in
use NetAddr::IP ':aton'
If called with no arguments, 'default' is assumed.
If called with an empty string as the argument, returns 'undef'
$addr can be any of the following and possibly more...
n.n
n.n/mm
n.n.n
n.n.n/mm
n.n.n.n
n.n.n.n/mm 32 bit cidr notation
n.n.n.n/m.m.m.m
loopback, localhost, broadcast, any, default
x.x.x.x/host
0xABCDEF, 0b111111000101011110, (a bcd number)
a netaddr as returned by 'inet_aton'
Any RFC1884 notation
::n.n.n.n
::n.n.n.n/mmm 128 bit cidr notation
::n.n.n.n/::m.m.m.m
::x:x
::x:x/mmm
x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x
x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x/mmm
x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x/m:m:m:m:m:m:m:m any RFC1884 notation
loopback, localhost, unspecified, any, default
::x:x/host
0xABCDEF, 0b111111000101011110 within the limits
of perl's number resolution
123456789012 a 'big' bcd number (bigger than perl likes)
and Math::BigInt
A Fully Qualified Domain Name which returns an ipV4 address or an
ipV6 address, embodied in that order. This previously undocumented
feature may be disabled with:
use NetAddr::IP::Lite ':nofqdn';
If called with no arguments, 'default' is assumed.
If called with an empty string as the argument, returns 'undef'
"->broadcast()"
Returns a new object referring to the broadcast address of a given
subnet. The broadcast address has all ones in all the bit positions
where the netmask has zero bits. This is normally used to address
all the hosts in a given subnet.
"->network()"
Returns a new object referring to the network address of a given
subnet. A network address has all zero bits where the bits of the
netmask are zero. Normally this is used to refer to a subnet.
"->addr()"
Returns a scalar with the address part of the object as an IPv4 or
IPv6 text string as appropriate. This is useful for printing or for
passing the address part of the NetAddr::IP object to other
components that expect an IP address. If the object is an ipV6
address or was created using ->new6($ip) it will be reported in
ipV6 hex format otherwise it will be reported in dot quad format
only if it resides in ipV4 address space.
"->mask()"
Returns a scalar with the mask as an IPv4 or IPv6 text string as
described above.
"->masklen()"
Returns a scalar the number of one bits in the mask.
"->bits()"
Returns the width of the address in bits. Normally 32 for v4 and
128 for v6.
"->version()"
Returns the version of the address or subnet. Currently this can be
either 4 or 6.
"->cidr()"
Returns a scalar with the address and mask in CIDR notation. A
NetAddr::IP object stringifies to the result of this function.
(see comments about ->new6() and ->addr() for output formats)
"->aton()"
Returns the address part of the NetAddr::IP object in the same
format as the "inet_aton()" or "ipv6_aton" function respectively.
If the object was created using ->new6($ip), the address returned
will always be in ipV6 format, even for addresses in ipV4 address
space.
"->range()"
Returns a scalar with the base address and the broadcast address
separated by a dash and spaces. This is called range notation.
"->prefix()"
Returns a scalar with the address and mask in ipV4 prefix
representation. This is useful for some programs, which expect its
input to be in this format. This method will include the broadcast
address in the encoding.
"->nprefix()"
Just as "->prefix()", but does not include the broadcast address.
"->numeric()"
When called in a scalar context, will return a numeric
representation of the address part of the IP address. When called
in an array contest, it returns a list of two elements. The first
element is as described, the second element is the numeric
representation of the netmask.
This method is essential for serializing the representation of a
subnet.
"->bigint()"
When called in scalar context, will return a Math::BigInt
representation of the address part of the IP address. When called
in an array context, it returns a list of two elements, The first
element is as described, the second element is the Math::BigInt
representation of the netmask.
"->wildcard()"
When called in a scalar context, returns the wildcard bits
corresponding to the mask, in dotted-quad or ipV6 format as
applicable.
When called in an array context, returns a two-element array. The
first element, is the address part. The second element, is the
wildcard translation of the mask.
"->short()"
Returns the address part in a short or compact notation.
(ie, 127.0.0.1 becomes 127.1).
Works with both, V4 and V6.
"->canon()"
Returns the address part in canonical notation as a string. For
ipV4, this is dotted quad, and is the same as the return value from
"->addr()". For ipV6 it is as per RFC5952, and is the same as the
LOWER CASE value returned by "->short()".
"->full()"
Returns the address part in FULL notation for ipV4 and ipV6
respectively.
i.e. for ipV4
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:127.0.0.1
for ipV6
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
To force ipV4 addresses into full ipV6 format use:
"->full6()"
Returns the address part in FULL ipV6 notation
"->full6m()"
Returns the mask part in FULL ipV6 notation
"$me->contains($other)"
Returns true when $me completely contains $other. False is returned
otherwise and "undef" is returned if $me and $other are not both
"NetAddr::IP" objects.
"$me->within($other)"
The complement of "->contains()". Returns true when $me is
completely contained within $other.
Note that $me and $other must be "NetAddr::IP" objects.
C->is_rfc1918()>
Returns true when $me is an RFC 1918 address.
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)
"->is_local()"
Returns true when $me is a local network address.
i.e. ipV4 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
or ipV6 === ::1
"->splitref($bits,[optional $bits1,$bits2,...])"
Returns a reference to a list of objects, representing subnets of
"bits" mask produced by splitting the original object, which is
left unchanged. Note that $bits must be longer than the original
mask in order for it to be splittable.
ERROR conditions:
->splitref will DIE with the message 'netlimit exceeded'
if the number of return objects exceeds 'netlimit'.
See function 'netlimit' above (default 2**16 or 65536 nets).
->splitref returns undef when C<bits> or the (bits list)
will not fit within the original object.
->splitref returns undef if a supplied ipV4, ipV6, or NetAddr
mask in inappropriately formatted,
bits may be a CIDR mask, a dot quad or ipV6 string or a NetAddr::IP
object. If "bits" is missing, the object is split for into all
available addresses within the ipV4 or ipV6 object ( auto-mask of
CIDR 32, 128 respectively ).
With optional additional "bits" list, the original object is split
into parts sized based on the list. NOTE: a short list will
replicate the last item. If the last item is too large to for what
remains of the object after splitting off the first parts of the
list, a "best fits" list of remaining objects will be returned
based on an increasing sort of the CIDR values of the "bits" list.
i.e. my $ip = new NetAddr::IP('192.168.0.0/24');
my $objptr = $ip->split(28, 29, 28, 29, 26);
has split plan 28 29 28 29 26 26 26 28
and returns this list of objects
192.168.0.0/28
192.168.0.16/29
192.168.0.24/28
192.168.0.40/29
192.168.0.48/26
192.168.0.112/26
192.168.0.176/26
192.168.0.240/28
NOTE: that /26 replicates twice beyond the original request and /28
fills the remaining return object requirement.
"->rsplitref($bits,[optional $bits1,$bits2,...])"
"->rsplitref" is the same as "->splitref" above except that the
split plan is applied to the original object in reverse order.
i.e. my $ip = new NetAddr::IP('192.168.0.0/24');
my @objects = $ip->split(28, 29, 28, 29, 26);
has split plan 28 26 26 26 29 28 29 28
and returns this list of objects
192.168.0.0/28
192.168.0.16/26
192.168.0.80/26
192.168.0.144/26
192.168.0.208/29
192.168.0.216/28
192.168.0.232/29
192.168.0.240/28
"->split($bits,[optional $bits1,$bits2,...])"
Similar to "->splitref" above but returns the list rather than a
list reference. You may not want to use this if a large number of
objects is expected.
"->rsplit($bits,[optional $bits1,$bits2,...])"
Similar to "->rsplitref" above but returns the list rather than a
list reference. You may not want to use this if a large number of
objects is expected.
"->hostenum()"
Returns the list of hosts within a subnet.
ERROR conditions:
->hostenum will DIE with the message 'netlimit exceeded'
if the number of return objects exceeds 'netlimit'.
See function 'netlimit' above (default 2**16 or 65536 nets).
"->hostenumref()"
Faster version of "->hostenum()", returning a reference to a list.
NOTE: hostenum and hostenumref report zero (0) useable hosts in a
/31 network. This is the behavior expected prior to RFC 3021. To
report 2 useable hosts for use in point-to-point networks, use
:rfc3021 tag.
use NetAddr::IP qw(:rfc3021);
This will cause hostenum and hostenumref to return two (2) useable
hosts in a /31 network.
"$me->compact($addr1, $addr2, ...)"
"@compacted_object_list = Compact(@object_list)"
Given a list of objects (including $me), this method will compact
all the addresses and subnets into the largest (ie, least specific)
subnets possible that contain exactly all of the given objects.
Note that in versions prior to 3.02, if fed with the same IP
subnets multiple times, these subnets would be returned. From 3.02
on, a more "correct" approach has been adopted and only one address
would be returned.
Note that $me and all $addr's must be "NetAddr::IP" objects.
"$me->compactref(\@list)"
"$compacted_object_list = Compact(\@list)"
As usual, a faster version of "->compact()" that returns a
reference to a list. Note that this method takes a reference to a
list instead.
Note that $me must be a "NetAddr::IP" object.
"$me->coalesce($masklen, $number, @list_of_subnets)"
"$arrayref = Coalesce($masklen,$number,@list_of_subnets)"
Will return a reference to list of "NetAddr::IP" subnets of
$masklen mask length, when $number or more addresses from
@list_of_subnets are found to be contained in said subnet.
Subnets from @list_of_subnets with a mask shorter than $masklen are
passed "as is" to the return list.
Subnets from @list_of_subnets with a mask longer than $masklen will
be counted (actually, the number of IP addresses is counted)
towards $number.
Called as a method, the array will include $me.
WARNING: the list of subnet must be the same type. i.e ipV4 or ipV6
"->first()"
Returns a new object representing the first usable IP address
within the subnet (ie, the first host address).
"->last()"
Returns a new object representing the last usable IP address within
the subnet (ie, one less than the broadcast address).
"->nth($index)"
Returns a new object representing the n-th usable IP address within
the subnet (ie, the n-th host address). If no address is available
(for example, when the network is too small for $index hosts),
"undef" is returned.
Version 4.00 of NetAddr::IP and version 1.00 of NetAddr::IP::Lite
implements "->nth($index)" and "->num()" exactly as the
documentation states. Previous versions behaved slightly
differently and not in a consistent manner. See the README file for
details.
To use the old behavior for "->nth($index)" and "->num()":
use NetAddr::IP::Lite qw(:old_nth);
old behavior:
NetAddr::IP->new('10/32')->nth(0) == undef
NetAddr::IP->new('10/32')->nth(1) == undef
NetAddr::IP->new('10/31')->nth(0) == undef
NetAddr::IP->new('10/31')->nth(1) == 10.0.0.1/31
NetAddr::IP->new('10/30')->nth(0) == undef
NetAddr::IP->new('10/30')->nth(1) == 10.0.0.1/30
NetAddr::IP->new('10/30')->nth(2) == 10.0.0.2/30
NetAddr::IP->new('10/30')->nth(3) == 10.0.0.3/30
Note that in each case, the broadcast address is represented in the
output set and that the 'zero'th index is alway undef except for a
point-to-point /31 or /127 network where there are exactly two
addresses in the network.
new behavior:
NetAddr::IP->new('10/32')->nth(0) == 10.0.0.0/32
NetAddr::IP->new('10.1/32'->nth(0) == 10.0.0.1/32
NetAddr::IP->new('10/31')->nth(0) == 10.0.0.0/31
NetAddr::IP->new('10/31')->nth(1) == 10.0.0.1/31
NetAddr::IP->new('10/30')->nth(0) == 10.0.0.1/30
NetAddr::IP->new('10/30')->nth(1) == 10.0.0.2/30
NetAddr::IP->new('10/30')->nth(2) == undef
Note that a /32 net always has 1 usable address while a /31 has
exactly two usable addresses for point-to-point addressing. The
first index (0) returns the address immediately following the
network address except for a /31 or /127 when it return the network
address.
"->num()"
As of version 4.42 of NetAddr::IP and version 1.27 of
NetAddr::IP::Lite a /31 and /127 with return a net num value of 2
instead of 0 (zero) for point-to-point networks.
Version 4.00 of NetAddr::IP and version 1.00 of NetAddr::IP::Lite
return the number of usable IP addresses within the subnet, not
counting the broadcast or network address.
Previous versions worked only for ipV4 addresses, returned a
maximum span of 2**32 and returned the number of IP addresses not
counting the broadcast address.
(one greater than the new behavior)
To use the old behavior for "->nth($index)" and "->num()":
use NetAddr::IP::Lite qw(:old_nth);
WARNING:
NetAddr::IP will calculate and return a numeric string for network
ranges as large as 2**128. These values are TEXT strings and perl
can treat them as integers for numeric calculations.
Perl on 32 bit platforms only handles integer numbers up to 2**32
and on 64 bit platforms to 2**64.
If you wish to manipulate numeric strings returned by NetAddr::IP
that are larger than 2**32 or 2**64, respectively, you must load
additional modules such as Math::BigInt, bignum or some similar
package to do the integer math.
"->re()"
Returns a Perl regular expression that will match an IP address
within the given subnet. Defaults to ipV4 notation. Will return an
ipV6 regex if the address in not in ipV4 space.
"->re6()"
Returns a Perl regular expression that will match an IP address
within the given subnet. Always returns an ipV6 regex.
EXPORT_OK
Compact
Coalesce
Zeros
Ones
V4mask
V4net
netlimit
NOTES / BUGS ... FEATURES
NetAddr::IP only runs in Pure Perl mode on Windows boxes because I
don't have the resources or know how to get the "configure" stuff
working in the Windows environment. Volunteers WELCOME to port the "C"
portion of this module to Windows.
HISTORY
See the Changes file
AUTHORS
Luis E. Munoz <luismunoz AT cpan.org>, Michael Robinton
<michael AT bizsystems.com>
WARRANTY
This software comes with the same warranty as Perl itself (ie, none),
so by using it you accept any and all the liability.
COPYRIGHT
This software is (c) Luis E. Munoz, 1999 - 2007, and (c) Michael
Robinton, 2006 - 2014.
All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of either:
a) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
later version, or
b) the "Artistic License" which comes with this distribution.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See either the
GNU General Public License or the Artistic License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the Artistic License with this
distribution, in the file named "Artistic". If not, I'll be glad to
provide one.
You should also have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program in the file named "Copying". If not, write to
the
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
or visit their web page on the internet at:
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html.
SEE ALSO
perl(1) L<NetAddr::IP::Lite>, L<NetAddr::IP::Util>,
L<NetAddr::IP::InetBase>
perl v5.26.3 2016-03-26 IP(3)
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