GITPROTOCOL-HTTP(5) Git Manual GITPROTOCOL-HTTP(5)
NAME
gitprotocol-http - Git HTTP-based protocols
SYNOPSIS
<over-the-wire-protocol>
DESCRIPTION
Git supports two HTTP based transfer protocols. A "dumb" protocol which
requires only a standard HTTP server on the server end of the
connection, and a "smart" protocol which requires a Git aware CGI (or
server module). This document describes both protocols.
As a design feature smart clients can automatically upgrade "dumb"
protocol URLs to smart URLs. This permits all users to have the same
published URL, and the peers automatically select the most efficient
transport available to them.
URL FORMAT
URLs for Git repositories accessed by HTTP use the standard HTTP URL
syntax documented by RFC 1738, so they are of the form:
http://<host>;:<port>/<path>?<searchpart>
Within this documentation the placeholder $GIT_URL will stand for the
http:// repository URL entered by the end-user.
Servers SHOULD handle all requests to locations matching $GIT_URL, as
both the "smart" and "dumb" HTTP protocols used by Git operate by
appending additional path components onto the end of the user supplied
$GIT_URL string.
An example of a dumb client requesting a loose object:
$GIT_URL: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git
URL request: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git/objects/d0/49f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355
An example of a smart request to a catch-all gateway:
$GIT_URL: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q=
URL request: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q=/info/refs&service=git-receive-pack
An example of a request to a submodule:
$GIT_URL: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git
URL request: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git/info/refs
Clients MUST strip a trailing /, if present, from the user supplied
$GIT_URL string to prevent empty path tokens (//) from appearing in any
URL sent to a server. Compatible clients MUST expand $GIT_URL/info/refs
as foo/info/refs and not foo//info/refs.
AUTHENTICATION
Standard HTTP authentication is used if authentication is required to
access a repository, and MAY be configured and enforced by the HTTP
server software.
Because Git repositories are accessed by standard path components
server administrators MAY use directory based permissions within their
HTTP server to control repository access.
Clients SHOULD support Basic authentication as described by RFC 2617.
Servers SHOULD support Basic authentication by relying upon the HTTP
server placed in front of the Git server software.
Servers SHOULD NOT require HTTP cookies for the purposes of
authentication or access control.
Clients and servers MAY support other common forms of HTTP based
authentication, such as Digest authentication.
SSL
Clients and servers SHOULD support SSL, particularly to protect
passwords when relying on Basic HTTP authentication.
SESSION STATE
The Git over HTTP protocol (much like HTTP itself) is stateless from
the perspective of the HTTP server side. All state MUST be retained and
managed by the client process. This permits simple round-robin
load-balancing on the server side, without needing to worry about state
management.
Clients MUST NOT require state management on the server side in order
to function correctly.
Servers MUST NOT require HTTP cookies in order to function correctly.
Clients MAY store and forward HTTP cookies during request processing as
described by RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1). Servers SHOULD ignore any cookies
sent by a client.
GENERAL REQUEST PROCESSING
Except where noted, all standard HTTP behavior SHOULD be assumed by
both client and server. This includes (but is not necessarily limited
to):
If there is no repository at $GIT_URL, or the resource pointed to by a
location matching $GIT_URL does not exist, the server MUST NOT respond
with 200 OK response. A server SHOULD respond with 404 Not Found, 410
Gone, or any other suitable HTTP status code which does not imply the
resource exists as requested.
If there is a repository at $GIT_URL, but access is not currently
permitted, the server MUST respond with the 403 Forbidden HTTP status
code.
Servers SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1. Servers SHOULD
support chunked encoding for both request and response bodies.
Clients SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1. Clients SHOULD
support chunked encoding for both request and response bodies.
Servers MAY return ETag and/or Last-Modified headers.
Clients MAY revalidate cached entities by including If-Modified-Since
and/or If-None-Match request headers.
Servers MAY return 304 Not Modified if the relevant headers appear in
the request and the entity has not changed. Clients MUST treat 304 Not
Modified identical to 200 OK by reusing the cached entity.
Clients MAY reuse a cached entity without revalidation if the
Cache-Control and/or Expires header permits caching. Clients and
servers MUST follow RFC 2616 for cache controls.
DISCOVERING REFERENCES
All HTTP clients MUST begin either a fetch or a push exchange by
discovering the references available on the remote repository.
Dumb Clients
HTTP clients that only support the "dumb" protocol MUST discover
references by making a request for the special info/refs file of the
repository.
Dumb HTTP clients MUST make a GET request to $GIT_URL/info/refs,
without any search/query parameters.
C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs HTTP/1.0
S: 200 OK
S:
S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint
S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master
S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0
S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}
The Content-Type of the returned info/refs entity SHOULD be text/plain;
charset=utf-8, but MAY be any content type. Clients MUST NOT attempt to
validate the returned Content-Type. Dumb servers MUST NOT return a
return type starting with application/x-git-.
Cache-Control headers MAY be returned to disable caching of the
returned entity.
When examining the response clients SHOULD only examine the HTTP status
code. Valid responses are 200 OK, or 304 Not Modified.
The returned content is a UNIX formatted text file describing each ref
and its known value. The file SHOULD be sorted by name according to the
C locale ordering. The file SHOULD NOT include the default ref named
HEAD.
info_refs = *( ref_record )
ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref
any_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF
peeled_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF
obj-id HTAB refname "^{}" LF
Smart Clients
HTTP clients that support the "smart" protocol (or both the "smart" and
"dumb" protocols) MUST discover references by making a parameterized
request for the info/refs file of the repository.
The request MUST contain exactly one query parameter,
service=$servicename, where $servicename MUST be the service name the
client wishes to contact to complete the operation. The request MUST
NOT contain additional query parameters.
C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0
dumb server reply:
S: 200 OK
S:
S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint
S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master
S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0
S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}
smart server reply:
S: 200 OK
S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-advertisement
S: Cache-Control: no-cache
S:
S: 001e# service=git-upload-pack\n
S: 0000
S: 004895dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint\0multi_ack\n
S: 003fd049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master\n
S: 003c2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0\n
S: 003fa3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}\n
S: 0000
The client may send Extra Parameters (see gitprotocol-pack(5)) as a
colon-separated string in the Git-Protocol HTTP header.
Uses the --http-backend-info-refs option to git-upload-pack(1).
Dumb Server Response
Dumb servers MUST respond with the dumb server reply format.
See the prior section under dumb clients for a more detailed
description of the dumb server response.
Smart Server Response
If the server does not recognize the requested service name, or the
requested service name has been disabled by the server
administrator, the server MUST respond with the 403 Forbidden HTTP
status code.
Otherwise, smart servers MUST respond with the smart server reply
format for the requested service name.
Cache-Control headers SHOULD be used to disable caching of the
returned entity.
The Content-Type MUST be application/x-$servicename-advertisement.
Clients SHOULD fall back to the dumb protocol if another content
type is returned. When falling back to the dumb protocol clients
SHOULD NOT make an additional request to $GIT_URL/info/refs, but
instead SHOULD use the response already in hand. Clients MUST NOT
continue if they do not support the dumb protocol.
Clients MUST validate the status code is either 200 OK or 304 Not
Modified.
Clients MUST validate the first five bytes of the response entity
matches the regex ^[0-9a-f]{4}#. If this test fails, clients MUST
NOT continue.
Clients MUST parse the entire response as a sequence of pkt-line
records.
Clients MUST verify the first pkt-line is # service=$servicename.
Servers MUST set $servicename to be the request parameter value.
Servers SHOULD include an LF at the end of this line. Clients MUST
ignore an LF at the end of the line.
Servers MUST terminate the response with the magic 0000 end
pkt-line marker.
The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and
its known value. The stream SHOULD be sorted by name according to
the C locale ordering. The stream SHOULD include the default ref
named HEAD as the first ref. The stream MUST include capability
declarations behind a NUL on the first ref.
The returned response contains "version 1" if "version=1" was sent
as an Extra Parameter.
smart_reply = PKT-LINE("# service=$servicename" LF)
"0000"
*1("version 1")
ref_list
"0000"
ref_list = empty_list / non_empty_list
empty_list = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" NUL cap-list LF)
non_empty_list = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name NUL cap_list LF)
*ref_record
cap-list = capability *(SP capability)
capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_")
LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A
ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref
any_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF)
peeled_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF)
PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name "^{}" LF
SMART SERVICE GIT-UPLOAD-PACK
This service reads from the repository pointed to by $GIT_URL.
Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with
$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack.
C: POST $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0
C: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-request
C:
C: 0032want 0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7\n
C: 0032have 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993\n
C: 0000
S: 200 OK
S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-result
S: Cache-Control: no-cache
S:
S: ....ACK %s, continue
S: ....NAK
Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached response. Servers MUST
include sufficient Cache-Control headers to prevent caching of the
response.
Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here.
Clients MUST send at least one "want" command in the request body.
Clients MUST NOT reference an id in a "want" command which did not
appear in the response obtained through ref discovery unless the server
advertises capability allow-tip-sha1-in-want or
allow-reachable-sha1-in-want.
compute_request = want_list
have_list
request_end
request_end = "0000" / "done"
want_list = PKT-LINE(want SP cap_list LF)
*(want_pkt)
want_pkt = PKT-LINE(want LF)
want = "want" SP id
cap_list = capability *(SP capability)
have_list = *PKT-LINE("have" SP id LF)
TODO: Document this further.
The Negotiation Algorithm
The computation to select the minimal pack proceeds as follows (C =
client, S = server):
init step:
C: Use ref discovery to obtain the advertised refs.
C: Place any object seen into set advertised.
C: Build an empty set, common, to hold the objects that are later
determined to be on both ends.
C: Build a set, want, of the objects from advertised that the client
wants to fetch, based on what it saw during ref discovery.
C: Start a queue, c_pending, ordered by commit time (popping newest
first). Add all client refs. When a commit is popped from the queue its
parents SHOULD be automatically inserted back. Commits MUST only enter
the queue once.
one compute step:
C: Send one $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack request:
C: 0032want <want #1>...............................
C: 0032want <want #2>...............................
....
C: 0032have <common #1>.............................
C: 0032have <common #2>.............................
....
C: 0032have <have #1>...............................
C: 0032have <have #2>...............................
....
C: 0000
The stream is organized into "commands", with each command appearing by
itself in a pkt-line. Within a command line, the text leading up to the
first space is the command name, and the remainder of the line to the
first LF is the value. Command lines are terminated with an LF as the
last byte of the pkt-line value.
Commands MUST appear in the following order, if they appear at all in
the request stream:
o "want"
o "have"
The stream is terminated by a pkt-line flush (0000).
A single "want" or "have" command MUST have one hex formatted object
name as its value. Multiple object names MUST be sent by sending
multiple commands. Object names MUST be given using the object format
negotiated through the object-format capability (default SHA-1).
The have list is created by popping the first 32 commits from
c_pending. Fewer can be supplied if c_pending empties.
If the client has sent 256 "have" commits and has not yet received one
of those back from s_common, or the client has emptied c_pending it
SHOULD include a "done" command to let the server know it won't
proceed:
C: 0009done
S: Parse the git-upload-pack request:
Verify all objects in want are directly reachable from refs.
The server MAY walk backwards through history or through the reflog to
permit slightly stale requests.
If no "want" objects are received, send an error: TODO: Define error if
no "want" lines are requested.
If any "want" object is not reachable, send an error: TODO: Define
error if an invalid "want" is requested.
Create an empty list, s_common.
If "have" was sent:
Loop through the objects in the order supplied by the client.
For each object, if the server has the object reachable from a ref, add
it to s_common. If a commit is added to s_common, do not add any
ancestors, even if they also appear in have.
S: Send the git-upload-pack response:
If the server has found a closed set of objects to pack or the request
ends with "done", it replies with the pack. TODO: Document the pack
based response
S: PACK...
The returned stream is the side-band-64k protocol supported by the
git-upload-pack service, and the pack is embedded into stream 1.
Progress messages from the server side MAY appear in stream 2.
Here a "closed set of objects" is defined to have at least one path
from every "want" to at least one "common" object.
If the server needs more information, it replies with a status continue
response: TODO: Document the non-pack response
C: Parse the upload-pack response: TODO: Document parsing response
Do another compute step.
SMART SERVICE GIT-RECEIVE-PACK
This service reads from the repository pointed to by $GIT_URL.
Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with
$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-receive-pack.
C: POST $GIT_URL/git-receive-pack HTTP/1.0
C: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-request
C:
C: ....0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993 refs/heads/maint\0 report-status
C: 0000
C: PACK....
S: 200 OK
S: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-result
S: Cache-Control: no-cache
S:
S: ....
Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached response. Servers MUST
include sufficient Cache-Control headers to prevent caching of the
response.
Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here.
Clients MUST send at least one command in the request body. Within the
command portion of the request body clients SHOULD send the id obtained
through ref discovery as old_id.
update_request = command_list
"PACK" <binary data>
command_list = PKT-LINE(command NUL cap_list LF)
*(command_pkt)
command_pkt = PKT-LINE(command LF)
cap_list = *(SP capability) SP
command = create / delete / update
create = zero-id SP new_id SP name
delete = old_id SP zero-id SP name
update = old_id SP new_id SP name
TODO: Document this further.
REFERENCES
RFC 1738: Uniform Resource Locators (URL)[1] RFC 2616: Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1[2]
SEE ALSO
gitprotocol-pack(5) gitprotocol-capabilities(5)
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
NOTES
1. RFC 1738: Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt
2. RFC 2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt
Git 2.43.5 05/31/2024 GITPROTOCOL-HTTP(5)
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