EXPR(1P) POSIX Programmer's Manual EXPR(1P)
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This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux
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NAME
expr -- evaluate arguments as an expression
SYNOPSIS
expr operand...
DESCRIPTION
The expr utility shall evaluate an expression and write the result to
standard output.
OPTIONS
None.
OPERANDS
The single expression evaluated by expr shall be formed from the oper-
and operands, as described in the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section. The
application shall ensure that each of the expression operator symbols:
( ) | & = > >= < <= != + - * / % :
and the symbols integer and string in the table are provided as sepa-
rate arguments to expr.
STDIN
Not used.
INPUT FILES
None.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of expr:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization vari-
ables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions vol-
ume of POSIX.1-2008, Section 8.2, Internationalization Vari-
ables for the precedence of internationalization variables
used to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of
all the other internationalization variables.
LC_COLLATE
Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence
classes, and multi-character collating elements within regu-
lar expressions and by the string comparison operators.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of
bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments) and the behav-
ior of character classes within regular expressions.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format
and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard
error.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing
of LC_MESSAGES.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
The expr utility shall evaluate the expression and write the result,
followed by a <newline>, to standard output.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
The formation of the expression to be evaluated is shown in the follow-
ing table. The symbols expr, expr1, and expr2 represent expressions
formed from integer and string symbols and the expression operator sym-
bols (all separate arguments) by recursive application of the con-
structs described in the table. The expressions are listed in order of
increasing precedence, with equal-precedence operators grouped between
horizontal lines. All of the operators shall be left-associative.
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
| Expression | Description |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
|expr1 | expr2 | Returns the evaluation of expr1 if it is |
| | neither null nor zero; otherwise, |
| | returns the evaluation of expr2 if it is |
| | not null; otherwise, zero. |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
|expr1 & expr2 | Returns the evaluation of expr1 if nei- |
| | ther expression evaluates to null or |
| | zero; otherwise, returns zero. |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Returns the result of a decimal integer |
| | comparison if both arguments are inte- |
| | gers; otherwise, returns the result of a |
| | string comparison using the locale-spe- |
| | cific collation sequence. The result of |
| | each comparison is 1 if the specified |
| | relationship is true, or 0 if the rela- |
| | tionship is false. |
|expr1 = expr2 | Equal. |
|expr1 > expr2 | Greater than. |
|expr1 >= expr2 | Greater than or equal. |
|expr1 < expr2 | Less than. |
|expr1 <= expr2 | Less than or equal. |
|expr1 != expr2 | Not equal. |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
|expr1 + expr2 | Addition of decimal integer-valued argu- |
| | ments. |
|expr1 - expr2 | Subtraction of decimal integer-valued |
| | arguments. |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
|expr1 * expr2 | Multiplication of decimal integer-valued |
| | arguments. |
|expr1 / expr2 | Integer division of decimal integer-val- |
| | ued arguments, producing an integer |
| | result. |
|expr1 % expr2 | Remainder of integer division of decimal |
| | integer-valued arguments. |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
|expr1 : expr2 | Matching expression; see below. |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
|( expr ) | Grouping symbols. Any expression can be |
| | placed within parentheses. Parentheses |
| | can be nested to a depth of |
| | {EXPR_NEST_MAX}. |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
|integer | An argument consisting only of an |
| | (optional) unary minus followed by dig- |
| | its. |
|string | A string argument; see below. |
+---------------+------------------------------------------+
Matching Expression
The ':' matching operator shall compare the string resulting from the
evaluation of expr1 with the regular expression pattern resulting from
the evaluation of expr2. Regular expression syntax shall be that
defined in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Section 9.3,
Basic Regular Expressions, except that all patterns are anchored to the
beginning of the string (that is, only sequences starting at the first
character of a string are matched by the regular expression) and,
therefore, it is unspecified whether '^' is a special character in that
context. Usually, the matching operator shall return a string repre-
senting the number of characters matched ('0' on failure). Alterna-
tively, if the pattern contains at least one regular expression subex-
pression "[\(...\)]", the string matched by the back-reference expres-
sion "\1" shall be returned. If the back-reference expression "\1" does
not match, then the null string shall be returned.
String Operand
A string argument is an argument that cannot be identified as an inte-
ger argument or as one of the expression operator symbols shown in the
OPERANDS section.
The use of string arguments length, substr, index, or match produces
unspecified results.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 The expression evaluates to neither null nor zero.
1 The expression evaluates to null or zero.
2 Invalid expression.
>2 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
After argument processing by the shell, expr is not required to be able
to tell the difference between an operator and an operand except by the
value. If "$a" is '=', the command:
expr $a = '='
looks like:
expr = = =
as the arguments are passed to expr (and they all may be taken as the
'=' operator). The following works reliably:
expr X$a = X=
Also note that this volume of POSIX.1-2008 permits implementations to
extend utilities. The expr utility permits the integer arguments to be
preceded with a unary minus. This means that an integer argument could
look like an option. Therefore, the conforming application must employ
the "--" construct of Guideline 10 of the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.1-2008, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines to protect its
operands if there is any chance the first operand might be a negative
integer (or any string with a leading minus).
EXAMPLES
The expr utility has a rather difficult syntax:
* Many of the operators are also shell control operators or reserved
words, so they have to be escaped on the command line.
* Each part of the expression is composed of separate arguments, so
liberal usage of <blank> characters is required. For example:
+-----------------+-----------------------+
| Invalid | Valid |
+-----------------+-----------------------+
|expr 1+2 | expr 1 + 2 |
|expr "1 + 2" | expr 1 + 2 |
|expr 1 + (2 * 3) | expr 1 + \( 2 \* 3 \) |
+-----------------+-----------------------+
In many cases, the arithmetic and string features provided as part of
the shell command language are easier to use than their equivalents in
expr. Newly written scripts should avoid expr in favor of the new fea-
tures within the shell; see Section 2.5, Parameters and Variables and
Section 2.6.4, Arithmetic Expansion.
The following command:
a=$(expr $a + 1)
adds 1 to the variable a.
The following command, for "$a" equal to either /usr/abc/file or just
file:
expr $a : '.*/\(.*\)' \| $a
returns the last segment of a pathname (that is, file). Applications
should avoid the character '/' used alone as an argument; expr may
interpret it as the division operator.
The following command:
expr "//$a" : '.*/\(.*\)'
is a better representation of the previous example. The addition of the
"//" characters eliminates any ambiguity about the division operator
and simplifies the whole expression. Also note that pathnames may con-
tain characters contained in the IFS variable and should be quoted to
avoid having "$a" expand into multiple arguments.
The following command:
expr "$VAR" : '.*'
returns the number of characters in VAR.
RATIONALE
In an early proposal, EREs were used in the matching expression syntax.
This was changed to BREs to avoid breaking historical applications.
The use of a leading <circumflex> in the BRE is unspecified because
many historical implementations have treated it as a special character,
despite their system documentation. For example:
expr foo : ^foo expr ^foo : ^foo
return 3 and 0, respectively, on those systems; their documentation
would imply the reverse. Thus, the anchoring condition is left unspeci-
fied to avoid breaking historical scripts relying on this undocumented
feature.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
Section 2.5, Parameters and Variables, Section 2.6.4, Arithmetic Expan-
sion
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Chapter 8, Environment
Variables, Section 9.3, Basic Regular Expressions, Section 12.2, Util-
ity Syntax Guidelines
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electri-
cal and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. (This is
POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are
most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source
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IEEE/The Open Group 2013 EXPR(1P)
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