perf_event_open(inc) - phpMan

PERF_EVENT_OPEN(2)         Linux Programmer's Manual        PERF_EVENT_OPEN(2)

NAME
       perf_event_open - set up performance monitoring
SYNOPSIS
       #include <linux/perf_event.h>
       #include <linux/hw_breakpoint.h>
       int perf_event_open(struct perf_event_attr *attr,
                           pid_t pid, int cpu, int group_fd,
                           unsigned long flags);
       Note: There is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES.
DESCRIPTION
       Given  a  list of parameters, perf_event_open() returns a file descrip-
       tor, for use in subsequent system calls  (read(2),  mmap(2),  prctl(2),
       fcntl(2), etc.).
       A  call to perf_event_open() creates a file descriptor that allows mea-
       suring performance information.  Each file  descriptor  corresponds  to
       one  event  that  is measured; these can be grouped together to measure
       multiple events simultaneously.
       Events can be enabled and disabled in two ways: via  ioctl(2)  and  via
       prctl(2).   When  an  event  is  disabled it does not count or generate
       overflows but does continue to exist and maintain its count value.
       Events come in two flavors: counting and sampled.  A counting event  is
       one  that  is  used  for  counting  the aggregate number of events that
       occur.  In general, counting event results are gathered with a  read(2)
       call.   A  sampling  event periodically writes measurements to a buffer
       that can then be accessed via mmap(2).
   Arguments
       The argument pid allows events to be attached to processes  in  various
       ways.   If  pid is 0, measurements happen on the current thread, if pid
       is greater than 0, the process indicated by pid is measured, and if pid
       is -1, all processes are counted.
       The  cpu  argument allows measurements to be specific to a CPU.  If cpu
       is greater than or equal to 0, measurements are restricted to the spec-
       ified CPU; if cpu is -1, the events are measured on all CPUs.
       Note that the combination of pid == -1 and cpu == -1 is not valid.
       A  pid  > 0 and cpu == -1 setting measures per-process and follows that
       process to whatever CPU the process  gets  scheduled  to.   Per-process
       events can be created by any user.
       A  pid == -1 and cpu >= 0 setting is per-CPU and measures all processes
       on the specified CPU.  Per-CPU events need the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability
       or a /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid value of less than 1.
       The  group_fd  argument  allows  event  groups to be created.  An event
       group has one event which is the group leader.  The leader  is  created
       first,  with  group_fd = -1.  The rest of the group members are created
       with subsequent perf_event_open() calls with group_fd being set to  the
       fd  of  the  group  leader.  (A single event on its own is created with
       group_fd = -1 and is considered to be a group with only 1 member.)   An
       event  group  is  scheduled onto the CPU as a unit: it will be put onto
       the CPU only if all of the events in the group can be put onto the CPU.
       This  means  that  the  values of the member events can be meaningfully
       compared, added, divided (to get ratios), etc., with each other,  since
       they have counted events for the same set of executed instructions.
       The flags argument is formed by ORing together zero or more of the fol-
       lowing values:
       PERF_FLAG_FD_NO_GROUP
              This flag allows creating an event as part of an event group but
              having no group leader.  It is unclear why this is useful.
       PERF_FLAG_FD_OUTPUT
              This  flag  re-routes  the  output  from  an  event to the group
              leader.
       PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP (Since Linux 2.6.39).
              This flag activates  per-container  system-wide  monitoring.   A
              container is an abstraction that isolates a set of resources for
              finer grain control (CPUs, memory, etc...).  In this  mode,  the
              event  is  measured  only if the thread running on the monitored
              CPU belongs to the designated container (cgroup).  The cgroup is
              identified  by passing a file descriptor opened on its directory
              in the cgroupfs filesystem.  For instance, if the cgroup to mon-
              itor   is   called  test,  then  a  file  descriptor  opened  on
              /dev/cgroup/test (assuming cgroupfs is mounted  on  /dev/cgroup)
              must  be  passed  as  the  pid  parameter.  cgroup monitoring is
              available only for system-wide events and may therefore  require
              extra permissions.
       The  perf_event_attr structure provides detailed configuration informa-
       tion for the event being created.
           struct perf_event_attr {
               __u32     type;         /* Type of event */
               __u32     size;         /* Size of attribute structure */
               __u64     config;       /* Type-specific configuration */
               union {
                   __u64 sample_period;    /* Period of sampling */
                   __u64 sample_freq;      /* Frequency of sampling */
               };
               __u64     sample_type;  /* Specifies values included in sample */
               __u64     read_format;  /* Specifies values returned in read */
               __u64     disabled       : 1,   /* off by default */
                         inherit        : 1,   /* children inherit it */
                         pinned         : 1,   /* must always be on PMU */
                         exclusive      : 1,   /* only group on PMU */
                         exclude_user   : 1,   /* don't count user */
                         exclude_kernel : 1,   /* don't count kernel */
                         exclude_hv     : 1,   /* don't count hypervisor */
                         exclude_idle   : 1,   /* don't count when idle */
                         mmap           : 1,   /* include mmap data */
                         comm           : 1,   /* include comm data */
                         freq           : 1,   /* use freq, not period */
                         inherit_stat   : 1,   /* per task counts */
                         enable_on_exec : 1,   /* next exec enables */
                         task           : 1,   /* trace fork/exit */
                         watermark      : 1,   /* wakeup_watermark */
                         precise_ip     : 2,   /* skid constraint */
                         mmap_data      : 1,   /* non-exec mmap data */
                         sample_id_all  : 1,   /* sample_type all events */
                         exclude_host   : 1,   /* don't count in host */
                         exclude_guest  : 1,   /* don't count in guest */
                         exclude_callchain_kernel : 1,
                                               /* exclude kernel callchains */
                         exclude_callchain_user   : 1,
                                            /* exclude user callchains */
                         __reserved_1   : 41;
               union {
                   __u32 wakeup_events;    /* wakeup every n events */
                   __u32 wakeup_watermark; /* bytes before wakeup */
               };
               __u32     bp_type;          /* breakpoint type */
               union {
                   __u64 bp_addr;          /* breakpoint address */
                   __u64 config1;          /* extension of config */
               };
               union {
                   __u64 bp_len;           /* breakpoint length */
                   __u64 config2;          /* extension of config1 */
               };
               __u64   branch_sample_type; /* enum perf_branch_sample_type */
               __u64   sample_regs_user;   /* user regs to dump on samples */
               __u32   sample_stack_user;  /* size of stack to dump on
                                              samples */
               __u32   __reserved_2;       /* Align to u64 */
           };
       The fields of the  perf_event_attr  structure  are  described  in  more
       detail below:
       type   This  field specifies the overall event type.  It has one of the
              following values:
              PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE
                     This indicates one of the "generalized"  hardware  events
                     provided  by the kernel.  See the config field definition
                     for more details.
              PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE
                     This indicates one of the  software-defined  events  pro-
                     vided  by  the  kernel  (even  if  no hardware support is
                     available).
              PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT
                     This indicates a tracepoint provided by the kernel trace-
                     point infrastructure.
              PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE
                     This  indicates  a hardware cache event.  This has a spe-
                     cial encoding, described in the config field definition.
              PERF_TYPE_RAW
                     This indicates a "raw" implementation-specific  event  in
                     the config field.
              PERF_TYPE_BREAKPOINT (Since Linux 2.6.33)
                     This  indicates  a hardware breakpoint as provided by the
                     CPU.   Breakpoints  can  be  read/write  accesses  to  an
                     address as well as execution of an instruction address.
              dynamic PMU
                     Since  Linux 2.6.39, perf_event_open() can support multi-
                     ple PMUs.  To enable this, a value exported by the kernel
                     can  be  used  in the type field to indicate which PMU to
                     use.  The value to use can be found in the sysfs filesys-
                     tem:  there  is  a  subdirectory  per  PMU instance under
                     /sys/bus/event_source/devices.   In  each   sub-directory
                     there is a type file whose content is an integer that can
                     be   used   in   the   type   field.     For    instance,
                     /sys/bus/event_source/devices/cpu/type contains the value
                     for the core CPU PMU, which is usually 4.
       size   The size of the perf_event_attr structure  for  forward/backward
              compatibility.  Set this using sizeof(struct perf_event_attr) to
              allow the kernel to see the struct size at the time of  compila-
              tion.
              The  related  define  PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER0 is set to 64; this was
              the size of the first published struct.  PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER1  is
              72,  corresponding  to  the  addition  of  breakpoints  in Linux
              2.6.33.  PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER2 is 80 corresponding to the addition
              of  branch sampling in Linux 3.4.  PERF_ATR_SIZE_VER3 is 96 cor-
              responding  to  the  addition  of  sample_regs_user   and   sam-
              ple_stack_user in Linux 3.7.
       config This  specifies  which  event  you want, in conjunction with the
              type field.  The config1 and config2 fields are also taken  into
              account  in  cases  where 64 bits is not enough to fully specify
              the event.  The encoding of these fields are event dependent.
              The most significant bit (bit 63) of config  signifies  CPU-spe-
              cific  (raw) counter configuration data; if the most significant
              bit is unset, the next 7 bits are an event type and the rest  of
              the bits are the event identifier.
              There  are  various ways to set the config field that are depen-
              dent on the value of the previously described type field.   What
              follows  are  various possible settings for config separated out
              by type.
              If type is PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, we are measuring one of the  gen-
              eralized hardware CPU events.  Not all of these are available on
              all platforms.  Set config to one of the following:
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES
                          Total cycles.  Be wary of what  happens  during  CPU
                          frequency scaling
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_INSTRUCTIONS
                          Retired  instructions.   Be  careful,  these  can be
                          affected by various issues,  most  notably  hardware
                          interrupt counts
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_REFERENCES
                          Cache  accesses.   Usually this indicates Last Level
                          Cache accesses but this may vary depending  on  your
                          CPU.  This may include prefetches and coherency mes-
                          sages; again this depends on the design of your CPU.
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_MISSES
                          Cache misses.  Usually  this  indicates  Last  Level
                          Cache  misses;  this  is intended to be used in con-
                          junction  with  the   PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_REFERENCES
                          event to calculate cache miss rates.
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_BRANCH_INSTRUCTIONS
                          Retired branch instructions.  Prior to Linux 2.6.34,
                          this used the wrong event on AMD processors.
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_BRANCH_MISSES
                          Mispredicted branch instructions.
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_BUS_CYCLES
                          Bus  cycles,  which  can  be  different  from  total
                          cycles.
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_STALLED_CYCLES_FRONTEND (Since Linux 3.0)
                          Stalled cycles during issue.
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_STALLED_CYCLES_BACKEND (Since Linux 3.0)
                          Stalled cycles during retirement.
                   PERF_COUNT_HW_REF_CPU_CYCLES (Since Linux 3.3)
                          Total cycles; not affected by CPU frequency scaling.
              If  type is PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, we are measuring software events
              provided by the kernel.  Set config to one of the following:
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK
                          This reports the CPU clock, a  high-resolution  per-
                          CPU timer.
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_TASK_CLOCK
                          This reports a clock count specific to the task that
                          is running.
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS
                          This reports the number of page faults.
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_CONTEXT_SWITCHES
                          This counts context switches.  Until  Linux  2.6.34,
                          these  were all reported as user-space events, after
                          that they are reported as happening in the kernel.
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_MIGRATIONS
                          This reports the number of  times  the  process  has
                          migrated to a new CPU.
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MIN
                          This  counts the number of minor page faults.  These
                          did not require disk I/O to handle.
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS_MAJ
                          This counts the number of major page faults.   These
                          required disk I/O to handle.
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_ALIGNMENT_FAULTS (Since Linux 2.6.33)
                          This  counts  the number of alignment faults.  These
                          happen when unaligned memory  accesses  happen;  the
                          kernel  can handle these but it reduces performance.
                          This happens only on some  architectures  (never  on
                          x86).
                   PERF_COUNT_SW_EMULATION_FAULTS (Since Linux 2.6.33)
                          This  counts  the  number  of emulation faults.  The
                          kernel sometimes traps on unimplemented instructions
                          and  emulates  them  for user space.  This can nega-
                          tively impact performance.
              If type is PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT, then we  are  measuring  kernel
              tracepoints.   The  value  to use in config can be obtained from
              under debugfs tracing/events/*/*/id if ftrace is enabled in  the
              kernel.
              If  type is PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE, then we are measuring a hardware
              CPU cache event.  To calculate the appropriate config value  use
              the following equation:
                      (perf_hw_cache_id) | (perf_hw_cache_op_id << 8) |
                      (perf_hw_cache_op_result_id << 16)
                  where perf_hw_cache_id is one of:
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D
                             for measuring Level 1 Data Cache
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I
                             for measuring Level 1 Instruction Cache
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL
                             for measuring Last-Level Cache
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB
                             for measuring the Data TLB
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB
                             for measuring the Instruction TLB
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_BPU
                             for measuring the branch prediction unit
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_NODE (Since Linux 3.0)
                             for measuring local memory accesses
                  and perf_hw_cache_op_id is one of
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ
                             for read accesses
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_WRITE
                             for write accesses
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_PREFETCH
                             for prefetch accesses
                  and perf_hw_cache_op_result_id is one of
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS
                             to measure accesses
                      PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS
                             to measure misses
              If  type  is  PERF_TYPE_RAW, then a custom "raw" config value is
              needed.  Most CPUs support events that are not  covered  by  the
              "generalized"  events.   These  are  implementation defined; see
              your CPU manual (for example the Intel Volume  3B  documentation
              or  the  AMD  BIOS  and  Kernel  Developer  Guide).  The libpfm4
              library can be used to translate from the name in the  architec-
              tural  manuals to the raw hex value perf_event_open() expects in
              this field.
              If type is PERF_TYPE_BREAKPOINT, then leave config set to  zero.
              Its parameters are set in other places.
       sample_period, sample_freq
              A  "sampling" counter is one that generates an interrupt every N
              events, where N is given by sample_period.  A  sampling  counter
              has  sample_period  >  0.   When  an  overflow interrupt occurs,
              requested data is recorded in the mmap buffer.  The  sample_type
              field controls what data is recorded on each interrupt.
              sample_freq can be used if you wish to use frequency rather than
              period.  In this case you set the freq flag.   The  kernel  will
              adjust  the sampling period to try and achieve the desired rate.
              The rate of adjustment is a timer tick.
       sample_type
              The various bits in this field specify which values  to  include
              in the sample.  They will be recorded in a ring-buffer, which is
              available to user space using mmap(2).  The order in  which  the
              values are saved in the sample are documented in the MMAP Layout
              subsection below; it is not  the  enum  perf_event_sample_format
              order.
              PERF_SAMPLE_IP
                     Records instruction pointer.
              PERF_SAMPLE_TID
                     Records the process and thread IDs.
              PERF_SAMPLE_TIME
                     Records a timestamp.
              PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR
                     Records an address, if applicable.
              PERF_SAMPLE_READ
                     Record counter values for all events in a group, not just
                     the group leader.
              PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN
                     Records the callchain (stack backtrace).
              PERF_SAMPLE_ID
                     Records a unique ID for the opened event's group leader.
              PERF_SAMPLE_CPU
                     Records CPU number.
              PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD
                     Records the current sampling period.
              PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID
                     Records  a  unique  ID  for  the  opened  event.   Unlike
                     PERF_SAMPLE_ID  the  actual ID is returned, not the group
                     leader.  This ID is the  same  as  the  one  returned  by
                     PERF_FORMAT_ID.
              PERF_SAMPLE_RAW
                     Records additional data, if applicable.  Usually returned
                     by tracepoint events.
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK (Since Linux 3.4)
                     This provides a record of recent branches, as provided by
                     CPU  branch  sampling hardware (such as Intel Last Branch
                     Record).  Not all hardware supports this feature.
                     See the branch_sample_type field for how to filter  which
                     branches are reported.
              PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER (Since Linux 3.7)
                     Records  the  current  user-level CPU register state (the
                     values in the process before the kernel was called).
              PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER (Since Linux 3.7)
                     Records the user level stack, allowing stack unwinding.
              PERF_SAMPLE_WEIGHT (Since Linux 3.10)
                     Records a hardware provided weight value  that  expresses
                     how  costly the sampled event was.  This allows the hard-
                     ware to highlight expensive events in a profile.
              PERF_SAMPLE_DATA_SRC (Since Linux 3.10)
                     Records the data source: where in  the  memory  hierarchy
                     the  data  associated  with  the sampled instruction came
                     from.  This is only available if the underlying  hardware
                     supports this feature.
       read_format
              This  field specifies the format of the data returned by read(2)
              on a perf_event_open() file descriptor.
              PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED
                     Adds the 64-bit time_enabled field.  This can be used  to
                     calculate  estimated  totals  if the PMU is overcommitted
                     and multiplexing is happening.
              PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING
                     Adds the 64-bit time_running field.  This can be used  to
                     calculate  estimated  totals  if the PMU is overcommitted
                     and  multiplexing is happening.
              PERF_FORMAT_ID
                     Adds a 64-bit unique value that corresponds to the  event
                     group.
              PERF_FORMAT_GROUP
                     Allows  all  counter  values in an event group to be read
                     with one read.
       disabled
              The disabled bit specifies whether the counter starts  out  dis-
              abled  or  enabled.  If disabled, the event can later be enabled
              by ioctl(2), prctl(2), or enable_on_exec.
       inherit
              The inherit bit specifies that this counter should count  events
              of child tasks as well as the task specified.  This applies only
              to new children, not to any existing children at  the  time  the
              counter  is  created  (nor to any new children of existing chil-
              dren).
              Inherit does not work for  some  combinations  of  read_formats,
              such as PERF_FORMAT_GROUP.
       pinned The  pinned  bit  specifies that the counter should always be on
              the CPU if at all possible.  It applies only to  hardware  coun-
              ters  and  only to group leaders.  If a pinned counter cannot be
              put onto the CPU (e.g., because there are  not  enough  hardware
              counters  or  because of a conflict with some other event), then
              the counter goes into an 'error' state, where reads return  end-
              of-file  (i.e.,  read(2)  returns 0) until the counter is subse-
              quently enabled or disabled.
       exclusive
              The exclusive bit specifies that when this counter's group is on
              the  CPU,  it should be the only group using the CPU's counters.
              In the future this may allow monitoring programs to support  PMU
              features  that  need  to  run  alone so that they do not disrupt
              other hardware counters.
       exclude_user
              If this bit is set, the count excludes  events  that  happen  in
              user space.
       exclude_kernel
              If  this  bit  is  set, the count excludes events that happen in
              kernel-space.
       exclude_hv
              If this bit is set, the count excludes events that happen in the
              hypervisor.   This is mainly for PMUs that have built-in support
              for handling this (such as POWER).  Extra support is needed  for
              handling hypervisor measurements on most machines.
       exclude_idle
              If set, don't count when the CPU is idle.
       mmap   The mmap bit enables recording of exec mmap events.
       comm   The  comm  bit enables tracking of process command name as modi-
              fied by the exec(2) and prctl(PR_SET_NAME) system calls.  Unfor-
              tunately  for  tools,  there is no way to distinguish one system
              call versus the other.
       freq   If this bit is set, then sample_frequency not  sample_period  is
              used when setting up the sampling interval.
       inherit_stat
              This  bit  enables  saving of event counts on context switch for
              inherited tasks.  This is meaningful only if the  inherit  field
              is set.
       enable_on_exec
              If  this  bit is set, a counter is automatically enabled after a
              call to exec(2).
       task   If this bit is set, then fork/exit notifications are included in
              the ring buffer.
       watermark
              If  set,  have  a  sampling  interrupt  happen when we cross the
              wakeup_watermark boundary.  Otherwise  interrupts  happen  after
              wakeup_events samples.
       precise_ip (Since Linux 2.6.35)
              This controls the amount of skid.  Skid is how many instructions
              execute between an event of interest happening  and  the  kernel
              being able to stop and record the event.  Smaller skid is better
              and allows more accurate reporting of which events correspond to
              which instructions, but hardware is often limited with how small
              this can be.
              The values of this are the following:
              0 -    SAMPLE_IP can have arbitrary skid
              1 -    SAMPLE_IP must have constant skid
              2 -    SAMPLE_IP requested to have 0 skid
              3 -    SAMPLE_IP    must    have    0    skid.      See     also
                     PERF_RECORD_MISC_EXACT_IP.
       mmap_data (Since Linux 2.6.36)
              The  counterpart  of  the mmap field, but enables including data
              mmap events in the ring-buffer.
       sample_id_all (Since Linux 2.6.38)
              If set, then TID, TIME, ID, CPU, and STREAM_ID can  additionally
              be included in non-PERF_RECORD_SAMPLEs if the corresponding sam-
              ple_type is selected.
       exclude_host (Since Linux 3.2)
              Do not measure time spent in VM host
       exclude_guest (Since Linux 3.2)
              Do not measure time spent in VM guest
       exclude_callchain_kernel (Since Linux 3.7)
              Do not include kernel callchains.
       exclude_callchain_user (Since Linux 3.7)
              Do not include user callchains.
       wakeup_events, wakeup_watermark
              This union  sets  how  many  samples  (wakeup_events)  or  bytes
              (wakeup_watermark)  happen  before  an  overflow signal happens.
              Which one is used is selected by the watermark bitflag.
              wakeup_events only counts PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE record  types.   To
              receive  a  signal  for  every  incoming  PERF_RECORD  type  set
              wakeup_watermark to 1.
       bp_type (Since Linux 2.6.33)
              This chooses the breakpoint type.  It is one of:
              HW_BREAKPOINT_EMPTY
                     no breakpoint
              HW_BREAKPOINT_R
                     count when we read the memory location
              HW_BREAKPOINT_W
                     count when we write the memory location
              HW_BREAKPOINT_RW
                     count when we read or write the memory location
              HW_BREAKPOINT_X
                     count when we execute code at the memory location
              The values can be combined via a bitwise or, but the combination
              of  HW_BREAKPOINT_R  or  HW_BREAKPOINT_W with HW_BREAKPOINT_X is
              not allowed.
       bp_addr (Since Linux 2.6.33)
              bp_addr address of the breakpoint.   For  execution  breakpoints
              this  is  the memory address of the instruction of interest; for
              read and write breakpoints it is the memory address of the  mem-
              ory location of interest.
       config1 (Since Linux 2.6.39)
              config1  is  used for setting events that need an extra register
              or otherwise do not fit in the regular config field.   Raw  OFF-
              CORE_EVENTS  on  Nehalem/Westmere/SandyBridge  use this field on
              3.3 and later kernels.
       bp_len (Since Linux 2.6.33)
              bp_len is the length of the breakpoint being measured if type is
              PERF_TYPE_BREAKPOINT.     Options    are    HW_BREAKPOINT_LEN_1,
              HW_BREAKPOINT_LEN_2,  HW_BREAKPOINT_LEN_4,  HW_BREAKPOINT_LEN_8.
              For an execution breakpoint, set this to sizeof(long).
       config2 (Since Linux 2.6.39)
              config2 is a further extension of the config1 field.
       branch_sample_type (Since Linux 3.4)
              If PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK is enabled, then this specifies what
              branches to include in the branch record.  If the user does  not
              set  privilege level explicitly, the kernel will use the event's
              privilege level.  Event and branch privilege levels do not  have
              to match.  The value is formed by ORing together zero or more of
              the following values, although PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_ANY covers all
              branch types.
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_USER
                     Branch target is in user space
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_KERNEL
                     Branch target is in kernel space
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_HV
                     Branch target is in hypervisor
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_ANY
                     Any branch type.
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_ANY_CALL
                     Any call branch
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_ANY_RETURN
                     Any return branch
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_IND_CALL
                     Indirect calls
              PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PLM_ALL
                     User, kernel, and hv
       sample_regs_user (Since Linux 3.7)
              This  bitmask  defines  the set of user CPU registers to dump on
              samples.  The layout of the register mask is  architecture  spe-
              cific     and     described     in     the     kernel     header
              arch/ARCH/include/uapi/asm/perf_regs.h.
       sample_stack_user (Since Linux 3.7)
              This defines the size of the user stack  to  dump  if  PERF_SAM-
              PLE_STACK_USER is specified.
   Reading results
       Once  a  perf_event_open() file descriptor  has been opened, the values
       of the events can be read from the file descriptor.   The  values  that
       are  there are specified by the read_format field in the attr structure
       at open time.
       If you attempt to read into a buffer that is not big enough to hold the
       data ENOSPC is returned
       Here is the layout of the data returned by a read:
       * If  PERF_FORMAT_GROUP  was specified to allow reading all events in a
         group at once:
             struct read_format {
                 u64 nr;            /* The number of events */
                 u64 time_enabled;  /* if PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED */
                 u64 time_running;  /* if PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING */
                 struct
                     u64 value;     /* The value of the event */
                     u64 id;        /* if PERF_FORMAT_ID */
                 } values[nr];
             };
       * If PERF_FORMAT_GROUP was not specified:
             struct read_format {
                 u64 value;         /* The value of the event */
                 u64 time_enabled;  /* if PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED */
                 u64 time_running;  /* if PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING */
                 u64 id;            /* if PERF_FORMAT_ID */
             };
       The values read are as follows:
       nr     The number of events in this file descriptor.  Only available if
              PERF_FORMAT_GROUP was specified.
       time_enabled, time_running
              Total  time  the  event was enabled and running.  Normally these
              are the same.  If more events are started than available counter
              slots  on the PMU, then multiplexing happens and events run only
              part of the time.  In that case the time_enabled and  time  run-
              ning  values  can  be  used  to scale an estimated value for the
              count.
       value  An unsigned 64-bit value containing the counter result.
       id     A globally unique value for this particular event, only there if
              PERF_FORMAT_ID was specified in read_format.
   MMAP layout
       When using perf_event_open() in sampled mode, asynchronous events (like
       counter overflow or PROT_EXEC mmap tracking) are logged  into  a  ring-
       buffer.  This ring-buffer is created and accessed through mmap(2).
       The mmap size should be 1+2^n pages, where the first page is a metadata
       page (struct perf_event_mmap_page) that contains various bits of infor-
       mation such as where the ring-buffer head is.
       Before  kernel  2.6.39,  there  is a bug that means you must allocate a
       mmap ring buffer when sampling even if you do not plan to access it.
       The structure of the first metadata mmap page is as follows:
           struct perf_event_mmap_page {
               __u32 version;          /* version number of this structure */
               __u32 compat_version;   /* lowest version this is compat with */
               __u32 lock;             /* seqlock for synchronization */
               __u32 index;            /* hardware counter identifier */
               __s64 offset;           /* add to hardware counter value */
               __u64 time_enabled;     /* time event active */
               __u64 time_running;     /* time event on CPU */
               union {
                   __u64   capabilities;
                   __u64   cap_usr_time  : 1,
                           cap_usr_rdpmc : 1,
               };
               __u16   pmc_width;
               __u16   time_shift;
               __u32   time_mult;
               __u64   time_offset;
               __u64   __reserved[120];   /* Pad to 1k */
               __u64   data_head;         /* head in the data section */
               __u64   data_tail;         /* user-space written tail */
           }
       The following looks at the fields in the perf_event_mmap_page structure
       in more detail:
       version
              Version number of this structure.
       compat_version
              The lowest version this is compatible with.
       lock   A seqlock for synchronization.
       index  A unique hardware counter identifier.
       offset Add this to hardware counter value??
       time_enabled
              Time the event was active.
       time_running
              Time the event was running.
       cap_usr_time
              User time capability
       cap_usr_rdpmc
              If the hardware supports user-space read of performance counters
              without syscall (this is the "rdpmc" instruction on  x86),  then
              the following code can be used to do a read:
                  u32 seq, time_mult, time_shift, idx, width;
                  u64 count, enabled, running;
                  u64 cyc, time_offset;
                  s64 pmc = 0;
                  do {
                      seq = pc->lock;
                      barrier();
                      enabled = pc->time_enabled;
                      running = pc->time_running;
                      if (pc->cap_usr_time && enabled != running) {
                          cyc = rdtsc();
                          time_offset = pc->time_offset;
                          time_mult   = pc->time_mult;
                          time_shift  = pc->time_shift;
                      }
                      idx = pc->index;
                      count = pc->offset;
                      if (pc->cap_usr_rdpmc && idx) {
                          width = pc->pmc_width;
                          pmc = rdpmc(idx - 1);
                      }
                      barrier();
                  } while (pc->lock != seq);
       pmc_width
              If cap_usr_rdpmc, this field provides the bit-width of the value
              read using the rdpmc or equivalent  instruction.   This  can  be
              used to sign extend the result like:
                  pmc <<= 64 - pmc_width;
                  pmc >>= 64 - pmc_width; // signed shift right
                  count += pmc;
       time_shift, time_mult, time_offset
              If  cap_usr_time,  these  fields can be used to compute the time
              delta since time_enabled (in nanoseconds) using rdtsc  or  simi-
              lar.
                  u64 quot, rem;
                  u64 delta;
                  quot = (cyc >> time_shift);
                  rem = cyc & ((1 << time_shift) - 1);
                  delta = time_offset + quot * time_mult +
                          ((rem * time_mult) >> time_shift);
              Where  time_offset,  time_mult,  time_shift, and cyc are read in
              the seqcount loop described above.  This delta can then be added
              to enabled and possible running (if idx), improving the scaling:
                  enabled += delta;
                  if (idx)
                      running += delta;
                  quot = count / running;
                  rem  = count % running;
                  count = quot * enabled + (rem * enabled) / running;
       data_head
              This points to the head of the data section.  The value continu-
              ously increases, it does not wrap.  The value needs to be  manu-
              ally wrapped by the size of the mmap buffer before accessing the
              samples.
              On SMP-capable platforms, after  reading  the  data_head  value,
              user space should issue an rmb().
       data_tail;
              When  the  mapping  is PROT_WRITE, the data_tail value should be
              written by user space to reflect the last read  data.   In  this
              case the kernel will not over-write unread data.
       The following 2^n ring-buffer pages have the layout described below.
       If perf_event_attr.sample_id_all is set, then all event types will have
       the sample_type selected fields related  to  where/when  (identity)  an
       event   took  place  (TID,  TIME,  ID,  CPU,  STREAM_ID)  described  in
       PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE  below,  it  will  be   stashed   just   after   the
       perf_event_header  and  the  fields  already  present  for the existing
       fields, i.e., at the end of the payload.  That way  a  newer  perf.data
       file  will  be  supported  by older perf tools, with these new optional
       fields being ignored.
       The mmap values start with a header:
           struct perf_event_header {
               __u32   type;
               __u16   misc;
               __u16   size;
           };
       Below, we describe the perf_event_header fields in more detail.
       type   The type value is one of the below.  The values  in  the  corre-
              sponding  record  (that  follows  the header) depend on the type
              selected as shown.
              PERF_RECORD_MMAP
                  The MMAP events record the PROT_EXEC mappings so that we can
                  correlate  user-space  IPs to code.  They have the following
                  structure:
                      struct {
                          struct perf_event_header header;
                          u32    pid, tid;
                          u64    addr;
                          u64    len;
                          u64    pgoff;
                          char   filename[];
                      };
              PERF_RECORD_LOST
                  This record indicates when events are lost.
                      struct {
                          struct perf_event_header header;
                          u64 id;
                          u64 lost;
                      };
                  id     is the unique event ID  for  the  samples  that  were
                         lost.
                  lost   is the number of events that were lost.
              PERF_RECORD_COMM
                  This record indicates a change in the process name.
                      struct {
                          struct perf_event_header header;
                          u32 pid, tid;
                          char comm[];
                      };
              PERF_RECORD_EXIT
                  This record indicates a process exit event.
                      struct {
                          struct perf_event_header header;
                          u32 pid, ppid;
                          u32 tid, ptid;
                          u64 time;
                      };
              PERF_RECORD_THROTTLE, PERF_RECORD_UNTHROTTLE
                  This record indicates a throttle/unthrottle event.
                      struct {
                          struct perf_event_header header;
                          u64 time;
                          u64 id;
                          u64 stream_id;
                      };
              PERF_RECORD_FORK
                  This record indicates a fork event.
                      struct {
                          struct perf_event_header header;
                          u32 pid, ppid;
                          u32 tid, ptid;
                          u64 time;
                      };
              PERF_RECORD_READ
                  This record indicates a read event.
                      struct {
                          struct perf_event_header header;
                          u32 pid, tid;
                          struct read_format values;
                      };
              PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE
                  This record indicates a sample.
                      struct {
                          struct perf_event_header header;
                          u64   ip;         /* if PERF_SAMPLE_IP */
                          u32   pid, tid;   /* if PERF_SAMPLE_TID */
                          u64   time;       /* if PERF_SAMPLE_TIME */
                          u64   addr;       /* if PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR */
                          u64   id;         /* if PERF_SAMPLE_ID */
                          u64   stream_id;  /* if PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID */
                          u32   cpu, res;   /* if PERF_SAMPLE_CPU */
                          u64   period;     /* if PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD */
                          struct read_format v; /* if PERF_SAMPLE_READ */
                          u64   nr;         /* if PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN */
                          u64   ips[nr];    /* if PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN */
                          u32   size;       /* if PERF_SAMPLE_RAW */
                          char  data[size]; /* if PERF_SAMPLE_RAW */
                          u64   bnr;        /* if PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK */
                          struct perf_branch_entry lbr[bnr];
                                            /* if PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK */
                          u64   abi;        /* if PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER */
                          u64   regs[weight(mask)];
                                            /* if PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER */
                          u64   size;       /* if PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER */
                          char  data[size]; /* if PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER */
                          u64   dyn_size;   /* if PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER */
                          u64   weight;     /* if PERF_SAMPLE_WEIGHT */
                          u64   data_src;   /* if PERF_SAMPLE_DATA_SRC */
                      };
                  ip     If  PERF_SAMPLE_IP is enabled, then a 64-bit instruc-
                         tion pointer value is included.
                  pid, tid
                         If PERF_SAMPLE_TID is enabled, then a 32-bit  process
                         ID and 32-bit thread ID are included.
                  time   If  PERF_SAMPLE_TIME  is enabled, then a 64-bit time-
                         stamp   is   included.    This   is   obtained    via
                         local_clock() which is a hardware timestamp if avail-
                         able and the jiffies value if not.
                  addr   If PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR is enabled, then a 64-bit address
                         is included.  This is usually the address of a trace-
                         point, breakpoint, or software event;  otherwise  the
                         value is 0.
                  id     If  PERF_SAMPLE_ID  is enabled, a 64-bit unique ID is
                         included.  If the event  is  a  member  of  an  event
                         group,  the  group leader ID is returned.  This ID is
                         the same as the one returned by PERF_FORMAT_ID.
                  stream_id
                         If PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID is enabled, a 64-bit  unique
                         ID  is included.  Unlike PERF_SAMPLE_ID the actual ID
                         is returned, not the group leader.  This  ID  is  the
                         same as the one returned by PERF_FORMAT_ID.
                  cpu, res
                         If PERF_SAMPLE_CPU is enabled, this is a 32-bit value
                         indicating which CPU was being used, in addition to a
                         reserved (unused) 32-bit value.
                  period If  PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD  is  enabled,  a  64-bit value
                         indicating the current sampling period is written.
                  v      If PERF_SAMPLE_READ is enabled, a structure  of  type
                         read_format  is  included  which  has  values for all
                         events in  the  event  group.   The  values  included
                         depend    on    the   read_format   value   used   at
                         perf_event_open() time.
                  nr, ips[nr]
                         If PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN is enabled,  then  a  64-bit
                         number is included which indicates how many following
                         64-bit instruction pointers will follow.  This is the
                         current callchain.
                  size, data[size]
                         If  PERF_SAMPLE_RAW  is  enabled, then a 32-bit value
                         indicating size is included followed by an  array  of
                         8-bit  values  of length size.  The values are padded
                         with 0 to have 64-bit alignment.
                         This RAW record data is opaque with  respect  to  the
                         ABI.   The ABI doesn't make any promises with respect
                         to the stability of its content, it may vary  depend-
                         ing on event, hardware, and kernel version.
                  bnr, lbr[bnr]
                         If PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK is enabled, then a 64-bit
                         value indicating the number of records  is  included,
                         followed  by  bnr  perf_branch_entry structures which
                         each include the fields:
                         from   indicating the source instruction (may not  be
                                a branch)
                         to     the branch target
                         mispred
                                the branch target was mispredicted
                         predicted
                                the branch target was predicted.
                  The  entries  are  from  most  to least recent, so the first
                  entry has the most recent branch.
                  Support for mispred and predicted is optional; if  not  sup-
                  ported, both values will be 0.

                  abi, regs[weight(mask)]
                         If  PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER  is  enabled, then the user
                         CPU registers are recorded.
                         The abi field is  one  of  PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_ABI_NONE,
                         PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_ABI_32 or PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_ABI_64.
                         The  regs field is an array of the CPU registers that
                         were specified by the  sample_regs_user  attr  field.
                         The number of values is the number of bits set in the
                         sample_regs_user bitmask.
                  size, data[size], dyn_size
                         If PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER is enabled, then record the
                         user  stack  to enable backtracing.  size is the size
                         requested by the user in stack_user_size or else  the
                         maximum   record  size.   data  is  the  stack  data.
                         dyn_size is the amount of data actually  dumped  (can
                         be less than size).
                  weight If PERF_SAMPLE_WEIGHT is enabled, then a 64 bit value
                         provided by the hardware is recorded  that  indicates
                         how  costly  the  event  was.   This allows expensive
                         events to stand out more clearly in profiles.
                  data_src
                         If PERF_SAMPLE_DATA_SRC is enabled,  then  a  64  bit
                         value  is  recorded  that is made up of the following
                         fields:
                         mem_op type  of  opcode,  a  bitwise  combination  of
                                PERF_MEM_OP_NA         (not        available),
                                PERF_MEM_OP_LOAD      (load      instruction),
                                PERF_MEM_OP_STORE     (store     instruction),
                                PERF_MEM_OP_PFETCH       (prefetch),       and
                                PERF_MEM_OP_EXEC (executable code).
                         mem_lvl
                                memory  hierarchy level hit or miss, a bitwise
                                combination  of  PERF_MEM_LVL_NA  (not  avail-
                                able),         PERF_MEM_LVL_HIT         (hit),
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_MISS   (miss),    PERF_MEM_LVL_L1
                                (level  1  cache), PERF_MEM_LVL_LFB (line fill
                                buffer),  PERF_MEM_LVL_L2  (level  2   cache),
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_L3      (level      3     cache),
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_LOC_RAM       (local       DRAM),
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_REM_RAM1  (remote  DRAM  1  hop),
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_REM_RAM2 (remote  DRAM  2  hops),
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_REM_CCE1  (remote  cache  1 hop),
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_REM_CCE2 (remote cache  2  hops),
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_IO      (I/O     memory),     and
                                PERF_MEM_LVL_UNC (uncached memory).
                         mem_snoop
                                snoop   mode,   a   bitwise   combination   of
                                PERF_MEM_SNOOP_NA       (not       available),
                                PERF_MEM_SNOOP_NONE        (no         snoop),
                                PERF_MEM_SNOOP_HIT         (snoop        hit),
                                PERF_MEM_SNOOP_MISS    (snoop    miss),    and
                                PERF_MEM_SNOOP_HITM (snoop hit modified).
                         mem_lock
                                lock  instruction,  a  bitwise  combination of
                                PERF_MEM_LOCK_NA    (not    available)     and
                                PERF_MEM_LOCK_LOCKED (locked transaction).
                         mem_dtlb
                                tlb  access hit or miss, a bitwise combination
                                of    PERF_MEM_TLB_NA     (not     available),
                                PERF_MEM_TLB_HIT    (hit),   PERF_MEM_TLB_MISS
                                (miss),   PERF_MEM_TLB_L1   (level   1   TLB),
                                PERF_MEM_TLB_L2 (level 2 TLB), PERF_MEM_TLB_WK
                                (hardware  walker),  and  PERF_MEM_TLB_OS  (OS
                                fault handler).
       misc   The misc field contains additional information about the sample.
              The  CPU  mode can be determined from this value by masking with
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_CPUMODE_MASK and looking for one of the follow-
              ing  (note  these  are  not  bit masks, only one can be set at a
              time):
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_CPUMODE_UNKNOWN
                     Unknown CPU mode.
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_KERNEL
                     Sample happened in the kernel.
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_USER
                     Sample happened in user code.
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_HYPERVISOR
                     Sample happened in the hypervisor.
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_GUEST_KERNEL
                     Sample happened in the guest kernel.
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_GUEST_USER
                     Sample happened in guest user code.
              In addition, one of the following bits can be set:
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_MMAP_DATA
                     This is set when the mapping is not executable; otherwise
                     the mapping is executable.
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_EXACT_IP
                     This  indicates that the content of PERF_SAMPLE_IP points
                     to the actual instruction that triggered the event.   See
                     also perf_event_attr.precise_ip.
              PERF_RECORD_MISC_EXT_RESERVED
                     This  indicates  there  is  extended data available (cur-
                     rently not used).
       size   This indicates the size of the record.
   Signal overflow
       Events can be set to deliver a signal when a threshold is crossed.  The
       signal  handler  is  set  up using the poll(2), select(2), epoll(2) and
       fcntl(2), system calls.
       To generate signals, sampling must be enabled (sample_period must  have
       a non-zero value).
       There are two ways to generate signals.
       The first is to set a wakeup_events or wakeup_watermark value that will
       generate a signal if a certain number of samples  or  bytes  have  been
       written to the mmap ring buffer.  In this case a signal of type POLL_IN
       is sent.
       The other way is by use  of  the  PERF_EVENT_IOC_REFRESH  ioctl.   This
       ioctl  adds to a counter that decrements each time the event overflows.
       When non-zero, a POLL_IN signal is sent on overflow, but once the value
       reaches  0,  a signal is sent of type POLL_HUP and the underlying event
       is disabled.
       Note: on newer kernels (definitely noticed with 3.2) a signal  is  pro-
       vided for every overflow, even if wakeup_events is not set.
   rdpmc instruction
       Starting  with  Linux  3.4 on x86, you can use the rdpmc instruction to
       get low-latency reads without having to enter the  kernel.   Note  that
       using  rdpmc  is  not necessarily faster than other methods for reading
       event values.
       Support for this can be detected with the cap_usr_rdpmc  field  in  the
       mmap  page; documentation on how to calculate event values can be found
       in that section.
   perf_event ioctl calls
       Various ioctls act on perf_event_open() file descriptors
       PERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE
              Enables the individual event or event  group  specified  by  the
              file descriptor argument.
              If  the  PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP  bit  is set in the ioctl argument,
              then all events in a group are enabled, even if the event speci-
              fied is not the group leader (but see BUGS).
       PERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE
              Disables  the individual counter or event group specified by the
              file descriptor argument.
              Enabling or disabling the leader of a group enables or  disables
              the  entire  group; that is, while the group leader is disabled,
              none of the counters in the group will count.  Enabling or  dis-
              abling  a  member  of a group other than the leader affects only
              that counter; disabling a non-leader  stops  that  counter  from
              counting but doesn't affect any other counter.
              If  the  PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP  bit  is set in the ioctl argument,
              then all events in a group are disabled, even if the event spec-
              ified is not the group leader (but see BUGS).
       PERF_EVENT_IOC_REFRESH
              Non-inherited overflow counters can use this to enable a counter
              for a number of overflows specified by the argument, after which
              it is disabled.  Subsequent calls of this ioctl add the argument
              value to the current count.  A signal with POLL_IN set will hap-
              pen  on  each overflow until the count reaches 0; when that hap-
              pens a signal with POLL_HUP set is sent and the  event  is  dis-
              abled.  Using an argument of 0 is considered undefined behavior.
       PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET
              Reset  the event count specified by the file descriptor argument
              to zero.  This resets only the counts; there is no way to  reset
              the multiplexing time_enabled or time_running values.
              If  the  PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP  bit  is set in the ioctl argument,
              then all events in a group are reset, even if the  event  speci-
              fied is not the group leader (but see BUGS).
       PERF_EVENT_IOC_PERIOD
              IOC_PERIOD  is  the  command  to  update the period; it does not
              update the current period but instead defers until next.
              The argument is a pointer  to  a  64-bit  value  containing  the
              desired new period.
       PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT
              This tells the kernel to report event notifications to the spec-
              ified file descriptor rather than the  default  one.   The  file
              descriptors must all be on the same CPU.
              The  argument  specifies  the  desired file descriptor, or -1 if
              output should be ignored.
       PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_FILTER (Since Linux 2.6.33)
              This adds an ftrace filter to this event.
              The argument is a pointer to the desired ftrace filter.
   Using prctl
       A process can enable or disable all the event groups that are  attached
       to    it    using    the    prctl(2)   PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_ENABLE   and
       PR_TASK_PERF_EVENTS_DISABLE operations.  This applies to  all  counters
       on  the current process, whether created by this process or by another,
       and does not affect any counters that this process has created on other
       processes.   It  enables  or  disables  only the group leaders, not any
       other members in the groups.
   perf_event related configuration files
       Files in /proc/sys/kernel/
           /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid
                  The perf_event_paranoid file can be set to  restrict  access
                  to the performance counters.
                  2 - only allow user-space measurements
                  1 - (default) allow both kernel and user measurements
                  0 - allow access to CPU-specific data but not raw tracepoint
                  samples
                  -1 - no restrictions
                  The existence of the perf_event_paranoid file is  the  offi-
                  cial   method   for   determining   if   a  kernel  supports
                  perf_event_open().
           /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_max_sample_rate
                  This sets the maximum sample rate.  Setting  this  too  high
                  can  allow  users  to  sample at a rate that impacts overall
                  machine performance and potentially  lock  up  the  machine.
                  The default value is 100000 (samples per second).
           /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_mlock_kb
                  Maximum number of pages an unprivileged user can mlock (2) .
                  The default is 516 (kB).
       Files in /sys/bus/event_source/devices/
           Since Linux 2.6.34 the kernel supports having multiple PMUs  avail-
           able  for monitoring.  Information on how to program these PMUs can
           be found under /sys/bus/event_source/devices/.   Each  subdirectory
           corresponds to a different PMU.
           /sys/bus/event_source/devices/*/type (Since Linux 2.6.38)
                  This  contains an integer that can be used in the type field
                  of perf_event_attr to indicate you wish to use this PMU.
           /sys/bus/event_source/devices/*/rdpmc (Since Linux 3.4)
                  If this file is 1, then direct user-space access to the per-
                  formance counter registers is allowed via the rdpmc instruc-
                  tion.  This can be disabled by echoing 0 to the file.
           /sys/bus/event_source/devices/*/format/ (Since Linux 3.4)
                  This sub-directory contains information on the architecture-
                  specific  sub-fields  available  for programming the various
                  config fields in the perf_event_attr struct.
                  The content of each file is the name of  the  config  field,
                  followed  by  a  colon,  followed by a series of integer bit
                  ranges separated by commas.  For example, the file event may
                  contain  the  value  config1:1,6-10,44  which indicates that
                  event is an attribute that occupies bits 1,6-10, and  44  of
                  perf_event_attr::config1.
           /sys/bus/event_source/devices/*/events/ (Since Linux 3.4)
                  This  sub-directory  contains files with pre-defined events.
                  The contents  are  strings  describing  the  event  settings
                  expressed  in  terms  of  the fields found in the previously
                  mentioned ./format/ directory.  These  are  not  necessarily
                  complete lists of all events supported by a PMU, but usually
                  a subset of events deemed useful or interesting.
                  The content of each file is a list of attribute names  sepa-
                  rated  by  commas.  Each entry has an optional value (either
                  hex or decimal).  If  no  value  is  specified  than  it  is
                  assumed  to  be  a  single-bit  field with a value of 1.  An
                  example entry may look like this: event=0x2,inv,ldlat=3
           /sys/bus/event_source/devices/*/uevent
                  This file  is  the  standard  kernel  device  interface  for
                  injecting hotplug events.
           /sys/bus/event_source/devices/*/cpumask (Since Linux 3.7)
                  The cpumask file contains a comma-separated list of integers
                  that indicate a representative cpu number  for  each  socket
                  (package)  on  the motherboard.  This is needed when setting
                  up uncore or  northbridge  events,  as  those  PMUs  present
                  socket-wide events.
RETURN VALUE
       perf_event_open()  returns  the  new file descriptor, or -1 if an error
       occurred (in which case, errno is set appropriately).
ERRORS
       EINVAL Returned if the specified event is not available.
       ENOSPC Prior to Linux 3.3, if there was not enough room for the  event,
              ENOSPC  was  returned.   Linus  did  not like this, and this was
              changed to EINVAL.  ENOSPC is still returned if you try to  read
              results into too small of a buffer.
VERSION
       perf_event_open()  was  introduced  in  Linux  2.6.31  but  was  called
       perf_counter_open().  It was renamed in Linux 2.6.32.
CONFORMING TO
       This perf_event_open() system call Linux- specific and  should  not  be
       used in programs intended to be portable.
NOTES
       Glibc  does  not  provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using
       syscall(2).  See the example below.
       The official way of knowing if perf_event_open() support is enabled  is
       checking    for    the    existence    of   the   file   /proc/sys/ker-
       nel/perf_event_paranoid.
BUGS
       The F_SETOWN_EX option to fcntl(2) is needed to properly  get  overflow
       signals in threads.  This was introduced in Linux 2.6.32.
       Prior  to  Linux  2.6.33 (at least for x86) the kernel did not check if
       events could be scheduled together until read time.  The  same  happens
       on all known kernels if the NMI watchdog is enabled.  This means to see
       if a given set of events works you have  to  perf_event_open(),  start,
       then read before you know for sure you can get valid measurements.
       Prior  to  Linux 2.6.34 event constraints were not enforced by the ker-
       nel.  In that case, some events would silently return "0" if the kernel
       scheduled them in an improper counter slot.
       Prior to Linux 2.6.34 there was a bug when multiplexing where the wrong
       results could be returned.
       Kernels from Linux 2.6.35 to Linux 2.6.39 can quickly crash the  kernel
       if "inherit" is enabled and many threads are started.
       Prior  to  Linux  2.6.35,  PERF_FORMAT_GROUP did not work with attached
       processes.
       In older Linux 2.6 versions, refreshing an event group leader refreshed
       all  siblings,  and  refreshing  with a parameter of 0 enabled infinite
       refresh.  This behavior is unsupported and should not be relied on.
       There is a bug in the kernel code between Linux 2.6.36  and  Linux  3.0
       that  ignores  the  "watermark" field and acts as if a wakeup_event was
       chosen if the union has a non-zero value in it.
       From Linux 2.6.31 to Linux 3.4, the PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP ioctl  argument
       was  broken  and would repeatedly operate on the event specified rather
       than iterating across all sibling events in a group.
       Always double-check your results!  Various generalized events have  had
       wrong  values.   For example, retired branches measured the wrong thing
       on AMD machines until Linux 2.6.35.
EXAMPLE
       The following is a short example that measures  the  total  instruction
       count of a call to printf(3).
       #include <stdlib.h>
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <unistd.h>
       #include <string.h>
       #include <sys/ioctl.h>
       #include <linux/perf_event.h>
       #include <asm/unistd.h>
       long
       perf_event_open(struct perf_event_attr *hw_event, pid_t pid,
                       int cpu, int group_fd, unsigned long flags)
       {
           int ret;
           ret = syscall(__NR_perf_event_open, hw_event, pid, cpu,
                          group_fd, flags);
           return ret;
       }
       int
       main(int argc, char **argv)
       {
           struct perf_event_attr pe;
           long long count;
           int fd;
           memset(&pe, 0, sizeof(struct perf_event_attr));
           pe.type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE;
           pe.size = sizeof(struct perf_event_attr);
           pe.config = PERF_COUNT_HW_INSTRUCTIONS;
           pe.disabled = 1;
           pe.exclude_kernel = 1;
           pe.exclude_hv = 1;
           fd = perf_event_open(&pe, 0, -1, -1, 0);
           if (fd == -1) {
              fprintf(stderr, "Error opening leader %llx\n", pe.config);
              exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }
           ioctl(fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET, 0);
           ioctl(fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE, 0);
           printf("Measuring instruction count for this printf\n");
           ioctl(fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE, 0);
           read(fd, &count, sizeof(long long));
           printf("Used %lld instructions\n", count);
           close(fd);
       }
SEE ALSO
       fcntl(2), mmap(2), open(2), prctl(2), read(2)
COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.53 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux                             2013-07-16                PERF_EVENT_OPEN(2)