File: history.info, Node: Top, Next: Using History Interactively, Up: (dir)
GNU History Library
*******************
This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that
provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously
typed input.
* Menu:
* Using History Interactively:: GNU History User's Manual.
* Programming with GNU History:: GNU History Programmer's Manual.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
* Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual.
* Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions
and variables.
File: history.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Programming with GNU History, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Using History Interactively
*****************************
This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively,
from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For
information on using the GNU History Library in your own programs,
*note Programming with GNU History::.
* Menu:
* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user.
File: history.info, Node: History Interaction, Up: Using History Interactively
1.1 History Expansion
=====================
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
to the history expansion provided by `csh'. This section describes the
syntax used to manipulate the history information.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the
input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments
to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
previous commands quickly.
History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to
determine which line from the history list should be used during
substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for
inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is
called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon
are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate
the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion
that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are
considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the
appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default.
* Menu:
* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use.
* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest.
* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution.
File: history.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction
1.1.1 Event Designators
-----------------------
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
the current position in the history list.
`!'
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
the end of the line, or `='.
`!N'
Refer to command line N.
`!-N'
Refer to the command N lines back.
`!!'
Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
`!STRING'
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
the history list starting with STRING.
`!?STRING[?]'
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
the history list containing STRING. The trailing `?' may be
omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.
`^STRING1^STRING2^'
Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'.
`!#'
The entire command line typed so far.
File: history.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction
1.1.2 Word Designators
----------------------
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A
`:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may
be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or
`%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first
word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current
line separated by single spaces.
For example,
`!!'
designates the preceding command. When you type this, the
preceding command is repeated in toto.
`!!:$'
designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
shortened to `!$'.
`!fi:2'
designates the second argument of the most recent command starting
with the letters `fi'.
Here are the word designators:
`0 (zero)'
The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
`N'
The Nth word.
`^'
The first argument; that is, word 1.
`$'
The last argument.
`%'
The word matched by the most recent `?STRING?' search.
`X-Y'
A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'.
`*'
All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'.
It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the
event; the empty string is returned in that case.
`X*'
Abbreviates `X-$'
`X-'
Abbreviates `X-$' like `X*', but omits the last word.
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
File: history.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction
1.1.3 Modifiers
---------------
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
`h'
Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
`t'
Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
`r'
Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.SUFFIX', leaving the
basename.
`e'
Remove all but the trailing suffix.
`p'
Print the new command but do not execute it.
`s/OLD/NEW/'
Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line.
Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be
quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If `&' appears in
NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the
`&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character
on the input line.
`&'
Repeat the previous substitution.
`g'
`a'
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
conjunction with `s', as in `gs/OLD/NEW/', or with `&'.
`G'
Apply the following `s' modifier once to each word in the event.
File: history.info, Node: Programming with GNU History, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top
2 Programming with GNU History
******************************
This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write with
the GNU History Library. It should be considered a technical guide.
For information on the interactive use of GNU History, *note Using
History Interactively::.
* Menu:
* Introduction to History:: What is the GNU History library for?
* History Storage:: How information is stored.
* History Functions:: Functions that you can use.
* History Variables:: Variables that control behaviour.
* History Programming Example:: Example of using the GNU History Library.
File: history.info, Node: Introduction to History, Next: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History
2.1 Introduction to History
===========================
Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU
History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate
arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous
lines in composing new ones.
The programmer using the History library has available functions for
remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data with a
line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list for a
line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line in
the list directly. In addition, a history "expansion" function is
available which provides for a consistent user interface across
different programs.
The user using programs written with the History library has the
benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to
the history substitution provided by `csh'.
If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which
includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added
advantage of command line editing.
Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History
library provides in other code, an application writer should include
the file `<readline/history.h>' in any file that uses the History
library's features. It supplies extern declarations for all of the
library's public functions and variables, and declares all of the
public data structures.
File: history.info, Node: History Storage, Next: History Functions, Prev: Introduction to History, Up: Programming with GNU History
2.2 History Storage
===================
The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is
declared as follows:
typedef void *histdata_t;
typedef struct _hist_entry {
char *line;
char *timestamp;
histdata_t data;
} HIST_ENTRY;
The history list itself might therefore be declared as
HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list;
The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single
structure:
/*
* A structure used to pass around the current state of the history.
*/
typedef struct _hist_state {
HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */
int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */
int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */
int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */
int flags;
} HISTORY_STATE;
If the flags member includes `HS_STIFLED', the history has been
stifled.
File: history.info, Node: History Functions, Next: History Variables, Prev: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History
2.3 History Functions
=====================
This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions
exported by the GNU History library.
* Menu:
* Initializing History and State Management:: Functions to call when you
want to use history in a
program.
* History List Management:: Functions used to manage the list
of history entries.
* Information About the History List:: Functions returning information about
the history list.
* Moving Around the History List:: Functions used to change the position
in the history list.
* Searching the History List:: Functions to search the history list
for entries containing a string.
* Managing the History File:: Functions that read and write a file
containing the history list.
* History Expansion:: Functions to perform csh-like history
expansion.
File: history.info, Node: Initializing History and State Management, Next: History List Management, Up: History Functions
2.3.1 Initializing History and State Management
-----------------------------------------------
This section describes functions used to initialize and manage the
state of the History library when you want to use the history functions
in your program.
-- Function: void using_history (void)
Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This
initializes the interactive variables.
-- Function: HISTORY_STATE * history_get_history_state (void)
Return a structure describing the current state of the input
history.
-- Function: void history_set_history_state (HISTORY_STATE *state)
Set the state of the history list according to STATE.
File: history.info, Node: History List Management, Next: Information About the History List, Prev: Initializing History and State Management, Up: History Functions
2.3.2 History List Management
-----------------------------
These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set
parameters managing the list itself.
-- Function: void add_history (const char *string)
Place STRING at the end of the history list. The associated data
field (if any) is set to `NULL'.
-- Function: void add_history_time (const char *string)
Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history
entry to STRING.
-- Function: HIST_ENTRY * remove_history (int which)
Remove history entry at offset WHICH from the history. The
removed element is returned so you can free the line, data, and
containing structure.
-- Function: histdata_t free_history_entry (HIST_ENTRY *histent)
Free the history entry HISTENT and any history library private
data associated with it. Returns the application-specific data so
the caller can dispose of it.
-- Function: HIST_ENTRY * replace_history_entry (int which, const char
*line, histdata_t data)
Make the history entry at offset WHICH have LINE and DATA. This
returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any
application-specific data. In the case of an invalid WHICH, a
`NULL' pointer is returned.
-- Function: void clear_history (void)
Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-- Function: void stifle_history (int max)
Stifle the history list, remembering only the last MAX entries.
-- Function: int unstifle_history (void)
Stop stifling the history. This returns the previously-set
maximum number of history entries (as set by `stifle_history()').
The value is positive if the history was stifled, negative if it
wasn't.
-- Function: int history_is_stifled (void)
Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
File: history.info, Node: Information About the History List, Next: Moving Around the History List, Prev: History List Management, Up: History Functions
2.3.3 Information About the History List
----------------------------------------
These functions return information about the entire history list or
individual list entries.
-- Function: HIST_ENTRY ** history_list (void)
Return a `NULL' terminated array of `HIST_ENTRY *' which is the
current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of
time. If there is no history, return `NULL'.
-- Function: int where_history (void)
Returns the offset of the current history element.
-- Function: HIST_ENTRY * current_history (void)
Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
`where_history()'. If there is no entry there, return a `NULL'
pointer.
-- Function: HIST_ENTRY * history_get (int offset)
Return the history entry at position OFFSET, starting from
`history_base' (*note History Variables::). If there is no entry
there, or if OFFSET is greater than the history length, return a
`NULL' pointer.
-- Function: time_t history_get_time (HIST_ENTRY *entry)
Return the time stamp associated with the history entry ENTRY.
-- Function: int history_total_bytes (void)
Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are
using. This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the
lines in the history.
File: history.info, Node: Moving Around the History List, Next: Searching the History List, Prev: Information About the History List, Up: History Functions
2.3.4 Moving Around the History List
------------------------------------
These functions allow the current index into the history list to be set
or changed.
-- Function: int history_set_pos (int pos)
Set the current history offset to POS, an absolute index into the
list. Returns 1 on success, 0 if POS is less than zero or greater
than the number of history entries.
-- Function: HIST_ENTRY * previous_history (void)
Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry,
and return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous
entry, return a `NULL' pointer.
-- Function: HIST_ENTRY * next_history (void)
Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry,
and return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next
entry, return a `NULL' pointer.
File: history.info, Node: Searching the History List, Next: Managing the History File, Prev: Moving Around the History List, Up: History Functions
2.3.5 Searching the History List
--------------------------------
These functions allow searching of the history list for entries
containing a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward
and backward from the current history position. The search may be
"anchored", meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the
history entry.
-- Function: int history_search (const char *string, int direction)
Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history
offset. If DIRECTION is less than 0, then the search is through
previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If STRING
is found, then the current history index is set to that history
entry, and the value returned is the offset in the line of the
entry where STRING was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and
a -1 is returned.
-- Function: int history_search_prefix (const char *string, int
direction)
Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history
offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with
STRING. If DIRECTION is less than 0, then the search is through
previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If STRING
is found, then the current history index is set to that entry, and
the return value is 0. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is
returned.
-- Function: int history_search_pos (const char *string, int
direction, int pos)
Search for STRING in the history list, starting at POS, an
absolute index into the list. If DIRECTION is negative, the search
proceeds backward from POS, otherwise forward. Returns the
absolute index of the history element where STRING was found, or
-1 otherwise.
File: history.info, Node: Managing the History File, Next: History Expansion, Prev: Searching the History List, Up: History Functions
2.3.6 Managing the History File
-------------------------------
The History library can read the history from and write it to a file.
This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
-- Function: int read_history (const char *filename)
Add the contents of FILENAME to the history list, a line at a time.
If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from `~/.history'. Returns 0 if
successful, or `errno' if not.
-- Function: int read_history_range (const char *filename, int from,
int to)
Read a range of lines from FILENAME, adding them to the history
list. Start reading at line FROM and end at TO. If FROM is zero,
start at the beginning. If TO is less than FROM, then read until
the end of the file. If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from
`~/.history'. Returns 0 if successful, or `errno' if not.
-- Function: int write_history (const char *filename)
Write the current history to FILENAME, overwriting FILENAME if
necessary. If FILENAME is `NULL', then write the history list to
`~/.history'. Returns 0 on success, or `errno' on a read or write
error.
-- Function: int append_history (int nelements, const char *filename)
Append the last NELEMENTS of the history list to FILENAME. If
FILENAME is `NULL', then append to `~/.history'. Returns 0 on
success, or `errno' on a read or write error.
-- Function: int history_truncate_file (const char *filename, int
nlines)
Truncate the history file FILENAME, leaving only the last NLINES
lines. If FILENAME is `NULL', then `~/.history' is truncated.
Returns 0 on success, or `errno' on failure.
File: history.info, Node: History Expansion, Prev: Managing the History File, Up: History Functions
2.3.7 History Expansion
-----------------------
These functions implement history expansion.
-- Function: int history_expand (char *string, char **output)
Expand STRING, placing the result into OUTPUT, a pointer to a
string (*note History Interaction::). Returns:
`0'
If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in the
text was the removal of escape characters preceding the
history expansion character);
`1'
if expansions did take place;
`-1'
if there was an error in expansion;
`2'
if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed,
as with the `:p' modifier (*note Modifiers::).
If an error ocurred in expansion, then OUTPUT contains a
descriptive error message.
-- Function: char * get_history_event (const char *string, int
*cindex, int qchar)
Returns the text of the history event beginning at STRING +
*CINDEX. *CINDEX is modified to point to after the event
specifier. At function entry, CINDEX points to the index into
STRING where the history event specification begins. QCHAR is a
character that is allowed to end the event specification in
addition to the "normal" terminating characters.
-- Function: char ** history_tokenize (const char *string)
Return an array of tokens parsed out of STRING, much as the shell
might. The tokens are split on the characters in the
HISTORY_WORD_DELIMITERS variable, and shell quoting conventions
are obeyed.
-- Function: char * history_arg_extract (int first, int last, const
char *string)
Extract a string segment consisting of the FIRST through LAST
arguments present in STRING. Arguments are split using
`history_tokenize'.
File: history.info, Node: History Variables, Next: History Programming Example, Prev: History Functions, Up: Programming with GNU History
2.4 History Variables
=====================
This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by the
GNU History Library.
-- Variable: int history_base
The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
-- Variable: int history_length
The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
-- Variable: int history_max_entries
The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using
`stifle_history()'.
-- Variable: int history_write_timestamps
If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they
can be preserved between sessions. The default value is 0,
meaning that timestamps are not saved.
The current timestamp format uses the value of HISTORY_COMMENT_CHAR
to delimit timestamp entries in the history file. If that
variable does not have a value (the default), timestamps will not
be written.
-- Variable: char history_expansion_char
The character that introduces a history event. The default is `!'.
Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
-- Variable: char history_subst_char
The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start
of a line. The default is `^'.
-- Variable: char history_comment_char
During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first
character of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a
newline are ignored, suppressing history expansion for the
remainder of the line. This is disabled by default.
-- Variable: char * history_word_delimiters
The characters that separate tokens for `history_tokenize()'. The
default value is `" \t\n()<>;&|"'.
-- Variable: char * history_search_delimiter_chars
The list of additional characters which can delimit a history
search string, in addition to space, TAB, `:' and `?' in the case
of a substring search. The default is empty.
-- Variable: char * history_no_expand_chars
The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found
immediately following HISTORY_EXPANSION_CHAR. The default is
space, tab, newline, carriage return, and `='.
-- Variable: int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion
If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history
expansion character. The default value is 0.
-- Variable: rl_linebuf_func_t * history_inhibit_expansion_function
This should be set to the address of a function that takes two
arguments: a `char *' (STRING) and an `int' index into that string
(I). It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion
starting at STRING[I] should not be performed; zero if the
expansion should be done. It is intended for use by applications
like Bash that use the history expansion character for additional
purposes. By default, this variable is set to `NULL'.
File: history.info, Node: History Programming Example, Prev: History Variables, Up: Programming with GNU History
2.5 History Programming Example
===============================
The following program demonstrates simple use of the GNU History
Library.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <readline/history.h>
main (argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
{
char line[1024], *t;
int len, done = 0;
line[0] = 0;
using_history ();
while (!done)
{
printf ("history$ ");
fflush (stdout);
t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin);
if (t && *t)
{
len = strlen (t);
if (t[len - 1] == '\n')
t[len - 1] = '\0';
}
if (!t)
strcpy (line, "quit");
if (line[0])
{
char *expansion;
int result;
result = history_expand (line, &expansion);
if (result)
fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion);
if (result < 0 || result == 2)
{
free (expansion);
continue;
}
add_history (expansion);
strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1);
free (expansion);
}
if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0)
done = 1;
else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0)
write_history ("history_file");
else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0)
read_history ("history_file");
else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0)
{
register HIST_ENTRY **the_list;
register int i;
the_list = history_list ();
if (the_list)
for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++)
printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line);
}
else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0)
{
int which;
if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1)
{
HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which);
if (!entry)
fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which);
else
{
free (entry->line);
free (entry);
}
}
else
{
fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n");
}
}
}
}
File: history.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Programming with GNU History, Up: Top
Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
`http://fsf.org/'
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
way requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
the notice that says that the Document is released under this
License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
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following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
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implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
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the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
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state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
which the general network-using public has access to download
using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
work that was published at least four years before the
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.
File: history.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Variable Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
Appendix B Concept Index
************************
[index]
* Menu:
* anchored search: Searching the History List.
(line 10)
* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6)
* history events: Event Designators. (line 8)
* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6)
* History Searching: Searching the History List.
(line 6)
File: history.info, Node: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
Appendix C Function and Variable Index
**************************************
[index]
* Menu:
* add_history: History List Management.
(line 10)
* add_history_time: History List Management.
(line 14)
* append_history: Managing the History File.
(line 29)
* clear_history: History List Management.
(line 35)
* current_history: Information About the History List.
(line 18)
* free_history_entry: History List Management.
(line 23)
* get_history_event: History Expansion. (line 31)
* history_arg_extract: History Expansion. (line 46)
* history_base: History Variables. (line 10)
* history_comment_char: History Variables. (line 38)
* history_expand: History Expansion. (line 9)
* history_expansion_char: History Variables. (line 30)
* history_get: Information About the History List.
(line 23)
* history_get_history_state: Initializing History and State Management.
(line 15)
* history_get_time: Information About the History List.
(line 29)
* history_inhibit_expansion_function: History Variables. (line 62)
* history_is_stifled: History List Management.
(line 47)
* history_length: History Variables. (line 13)
* history_list: Information About the History List.
(line 10)
* history_max_entries: History Variables. (line 16)
* history_no_expand_chars: History Variables. (line 53)
* history_quotes_inhibit_expansion: History Variables. (line 58)
* history_search: Searching the History List.
(line 13)
* history_search_delimiter_chars: History Variables. (line 48)
* history_search_pos: Searching the History List.
(line 33)
* history_search_prefix: Searching the History List.
(line 23)
* history_set_history_state: Initializing History and State Management.
(line 19)
* history_set_pos: Moving Around the History List.
(line 10)
* history_subst_char: History Variables. (line 34)
* history_tokenize: History Expansion. (line 39)
* history_total_bytes: Information About the History List.
(line 32)
* history_truncate_file: Managing the History File.
(line 35)
* history_word_delimiters: History Variables. (line 44)
* history_write_timestamps: History Variables. (line 20)
* next_history: Moving Around the History List.
(line 20)
* previous_history: Moving Around the History List.
(line 15)
* read_history: Managing the History File.
(line 10)
* read_history_range: Managing the History File.
(line 16)
* remove_history: History List Management.
(line 18)
* replace_history_entry: History List Management.
(line 29)
* stifle_history: History List Management.
(line 38)
* unstifle_history: History List Management.
(line 41)
* using_history: Initializing History and State Management.
(line 11)
* where_history: Information About the History List.
(line 15)
* write_history: Managing the History File.
(line 23)
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