MAGIC(5) BSD File Formats Manual MAGIC(5)
NAME
magic -- file command's magic pattern file
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the format of magic files as used by the
file(1) command, version 5.33. The file(1) command identifies the type
of a file using, among other tests, a test for whether the file contains
certain ``magic patterns''. The database of these ``magic patterns'' is
usually located in a binary file in /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc or a direc-
tory of source text magic pattern fragment files in
/usr/share/misc/magic. The database specifies what patterns are to be
tested for, what message or MIME type to print if a particular pattern is
found, and additional information to extract from the file.
The format of the source fragment files that are used to build this data-
base is as follows: Each line of a fragment file specifies a test to be
performed. A test compares the data starting at a particular offset in
the file with a byte value, a string or a numeric value. If the test
succeeds, a message is printed. The line consists of the following
fields:
offset A number specifying the offset (in bytes) into the file of the
data which is to be tested. This offset can be a negative num-
ber if it is:
o The first direct offset of the magic entry (at continuation
level 0), in which case it is interpreted an offset from end
end of the file going backwards. This works only when a
file descriptor to the file is a available and it is a regu-
lar file.
o A continuation offset relative to the end of the last up-
level field (&).
type The type of the data to be tested. The possible values are:
byte A one-byte value.
short A two-byte value in this machine's native byte
order.
long A four-byte value in this machine's native byte
order.
quad An eight-byte value in this machine's native byte
order.
float A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number
in this machine's native byte order.
double A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number
in this machine's native byte order.
string A string of bytes. The string type specification
can be optionally followed by /[WwcCtbT]*. The
``W'' flag compacts whitespace in the target, which
must contain at least one whitespace character. If
the magic has n consecutive blanks, the target needs
at least n consecutive blanks to match. The ``w''
flag treats every blank in the magic as an optional
blank. The ``c'' flag specifies case insensitive
matching: lower case characters in the magic match
both lower and upper case characters in the target,
whereas upper case characters in the magic only
match upper case characters in the target. The
``C'' flag specifies case insensitive matching:
upper case characters in the magic match both lower
and upper case characters in the target, whereas
lower case characters in the magic only match upper
case characters in the target. To do a complete
case insensitive match, specify both ``c'' and
``C''. The ``t'' flag forces the test to be done
for text files, while the ``b'' flag forces the test
to be done for binary files. The ``T'' flag causes
the string to be trimmed, i.e. leading and trailing
whitespace is deleted before the string is printed.
pstring A Pascal-style string where the first byte/short/int
is interpreted as the unsigned length. The length
defaults to byte and can be specified as a modifier.
The following modifiers are supported:
B A byte length (default).
H A 4 byte big endian length.
h A 2 byte big endian length.
L A 4 byte little endian length.
l A 2 byte little endian length.
J The length includes itself in its count.
The string is not NUL terminated. ``J'' is used
rather than the more valuable ``I'' because this
type of length is a feature of the JPEG format.
date A four-byte value interpreted as a UNIX date.
qdate A eight-byte value interpreted as a UNIX date.
ldate A four-byte value interpreted as a UNIX-style date,
but interpreted as local time rather than UTC.
qldate An eight-byte value interpreted as a UNIX-style
date, but interpreted as local time rather than UTC.
qwdate An eight-byte value interpreted as a Windows-style
date.
beid3 A 32-bit ID3 length in big-endian byte order.
beshort A two-byte value in big-endian byte order.
belong A four-byte value in big-endian byte order.
bequad An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order.
befloat A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number
in big-endian byte order.
bedouble A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number
in big-endian byte order.
bedate A four-byte value in big-endian byte order, inter-
preted as a Unix date.
beqdate An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order, inter-
preted as a Unix date.
beldate A four-byte value in big-endian byte order, inter-
preted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as
local time rather than UTC.
beqldate An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order, inter-
preted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as
local time rather than UTC.
beqwdate An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order, inter-
preted as a Windows-style date.
bestring16 A two-byte unicode (UCS16) string in big-endian byte
order.
leid3 A 32-bit ID3 length in little-endian byte order.
leshort A two-byte value in little-endian byte order.
lelong A four-byte value in little-endian byte order.
lequad An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order.
lefloat A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number
in little-endian byte order.
ledouble A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number
in little-endian byte order.
ledate A four-byte value in little-endian byte order,
interpreted as a UNIX date.
leqdate An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order,
interpreted as a UNIX date.
leldate A four-byte value in little-endian byte order,
interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as
local time rather than UTC.
leqldate An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order,
interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as
local time rather than UTC.
leqwdate An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order,
interpreted as a Windows-style date.
lestring16 A two-byte unicode (UCS16) string in little-endian
byte order.
melong A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte
order.
medate A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte
order, interpreted as a UNIX date.
meldate A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte
order, interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but inter-
preted as local time rather than UTC.
indirect Starting at the given offset, consult the magic
database again. The offset of the indirect magic is
by default absolute in the file, but one can specify
/r to indicate that the offset is relative from the
beginning of the entry.
name Define a ``named'' magic instance that can be called
from another use magic entry, like a subroutine
call. Named instance direct magic offsets are rela-
tive to the offset of the previous matched entry,
but indirect offsets are relative to the beginning
of the file as usual. Named magic entries always
match.
use Recursively call the named magic starting from the
current offset. If the name of the referenced
begins with a ^ then the endianness of the magic is
switched; if the magic mentioned leshort for exam-
ple, it is treated as beshort and vice versa. This
is useful to avoid duplicating the rules for differ-
ent endianness.
regex A regular expression match in extended POSIX regular
expression syntax (like egrep). Regular expressions
can take exponential time to process, and their per-
formance is hard to predict, so their use is dis-
couraged. When used in production environments,
their performance should be carefully checked. The
size of the string to search should also be limited
by specifying /<length>, to avoid performance issues
scanning long files. The type specification can
also be optionally followed by /[c][s][l]. The
``c'' flag makes the match case insensitive, while
the ``s'' flag update the offset to the start offset
of the match, rather than the end. The ``l'' modi-
fier, changes the limit of length to mean number of
lines instead of a byte count. Lines are delimited
by the platforms native line delimiter. When a line
count is specified, an implicit byte count also com-
puted assuming each line is 80 characters long. If
neither a byte or line count is specified, the
search is limited automatically to 8KiB. ^ and $
match the beginning and end of individual lines,
respectively, not beginning and end of file.
search A literal string search starting at the given off-
set. The same modifier flags can be used as for
string patterns. The search expression must contain
the range in the form /number, that is the number of
positions at which the match will be attempted,
starting from the start offset. This is suitable
for searching larger binary expressions with vari-
able offsets, using \ escapes for special charac-
ters. The order of modifier and number is not rele-
vant.
default This is intended to be used with the test x (which
is always true) and it has no type. It matches when
no other test at that continuation level has matched
before. Clearing that matched tests for a continua-
tion level, can be done using the clear test.
clear This test is always true and clears the match flag
for that continuation level. It is intended to be
used with the default test.
For compatibility with the Single UNIX Standard, the type speci-
fiers dC and d1 are equivalent to byte, the type specifiers uC
and u1 are equivalent to ubyte, the type specifiers dS and d2
are equivalent to short, the type specifiers uS and u2 are
equivalent to ushort, the type specifiers dI, dL, and d4 are
equivalent to long, the type specifiers uI, uL, and u4 are
equivalent to ulong, the type specifier d8 is equivalent to
quad, the type specifier u8 is equivalent to uquad, and the type
specifier s is equivalent to string. In addition, the type
specifier dQ is equivalent to quad and the type specifier uQ is
equivalent to uquad.
Each top-level magic pattern (see below for an explanation of
levels) is classified as text or binary according to the types
used. Types ``regex'' and ``search'' are classified as text
tests, unless non-printable characters are used in the pattern.
All other tests are classified as binary. A top-level pattern
is considered to be a test text when all its patterns are text
patterns; otherwise, it is considered to be a binary pattern.
When matching a file, binary patterns are tried first; if no
match is found, and the file looks like text, then its encoding
is determined and the text patterns are tried.
The numeric types may optionally be followed by & and a numeric
value, to specify that the value is to be AND'ed with the
numeric value before any comparisons are done. Prepending a u
to the type indicates that ordered comparisons should be
unsigned.
test The value to be compared with the value from the file. If the
type is numeric, this value is specified in C form; if it is a
string, it is specified as a C string with the usual escapes
permitted (e.g. \n for new-line).
Numeric values may be preceded by a character indicating the
operation to be performed. It may be =, to specify that the
value from the file must equal the specified value, <, to spec-
ify that the value from the file must be less than the specified
value, >, to specify that the value from the file must be
greater than the specified value, &, to specify that the value
from the file must have set all of the bits that are set in the
specified value, ^, to specify that the value from the file must
have clear any of the bits that are set in the specified value,
or ~, the value specified after is negated before tested. x, to
specify that any value will match. If the character is omitted,
it is assumed to be =. Operators &, ^, and ~ don't work with
floats and doubles. The operator ! specifies that the line
matches if the test does not succeed.
Numeric values are specified in C form; e.g. 13 is decimal, 013
is octal, and 0x13 is hexadecimal.
Numeric operations are not performed on date types, instead the
numeric value is interpreted as an offset.
For string values, the string from the file must match the spec-
ified string. The operators =, < and > (but not &) can be
applied to strings. The length used for matching is that of the
string argument in the magic file. This means that a line can
match any non-empty string (usually used to then print the
string), with >\0 (because all non-empty strings are greater
than the empty string).
Dates are treated as numerical values in the respective internal
representation.
The special test x always evaluates to true.
message The message to be printed if the comparison succeeds. If the
string contains a printf(3) format specification, the value from
the file (with any specified masking performed) is printed using
the message as the format string. If the string begins with
``\b'', the message printed is the remainder of the string with
no whitespace added before it: multiple matches are normally
separated by a single space.
An APPLE 4+4 character APPLE creator and type can be specified as:
!:apple CREATYPE
A MIME type is given on a separate line, which must be the next non-blank
or comment line after the magic line that identifies the file type, and
has the following format:
!:mime MIMETYPE
i.e. the literal string ``!:mime'' followed by the MIME type.
An optional strength can be supplied on a separate line which refers to
the current magic description using the following format:
!:strength OP VALUE
The operand OP can be: +, -, *, or / and VALUE is a constant between 0
and 255. This constant is applied using the specified operand to the
currently computed default magic strength.
Some file formats contain additional information which is to be printed
along with the file type or need additional tests to determine the true
file type. These additional tests are introduced by one or more > char-
acters preceding the offset. The number of > on the line indicates the
level of the test; a line with no > at the beginning is considered to be
at level 0. Tests are arranged in a tree-like hierarchy: if the test on
a line at level n succeeds, all following tests at level n+1 are per-
formed, and the messages printed if the tests succeed, until a line with
level n (or less) appears. For more complex files, one can use empty
messages to get just the "if/then" effect, in the following way:
0 string MZ
>0x18 leshort <0x40 MS-DOS executable
>0x18 leshort >0x3f extended PC executable (e.g., MS Windows)
Offsets do not need to be constant, but can also be read from the file
being examined. If the first character following the last > is a ( then
the string after the parenthesis is interpreted as an indirect offset.
That means that the number after the parenthesis is used as an offset in
the file. The value at that offset is read, and is used again as an off-
set in the file. Indirect offsets are of the form: (( x
[[.,][bislBISL]][+-][ y ]). The value of x is used as an offset in the
file. A byte, id3 length, short or long is read at that offset depending
on the [bislBISLm] type specifier. The value is treated as signed if
``'', is specified or unsigned if ``''. is specified. The capitalized
types interpret the number as a big endian value, whereas the small let-
ter versions interpret the number as a little endian value; the m type
interprets the number as a middle endian (PDP-11) value. To that number
the value of y is added and the result is used as an offset in the file.
The default type if one is not specified is long.
That way variable length structures can be examined:
# MS Windows executables are also valid MS-DOS executables
0 string MZ
>0x18 leshort <0x40 MZ executable (MS-DOS)
# skip the whole block below if it is not an extended executable
>0x18 leshort >0x3f
>>(0x3c.l) string PE\0\0 PE executable (MS-Windows)
>>(0x3c.l) string LX\0\0 LX executable (OS/2)
This strategy of examining has a drawback: you must make sure that you
eventually print something, or users may get empty output (such as when
there is neither PE\0\0 nor LE\0\0 in the above example).
If this indirect offset cannot be used directly, simple calculations are
possible: appending [+-*/%&|^]number inside parentheses allows one to
modify the value read from the file before it is used as an offset:
# MS Windows executables are also valid MS-DOS executables
0 string MZ
# sometimes, the value at 0x18 is less that 0x40 but there's still an
# extended executable, simply appended to the file
>0x18 leshort <0x40
>>(4.s*512) leshort 0x014c COFF executable (MS-DOS, DJGPP)
>>(4.s*512) leshort !0x014c MZ executable (MS-DOS)
Sometimes you do not know the exact offset as this depends on the length
or position (when indirection was used before) of preceding fields. You
can specify an offset relative to the end of the last up-level field
using `&' as a prefix to the offset:
0 string MZ
>0x18 leshort >0x3f
>>(0x3c.l) string PE\0\0 PE executable (MS-Windows)
# immediately following the PE signature is the CPU type
>>>&0 leshort 0x14c for Intel 80386
>>>&0 leshort 0x184 for DEC Alpha
Indirect and relative offsets can be combined:
0 string MZ
>0x18 leshort <0x40
>>(4.s*512) leshort !0x014c MZ executable (MS-DOS)
# if it's not COFF, go back 512 bytes and add the offset taken
# from byte 2/3, which is yet another way of finding the start
# of the extended executable
>>>&(2.s-514) string LE LE executable (MS Windows VxD driver)
Or the other way around:
0 string MZ
>0x18 leshort >0x3f
>>(0x3c.l) string LE\0\0 LE executable (MS-Windows)
# at offset 0x80 (-4, since relative offsets start at the end
# of the up-level match) inside the LE header, we find the absolute
# offset to the code area, where we look for a specific signature
>>>(&0x7c.l+0x26) string UPX \b, UPX compressed
Or even both!
0 string MZ
>0x18 leshort >0x3f
>>(0x3c.l) string LE\0\0 LE executable (MS-Windows)
# at offset 0x58 inside the LE header, we find the relative offset
# to a data area where we look for a specific signature
>>>&(&0x54.l-3) string UNACE \b, ACE self-extracting archive
If you have to deal with offset/length pairs in your file, even the sec-
ond value in a parenthesized expression can be taken from the file
itself, using another set of parentheses. Note that this additional
indirect offset is always relative to the start of the main indirect off-
set.
0 string MZ
>0x18 leshort >0x3f
>>(0x3c.l) string PE\0\0 PE executable (MS-Windows)
# search for the PE section called ".idata"...
>>>&0xf4 search/0x140 .idata
# ...and go to the end of it, calculated from start+length;
# these are located 14 and 10 bytes after the section name
>>>>(&0xe.l+(-4)) string PK\3\4 \b, ZIP self-extracting archive
If you have a list of known values at a particular continuation level,
and you want to provide a switch-like default case:
# clear that continuation level match
>18 clear
>18 lelong 1 one
>18 lelong 2 two
>18 default x
# print default match
>>18 lelong x unmatched 0x%x
SEE ALSO
file(1) - the command that reads this file.
BUGS
The formats long, belong, lelong, melong, short, beshort, and leshort do
not depend on the length of the C data types short and long on the plat-
form, even though the Single UNIX Specification implies that they do.
However, as OS X Mountain Lion has passed the Single UNIX Specification
validation suite, and supplies a version of file(1) in which they do not
depend on the sizes of the C data types and that is built for a 64-bit
environment in which long is 8 bytes rather than 4 bytes, presumably the
validation suite does not test whether, for example long refers to an
item with the same size as the C data type long. There should probably
be type names int8, uint8, int16, uint16, int32, uint32, int64, and
uint64, and specified-byte-order variants of them, to make it clearer
that those types have specified widths.
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