OPEN(3P) POSIX Programmer's Manual OPEN(3P)
PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux
implementation of this interface may differ (consult the corresponding
Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may
not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
open, openat -- open file relative to directory file descriptor
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int open(const char *path, int oflag, ...);
int openat(int fd, const char *path, int oflag, ...);
DESCRIPTION
The open() function shall establish the connection between a file and a
file descriptor. It shall create an open file description that refers
to a file and a file descriptor that refers to that open file descrip-
tion. The file descriptor is used by other I/O functions to refer to
that file. The path argument points to a pathname naming the file.
The open() function shall return a file descriptor for the named file
that is the lowest file descriptor not currently open for that process.
The open file description is new, and therefore the file descriptor
shall not share it with any other process in the system. The FD_CLOEXEC
file descriptor flag associated with the new file descriptor shall be
cleared unless the O_CLOEXEC flag is set in oflag.
The file offset used to mark the current position within the file shall
be set to the beginning of the file.
The file status flags and file access modes of the open file descrip-
tion shall be set according to the value of oflag.
Values for oflag are constructed by a bitwise-inclusive OR of flags
from the following list, defined in <fcntl.h>. Applications shall
specify exactly one of the first five values (file access modes) below
in the value of oflag:
O_EXEC Open for execute only (non-directory files). The result
is unspecified if this flag is applied to a directory.
O_RDONLY Open for reading only.
O_RDWR Open for reading and writing. The result is undefined if
this flag is applied to a FIFO.
O_SEARCH Open directory for search only. The result is unspecified
if this flag is applied to a non-directory file.
O_WRONLY Open for writing only.
Any combination of the following may be used:
O_APPEND If set, the file offset shall be set to the end of the
file prior to each write.
O_CLOEXEC If set, the FD_CLOEXEC flag for the new file descriptor
shall be set.
O_CREAT If the file exists, this flag has no effect except as
noted under O_EXCL below. Otherwise, the file shall be
created; the user ID of the file shall be set to the
effective user ID of the process; the group ID of the
file shall be set to the group ID of the file's parent
directory or to the effective group ID of the process;
and the access permission bits (see <sys/stat.h>) of the
file mode shall be set to the value of the argument fol-
lowing the oflag argument taken as type mode_t modified
as follows: a bitwise AND is performed on the file-mode
bits and the corresponding bits in the complement of the
process' file mode creation mask. Thus, all bits in the
file mode whose corresponding bit in the file mode cre-
ation mask is set are cleared. When bits other than the
file permission bits are set, the effect is unspecified.
The argument following the oflag argument does not affect
whether the file is open for reading, writing, or for
both. Implementations shall provide a way to initialize
the file's group ID to the group ID of the parent direc-
tory. Implementations may, but need not, provide an
implementation-defined way to initialize the file's group
ID to the effective group ID of the calling process.
O_DIRECTORY If path resolves to a non-directory file, fail and set
errno to [ENOTDIR].
O_DSYNC Write I/O operations on the file descriptor shall com-
plete as defined by synchronized I/O data integrity com-
pletion.
O_EXCL If O_CREAT and O_EXCL are set, open() shall fail if the
file exists. The check for the existence of the file and
the creation of the file if it does not exist shall be
atomic with respect to other threads executing open()
naming the same filename in the same directory with
O_EXCL and O_CREAT set. If O_EXCL and O_CREAT are set,
and path names a symbolic link, open() shall fail and set
errno to [EEXIST], regardless of the contents of the sym-
bolic link. If O_EXCL is set and O_CREAT is not set, the
result is undefined.
O_NOCTTY If set and path identifies a terminal device, open()
shall not cause the terminal device to become the con-
trolling terminal for the process. If path does not iden-
tify a terminal device, O_NOCTTY shall be ignored.
O_NOFOLLOW If path names a symbolic link, fail and set errno to
[ELOOP].
O_NONBLOCK When opening a FIFO with O_RDONLY or O_WRONLY set:
* If O_NONBLOCK is set, an open() for reading-only
shall return without delay. An open() for writing-
only shall return an error if no process currently
has the file open for reading.
* If O_NONBLOCK is clear, an open() for reading-only
shall block the calling thread until a thread opens
the file for writing. An open() for writing-only
shall block the calling thread until a thread opens
the file for reading.
When opening a block special or character special file
that supports non-blocking opens:
* If O_NONBLOCK is set, the open() function shall
return without blocking for the device to be ready or
available. Subsequent behavior of the device is
device-specific.
* If O_NONBLOCK is clear, the open() function shall
block the calling thread until the device is ready or
available before returning.
Otherwise, the O_NONBLOCK flag shall not cause an error,
but it is unspecified whether the file status flags will
include the O_NONBLOCK flag.
O_RSYNC Read I/O operations on the file descriptor shall complete
at the same level of integrity as specified by the
O_DSYNC and O_SYNC flags. If both O_DSYNC and O_RSYNC are
set in oflag, all I/O operations on the file descriptor
shall complete as defined by synchronized I/O data
integrity completion. If both O_SYNC and O_RSYNC are set
in flags, all I/O operations on the file descriptor shall
complete as defined by synchronized I/O file integrity
completion.
O_SYNC Write I/O operations on the file descriptor shall com-
plete as defined by synchronized I/O file integrity com-
pletion.
The O_SYNC flag shall be supported for regular files,
even if the Synchronized Input and Output option is not
supported.
O_TRUNC If the file exists and is a regular file, and the file is
successfully opened O_RDWR or O_WRONLY, its length shall
be truncated to 0, and the mode and owner shall be
unchanged. It shall have no effect on FIFO special files
or terminal device files. Its effect on other file types
is implementation-defined. The result of using O_TRUNC
without either O_RDWR or O_WRONLY is undefined.
O_TTY_INIT If path identifies a terminal device other than a pseudo-
terminal, the device is not already open in any process,
and either O_TTY_INIT is set in oflag or O_TTY_INIT has
the value zero, open() shall set any non-standard termios
structure terminal parameters to a state that provides
conforming behavior; see the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.1-2008, Section 11.2, Parameters that Can be Set.
It is unspecified whether O_TTY_INIT has any effect if
the device is already open in any process. If path iden-
tifies the slave side of a pseudo-terminal that is not
already open in any process, open() shall set any non-
standard termios structure terminal parameters to a state
that provides conforming behavior, regardless of whether
O_TTY_INIT is set. If path does not identify a terminal
device, O_TTY_INIT shall be ignored.
If O_CREAT is set and the file did not previously exist, upon success-
ful completion, open() shall mark for update the last data access, last
data modification, and last file status change timestamps of the file
and the last data modification and last file status change timestamps
of the parent directory.
If O_TRUNC is set and the file did previously exist, upon successful
completion, open() shall mark for update the last data modification and
last file status change timestamps of the file.
If both the O_SYNC and O_DSYNC flags are set, the effect is as if only
the O_SYNC flag was set.
If path refers to a STREAMS file, oflag may be constructed from O_NON-
BLOCK OR'ed with either O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, or O_RDWR. Other flag val-
ues are not applicable to STREAMS devices and shall have no effect on
them. The value O_NONBLOCK affects the operation of STREAMS drivers and
certain functions applied to file descriptors associated with STREAMS
files. For STREAMS drivers, the implementation of O_NONBLOCK is device-
specific.
The application shall ensure that it specifies the O_TTY_INIT flag on
the first open of a terminal device since system boot or since the
device was closed by the process that last had it open. The application
need not specify the O_TTY_INIT flag when opening pseudo-terminals. If
path names the master side of a pseudo-terminal device, then it is
unspecified whether open() locks the slave side so that it cannot be
opened. Conforming applications shall call unlockpt() before opening
the slave side.
The largest value that can be represented correctly in an object of
type off_t shall be established as the offset maximum in the open file
description.
The openat() function shall be equivalent to the open() function except
in the case where path specifies a relative path. In this case the file
to be opened is determined relative to the directory associated with
the file descriptor fd instead of the current working directory. If the
file descriptor was opened without O_SEARCH, the function shall check
whether directory searches are permitted using the current permissions
of the directory underlying the file descriptor. If the file descriptor
was opened with O_SEARCH, the function shall not perform the check.
The oflag parameter and the optional fourth parameter correspond
exactly to the parameters of open().
If openat() is passed the special value AT_FDCWD in the fd parameter,
the current working directory shall be used and the behavior shall be
identical to a call to open().
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, these functions shall open the file and
return a non-negative integer representing the lowest numbered unused
file descriptor. Otherwise, these functions shall return -1 and set
errno to indicate the error. If -1 is returned, no files shall be cre-
ated or modified.
ERRORS
These functions shall fail if:
EACCES Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix,
or the file exists and the permissions specified by oflag are
denied, or the file does not exist and write permission is
denied for the parent directory of the file to be created, or
O_TRUNC is specified and write permission is denied.
EEXIST O_CREAT and O_EXCL are set, and the named file exists.
EINTR A signal was caught during open().
EINVAL The implementation does not support synchronized I/O for this
file.
EIO The path argument names a STREAMS file and a hangup or error
occurred during the open().
EISDIR The named file is a directory and oflag includes O_WRONLY or
O_RDWR.
ELOOP A loop exists in symbolic links encountered during resolution of
the path argument, or O_NOFOLLOW was specified and the path
argument names a symbolic link.
EMFILE All file descriptors available to the process are currently
open.
ENAMETOOLONG
The length of a component of a pathname is longer than
{NAME_MAX}.
ENFILE The maximum allowable number of files is currently open in the
system.
ENOENT O_CREAT is not set and a component of path does not name an
existing file, or O_CREAT is set and a component of the path
prefix of path does not name an existing file, or path points to
an empty string.
ENOENT or ENOTDIR
O_CREAT is set, and the path argument contains at least one
non-<slash> character and ends with one or more trailing <slash>
characters. If path names an existing file, an [ENOENT] error
shall not occur.
ENOSR The path argument names a STREAMS-based file and the system is
unable to allocate a STREAM.
ENOSPC The directory or file system that would contain the new file
cannot be expanded, the file does not exist, and O_CREAT is
specified.
ENOTDIR
A component of the path prefix names an existing file that is
neither a directory nor a symbolic link to a directory; or
O_CREAT and O_EXCL are not specified, the path argument contains
at least one non-<slash> character and ends with one or more
trailing <slash> characters, and the last pathname component
names an existing file that is neither a directory nor a sym-
bolic link to a directory; or O_DIRECTORY was specified and the
path argument resolves to a non-directory file.
ENXIO O_NONBLOCK is set, the named file is a FIFO, O_WRONLY is set,
and no process has the file open for reading.
ENXIO The named file is a character special or block special file, and
the device associated with this special file does not exist.
EOVERFLOW
The named file is a regular file and the size of the file cannot
be represented correctly in an object of type off_t.
EROFS The named file resides on a read-only file system and either
O_WRONLY, O_RDWR, O_CREAT (if the file does not exist), or
O_TRUNC is set in the oflag argument.
The openat() function shall fail if:
EACCES fd was not opened with O_SEARCH and the permissions of the
directory underlying fd do not permit directory searches.
EBADF The path argument does not specify an absolute path and the fd
argument is neither AT_FDCWD nor a valid file descriptor open
for reading or searching.
ENOTDIR
The path argument is not an absolute path and fd is a file
descriptor associated with a non-directory file.
These functions may fail if:
EAGAIN The path argument names the slave side of a pseudo-terminal
device that is locked.
EINVAL The value of the oflag argument is not valid.
ELOOP More than {SYMLOOP_MAX} symbolic links were encountered during
resolution of the path argument.
ENAMETOOLONG
The length of a pathname exceeds {PATH_MAX}, or pathname resolu-
tion of a symbolic link produced an intermediate result with a
length that exceeds {PATH_MAX}.
ENOMEM The path argument names a STREAMS file and the system is unable
to allocate resources.
ETXTBSY
The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being
executed and oflag is O_WRONLY or O_RDWR.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
Opening a File for Writing by the Owner
The following example opens the file /tmp/file, either by creating it
(if it does not already exist), or by truncating its length to 0 (if it
does exist). In the former case, if the call creates a new file, the
access permission bits in the file mode of the file are set to permit
reading and writing by the owner, and to permit reading only by group
members and others.
If the call to open() is successful, the file is opened for writing.
#include <fcntl.h>
...
int fd;
mode_t mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH;
char *pathname = "/tmp/file";
...
fd = open(pathname, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, mode);
...
Opening a File Using an Existence Check
The following example uses the open() function to try to create the
LOCKFILE file and open it for writing. Since the open() function speci-
fies the O_EXCL flag, the call fails if the file already exists. In
that case, the program assumes that someone else is updating the pass-
word file and exits.
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LOCKFILE "/etc/ptmp"
...
int pfd; /* Integer for file descriptor returned by open() call. */
...
if ((pfd = open(LOCKFILE, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL,
S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open /etc/ptmp. Try again later.\n");
exit(1);
}
...
Opening a File for Writing
The following example opens a file for writing, creating the file if it
does not already exist. If the file does exist, the system truncates
the file to zero bytes.
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LOCKFILE "/etc/ptmp"
...
int pfd;
char pathname[PATH_MAX+1];
...
if ((pfd = open(pathname, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC,
S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)) == -1)
{
perror("Cannot open output file\n"); exit(1);
}
...
APPLICATION USAGE
POSIX.1-2008 does not require that terminal parameters be automatically
set to any state on first open, nor that they be reset after the last
close. It is possible for a non-conforming application to leave a ter-
minal device in a state where the next process to use that device finds
it in a non-conforming state, but has no way of determining this. To
ensure that the device is set to a conforming initial state, applica-
tions which perform a first open of a terminal (other than a pseudo-
terminal) should do so using the O_TTY_INIT flag to set the parameters
associated with the terminal to a conforming state.
Except as specified in this volume of POSIX.1-2008, the flags allowed
in oflag are not mutually-exclusive and any number of them may be used
simultaneously. Not all combinations of flags make sense. For example,
using O_SEARCH | O_CREAT will successfully open a pre-existing direc-
tory for searching, but if there is no existing file by that name, then
it is unspecified whether a regular file will be created. Likewise, if
a non-directory file descriptor is successfully returned, it is unspec-
ified whether that descriptor will have execute permissions as if by
O_EXEC (note that it is unspecified whether O_EXEC and O_SEARCH have
the same value).
RATIONALE
Some implementations permit opening FIFOs with O_RDWR. Since FIFOs
could be implemented in other ways, and since two file descriptors can
be used to the same effect, this possibility is left as undefined.
See getgroups() about the group of a newly created file.
The use of open() to create a regular file is preferable to the use of
creat(), because the latter is redundant and included only for histori-
cal reasons.
The use of the O_TRUNC flag on FIFOs and directories (pipes cannot be
open()-ed) must be permissible without unexpected side-effects (for
example, creat() on a FIFO must not remove data). Since terminal spe-
cial files might have type-ahead data stored in the buffer, O_TRUNC
should not affect their content, particularly if a program that nor-
mally opens a regular file should open the current controlling terminal
instead. Other file types, particularly implementation-defined ones,
are left implementation-defined.
POSIX.1-2008 permits [EACCES] to be returned for conditions other than
those explicitly listed.
The O_NOCTTY flag was added to allow applications to avoid unintention-
ally acquiring a controlling terminal as a side-effect of opening a
terminal file. This volume of POSIX.1-2008 does not specify how a con-
trolling terminal is acquired, but it allows an implementation to pro-
vide this on open() if the O_NOCTTY flag is not set and other condi-
tions specified in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Chapter
11, General Terminal Interface are met.
In historical implementations the value of O_RDONLY is zero. Because of
that, it is not possible to detect the presence of O_RDONLY and another
option. Future implementations should encode O_RDONLY and O_WRONLY as
bit flags so that:
O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY == O_RDWR
O_EXEC and O_SEARCH are specified as two of the five file access modes.
Since O_EXEC does not apply to directories, and O_SEARCH only applies
to directories, their values need not be distinct. Since O_RDONLY has
historically had the value zero, implementations are not able to dis-
tinguish between O_SEARCH and O_SEARCH | O_RDONLY, and similarly for
O_EXEC.
In general, the open() function follows the symbolic link if path names
a symbolic link. However, the open() function, when called with O_CREAT
and O_EXCL, is required to fail with [EEXIST] if path names an existing
symbolic link, even if the symbolic link refers to a nonexistent file.
This behavior is required so that privileged applications can create a
new file in a known location without the possibility that a symbolic
link might cause the file to be created in a different location.
For example, a privileged application that must create a file with a
predictable name in a user-writable directory, such as the user's home
directory, could be compromised if the user creates a symbolic link
with that name that refers to a nonexistent file in a system directory.
If the user can influence the contents of a file, the user could com-
promise the system by creating a new system configuration or spool file
that would then be interpreted by the system. The test for a symbolic
link which refers to a nonexisting file must be atomic with the cre-
ation of a new file.
In addition, the open() function refuses to open non-directories if the
O_DIRECTORY flag is set. This avoids race conditions whereby a user
might compromise the system by substituting a hard link to a sensitive
file (e.g., a device or a FIFO) while a privileged application is run-
ning, where opening a file even for read access might have undesirable
side-effects.
In addition, the open() function does not follow symbolic links if the
O_NOFOLLOW flag is set. This avoids race conditions whereby a user
might compromise the system by substituting a symbolic link to a sensi-
tive file (e.g., a device) while a privileged application is running,
where opening a file even for read access might have undesirable side-
effects.
The POSIX.1-1990 standard required that the group ID of a newly created
file be set to the group ID of its parent directory or to the effective
group ID of the creating process. FIPS 151-2 required that implementa-
tions provide a way to have the group ID be set to the group ID of the
containing directory, but did not prohibit implementations also sup-
porting a way to set the group ID to the effective group ID of the cre-
ating process. Conforming applications should not assume which group
ID will be used. If it matters, an application can use chown() to set
the group ID after the file is created, or determine under what condi-
tions the implementation will set the desired group ID.
The purpose of the openat() function is to enable opening files in
directories other than the current working directory without exposure
to race conditions. Any part of the path of a file could be changed in
parallel to a call to open(), resulting in unspecified behavior. By
opening a file descriptor for the target directory and using the ope-
nat() function it can be guaranteed that the opened file is located
relative to the desired directory. Some implementations use the ope-
nat() function for other purposes as well. In some cases, if the oflag
parameter has the O_XATTR bit set, the returned file descriptor pro-
vides access to extended attributes. This functionality is not stan-
dardized here.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
chmod(), close(), creat(), dirfd(), dup(), exec, fcntl(), fdopendir(),
link(), lseek(), mkdtemp(), mknod(), read(), symlink(), umask(),
unlockpt(), write()
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Chapter 11, General Termi-
nal Interface, <fcntl.h>, <sys_stat.h>, <sys_types.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electri-
cal and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. (This is
POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are
most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source
files to man page format. To report such errors, see https://www.ker-
nel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2013 OPEN(3P)
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