File: parted.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
GNU Parted User Manual
**********************
This file documents the use of GNU Parted, a program for creating and
manipulating partition tables.
This document applies roughly to version *3.2* of GNU Parted.
The original version was written by Andrew Clausen in text format.
Richard M. Kreuter translated it into Texinfo format in 2002, to be
heavily edited by Leslie P. Polzer in 2006.
* Menu:
* Introduction:: Overview
* Using Parted:: Partitioning a Hard Drive
* Related information:: Further reading on related topics
* Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual
* History:: This manual's history
* Concept index:: Concept index
File: parted.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Using Parted, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Introduction
**************
* Menu:
* Overview:: GNU Parted and prerequisite knowledge
* Software Required:: GNU Parted's software dependencies
* Supported Platforms:: Where you can use GNU Parted
* License:: What you may and may not do with GNU Parted
* Compiling:: How to build GNU Parted
File: parted.info, Node: Overview, Next: Software Required, Up: Introduction
1.1 Overview of GNU Parted
==========================
GNU Parted is a program for creating and manipulating partition tables.
This documentation is written with the assumption that the reader has
some understanding of partitioning and file systems.
GNU Parted was designed to minimize the chance of data loss. For
example, it was designed to avoid data loss during interruptions (like
power failure) and performs many safety checks. However, there could be
bugs in GNU Parted, so you should back up your important files before
running Parted.
The GNU Parted homepage is <http://www.gnu.org/software/parted>;. The
library and frontend themselves can be downloaded from
<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parted>;. You can also find a listing of mailing
lists, notes for contributing and more useful information on the web
site.
Please send bug reports to <bug-parted AT gnu.org>. When sending bug
reports, please include the version of GNU Parted. Please include the
output from these commands (for disk '/dev/hda'):
# parted /dev/hda print unit s print unit chs print
Feel free to ask for help on this list -- just check that your
question isn't answered here first. If you don't understand the
documentation, please tell us, so we can explain it better. General
philosophy is: if you need to ask for help, then something needs to be
fixed so you (and others) don't need to ask for help.
Also, we'd love to hear your ideas :-)
File: parted.info, Node: Software Required, Next: Supported Platforms, Prev: Overview, Up: Introduction
1.2 Software Required for the use of Parted
===========================================
If you're installing or compiling Parted yourself, you'll need to have
some other programs installed. If you are compiling Parted, you will
need both the normal and devel packages of these programs installed:
* libuuid, part of the e2fsprogs package. If you don't have this,
you can get it from:
<http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/e2fsprogs.html>;
If you want to compile Parted and e2fsprogs, note that you will
need to 'make install' and 'make install-libs' e2fsprogs.
* GNU Readline (optional), available from
<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline>;
If you are compiling Parted, and you don't have readline, you can
disable Parted's readline support with the '--disable-readline'
option for 'configure'.
* GNU gettext (or compatible software) for compilation, if
internationalisation support is desired.
<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext>;
* libreiserfs, if you want reiserfs support:
<http://reiserfs.osdn.org.ua>;
Note that parted will automatically detect libreiserfs at runtime,
and enable reiserfs support. libreiserfs is new, and hasn't been
widely tested yet.
File: parted.info, Node: Supported Platforms, Next: License, Prev: Software Required, Up: Introduction
1.3 Platforms on which GNU Parted runs
======================================
Hopefully, this list will grow a lot. If you do not have one of these
platforms, then you can use a rescue disk and a static binary of GNU
Parted.
GNU/Linux
Linux versions 2.0 and up, on Alpha, x86 PCs, PC98, Macintosh
PowerPC, Sun hardware.
GNU/Hurd
File: parted.info, Node: License, Next: Compiling, Prev: Supported Platforms, Up: Introduction
1.4 Terms of distribution for GNU Parted
========================================
GNU Parted is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License
Version 2. This should have been included with the Parted distribution,
in the COPYING file. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
Libparted is considered part of GNU Parted. It is covered by the GNU
General Public License. It is NOT released under the GNU Lesser General
Public License (LGPL).
File: parted.info, Node: Compiling, Prev: License, Up: Introduction
1.5 Building GNU Parted
=======================
If you want to compile GNU Parted, this is generally done with:
$ ./configure
$ make
However, there are a few options for 'configure':
'--without-readline'
turns off use of readline. This is useful for making rescue disks,
etc., where few libraries are available.
'--disable-debug'
don't include assertions
'--disable-dynamic-loading'
disables dynamic loading of some libraries (only libreiserfs for
now, although we hope to expand this). Dynamic loading is useful
because it allows you to reuse libparted shared libraries even when
you don't know if some libraries will be available. It has a small
overhead (mainly linking with libdl), so it may be useful to
disable it on bootdisks if you don't need the flexibility.
'--disable-nls'
turns off native language support. This is useful for use with old
versions of glibc, or a trimmed down version of glibc suitable for
rescue disks.
'--disable-shared'
turns off shared libraries. This may be necessary for use with old
versions of GNU libc, if you get a compile error about a "spilled
register". Also useful for boot/rescue disks.
'--enable-discover-only'
support only reading/probing (reduces size considerably)
'--enable-mtrace'
enable malloc() debugging
'--enable-read-only'
disable writing (for debugging)
1.5.1 Introduction
------------------
If you want to run GNU Parted on a machine without GNU/Linux installed,
or you want to modify a root or boot partition, use GParted Live:
<http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php>;.
File: parted.info, Node: Using Parted, Next: Related information, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
2 Using Parted
**************
* Menu:
* Partitioning:: Disk partitioning in context
* Running Parted:: Partitioning with Parted
* Invoking Parted:: Parted's invocation options and commands
* Command explanations:: Full explanation of parted's commands
File: parted.info, Node: Partitioning, Next: Running Parted, Up: Using Parted
2.1 Introduction to Partitioning
================================
Partitioning is the process of dividing a storage device into local
sections, called partitions, which help organize multiple filesystems
and their associated operating systems.
A storage device presents itself as a sequence of bytes, numbered
starting from zero and increasing until the maximum capacity of the
device is reached. Bytes are normally read and written a sector at a
time, rather than individually. Each sector contains a fixed number of
bytes, with the number determined by the device.
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| storage device with no partitions |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
0 start end
In order to store multiple filesystems, a storage device can be
divided up in to multiple partitions. Each partition can be thought of
as an area which contains a real filesystem inside of it. To show where
these partitions are on the device a small table is written at the
start, shown as PT in the diagram below. This table is called a
partition table, or disklabel, and also stores the type of each
partition and some flags.
+--+---------------+----------------+------------------------+
|PT| Partition 1 | Partition 2 | Partition 3 |
+--+---------------+----------------+------------------------+
0 start end
File: parted.info, Node: Running Parted, Next: Invoking Parted, Prev: Partitioning, Up: Using Parted
2.2 Using GNU Parted
====================
Parted has two modes: command line and interactive. Parted should
always be started with:
# parted DEVICE
where DEVICE is the hard disk device to edit. (If you're lazy and omit
the DEVICE argument, Parted will attempt to guess which device you
want.)
In command line mode, this is followed by one or more commands. For
example:
# parted /dev/sda mklabel gpt mkpart P1 ext3 1MiB 8MiB
Options (like '--help') can only be specified on the command line.
In interactive mode, commands are entered one at a time at a prompt,
and modify the disk immediately. For example:
(parted) mklabel gpt
(parted) mkpart P1 ext3 1MiB 8MiB
Unambiguous abbreviations are allowed. For example, you can type "p"
instead of "print", and "u" instead of "units". Commands can be typed
either in English, or your native language (if your language has been
translated). This may create ambiguities. Commands are
case-insensitive.
Numbers indicating partition locations can be whole numbers or
decimals. The suffix selects the unit, which may be one of those
described in *note unit::, except CHS and compact. If no suffix is
given, then the default unit is assumed. Negative numbers count back
from the end of the disk, with "-1s" indicating the sector at the end of
the disk. Parted will compute sensible ranges for the locations you
specify (e.g. a range of +/- 500 MB when you specify the location in
"G"). Use the sector unit "s" to specify exact locations. With
parted-2.4 and newer, IEC binary units like "MiB", "GiB", "TiB", etc.,
specify exact locations as well. *Note IEC binary units::.
If you don't give a parameter to a command, Parted will prompt you for
it. For example:
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type? gpt
Parted will always warn you before doing something that is potentially
dangerous, unless the command is one of those that is inherently
dangerous (viz., rm, mklabel and mkpart). Since many partitioning
systems have complicated constraints, Parted will usually do something
slightly different to what you asked. (For example, create a partition
starting at 10.352Mb, not 10.4Mb) If the calculated values differ too
much, Parted will ask you for confirmation.
File: parted.info, Node: Invoking Parted, Next: Command explanations, Prev: Running Parted, Up: Using Parted
2.3 Command Line Options
========================
When invoked from the command line, Parted supports the following
syntax:
# parted [OPTION] DEVICE [COMMAND [ARGUMENT]]
Available options and commands follow. For detailed explanations of
the use of Parted commands, see *note Command explanations::. Options
begin with a hyphen, commands do not:
Options:
'-h'
'--help'
display a help message
'-s'
'--script'
never prompt the user
'-a alignment-type'
'--align alignment-type'
Set alignment for newly created partitions, valid alignment types
are: none, cylinder, minimal and optimal.
'-v'
'--version'
display the version
File: parted.info, Node: Command explanations, Prev: Invoking Parted, Up: Using Parted
2.4 Parted Session Commands
===========================
GNU Parted provides the following commands:
* Menu:
* align-check::
* disk_set::
* help::
* mklabel::
* mkpart::
* name::
* print::
* quit::
* rescue::
* resizepart::
* rm::
* select::
* set::
* unit::
Note that after version 2.4, the following commands were removed:
check, cp, mkfs, mkpartfs, move, resize.
File: parted.info, Node: align-check, Next: disk_set, Up: Command explanations
2.4.1 align-check
-----------------
-- Command: align-check ALIGN-TYPE N
Determine whether the starting sector of partition N meets the
disk's selected alignment criteria. ALIGN-TYPE must be 'minimal',
'optimal' or an abbreviation. When in script mode, if the
partition does not meet the alignment requirement, exit with status
1; otherwise (including on older kernels for which alignment data
is not available), continue processing any remaining commands.
Without '--script', print either 'N aligned' or 'N not aligned'.
Example:
(parted) align-check minimal 1
1 aligned
File: parted.info, Node: disk_set, Next: help, Prev: align-check, Up: Command explanations
2.4.2 disk_set
--------------
-- Command: disk_set FLAG STATE
Changes a flag on the disk. A flag can be either "on" or "off".
Some or all of these flags will be available, depending on what
disk label you are using:
'pmbr_boot'
(GPT) - this flag enables the boot flag on the GPT's
protective MBR partition.
The disk's flags are displayed by the print command on the "Disk
Flags:" line. They are also output as the last field of the disk
information in machine mode.
(parted) disk_set pmbr_boot on
Set the PMBR's boot flag.
File: parted.info, Node: help, Next: mklabel, Prev: disk_set, Up: Command explanations
2.4.3 help
----------
-- Command: help [COMMAND]
Prints general help, or help on COMMAND.
Example:
(parted) help mklabel
Print help for the mklabel command.
File: parted.info, Node: mklabel, Next: mkpart, Prev: help, Up: Command explanations
2.4.4 mklabel
-------------
-- Command: mklabel LABEL-TYPE
Creates a new disk label, of type LABEL-TYPE. The new disk label
will have no partitions. This command (normally) won't technically
destroy your data, but it will make it basically unusable, and you
will need to use the rescue command (*note Related information::)
to recover any partitions. Parted works on all partition tables.
(1)
LABEL-TYPE must be one of these supported disk labels:
* bsd
* loop (raw disk access)
* gpt
* mac
* msdos
* pc98
* sun
Example:
(parted) mklabel msdos
Create an MS-DOS disk label. This is still the most common disk
label for PCs.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) Everyone seems to have a different word for "disk label" -- these
are all the same thing: partition table, partition map.
File: parted.info, Node: mkpart, Next: name, Prev: mklabel, Up: Command explanations
2.4.5 mkpart
------------
-- Command: mkpart [PART-TYPE NAME FS-TYPE] START END
Creates a new partition, _without_ creating a new file system on
that partition. This is useful for creating partitions for file
systems (or LVM, etc.) that Parted doesn't support. You may
specify a file system type, to set the appropriate partition code
in the partition table for the new partition. FS-TYPE is required
for data partitions (i.e., non-extended partitions). START and END
are the offset from the beginning of the disk, that is, the
"distance" from the start of the disk.
PART-TYPE is one of 'primary', 'extended' or 'logical', and may be
specified only with 'msdos' or 'dvh' partition tables. A NAME must
be specified for a 'gpt' partition table. Neither PART-TYPE nor
NAME may be used with a 'sun' partition table.
FS-TYPE must be one of these supported file systems:
* ext2
* fat16, fat32
* hfs, hfs+, hfsx
* linux-swap
* NTFS
* reiserfs
* ufs
* btrfs
For example, the following creates a logical partition that will
contain an ext2 file system. The partition will start at the
beginning of the disk, and end 692.1 megabytes into the disk.
(parted) mkpart logical 0.0 692.1
Now, we will show how to partition a low-end flash device
("low-end", as of 2011/2012). For such devices, you should use
4MiB-aligned partitions(1). This command creates a tiny
place-holder partition at the beginning, and then uses all
remaining space to create the partition you'll actually use:
$ parted -s /dev/sdX -- mklabel msdos \
mkpart primary fat32 64s 4MiB \
mkpart primary fat32 4MiB -1s
Note the use of '--', to prevent the following '-1s' last-sector
indicator from being interpreted as an invalid command-line option.
The above creates two empty partitions. The first is unaligned and
tiny, with length less than 4MiB. The second partition starts
precisely at the 4MiB mark and extends to the end of the device.
The next step is typically to create a file system in the second
partition:
$ mkfs.vfat /dev/sdX2
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) Cheap flash drives will be with us for a long time to come, and,
for them, 1MiB alignment is not enough. Use at least 4MiB-aligned
partitions. For details, see Arnd Bergman's article,
<http://http://lwn.net/Articles/428584/> and its many comments.
File: parted.info, Node: name, Next: print, Prev: mkpart, Up: Command explanations
2.4.6 name
----------
-- Command: name NUMBER NAME
Sets the name for the partition NUMBER (GPT, Mac, MIPS and PC98
only). The name can be placed in quotes. And depending on the
shell may need to also be wrapped in single quotes so that the
shell doesn't strip off the double quotes.
Example:
(parted) name 2 'Secret Documents'
Set the name of partition 2 to 'Secret Documents'.
File: parted.info, Node: print, Next: quit, Prev: name, Up: Command explanations
2.4.7 print
-----------
-- Command: print [NUMBER]
Displays the partition table on the device parted is editing, or
detailed information about a particular partition.
Example:
(parted) print
Disk geometry for /dev/hda: 0.000-2445.679 megabytes
Disk label type: msdos
Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags
1 0.031 945.000 primary fat32 boot, lba
2 945.000 2358.562 primary ext2
3 2358.562 2445.187 primary linux-swap
(parted) print 1
Minor: 1
Flags: boot, lba
File System: fat32
Size: 945.000Mb (0%)
Minimum size: 84.361Mb (0%)
Maximum size: 2445.679Mb (100%)
File: parted.info, Node: quit, Next: rescue, Prev: print, Up: Command explanations
2.4.8 quit
----------
-- Command: quit
Quits Parted.
It is only after Parted exits that the Linux kernel knows about the
changes Parted has made to the disks. However, the changes caused
by typing your commands will _probably_ be made to the disk
immediately after typing a command. However, the operating
system's cache and the disk's hardware cache may delay this.
File: parted.info, Node: rescue, Next: resizepart, Prev: quit, Up: Command explanations
2.4.9 rescue
------------
-- Command: rescue START END
Rescue a lost partition that used to be located approximately
between START and END. If such a partition is found, Parted will
ask you if you want to create a partition for it. This is useful
if you accidently deleted a partition with parted's rm command, for
example.
Example:
(parted) print
Disk geometry for /dev/hdc: 0.000-8063.507 megabytes
Disk label type: msdos
Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags
1 0.031 8056.032 primary ext3
(parted) rm
Partition number? 1
(parted) print
Disk geometry for /dev/hdc: 0.000-8063.507 megabytes
Disk label type: msdos
Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags
OUCH! We deleted our ext3 partition!!! Parted comes to the
rescue...
(parted) rescue
Start? 0
End? 8056
Information: A ext3 primary partition was found at 0.031MB ->
8056.030MB. Do you want to add it to the partition table?
Yes/No/Cancel? y
(parted) print
Disk geometry for /dev/hdc: 0.000-8063.507 megabytes
Disk label type: msdos
Minor Start End Type Filesystem Flags
1 0.031 8056.032 primary ext3
It's back! :)
File: parted.info, Node: resizepart, Next: rm, Prev: rescue, Up: Command explanations
2.4.10 resizepart
-----------------
-- Command: resizepart NUMBER END
Moves the END position of partition NUMBER. Note that this does
not modify any filesystem present in the partition. If you wish to
do this, you will need to use external tools, such as 'resize2fs'.
When growing a partition you will want to grow the filesystem
afterwards, but when shrinking, you need to shrink the filesystem
before the partition.
File: parted.info, Node: rm, Next: select, Prev: resizepart, Up: Command explanations
2.4.11 rm
---------
-- Command: rm NUMBER
Removes the partition with number NUMBER. If you accidently delete
a partition with this command, use mkpart to recover it. Also, you
can use the gpart program (*note Related information::) to recover
damaged disk labels.
Note for msdos disk labels: if you delete a logical partition, all
logical partitions with a larger partition number will be
renumbered. For example, if you delete a logical partition with a
partition number of 6, then logical partitions that were number 7,
8 and 9 would be renumbered to 6, 7 and 8 respectively. This
means, for example, that you have to update '/etc/fstab' on
GNU/Linux systems.
Example:
(parted) rm 3
Remove partition 3.
File: parted.info, Node: select, Next: set, Prev: rm, Up: Command explanations
2.4.12 select
-------------
-- Command: select DEVICE
Selects the device, DEVICE, for Parted to edit. The device can be
a Linux hard disk device, a partition, a software RAID device or
LVM logical volume.
Example:
(parted) select /dev/hdb
Select '/dev/hdb' (the slave device on the first ide controller on
Linux) as the device to edit.
File: parted.info, Node: set, Next: unit, Prev: select, Up: Command explanations
2.4.13 set
----------
-- Command: set NUMBER FLAG STATE
Changes a flag on the partition with number NUMBER. A flag can be
either "on" or "off". Some or all of these flags will be
available, depending on what disk label you are using:
'bios_grub'
(GPT) - Enable this to record that the selected partition is a
GRUB BIOS partition.
'legacy_boot'
(GPT) - this flag is used to tell special purpose software
that the GPT partition may be bootable.
'boot'
(Mac, MS-DOS, PC98) - should be enabled if you want to boot
off the partition. The semantics vary between disk labels.
For MS-DOS disk labels, only one partition can be bootable.
If you are installing LILO on a partition that partition must
be bootable. For PC98 disk labels, all ext2 partitions must
be bootable (this is enforced by Parted).
'msftdata'
(GPT) - This flag identifies partitions that contain Microsoft
filesystems (NTFS or FAT). It may optionally be set on Linux
filesystems to mimic the type of configuration created by
parted 3.0 and earlier, in which a separate Linux filesystem
type code was not available on GPT disks. This flag can only
be removed within parted by replacing it with a competing
flag, such as boot or msftres.
'msftres'
(GPT) - This flag identifies a "Microsoft Reserved" partition,
which is used by Windows on GPT disks. Note that this flag
should not normally be set on Windows filesystem partitions
(those that contain NTFS or FAT filesystems).
'irst'
(MS-DOS, GPT) - this flag identifies an Intel Rapid Start
Technology partition.
'esp'
(MS-DOS, GPT) - this flag identifies a UEFI System Partition.
On GPT it is an alias for boot.
'lba'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell MS DOS, MS Windows
9x and MS Windows ME based operating systems to use Linear
(LBA) mode.
'root'
(Mac) - this flag should be enabled if the partition is the
root device to be used by Linux.
'swap'
(Mac) - this flag should be enabled if the partition is the
swap device to be used by Linux.
'hidden'
(MS-DOS, PC98) - this flag can be enabled to hide partitions
from Microsoft operating systems.
'raid'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell linux the
partition is a software RAID partition.
'LVM'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell linux the
partition is a physical volume.
'PALO'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled so that the partition can
be used by the Linux/PA-RISC boot loader, palo.
'PREP'
(MS-DOS, GPT) - this flag can be enabled so that the partition
can be used as a PReP boot partition on PowerPC PReP or IBM
RS6K/CHRP hardware.
'DIAG'
(MS-DOS) - Enable this to indicate that a partition can be
used as a diagnostics / recovery partition.
The print command displays all enabled flags for each partition.
Example:
(parted) set 1 boot on
Set the 'boot' flag on partition 1.
File: parted.info, Node: unit, Prev: set, Up: Command explanations
2.4.14 unit
-----------
-- Command: unit UNIT
Selects the current default unit that Parted will use to display
locations and capacities on the disk and to interpret those given
by the user if they are not suffixed by an UNIT.
UNIT may be one of:
's'
sector (n bytes depending on the sector size, often 512)
'B'
byte
'KiB'
kibibyte (1024 bytes)
'MiB'
mebibyte (1048576 bytes)
'GiB'
gibibyte (1073741824 bytes)
'TiB'
tebibyte (1099511627776 bytes)
'kB'
kilobyte (1000 bytes)
'MB'
megabyte (1000000 bytes)
'GB'
gigabyte (1000000000 bytes)
'TB'
terabyte (1000000000000 bytes)
'%'
percentage of the device (between 0 and 100)
'cyl'
cylinders (related to the BIOS CHS geometry)
'chs'
cylinders, heads, sectors addressing (related to the BIOS CHS
geometry)
'compact'
This is a special unit that defaults to megabytes for input,
and picks a unit that gives a compact human readable
representation for output.
The default unit apply only for the output and when no unit is
specified after an input number. Input numbers can be followed by
an unit (without any space or other character between them), in
which case this unit apply instead of the default unit for this
particular number, but CHS and cylinder units are not supported as
a suffix. If no suffix is given, then the default unit is assumed.
Parted will compute sensible ranges for the locations you specify
(e.g., a range of +/- 500 MB when you specify the location in "G",
and a range of +/- 500 KB when you specify the location in "M") and
will select the nearest location in this range from the one you
wrote that satisfies constraints from both the operation, the
filesystem being worked on, the disk label, other partitions and so
on. Use the sector unit "s" to specify exact locations (if they do
not satisfy all constraints, Parted will ask you for the nearest
solution). Note that negative numbers count back from the end of
the disk, with "-1s" pointing to the last sector of the disk.
Note that as of parted-2.4, when you specify start and/or end
values using IEC binary units like "MiB", "GiB", "TiB", etc.,
parted treats those values as exact, and equivalent to the same
number specified in bytes (i.e., with the "B" suffix), in that it
provides _no_ "helpful" range of sloppiness. Contrast that with a
partition start request of "4GB", which may actually resolve to
some sector up to 500MB before or after that point. Thus, when
creating a partition, you should prefer to specify units of bytes
("B"), sectors ("s"), or IEC binary units like "MiB", but not "MB",
"GB", etc.
Example:
(parted) unit compact
(parted) print
Disk geometry for /dev/hda: 0kB - 123GB
Disk label type: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 32kB 1078MB 1077MB primary reiserfs boot
2 1078MB 2155MB 1078MB primary linux-swap
3 2155MB 123GB 121GB extended
5 2155MB 7452MB 5297MB logical reiserfs
(parted) unit chs print
Disk geometry for /dev/hda: 0,0,0 - 14946,225,62
BIOS cylinder,head,sector geometry: 14946,255,63. Each cylinder
is 8225kB.
Disk label type: msdos
Number Start End Type File system Flags
1 0,1,0 130,254,62 primary reiserfs boot
2 131,0,0 261,254,62 primary linux-swap
3 262,0,0 14945,254,62 extended
5 262,2,0 905,254,62 logical reiserfs
(parted) unit mb print
Disk geometry for /dev/hda: 0MB - 122942MB
Disk label type: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 0MB 1078MB 1077MB primary reiserfs boot
2 1078MB 2155MB 1078MB primary linux-swap
3 2155MB 122935MB 120780MB extended
5 2155MB 7452MB 5297MB logical reiserfs
File: parted.info, Node: Related information, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Using Parted, Up: Top
3 Related information
*********************
If you want to find out more information, please see the GNU Parted web
site.
These files in the Parted distribution contain further information:
* 'ABOUT-NLS' - information about using Native Language Support, and
the Free Translation Project.
* 'AUTHORS' - who wrote what.
* 'ChangeLog' - record of changes made to Parted.
* 'COPYING' - the GNU General Public License, the terms under which
GNU Parted may be distributed.
* 'COPYING.DOC' - the GNU Free Documentation Licence, the term under
which Parted's documentation may be distributed.
* 'INSTALL' -- how to compile and install Parted, and most other free
software
File: parted.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: History, Prev: Related information, Up: Top
Appendix A Copying This Manual
******************************
* Menu:
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual
File: parted.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<http://fsf.org/>;
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard
network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
<http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>;.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
File: parted.info, Node: History, Next: Concept index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
Appendix B This manual's history
********************************
This manual was based on the file 'USER' included in GNU Parted version
1.4.22 source distribution. The GNU Parted source distribution is
available at <ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parted>.
Initial Texinfo formatting by Richard M. Kreuter, 2002.
Maintainance by Andrew Clausen from 2002 to 2005 and by Leslie P.
Polzer from July 2005 onwards.
This manual is distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License,
version 1.1 or later, at your discretion, any later version published by
the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no
Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. *Note Copying This
Manual::, for details.
File: parted.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: History, Up: Top
Index
*****
* Menu:
* align-check, command description: align-check. (line 6)
* bugs, reporting: Overview. (line 6)
* building parted: Compiling. (line 6)
* command description, align-check: align-check. (line 6)
* command description, disk_set: disk_set. (line 6)
* command description, help: help. (line 6)
* command description, mkindex: mklabel. (line 6)
* command description, mkpart: mkpart. (line 6)
* command description, name: name. (line 6)
* command description, print: print. (line 6)
* command description, quit: quit. (line 6)
* command description, rescue: rescue. (line 6)
* command description, resizepart: resizepart. (line 6)
* command description, rm: rm. (line 6)
* command description, select: select. (line 6)
* command description, set: set. (line 6)
* command description, unit: unit. (line 6)
* command syntax: Command explanations. (line 6)
* commands: Using Parted. (line 6)
* commands, detailed listing: Command explanations. (line 6)
* commands, overview: Invoking Parted. (line 6)
* compiling parted: Compiling. (line 6)
* contacting developers: Overview. (line 6)
* description of parted: Overview. (line 6)
* detailed command listing: Command explanations. (line 6)
* disk_set, command description: disk_set. (line 6)
* e2fsprogs: Software Required. (line 6)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* further reading: Related information. (line 6)
* gettext: Software Required. (line 6)
* gnu gpl: License. (line 6)
* gpl: License. (line 6)
* help, command description: help. (line 6)
* history of this manual: History. (line 6)
* invocation options: Invoking Parted. (line 6)
* libuuid: Software Required. (line 6)
* license terms: License. (line 6)
* mklabel, command description: mklabel. (line 6)
* mkpart, command description: mkpart. (line 6)
* modes of use: Running Parted. (line 6)
* name, command description: name. (line 6)
* options at invocation: Invoking Parted. (line 6)
* overview: Overview. (line 6)
* parted description: Overview. (line 6)
* partitioning overview: Partitioning. (line 6)
* platforms, supported: Supported Platforms. (line 6)
* print, command description: print. (line 6)
* quit, command description: quit. (line 6)
* readline: Software Required. (line 6)
* related documentation: Related information. (line 6)
* reporting bugs: Overview. (line 6)
* required software: Software Required. (line 6)
* rescue, command description: rescue. (line 6)
* resizepart, command description: resizepart. (line 6)
* rm, command description: rm. (line 6)
* select, command description: select. (line 6)
* set, command description: set. (line 6)
* software dependencies: Software Required. (line 6)
* supported platforms: Supported Platforms. (line 6)
* terms of distribution: License. (line 6)
* unit, command description: unit. (line 6)
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