INOTIFY(7) Linux Programmer's Manual INOTIFY(7)
NAME
inotify - monitoring file system events
DESCRIPTION
The inotify API provides a mechanism for monitoring file system events.
Inotify can be used to monitor individual files, or to monitor directo-
ries. When a directory is monitored, inotify will return events for
the directory itself, and for files inside the directory.
The following system calls are used with this API: inotify_init(2) (or
inotify_init1(2)), inotify_add_watch(2), inotify_rm_watch(2), read(2),
and close(2).
inotify_init(2) creates an inotify instance and returns a file descrip-
tor referring to the inotify instance. The more recent ino-
tify_init1(2) is like inotify_init(2), but provides some extra func-
tionality.
inotify_add_watch(2) manipulates the "watch list" associated with an
inotify instance. Each item ("watch") in the watch list specifies the
pathname of a file or directory, along with some set of events that the
kernel should monitor for the file referred to by that pathname. ino-
tify_add_watch(2) either creates a new watch item, or modifies an
existing watch. Each watch has a unique "watch descriptor", an integer
returned by inotify_add_watch(2) when the watch is created.
inotify_rm_watch(2) removes an item from an inotify watch list.
When all file descriptors referring to an inotify instance have been
closed, the underlying object and its resources are freed for reuse by
the kernel; all associated watches are automatically freed.
To determine what events have occurred, an application read(2)s from
the inotify file descriptor. If no events have so far occurred, then,
assuming a blocking file descriptor, read(2) will block until at least
one event occurs (unless interrupted by a signal, in which case the
call fails with the error EINTR; see signal(7)).
Each successful read(2) returns a buffer containing one or more of the
following structures:
struct inotify_event {
int wd; /* Watch descriptor */
uint32_t mask; /* Mask of events */
uint32_t cookie; /* Unique cookie associating related
events (for rename(2)) */
uint32_t len; /* Size of name field */
char name[]; /* Optional null-terminated name */
};
wd identifies the watch for which this event occurs. It is one of the
watch descriptors returned by a previous call to inotify_add_watch(2).
mask contains bits that describe the event that occurred (see below).
cookie is a unique integer that connects related events. Currently
this is used only for rename events, and allows the resulting pair of
IN_MOVED_FROM and IN_MOVED_TO events to be connected by the applica-
tion. For all other event types, cookie is set to 0.
The name field is present only when an event is returned for a file
inside a watched directory; it identifies the file pathname relative to
the watched directory. This pathname is null-terminated, and may
include further null bytes ('\0') to align subsequent reads to a suit-
able address boundary.
The len field counts all of the bytes in name, including the null
bytes; the length of each inotify_event structure is thus sizeof(struct
inotify_event)+len.
The behavior when the buffer given to read(2) is too small to return
information about the next event depends on the kernel version: in ker-
nels before 2.6.21, read(2) returns 0; since kernel 2.6.21, read(2)
fails with the error EINVAL. Specifying a buffer of size
sizeof(struct inotify_event) + NAME_MAX + 1
will be sufficient to read at least one event.
inotify events
The inotify_add_watch(2) mask argument and the mask field of the ino-
tify_event structure returned when read(2)ing an inotify file descrip-
tor are both bit masks identifying inotify events. The following bits
can be specified in mask when calling inotify_add_watch(2) and may be
returned in the mask field returned by read(2):
IN_ACCESS File was accessed (read) (*).
IN_ATTRIB Metadata changed, e.g., permissions, timestamps,
extended attributes, link count (since Linux
2.6.25), UID, GID, etc. (*).
IN_CLOSE_WRITE File opened for writing was closed (*).
IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE File not opened for writing was closed (*).
IN_CREATE File/directory created in watched directory (*).
IN_DELETE File/directory deleted from watched directory
(*).
IN_DELETE_SELF Watched file/directory was itself deleted.
IN_MODIFY File was modified (*).
IN_MOVE_SELF Watched file/directory was itself moved.
IN_MOVED_FROM Generated for the directory containing the old
filename when a file is renamed (*).
IN_MOVED_TO Generated for the directory containing the new
filename when a file is renamed (*).
IN_OPEN File was opened (*).
When monitoring a directory, the events marked with an asterisk (*)
above can occur for files in the directory, in which case the name
field in the returned inotify_event structure identifies the name of
the file within the directory.
The IN_ALL_EVENTS macro is defined as a bit mask of all of the above
events. This macro can be used as the mask argument when calling ino-
tify_add_watch(2).
Two additional convenience macros are IN_MOVE, which equates to
IN_MOVED_FROM|IN_MOVED_TO, and IN_CLOSE, which equates to
IN_CLOSE_WRITE|IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE.
The following further bits can be specified in mask when calling ino-
tify_add_watch(2):
IN_DONT_FOLLOW (since Linux 2.6.15)
Don't dereference pathname if it is a symbolic
link.
IN_EXCL_UNLINK (since Linux 2.6.36)
By default, when watching events on the children
of a directory, events are generated for children
even after they have been unlinked from the
directory. This can result in large numbers of
uninteresting events for some applications (e.g.,
if watching /tmp, in which many applications cre-
ate temporary files whose names are immediately
unlinked). Specifying IN_EXCL_UNLINK changes the
default behavior, so that events are not gener-
ated for children after they have been unlinked
from the watched directory.
IN_MASK_ADD Add (OR) events to watch mask for this pathname
if it already exists (instead of replacing mask).
IN_ONESHOT Monitor pathname for one event, then remove from
watch list.
IN_ONLYDIR (since Linux 2.6.15)
Only watch pathname if it is a directory.
The following bits may be set in the mask field returned by read(2):
IN_IGNORED Watch was removed explicitly (ino-
tify_rm_watch(2)) or automatically (file was
deleted, or file system was unmounted).
IN_ISDIR Subject of this event is a directory.
IN_Q_OVERFLOW Event queue overflowed (wd is -1 for this event).
IN_UNMOUNT File system containing watched object was
unmounted.
/proc interfaces
The following interfaces can be used to limit the amount of kernel mem-
ory consumed by inotify:
/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_queued_events
The value in this file is used when an application calls ino-
tify_init(2) to set an upper limit on the number of events that
can be queued to the corresponding inotify instance. Events in
excess of this limit are dropped, but an IN_Q_OVERFLOW event is
always generated.
/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_instances
This specifies an upper limit on the number of inotify instances
that can be created per real user ID.
/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches
This specifies an upper limit on the number of watches that can
be created per real user ID.
VERSIONS
Inotify was merged into the 2.6.13 Linux kernel. The required library
interfaces were added to glibc in version 2.4. (IN_DONT_FOLLOW,
IN_MASK_ADD, and IN_ONLYDIR were added in version 2.5.)
CONFORMING TO
The inotify API is Linux-specific.
NOTES
Inotify file descriptors can be monitored using select(2), poll(2), and
epoll(7). When an event is available, the file descriptor indicates as
readable.
Since Linux 2.6.25, signal-driven I/O notification is available for
inotify file descriptors; see the discussion of F_SETFL (for setting
the O_ASYNC flag), F_SETOWN, and F_SETSIG in fcntl(2). The siginfo_t
structure (described in sigaction(2)) that is passed to the signal han-
dler has the following fields set: si_fd is set to the inotify file
descriptor number; si_signo is set to the signal number; si_code is set
to POLL_IN; and POLLIN is set in si_band.
If successive output inotify events produced on the inotify file
descriptor are identical (same wd, mask, cookie, and name) then they
are coalesced into a single event if the older event has not yet been
read (but see BUGS).
The events returned by reading from an inotify file descriptor form an
ordered queue. Thus, for example, it is guaranteed that when renaming
from one directory to another, events will be produced in the correct
order on the inotify file descriptor.
The FIONREAD ioctl(2) returns the number of bytes available to read
from an inotify file descriptor.
Limitations and caveats
Inotify monitoring of directories is not recursive: to monitor subdi-
rectories under a directory, additional watches must be created. This
can take a significant amount time for large directory trees.
The inotify API provides no information about the user or process that
triggered the inotify event. In particular, there is no easy way for a
process that is monitoring events via inotify to distinguish events
that it triggers itself from those that are triggered by other pro-
cesses.
Note that the event queue can overflow. In this case, events are lost.
Robust applications should handle the possibility of lost events grace-
fully.
The inotify API identifies affected files by filename. However, by the
time an application processes an inotify event, the filename may
already have been deleted or renamed.
If monitoring an entire directory subtree, and a new subdirectory is
created in that tree, be aware that by the time you create a watch for
the new subdirectory, new files may already have been created in the
subdirectory. Therefore, you may want to scan the contents of the sub-
directory immediately after adding the watch.
BUGS
In kernels before 2.6.16, the IN_ONESHOT mask flag does not work.
Before kernel 2.6.25, the kernel code that was intended to coalesce
successive identical events (i.e., the two most recent events could
potentially be coalesced if the older had not yet been read) instead
checked if the most recent event could be coalesced with the oldest
unread event.
SEE ALSO
inotify_add_watch(2), inotify_init(2), inotify_init1(2), ino-
tify_rm_watch(2), read(2), stat(2)
Documentation/filesystems/inotify.txt in the Linux kernel source tree
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.53 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can
be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2013-07-21 INOTIFY(7)
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