MYSQL(1) MariaDB Database System MYSQL(1)
NAME
mysql - the MariaDB command-line tool
SYNOPSIS
mysql [options] db_name
DESCRIPTION
mysql is a simple SQL shell (with GNU readline capabilities). It
supports interactive and non-interactive use. When used interactively,
query results are presented in an ASCII-table format. When used
non-interactively (for example, as a filter), the result is presented
in tab-separated format. The output format can be changed using command
options.
If you have problems due to insufficient memory for large result sets,
use the --quick option. This forces mysql to retrieve results from the
server a row at a time rather than retrieving the entire result set and
buffering it in memory before displaying it. This is done by returning
the result set using the mysql_use_result() C API function in the
client/server library rather than mysql_store_result().
Using mysql is very easy. Invoke it from the prompt of your command
interpreter as follows:
shell> mysql db_name
Or:
shell> mysql --user=user_name --password=your_password db_name
Then type an SQL statement, end it with ";", \g, or \G and press Enter.
Typing Control-C causes mysql to attempt to kill the current statement.
If this cannot be done, or Control-C is typed again before the
statement is killed, mysql exits.
You can execute SQL statements in a script file (batch file) like this:
shell> mysql db_name < script.sql > output.tab
MYSQL OPTIONS
mysql supports the following options, which can be specified on the
command line or in the [mysql], [client], [client-server] or [client-
mariadb] option file groups. mysql also supports the options for
processing option files.
o --help, -?, -I
Display a help message and exit.
o --abort-source-on-error
Abort 'source filename' operations in case of errors.
o --auto-rehash
Enable automatic rehashing. This option is on by default, which
enables database, table, and column name completion. Use
--disable-auto-rehash, --no-auto-rehash, or --skip-auto-rehash to
disable rehashing. That causes mysql to start faster, but you must
issue the rehash command if you want to use name completion.
To complete a name, enter the first part and press Tab. If the name
is unambiguous, mysql completes it. Otherwise, you can press Tab
again to see the possible names that begin with what you have typed
so far. Completion does not occur if there is no default database.
o --auto-vertical-output
Automatically switch to vertical output mode if the result is wider
than the terminal width.
o --batch, -B
Print results using tab as the column separator, with each row on a
new line. With this option, mysql does not use the history file.
Batch mode results in nontabular output format and escaping of
special characters. Escaping may be disabled by using raw mode; see
the description for the --raw option.
o --binary-mode
Binary mode allows certain character sequences to be processed as
data that would otherwise be treated with a special meaning by the
parser. Specifically, this switch turns off parsing of all client
commands except \C and DELIMITER in non-interactive mode (i.e.,
when binary mode is combined with either 1) piped input, 2) the
--batch mysql option, or 3) the 'source' command). Also, in binary
mode, occurrences of '\r\n' and ASCII '\0' are preserved within
strings, whereas by default, '\r\n' is translated to '\n' and '\0'
is disallowed in user input.
o --character-sets-dir=path
The directory where character sets are installed.
o --column-names
Write column names in results.
o --column-type-info, -m
Display result set metadata.
o --comments, -c
Whether to preserve comments in statements sent to the server. The
default is --skip-comments (discard comments), enable with
--comments (preserve comments).
o --compress, -C
Compress all information sent between the client and the server if
both support compression.
o --connect-timeout=seconds
Set the number of seconds before connection timeout. (Default value
is 0.)
o --database=db_name, -D db_name
The database to use.
o --debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options]
Write a debugging log. A typical debug_options string is
'd:t:o,file_name'. The default is 'd:t:o,/tmp/mysql.trace'.
o --debug-check
Print some debugging information when the program exits.
o --debug-info, -T
Prints debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics
when the program exits.
o --default-auth=name
Default authentication client-side plugin to use.
o --default-character-set=charset_name
Use charset_name as the default character set for the client and
connection.
A common issue that can occur when the operating system uses utf8
or another multi-byte character set is that output from the mysql
client is formatted incorrectly, due to the fact that the MariaDB
client uses the latin1 character set by default. You can usually
fix such issues by using this option to force the client to use the
system character set instead.
o --defaults-extra-file=filename
Set filename as the file to read default options from after the
global defaults files has been read. Must be given as first
option.
o --defaults-file=filename
Set filename as the file to read default options from, override
global defaults files. Must be given as first option.
o --defaults-group-suffix=suffix
In addition to the groups named on the command line, read groups
that have the given suffix.
o --delimiter=str
Set the statement delimiter. The default is the semicolon character
(";").
o --disable-named-commands
Disable named commands. Use the \* form only, or use named commands
only at the beginning of a line ending with a semicolon (";").
mysql starts with this option enabled by default. However, even
with this option, long-format commands still work from the first
line. See the section called "MYSQL COMMANDS".
o --enable-cleartext-plugin
Obsolete option. Exists only for MySQL compatibility.
o --execute=statement, -e statement
Execute the statement and quit. Disables --force and history file.
The default output format is like that produced with --batch.
o --force, -f
Continue even if an SQL error occurs. Sets --abort-source-on-error
to 0.
o --host=host_name, -h host_name
Connect to the MariaDB server on the given host.
o --html, -H
Produce HTML output.
o --ignore-spaces, -i
Ignore spaces after function names. Allows one to have spaces
(including tab characters and new line characters) between function
name and '('. The drawback is that this causes built in functions
to become reserved words.
o --init-command=str
SQL Command to execute when connecting to the MariaDB server. Will
automatically be re-executed when reconnecting.
o --line-numbers
Write line numbers for errors. Disable this with
--skip-line-numbers.
o --local-infile[={0|1}]
Enable or disable LOCAL capability for LOAD DATA INFILE. With no
value, the option enables LOCAL. The option may be given as
--local-infile=0 or --local-infile=1 to explicitly disable or
enable LOCAL. Enabling LOCAL has no effect if the server does not
also support it.
o --max-allowed-packet=num
Set the maximum packet length to send to or receive from the
server. (Default value is 16MB, largest 1GB.)
o --max-join-size=num
Set the automatic limit for rows in a join when using
--safe-updates. (Default value is 1,000,000.)
o --named-commands, -G
Enable named mysql commands. Long-format commands are allowed, not
just short-format commands. For example, quit and \q both are
recognized. Use --skip-named-commands to disable named commands.
See the section called "MYSQL COMMANDS". Disabled by default.
o --net-buffer-length=size
Set the buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication. (Default
value is 16KB.)
o --no-auto-rehash, -A
This has the same effect as --skip-auto-rehash. See the description
for --auto-rehash.
o --no-beep, -b
Do not beep when errors occur.
o --no-defaults
Do not read default options from any option file. This must be
given as the first argument.
o --one-database, -o
Ignore statements except those those that occur while the default
database is the one named on the command line. This filtering is
limited, and based only on USE statements. This is useful for
skipping updates to other databases in the binary log.
o --pager[=command]
Use the given command for paging query output. If the command is
omitted, the default pager is the value of your PAGER environment
variable. Valid pagers are less, more, cat [> filename], and so
forth. This option works only on Unix and only in interactive mode.
To disable paging, use --skip-pager. the section called "MYSQL
COMMANDS", discusses output paging further.
o --password[=password], -p[password]
The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the
short option form (-p), you cannot have a space between the option
and the password. If you omit the password value following the
--password or -p option on the command line, mysql prompts for one.
Specifying a password on the command line should be considered
insecure. You can use an option file to avoid giving the password
on the command line.
o --pipe, -W
On Windows, connect to the server via a named pipe. This option
applies only if the server supports named-pipe connections.
o --plugin-dir=dir_name
Directory for client-side plugins.
o --port=port_num, -P port_num
The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection or 0 for default
to, in order of preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT, /etc/services,
built-in default (3306).
o --print-defaults
Print the program argument list and exit. This must be given as the
first argument.
o --progress-reports
Get progress reports for long running commands (such as ALTER
TABLE). (Defaults to on; use --skip-progress-reports to disable.)
o --prompt=format_str
Set the prompt to the specified format. The special sequences that
the prompt can contain are described in the section called "MYSQL
COMMANDS".
o --protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}
The connection protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is
useful when the other connection parameters normally would cause a
protocol to be used other than the one you want.
o --quick, -q
Do not cache each query result, print each row as it is received.
This may slow down the server if the output is suspended. With this
option, mysql does not use the history file.
o --raw, -r
For tabular output, the "boxing" around columns enables one column
value to be distinguished from another. For nontabular output (such
as is produced in batch mode or when the --batch or --silent option
is given), special characters are escaped in the output so they can
be identified easily. Newline, tab, NUL, and backslash are written
as \n, \t, \0, and \\. The --raw option disables this character
escaping.
The following example demonstrates tabular versus nontabular output
and the use of raw mode to disable escaping:
% mysql
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
+----------+
| CHAR(92) |
+----------+
| \ |
+----------+
% mysql -s
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
CHAR(92)
\\
% mysql -s -r
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
CHAR(92)
\
o --reconnect
If the connection to the server is lost, automatically try to
reconnect. A single reconnect attempt is made each time the
connection is lost. Enabled by default, to disable use
--skip-reconnect or --disable-reconnect.
o --safe-updates, --i-am-a-dummy, -U
Allow only those UPDATE and DELETE statements that specify which
rows to modify by using key values. If you have set this option in
an option file, you can override it by using --safe-updates on the
command line. See the section called "MYSQL TIPS", for more
information about this option.
o --secure-auth
Do not send passwords to the server in old (pre-4.1.1) format. This
prevents connections except for servers that use the newer password
format.
o --select-limit=limit
Set automatic limit for SELECT when using --safe-updates. (Default
value is 1,000.)
o --server-arg=name
Send name as a parameter to the embedded server.
o --show-warnings
Cause warnings to be shown after each statement if there are any.
This option applies to interactive and batch mode.
o --sigint-ignore
Ignore SIGINT signals (typically the result of typing Control-C).
o --silent, -s
Silent mode. Produce less output. This option can be given multiple
times to produce less and less output.
This option results in nontabular output format and escaping of
special characters. Escaping may be disabled by using raw mode; see
the description for the --raw option.
o --skip-auto-rehash
Disable automatic rehashing. Synonym for --disable-auto-rehash.
o --skip-column-names, -N
Do not write column names in results.
o --skip-line-numbers, -L
Do not write line numbers for errors. Useful when you want to
compare result files that include error messages.
o --socket=path, -S path
For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on
Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.
o --ssl
Enable SSL for connection (automatically enabled with other flags).
Disable with --skip-ssl.
o --ssl-ca=name
CA file in PEM format (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
o --ssl-capath=name
CA directory (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
o --ssl-cert=name
X509 cert in PEM format (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
o --ssl-cipher=name
SSL cipher to use (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
o --ssl-key=name
X509 key in PEM format (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
o --ssl-crl=name
Certificate revocation list (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
o --ssl-crlpath=name
Certificate revocation list path (check OpenSSL docs, implies
--ssl).
o --ssl-verify-server-cert
Verify server's "Common Name" in its cert against hostname used
when connecting. This option is disabled by default.
o --table, -t
Display output in table format. This is the default for interactive
use, but can be used to produce table output in batch mode.
o --tee=file_name
Append a copy of output to the given file. This option works only
in interactive mode. the section called "MYSQL COMMANDS",
discusses tee files further.
o --unbuffered, -n
Flush the buffer after each query.
o --user=user_name, -u user_name
The MariaDB user name to use when connecting to the server.
o --verbose, -v
Verbose mode. Produce more output about what the program does. This
option can be given multiple times to produce more and more output.
(For example, -v -v -v produces table output format even in batch
mode.)
o --version, -V
Display version information and exit.
o --vertical, -E
Print query output rows vertically (one line per column value).
Without this option, you can specify vertical output for individual
statements by terminating them with \G.
o --wait, -w
If the connection cannot be established, wait and retry instead of
aborting.
o --xml, -X
Produce XML output. The output when --xml is used with mysql
matches that of mysqldump --xml. See mysqldump(1) for details.
The XML output also uses an XML namespace, as shown here:
shell> mysql --xml -uroot -e "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'version%'"
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<resultset statement="SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'version%'" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version</field>
<field name="Value">5.0.40-debug</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_comment</field>
<field name="Value">Source distribution</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_compile_machine</field>
<field name="Value">i686</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_compile_os</field>
<field name="Value">suse-linux-gnu</field>
</row>
</resultset>
You can also set the following variables by using --var_name=value.
o connect_timeout
The number of seconds before connection timeout. (Default value
is 0.)
o max_allowed_packet
The maximum packet length to send to or receive from the
server. (Default value is 16MB.)
o max_join_size
The automatic limit for rows in a join when using
--safe-updates. (Default value is 1,000,000.)
o net_buffer_length
The buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication. (Default
value is 16KB.)
o select_limit
The automatic limit for SELECT statements when using
--safe-updates. (Default value is 1,000.)
On Unix, the mysql client writes a record of executed statements to
a history file. By default, this file is named .mysql_history and
is created in your home directory. To specify a different file, set
the value of the MYSQL_HISTFILE environment variable.
The .mysql_history should be protected with a restrictive access
mode because sensitive information might be written to it, such as
the text of SQL statements that contain passwords.
If you do not want to maintain a history file, first remove
.mysql_history if it exists, and then use either of the following
techniques:
o Set the MYSQL_HISTFILE variable to /dev/null. To cause this
setting to take effect each time you log in, put the setting in
one of your shell's startup files.
o Create .mysql_history as a symbolic link to /dev/null:
shell> ln -s /dev/null $HOME/.mysql_history
You need do this only once.
MYSQL COMMANDS
mysql sends each SQL statement that you issue to the server to be
executed. There is also a set of commands that mysql itself interprets.
For a list of these commands, type help or \h at the mysql> prompt:
mysql> help
List of all MySQL commands:
Note that all text commands must be first on line and end with ';'
? (\?) Synonym for `help'.
clear (\c) Clear command.
connect (\r) Reconnect to the server. Optional arguments are db and host.
delimiter (\d) Set statement delimiter.
edit (\e) Edit command with $EDITOR.
ego (\G) Send command to mysql server, display result vertically.
exit (\q) Exit mysql. Same as quit.
go (\g) Send command to mysql server.
help (\h) Display this help.
nopager (\n) Disable pager, print to stdout.
notee (\t) Don't write into outfile.
pager (\P) Set PAGER [to_pager]. Print the query results via PAGER.
print (\p) Print current command.
prompt (\R) Change your mysql prompt.
quit (\q) Quit mysql.
rehash (\#) Rebuild completion hash.
source (\.) Execute an SQL script file. Takes a file name as an argument.
status (\s) Get status information from the server.
system (\!) Execute a system shell command.
tee (\T) Set outfile [to_outfile]. Append everything into given
outfile.
use (\u) Use another database. Takes database name as argument.
charset (\C) Switch to another charset. Might be needed for processing
binlog with multi-byte charsets.
warnings (\W) Show warnings after every statement.
nowarning (\w) Don't show warnings after every statement.
For server side help, type 'help contents'
Each command has both a long and short form. The long form is not case
sensitive; the short form is. The long form can be followed by an
optional semicolon terminator, but the short form should not.
The use of short-form commands within multi-line /* ... */ comments is
not supported.
o help [arg], \h [arg], \? [arg], ? [arg]
Display a help message listing the available mysql commands.
If you provide an argument to the help command, mysql uses it as a
search string to access server-side help. For more information, see
the section called "MYSQL SERVER-SIDE HELP".
o charset charset_name, \C charset_name
Change the default character set and issue a SET NAMES statement.
This enables the character set to remain synchronized on the client
and server if mysql is run with auto-reconnect enabled (which is
not recommended), because the specified character set is used for
reconnects.
o clear, \c
Clear the current input. Use this if you change your mind about
executing the statement that you are entering.
o connect [db_name host_name]], \r [db_name host_name]]
Reconnect to the server. The optional database name and host name
arguments may be given to specify the default database or the host
where the server is running. If omitted, the current values are
used.
o delimiter str, \d str
Change the string that mysql interprets as the separator between
SQL statements. The default is the semicolon character (";").
The delimiter can be specified as an unquoted or quoted argument.
Quoting can be done with either single quote (') or douple quote
(") characters. To include a quote within a quoted string, either
quote the string with the other quote character or escape the quote
with a backslash ("\") character. Backslash should be avoided
outside of quoted strings because it is the escape character for
MariaDB. For an unquoted argument, the delmiter is read up to the
first space or end of line. For a quoted argument, the delimiter is
read up to the matching quote on the line.
When the delimiter recognized by mysql is set to something other
than the default of ";", instances of that character are sent to
the server without interpretation. However, the server itself still
interprets ";" as a statement delimiter and processes statements
accordingly. This behavior on the server side comes into play for
multiple-statement execution, and for parsing the body of stored
procedures and functions, triggers, and events.
o edit, \e
Edit the current input statement. mysql checks the values of the
EDITOR and VISUAL environment variables to determine which editor
to use. The default editor is vi if neither variable is set.
The edit command works only in Unix.
o ego, \G
Send the current statement to the server to be executed and display
the result using vertical format.
o exit, \q
Exit mysql.
o go, \g
Send the current statement to the server to be executed.
o nopager, \n
Disable output paging. See the description for pager.
The nopager command works only in Unix.
o notee, \t
Disable output copying to the tee file. See the description for
tee.
o nowarning, \w
Enable display of warnings after each statement.
o pager [command], \P [command]
Enable output paging. By using the --pager option when you invoke
mysql, it is possible to browse or search query results in
interactive mode with Unix programs such as less, more, or any
other similar program. If you specify no value for the option,
mysql checks the value of the PAGER environment variable and sets
the pager to that. Pager functionality works only in interactive
mode.
Output paging can be enabled interactively with the pager command
and disabled with nopager. The command takes an optional argument;
if given, the paging program is set to that. With no argument, the
pager is set to the pager that was set on the command line, or
stdout if no pager was specified.
Output paging works only in Unix because it uses the popen()
function, which does not exist on Windows. For Windows, the tee
option can be used instead to save query output, although it is not
as convenient as pager for browsing output in some situations.
o print, \p
Print the current input statement without executing it.
o prompt [str], \R [str]
Reconfigure the mysql prompt to the given string. The special
character sequences that can be used in the prompt are described
later in this section.
If you specify the prompt command with no argument, mysql resets
the prompt to the default of mysql>.
o quit, \q
Exit mysql.
o rehash, \#
Rebuild the completion hash that enables database, table, and
column name completion while you are entering statements. (See the
description for the --auto-rehash option.)
o source file_name, \. file_name
Read the named file and executes the statements contained therein.
On Windows, you can specify path name separators as / or \\.
o status, \s
Provide status information about the connection and the server you
are using. If you are running in --safe-updates mode, status also
prints the values for the mysql variables that affect your queries.
o system command, \! command
Execute the given command using your default command interpreter.
The system command works only in Unix.
o tee [file_name], \T [file_name]
By using the --tee option when you invoke mysql, you can log
statements and their output. All the data displayed on the screen
is appended into a given file. This can be very useful for
debugging purposes also. mysql flushes results to the file after
each statement, just before it prints its next prompt. Tee
functionality works only in interactive mode.
You can enable this feature interactively with the tee command.
Without a parameter, the previous file is used. The tee file can be
disabled with the notee command. Executing tee again re-enables
logging.
o use db_name, \u db_name
Use db_name as the default database.
o warnings, \W
Enable display of warnings after each statement (if there are any).
Here are a few tips about the pager command:
o You can use it to write to a file and the results go only to the
file:
mysql> pager cat > /tmp/log.txt
You can also pass any options for the program that you want to use
as your pager:
mysql> pager less -n -i -S
o In the preceding example, note the -S option. You may find it very
useful for browsing wide query results. Sometimes a very wide
result set is difficult to read on the screen. The -S option to
less can make the result set much more readable because you can
scroll it horizontally using the left-arrow and right-arrow keys.
You can also use -S interactively within less to switch the
horizontal-browse mode on and off. For more information, read the
less manual page:
shell> man less
o The -F and -X options may be used with less to cause it to exit if
output fits on one screen, which is convenient when no scrolling is
necessary:
mysql> pager less -n -i -S -F -X
o You can specify very complex pager commands for handling query
output:
mysql> pager cat | tee /dr1/tmp/res.txt \
| tee /dr2/tmp/res2.txt | less -n -i -S
In this example, the command would send query results to two files
in two different directories on two different file systems mounted
on /dr1 and /dr2, yet still display the results onscreen via less.
You can also combine the tee and pager functions. Have a tee file
enabled and pager set to less, and you are able to browse the results
using the less program and still have everything appended into a file
the same time. The difference between the Unix tee used with the pager
command and the mysql built-in tee command is that the built-in tee
works even if you do not have the Unix tee available. The built-in tee
also logs everything that is printed on the screen, whereas the Unix
tee used with pager does not log quite that much. Additionally, tee
file logging can be turned on and off interactively from within mysql.
This is useful when you want to log some queries to a file, but not
others.
The prompt command reconfigures the default mysql> prompt. The string
for defining the prompt can contain the following special sequences.
+-------+----------------------------+
|Option | Description |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\c | A counter that increments |
| | for each statement you |
| | issue |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\D | The full current date |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\d | The default database |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\h | The server host |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\l | The current delimiter (new |
| | in 5.1.12) |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\m | Minutes of the current |
| | time |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\n | A newline character |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\O | The current month in |
| | three-letter format (Jan, |
| | Feb, ...) |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\o | The current month in |
| | numeric format |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\P | am/pm |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\p | The current TCP/IP port or |
| | socket file |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\R | The current time, in |
| | 24-hour military time |
| | (0-23) |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\r | The current time, standard |
| | 12-hour time (1-12) |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\S | Semicolon |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\s | Seconds of the current |
| | time |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\t | A tab character |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\U | |
| | Your full |
| | user_name@host_name |
| | account name |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\u | Your user name |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\v | The server version |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\w | The current day of the |
| | week in three-letter |
| | format (Mon, Tue, ...) |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\Y | The current year, four |
| | digits |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\y | The current year, two |
| | digits |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\_ | A space |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\ | A space (a space follows |
| | the backslash) |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\' | Single quote |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\" | Double quote |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\\ | A literal "\" backslash |
| | character |
+-------+----------------------------+
|\x | |
| | x, for any "x" not |
| | listed above |
+-------+----------------------------+
You can set the prompt in several ways:
o Use an environment variable. You can set the MYSQL_PS1 environment
variable to a prompt string. For example:
shell> export MYSQL_PS1="(\u@\h) [\d]> "
o Use a command-line option. You can set the --prompt option on the
command line to mysql. For example:
shell> mysql --prompt="(\u@\h) [\d]> "
(user@host) [database]>
o Use an option file. You can set the prompt option in the [mysql]
group of any MariaDB option file, such as /etc/my.cnf or the
.my.cnf file in your home directory. For example:
[mysql]
prompt=(\\u@\\h) [\\d]>\\_
In this example, note that the backslashes are doubled. If you set
the prompt using the prompt option in an option file, it is
advisable to double the backslashes when using the special prompt
options. There is some overlap in the set of allowable prompt
options and the set of special escape sequences that are recognized
in option files. The overlap may cause you problems if you use
single backslashes. For example, \s is interpreted as a space
rather than as the current seconds value. The following example
shows how to define a prompt within an option file to include the
current time in HH:MM:SS> format:
[mysql]
prompt="\\r:\\m:\\s> "
o Set the prompt interactively. You can change your prompt
interactively by using the prompt (or \R) command. For example:
mysql> prompt (\u@\h) [\d]>\_
PROMPT set to '(\u@\h) [\d]>\_'
(user@host) [database]>
(user@host) [database]> prompt
Returning to default PROMPT of mysql>
mysql>
MYSQL SERVER-SIDE HELP
mysql> help search_string
If you provide an argument to the help command, mysql uses it as a
search string to access server-side help. The proper operation of this
command requires that the help tables in the mysql database be
initialized with help topic information.
If there is no match for the search string, the search fails:
mysql> help me
Nothing found
Please try to run 'help contents' for a list of all accessible topics
Use help contents to see a list of the help categories:
mysql> help contents
You asked for help about help category: "Contents"
For more information, type 'help <item>', where <item> is one of the
following categories:
Account Management
Administration
Data Definition
Data Manipulation
Data Types
Functions
Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY
Geographic Features
Language Structure
Plugins
Storage Engines
Stored Routines
Table Maintenance
Transactions
Triggers
If the search string matches multiple items, mysql shows a list of
matching topics:
mysql> help logs
Many help items for your request exist.
To make a more specific request, please type 'help <item>',
where <item> is one of the following topics:
SHOW
SHOW BINARY LOGS
SHOW ENGINE
SHOW LOGS
Use a topic as the search string to see the help entry for that topic:
mysql> help show binary logs
Name: 'SHOW BINARY LOGS'
Description:
Syntax:
SHOW BINARY LOGS
SHOW MASTER LOGS
Lists the binary log files on the server. This statement is used as
part of the procedure described in [purge-binary-logs], that shows how
to determine which logs can be purged.
mysql> SHOW BINARY LOGS;
+---------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+---------------+-----------+
| binlog.000015 | 724935 |
| binlog.000016 | 733481 |
+---------------+-----------+
EXECUTING SQL STATEMENTS FROM A TEXT FILE
The mysql client typically is used interactively, like this:
shell> mysql db_name
However, it is also possible to put your SQL statements in a file and
then tell mysql to read its input from that file. To do so, create a
text file text_file that contains the statements you wish to execute.
Then invoke mysql as shown here:
shell> mysql db_name < text_file
If you place a USE db_name statement as the first statement in the
file, it is unnecessary to specify the database name on the command
line:
shell> mysql < text_file
If you are already running mysql, you can execute an SQL script file
using the source command or \. command:
mysql> source file_name
mysql> \. file_name
Sometimes you may want your script to display progress information to
the user. For this you can insert statements like this:
SELECT '<info_to_display>' AS ' ';
The statement shown outputs <info_to_display>.
You can also invoke mysql with the --verbose option, which causes each
statement to be displayed before the result that it produces.
mysql ignores Unicode byte order mark (BOM) characters at the beginning
of input files. Presence of a BOM does not cause mysql to change its
default character set. To do that, invoke mysql with an option such as
--default-character-set=utf8.
MYSQL TIPS
This section describes some techniques that can help you use mysql more
effectively.
Displaying Query Results Vertically
Some query results are much more readable when displayed vertically,
instead of in the usual horizontal table format. Queries can be
displayed vertically by terminating the query with \G instead of a
semicolon. For example, longer text values that include newlines often
are much easier to read with vertical output:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mails WHERE LENGTH(txt) < 300 LIMIT 300,1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
msg_nro: 3068
date: 2000-03-01 23:29:50
time_zone: +0200
mail_from: Monty
reply: monty AT no.com
mail_to: "Thimble Smith" <tim AT no.com>
sbj: UTF-8
txt: >>>>> "Thimble" == Thimble Smith writes:
Thimble> Hi. I think this is a good idea. Is anyone familiar
Thimble> with UTF-8 or Unicode? Otherwise, I'll put this on my
Thimble> TODO list and see what happens.
Yes, please do that.
Regards,
Monty
file: inbox-jani-1
hash: 190402944
1 row in set (0.09 sec)
Using the --safe-updates Option
For beginners, a useful startup option is --safe-updates (or
--i-am-a-dummy, which has the same effect). It is helpful for cases
when you might have issued a DELETE FROM tbl_name statement but
forgotten the WHERE clause. Normally, such a statement deletes all rows
from the table. With --safe-updates, you can delete rows only by
specifying the key values that identify them. This helps prevent
accidents.
When you use the --safe-updates option, mysql issues the following
statement when it connects to the MariaDB server:
SET sql_safe_updates=1, sql_select_limit=1000, sql_max_join_size=1000000;
The SET statement has the following effects:
o You are not allowed to execute an UPDATE or DELETE statement unless
you specify a key constraint in the WHERE clause or provide a LIMIT
clause (or both). For example:
UPDATE tbl_name SET not_key_column=val WHERE key_column=val;
UPDATE tbl_name SET not_key_column=val LIMIT 1;
o The server limits all large SELECT results to 1,000 rows unless the
statement includes a LIMIT clause.
o The server aborts multiple-table SELECT statements that probably
need to examine more than 1,000,000 row combinations.
To specify limits different from 1,000 and 1,000,000, you can override
the defaults by using the --select-limit and --max-join-size options:
shell> mysql --safe-updates --select-limit=500 --max-join-size=10000
Disabling mysql Auto-Reconnect
If the mysql client loses its connection to the server while sending a
statement, it immediately and automatically tries to reconnect once to
the server and send the statement again. However, even if mysql
succeeds in reconnecting, your first connection has ended and all your
previous session objects and settings are lost: temporary tables, the
autocommit mode, and user-defined and session variables. Also, any
current transaction rolls back. This behavior may be dangerous for you,
as in the following example where the server was shut down and
restarted between the first and second statements without you knowing
it:
mysql> SET @a=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES(@a);
ERROR 2006: MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 1
Current database: test
Query OK, 1 row affected (1.30 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+------+
| a |
+------+
| NULL |
+------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)
The @a user variable has been lost with the connection, and after the
reconnection it is undefined. If it is important to have mysql
terminate with an error if the connection has been lost, you can start
the mysql client with the --skip-reconnect option.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2007-2008 MySQL AB, 2008-2010 Sun Microsystems, Inc.,
2010-2015 MariaDB Foundation
This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it only under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA or see
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
NOTES
1. Bug#25946
http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=25946
SEE ALSO
For more information, please refer to the MariaDB Knowledge Base,
available online at https://mariadb.com/kb/
AUTHOR
MariaDB Foundation (http://www.mariadb.org/).
MariaDB 10.3 9 May 2017 MYSQL(1)
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