DNSSEC-KEYGEN(8) BIND9 DNSSEC-KEYGEN(8)
NAME
dnssec-keygen - DNSSEC key generation tool
SYNOPSIS
dnssec-keygen [-a algorithm] [-b keysize] [-n nametype] [-3]
[-A date/offset] [-C] [-c class] [-D date/offset]
[-D sync date/offset] [-E engine] [-f flag] [-G]
[-g generator] [-h] [-I date/offset] [-i interval]
[-K directory] [-k] [-L ttl] [-P date/offset]
[-P sync date/offset] [-p protocol] [-q] [-R date/offset]
[-r randomdev] [-S key] [-s strength] [-t type] [-V]
[-v level] [-z] {name}
DESCRIPTION
dnssec-keygen generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC
2535 and RFC 4034. It can also generate keys for use with TSIG
(Transaction Signatures) as defined in RFC 2845, or TKEY (Transaction
Key) as defined in RFC 2930.
The name of the key is specified on the command line. For DNSSEC keys,
this must match the name of the zone for which the key is being
generated.
OPTIONS
-a algorithm
Selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value of
algorithm must be one of RSAMD5, RSASHA1, DSA, NSEC3RSASHA1,
NSEC3DSA, RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECCGOST, ECDSAP256SHA256,
ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519 or ED448. For TSIG/TKEY, the value must be
DH (Diffie Hellman), HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224, HMAC-SHA256,
HMAC-SHA384, or HMAC-SHA512. These values are case insensitive.
If no algorithm is specified, then RSASHA1 will be used by default,
unless the -3 option is specified, in which case NSEC3RSASHA1 will
be used instead. (If -3 is used and an algorithm is specified, that
algorithm will be checked for compatibility with NSEC3.)
Note 1: that for DNSSEC, RSASHA1 is a mandatory to implement
algorithm, and DSA is recommended. For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is mandatory.
Note 2: DH, HMAC-MD5, and HMAC-SHA1 through HMAC-SHA512
automatically set the -T KEY option.
-b keysize
Specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key size
depends on the algorithm used. RSA keys must be between 512 and
2048 bits. Diffie Hellman keys must be between 128 and 4096 bits.
DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024 bits and an exact multiple of
64. HMAC keys must be between 1 and 512 bits. Elliptic curve
algorithms don't need this parameter.
The key size does not need to be specified if using a default
algorithm. The default key size is 1024 bits for zone signing keys
(ZSKs) and 2048 bits for key signing keys (KSKs, generated with -f
KSK). However, if an algorithm is explicitly specified with the -a,
then there is no default key size, and the -b must be used.
-n nametype
Specifies the owner type of the key. The value of nametype must
either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY
(for a key associated with a host (KEY)), USER (for a key
associated with a user(KEY)) or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values are
case insensitive. Defaults to ZONE for DNSKEY generation.
-3
Use an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key. If this
option is used and no algorithm is explicitly set on the command
line, NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used by default. Note that RSASHA256,
RSASHA512, ECCGOST, ECDSAP256SHA256, ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519 and
ED448 algorithms are NSEC3-capable.
-C
Compatibility mode: generates an old-style key, without any
metadata. By default, dnssec-keygen will include the key's creation
date in the metadata stored with the private key, and other dates
may be set there as well (publication date, activation date, etc).
Keys that include this data may be incompatible with older versions
of BIND; the -C option suppresses them.
-c class
Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the
specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
-E engine
Specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults to
the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine that can
drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module. When
BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
(--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
-f flag
Set the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
The only recognized flags are KSK (Key Signing Key) and REVOKE.
-G
Generate a key, but do not publish it or sign with it. This option
is incompatible with -P and -A.
-g generator
If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator. Allowed
values are 2 and 5. If no generator is specified, a known prime
from RFC 2539 will be used if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
-h
Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
dnssec-keygen.
-K directory
Sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
-k
Deprecated in favor of -T KEY.
-L ttl
Sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into
a DNSKEY RR. If the key is imported into a zone, this is the TTL
that will be used for it, unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset
in place, in which case the existing TTL would take precedence. If
this value is not set and there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the
TTL will default to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to 0 or
none is the same as leaving it unset.
-p protocol
Sets the protocol value for the generated key. The protocol is a
number between 0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible
values for this argument are listed in RFC 2535 and its successors.
-q
Quiet mode: Suppresses unnecessary output, including progress
indication. Without this option, when dnssec-keygen is run
interactively to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it will print a
string of symbols to stderr indicating the progress of the key
generation. A '.' indicates that a random number has been found
which passed an initial sieve test; '+' means a number has passed a
single round of the Miller-Rabin primality test; a space means that
the number has passed all the tests and is a satisfactory key.
-r randomdev
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating system does
not provide a /dev/random or equivalent device, the default source
of randomness is keyboard input. randomdev specifies the name of a
character device or file containing random data to be used instead
of the default. The special value keyboard indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
-S key
Create a new key which is an explicit successor to an existing key.
The name, algorithm, size, and type of the key will be set to match
the existing key. The activation date of the new key will be set to
the inactivation date of the existing one. The publication date
will be set to the activation date minus the prepublication
interval, which defaults to 30 days.
-s strength
Specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is a number
between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined purpose in DNSSEC.
-T rrtype
Specifies the resource record type to use for the key. rrtype must
be either DNSKEY or KEY. The default is DNSKEY when using a DNSSEC
algorithm, but it can be overridden to KEY for use with SIG(0).
Using any TSIG algorithm (HMAC-* or DH) forces this option to KEY.
-t type
Indicates the use of the key. type must be one of AUTHCONF,
NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers
to the ability to authenticate data, and CONF the ability to
encrypt data.
-v level
Sets the debugging level.
-V
Prints version information.
TIMING OPTIONS
Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS. If the
argument begins with a '+' or '-', it is interpreted as an offset from
the present time. For convenience, if such an offset is followed by one
of the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi', then the offset is
computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days, ignoring leap years),
months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks, days, hours, or minutes,
respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds. To
explicitly prevent a date from being set, use 'none' or 'never'.
-P date/offset
Sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After
that date, the key will be included in the zone but will not be
used to sign it. If not set, and if the -G option has not been
used, the default is "now".
-P sync date/offset
Sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key
are to be published to the zone.
-A date/offset
Sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date,
the key will be included in the zone and used to sign it. If not
set, and if the -G option has not been used, the default is "now".
If set, if and -P is not set, then the publication date will be set
to the activation date minus the prepublication interval.
-R date/offset
Sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date,
the key will be flagged as revoked. It will be included in the zone
and will be used to sign it.
-I date/offset
Sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date,
the key will still be included in the zone, but it will not be used
to sign it.
-D date/offset
Sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date,
the key will no longer be included in the zone. (It may remain in
the key repository, however.)
-D sync date/offset
Sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
key are to be deleted.
-i interval
Sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the
publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this
much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication
date isn't, then the publication date will default to this much
time before the activation date; conversely, if the publication
date is specified but activation date isn't, then activation will
be set to this much time after publication.
If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another
key, then the default prepublication interval is 30 days; otherwise
it is zero.
As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of the
suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi', then the interval is
measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours, or minutes,
respectively. Without a suffix, the interval is measured in
seconds.
GENERATED KEYS
When dnssec-keygen completes successfully, it prints a string of the
form Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii to the standard output. This is an identification
string for the key it has generated.
o nnnn is the key name.
o aaa is the numeric representation of the algorithm.
o iiiii is the key identifier (or footprint).
dnssec-keygen creates two files, with names based on the printed
string. Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key contains the public key, and
Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private contains the private key.
The .key file contains a DNS KEY record that can be inserted into a
zone file (directly or with a $INCLUDE statement).
The .private file contains algorithm-specific fields. For obvious
security reasons, this file does not have general read permission.
Both .key and .private files are generated for symmetric cryptography
algorithms such as HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are
equivalent.
EXAMPLE
To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain example.com, the following
command would be issued:
dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com
The command would print a string of the form:
Kexample.com.+003+26160
In this example, dnssec-keygen creates the files
Kexample.com.+003+26160.key and Kexample.com.+003+26160.private.
SEE ALSO
dnssec-signzone(8), BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 2539,
RFC 2845, RFC 4034.
AUTHOR
Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2000-2005, 2007-2012, 2014-2018 Internet Systems
Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
ISC August 21, 2015 DNSSEC-KEYGEN(8)
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