File: gcc.info, Node: Top, Next: G++ and GCC
Introduction
************
This manual documents how to use the GNU compilers, as well as their
features and incompatibilities, and how to report bugs. It corresponds
to the compilers (GCC) version 8.5.0. The internals of the GNU
compilers, including how to port them to new targets and some
information about how to write front ends for new languages, are
documented in a separate manual. *Note Introduction: (gccint)Top.
* Menu:
* G++ and GCC:: You can compile C or C++ programs.
* Standards:: Language standards supported by GCC.
* Invoking GCC:: Command options supported by 'gcc'.
* C Implementation:: How GCC implements the ISO C specification.
* C++ Implementation:: How GCC implements the ISO C++ specification.
* C Extensions:: GNU extensions to the C language family.
* C++ Extensions:: GNU extensions to the C++ language.
* Objective-C:: GNU Objective-C runtime features.
* Compatibility:: Binary Compatibility
* Gcov:: 'gcov'--a test coverage program.
* Gcov-tool:: 'gcov-tool'--an offline gcda profile processing program.
* Gcov-dump:: 'gcov-dump'--an offline gcda and gcno profile dump tool.
* Trouble:: If you have trouble using GCC.
* Bugs:: How, why and where to report bugs.
* Service:: How To Get Help with GCC
* Contributing:: How to contribute to testing and developing GCC.
* Funding:: How to help assure funding for free software.
* GNU Project:: The GNU Project and GNU/Linux.
* Copying:: GNU General Public License says
how you can copy and share GCC.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: How you can copy and share this manual.
* Contributors:: People who have contributed to GCC.
* Option Index:: Index to command line options.
* Keyword Index:: Index of concepts and symbol names.
File: gcc.info, Node: G++ and GCC, Next: Standards, Up: Top
1 Programming Languages Supported by GCC
****************************************
GCC stands for "GNU Compiler Collection". GCC is an integrated
distribution of compilers for several major programming languages.
These languages currently include C, C++, Objective-C, Objective-C++,
Fortran, Ada, Go, and BRIG (HSAIL).
The abbreviation "GCC" has multiple meanings in common use. The
current official meaning is "GNU Compiler Collection", which refers
generically to the complete suite of tools. The name historically stood
for "GNU C Compiler", and this usage is still common when the emphasis
is on compiling C programs. Finally, the name is also used when
speaking of the "language-independent" component of GCC: code shared
among the compilers for all supported languages.
The language-independent component of GCC includes the majority of the
optimizers, as well as the "back ends" that generate machine code for
various processors.
The part of a compiler that is specific to a particular language is
called the "front end". In addition to the front ends that are
integrated components of GCC, there are several other front ends that
are maintained separately. These support languages such as Pascal,
Mercury, and COBOL. To use these, they must be built together with GCC
proper.
Most of the compilers for languages other than C have their own names.
The C++ compiler is G++, the Ada compiler is GNAT, and so on. When we
talk about compiling one of those languages, we might refer to that
compiler by its own name, or as GCC. Either is correct.
Historically, compilers for many languages, including C++ and Fortran,
have been implemented as "preprocessors" which emit another high level
language such as C. None of the compilers included in GCC are
implemented this way; they all generate machine code directly. This
sort of preprocessor should not be confused with the "C preprocessor",
which is an integral feature of the C, C++, Objective-C and
Objective-C++ languages.
File: gcc.info, Node: Standards, Next: Invoking GCC, Prev: G++ and GCC, Up: Top
2 Language Standards Supported by GCC
*************************************
For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC
attempts to follow one or more versions of that standard, possibly with
some exceptions, and possibly with some extensions.
2.1 C Language
==============
The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratified in 1989 and
published in 1990. This standard was ratified as an ISO standard
(ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There were no technical differences
between these publications, although the sections of the ANSI standard
were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. The ANSI
standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale document.
This standard, in both its forms, is commonly known as "C89", or
occasionally as "C90", from the dates of ratification. To select this
standard in GCC, use one of the options '-ansi', '-std=c90' or
'-std=iso9899:1990'; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the
standard, you should also specify '-pedantic' (or '-pedantic-errors' if
you want them to be errors rather than warnings). *Note Options
Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options.
Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical
Corrigenda published in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the
uncorrected version.
An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This
amendment added digraphs and '__STDC_VERSION__' to the language, but
otherwise concerned the library. This amendment is commonly known as
"AMD1"; the amended standard is sometimes known as "C94" or "C95". To
select this standard in GCC, use the option '-std=iso9899:199409' (with,
as for other standard versions, '-pedantic' to receive all required
diagnostics).
A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC
9899:1999, and is commonly known as "C99". (While in development,
drafts of this standard version were referred to as "C9X".) GCC has
substantially complete support for this standard version; see
<http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html>; for details. To select this
standard, use '-std=c99' or '-std=iso9899:1999'.
Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical
Corrigenda published in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the
uncorrected version.
A fourth version of the C standard, known as "C11", was published in
2011 as ISO/IEC 9899:2011. (While in development, drafts of this
standard version were referred to as "C1X".) GCC has substantially
complete support for this standard, enabled with '-std=c11' or
'-std=iso9899:2011'. A version with corrections integrated is known as
"C17" and is supported with '-std=c17' or '-std=iso9899:2017'; the
corrections are also applied with '-std=c11', and the only difference
between the options is the value of '__STDC_VERSION__'.
By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that, on
rare occasions conflict with the C standard. *Note Extensions to the C
Language Family: C Extensions. Some features that are part of the C99
standard are accepted as extensions in C90 mode, and some features that
are part of the C11 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 and C99
modes. Use of the '-std' options listed above disables these extensions
where they conflict with the C standard version selected. You may also
select an extended version of the C language explicitly with
'-std=gnu90' (for C90 with GNU extensions), '-std=gnu99' (for C99 with
GNU extensions) or '-std=gnu11' (for C11 with GNU extensions).
The default, if no C language dialect options are given, is
'-std=gnu11'.
The ISO C standard defines (in clause 4) two classes of conforming
implementation. A "conforming hosted implementation" supports the whole
standard including all the library facilities; a "conforming
freestanding implementation" is only required to provide certain library
facilities: those in '<float.h>', '<limits.h>', '<stdarg.h>', and
'<stddef.h>'; since AMD1, also those in '<iso646.h>'; since C99, also
those in '<stdbool.h>' and '<stdint.h>'; and since C11, also those in
'<stdalign.h>' and '<stdnoreturn.h>'. In addition, complex types, added
in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations.
The standard also defines two environments for programs, a
"freestanding environment", required of all implementations and which
may not have library facilities beyond those required of freestanding
implementations, where the handling of program startup and termination
are implementation-defined; and a "hosted environment", which is not
required, in which all the library facilities are provided and startup
is through a function 'int main (void)' or 'int main (int, char *[])'.
An OS kernel is an example of a program running in a freestanding
environment; a program using the facilities of an operating system is an
example of a program running in a hosted environment.
GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding
implementation, or as the compiler for a conforming hosted
implementation. By default, it acts as the compiler for a hosted
implementation, defining '__STDC_HOSTED__' as '1' and presuming that
when the names of ISO C functions are used, they have the semantics
defined in the standard. To make it act as a conforming freestanding
implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option
'-ffreestanding'; it then defines '__STDC_HOSTED__' to '0' and does not
make assumptions about the meanings of function names from the standard
library, with exceptions noted below. To build an OS kernel, you may
well still need to make your own arrangements for linking and startup.
*Note Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options.
GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted
implementations, nor yet all the facilities required by C99 of
freestanding implementations on all platforms. To use the facilities of
a hosted environment, you need to find them elsewhere (for example, in
the GNU C library). *Note Standard Libraries: Standard Libraries.
Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in
'libgcc', but there are a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding
environment provide 'memcpy', 'memmove', 'memset' and 'memcmp'.
Finally, if '__builtin_trap' is used, and the target does not implement
the 'trap' pattern, then GCC emits a call to 'abort'.
For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and
information concerning the history of C that is available online, see
<http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html>;
2.2 C++ Language
================
GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard published in 1998, and the
2011 and 2014 revisions.
The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard
(ISO/IEC 14882:1998) and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in
2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These standards are referred to as C++98 and
C++03, respectively. GCC implements the majority of C++98 ('export' is
a notable exception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select this
standard in GCC, use one of the options '-ansi', '-std=c++98', or
'-std=c++03'; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard,
you should also specify '-pedantic' (or '-pedantic-errors' if you want
them to be errors rather than warnings).
A revised ISO C++ standard was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC 14882:2011,
and is referred to as C++11; before its publication it was commonly
referred to as C++0x. C++11 contains several changes to the C++
language, all of which have been implemented in GCC. For details see
<https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx-status.html#cxx11>;. To select this
standard in GCC, use the option '-std=c++11'.
Another revised ISO C++ standard was published in 2014 as ISO/IEC
14882:2014, and is referred to as C++14; before its publication it was
sometimes referred to as C++1y. C++14 contains several further changes
to the C++ language, all of which have been implemented in GCC. For
details see <https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx-status.html#cxx14>;. To
select this standard in GCC, use the option '-std=c++14'.
The C++ language was further revised in 2017 and ISO/IEC 14882:2017 was
published. This is referred to as C++17, and before publication was
often referred to as C++1z. GCC supports all the changes in the new
specification. For further details see
<https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx-status.html#cxx1z>;. Use the option
'-std=c++17' to select this variant of C++.
More information about the C++ standards is available on the ISO C++
committee's web site at <http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/>;.
To obtain all the diagnostics required by any of the standard versions
described above you should specify '-pedantic' or '-pedantic-errors',
otherwise GCC will allow some non-ISO C++ features as extensions. *Note
Warning Options::.
By default, GCC also provides some additional extensions to the C++
language that on rare occasions conflict with the C++ standard. *Note
Options Controlling C++ Dialect: C++ Dialect Options. Use of the '-std'
options listed above disables these extensions where they they conflict
with the C++ standard version selected. You may also select an extended
version of the C++ language explicitly with '-std=gnu++98' (for C++98
with GNU extensions), or '-std=gnu++11' (for C++11 with GNU extensions),
or '-std=gnu++14' (for C++14 with GNU extensions), or '-std=gnu++17'
(for C++17 with GNU extensions).
The default, if no C++ language dialect options are given, is
'-std=gnu++14'.
2.3 Objective-C and Objective-C++ Languages
===========================================
GCC supports "traditional" Objective-C (also known as "Objective-C 1.0")
and contains support for the Objective-C exception and synchronization
syntax. It has also support for a number of "Objective-C 2.0" language
extensions, including properties, fast enumeration (only for
Objective-C), method attributes and the @optional and @required keywords
in protocols. GCC supports Objective-C++ and features available in
Objective-C are also available in Objective-C++.
GCC by default uses the GNU Objective-C runtime library, which is part
of GCC and is not the same as the Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime library
used on Apple systems. There are a number of differences documented in
this manual. The options '-fgnu-runtime' and '-fnext-runtime' allow you
to switch between producing output that works with the GNU Objective-C
runtime library and output that works with the Apple/NeXT Objective-C
runtime library.
There is no formal written standard for Objective-C or Objective-C++.
The authoritative manual on traditional Objective-C (1.0) is
"Object-Oriented Programming and the Objective-C Language":
<http://www.gnustep.org/resources/documentation/ObjectivCBook.pdf>; is
the original NeXTstep document.
The Objective-C exception and synchronization syntax (that is, the
keywords '@try', '@throw', '@catch', '@finally' and '@synchronized') is
supported by GCC and is enabled with the option '-fobjc-exceptions'.
The syntax is briefly documented in this manual and in the Objective-C
2.0 manuals from Apple.
The Objective-C 2.0 language extensions and features are automatically
enabled; they include properties (via the '@property', '@synthesize' and
'@dynamic keywords'), fast enumeration (not available in Objective-C++),
attributes for methods (such as 'deprecated', 'noreturn', 'sentinel',
'format'), the 'unused' attribute for method arguments, the '@package'
keyword for instance variables and the '@optional' and '@required'
keywords in protocols. You can disable all these Objective-C 2.0
language extensions with the option '-fobjc-std=objc1', which causes the
compiler to recognize the same Objective-C language syntax recognized by
GCC 4.0, and to produce an error if one of the new features is used.
GCC has currently no support for non-fragile instance variables.
The authoritative manual on Objective-C 2.0 is available from Apple:
*
<https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html>;
For more information concerning the history of Objective-C that is
available online, see <http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html>;
2.4 Go Language
===============
As of the GCC 4.7.1 release, GCC supports the Go 1 language standard,
described at <https://golang.org/doc/go1>;.
2.5 HSA Intermediate Language (HSAIL)
=====================================
GCC can compile the binary representation (BRIG) of the HSAIL text
format as described in HSA Programmer's Reference Manual version 1.0.1.
This capability is typically utilized to implement the HSA runtime API's
HSAIL finalization extension for a gcc supported processor. HSA
standards are freely available at
<http://www.hsafoundation.com/standards/>;.
2.6 References for Other Languages
==================================
*Note GNAT Reference Manual: (gnat_rm)Top, for information on standard
conformance and compatibility of the Ada compiler.
*Note Standards: (gfortran)Standards, for details of standards
supported by GNU Fortran.
File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking GCC, Next: C Implementation, Prev: Standards, Up: Top
3 GCC Command Options
*********************
When you invoke GCC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation,
assembly and linking. The "overall options" allow you to stop this
process at an intermediate stage. For example, the '-c' option says not
to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output by
the assembler. *Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output: Overall
Options.
Other options are passed on to one or more stages of processing. Some
options control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself. Yet
other options control the assembler and linker; most of these are not
documented here, since you rarely need to use any of them.
Most of the command-line options that you can use with GCC are useful
for C programs; when an option is only useful with another language
(usually C++), the explanation says so explicitly. If the description
for a particular option does not mention a source language, you can use
that option with all supported languages.
The usual way to run GCC is to run the executable called 'gcc', or
'MACHINE-gcc' when cross-compiling, or 'MACHINE-gcc-VERSION' to run a
specific version of GCC. When you compile C++ programs, you should
invoke GCC as 'g++' instead. *Note Compiling C++ Programs: Invoking
G++, for information about the differences in behavior between 'gcc' and
'g++' when compiling C++ programs.
The 'gcc' program accepts options and file names as operands. Many
options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-letter
options may _not_ be grouped: '-dv' is very different from '-d -v'.
You can mix options and other arguments. For the most part, the order
you use doesn't matter. Order does matter when you use several options
of the same kind; for example, if you specify '-L' more than once, the
directories are searched in the order specified. Also, the placement of
the '-l' option is significant.
Many options have long names starting with '-f' or with '-W'--for
example, '-fmove-loop-invariants', '-Wformat' and so on. Most of these
have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of '-ffoo' is
'-fno-foo'. This manual documents only one of these two forms,
whichever one is not the default.
*Note Option Index::, for an index to GCC's options.
* Menu:
* Option Summary:: Brief list of all options, without explanations.
* Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output:
an executable, object files, assembler files,
or preprocessed source.
* Invoking G++:: Compiling C++ programs.
* C Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of C language compiled.
* C++ Dialect Options:: Variations on C++.
* Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options:: Variations on Objective-C
and Objective-C++.
* Diagnostic Message Formatting Options:: Controlling how diagnostics should
be formatted.
* Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be?
* Debugging Options:: Producing debuggable code.
* Optimize Options:: How much optimization?
* Instrumentation Options:: Enabling profiling and extra run-time error checking.
* Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions.
Also, getting dependency information for Make.
* Assembler Options:: Passing options to the assembler.
* Link Options:: Specifying libraries and so on.
* Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries.
Where to find the compiler executable files.
* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout
and register usage.
* Developer Options:: Printing GCC configuration info, statistics, and
debugging dumps.
* Submodel Options:: Target-specific options, such as compiling for a
specific processor variant.
* Spec Files:: How to pass switches to sub-processes.
* Environment Variables:: Env vars that affect GCC.
* Precompiled Headers:: Compiling a header once, and using it many times.
File: gcc.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Overall Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.1 Option Summary
==================
Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type. Explanations are
in the following sections.
_Overall Options_
*Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output: Overall Options.
-c -S -E -o FILE -x LANGUAGE
-v -### --help[=CLASS[,...]] --target-help --version
-pass-exit-codes -pipe -specs=FILE -wrapper
@FILE -ffile-prefix-map=OLD=NEW
-fplugin=FILE -fplugin-arg-NAME=ARG
-fdump-ada-spec[-slim] -fada-spec-parent=UNIT -fdump-go-spec=FILE
_C Language Options_
*Note Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options.
-ansi -std=STANDARD -fgnu89-inline
-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=STANDARD
-aux-info FILENAME -fallow-parameterless-variadic-functions
-fno-asm -fno-builtin -fno-builtin-FUNCTION -fgimple
-fhosted -ffreestanding -fopenacc -fopenmp -fopenmp-simd
-fms-extensions -fplan9-extensions -fsso-struct=ENDIANNESS
-fallow-single-precision -fcond-mismatch -flax-vector-conversions
-fsigned-bitfields -fsigned-char
-funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char
_C++ Language Options_
*Note Options Controlling C++ Dialect: C++ Dialect Options.
-fabi-version=N -fno-access-control
-faligned-new=N -fargs-in-order=N -fcheck-new
-fconstexpr-depth=N -fconstexpr-loop-limit=N
-ffriend-injection
-fno-elide-constructors
-fno-enforce-eh-specs
-ffor-scope -fno-for-scope -fno-gnu-keywords
-fno-implicit-templates
-fno-implicit-inline-templates
-fno-implement-inlines -fms-extensions
-fnew-inheriting-ctors
-fnew-ttp-matching
-fno-nonansi-builtins -fnothrow-opt -fno-operator-names
-fno-optional-diags -fpermissive
-fno-pretty-templates
-frepo -fno-rtti -fsized-deallocation
-ftemplate-backtrace-limit=N
-ftemplate-depth=N
-fno-threadsafe-statics -fuse-cxa-atexit
-fno-weak -nostdinc++
-fvisibility-inlines-hidden
-fvisibility-ms-compat
-fext-numeric-literals
-Wabi=N -Wabi-tag -Wconversion-null -Wctor-dtor-privacy
-Wdelete-non-virtual-dtor -Wliteral-suffix -Wmultiple-inheritance
-Wnamespaces -Wnarrowing
-Wnoexcept -Wnoexcept-type -Wclass-memaccess
-Wnon-virtual-dtor -Wreorder -Wregister
-Weffc++ -Wstrict-null-sentinel -Wtemplates
-Wno-non-template-friend -Wold-style-cast
-Woverloaded-virtual -Wno-pmf-conversions
-Wsign-promo -Wvirtual-inheritance
_Objective-C and Objective-C++ Language Options_
*Note Options Controlling Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialects:
Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
-fconstant-string-class=CLASS-NAME
-fgnu-runtime -fnext-runtime
-fno-nil-receivers
-fobjc-abi-version=N
-fobjc-call-cxx-cdtors
-fobjc-direct-dispatch
-fobjc-exceptions
-fobjc-gc
-fobjc-nilcheck
-fobjc-std=objc1
-fno-local-ivars
-fivar-visibility=[public|protected|private|package]
-freplace-objc-classes
-fzero-link
-gen-decls
-Wassign-intercept
-Wno-protocol -Wselector
-Wstrict-selector-match
-Wundeclared-selector
_Diagnostic Message Formatting Options_
*Note Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting: Diagnostic
Message Formatting Options.
-fmessage-length=N
-fdiagnostics-show-location=[once|every-line]
-fdiagnostics-color=[auto|never|always]
-fno-diagnostics-show-option -fno-diagnostics-show-caret
-fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits -fdiagnostics-generate-patch
-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree -fno-elide-type
-fno-show-column
_Warning Options_
*Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options.
-fsyntax-only -fmax-errors=N -Wpedantic
-pedantic-errors
-w -Wextra -Wall -Waddress -Waggregate-return -Waligned-new
-Walloc-zero -Walloc-size-larger-than=N
-Walloca -Walloca-larger-than=N
-Wno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Warray-bounds -Warray-bounds=N
-Wno-attributes -Wbidi-chars=[none|unpaired|any]
-Wbool-compare -Wbool-operation
-Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch
-Wno-builtin-macro-redefined -Wc90-c99-compat -Wc99-c11-compat
-Wc++-compat -Wc++11-compat -Wc++14-compat
-Wcast-align -Wcast-align=strict -Wcast-function-type -Wcast-qual
-Wchar-subscripts -Wchkp -Wcatch-value -Wcatch-value=N
-Wclobbered -Wcomment -Wconditionally-supported
-Wconversion -Wcoverage-mismatch -Wno-cpp -Wdangling-else -Wdate-time
-Wdelete-incomplete
-Wno-deprecated -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-designated-init
-Wdisabled-optimization
-Wno-discarded-qualifiers -Wno-discarded-array-qualifiers
-Wno-div-by-zero -Wdouble-promotion
-Wduplicated-branches -Wduplicated-cond
-Wempty-body -Wenum-compare -Wno-endif-labels -Wexpansion-to-defined
-Werror -Werror=* -Wextra-semi -Wfatal-errors
-Wfloat-equal -Wformat -Wformat=2
-Wno-format-contains-nul -Wno-format-extra-args
-Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-overflow=N
-Wformat-security -Wformat-signedness -Wformat-truncation=N
-Wformat-y2k -Wframe-address
-Wframe-larger-than=LEN -Wno-free-nonheap-object -Wjump-misses-init
-Wif-not-aligned
-Wignored-qualifiers -Wignored-attributes -Wincompatible-pointer-types
-Wimplicit -Wimplicit-fallthrough -Wimplicit-fallthrough=N
-Wimplicit-function-declaration -Wimplicit-int
-Winit-self -Winline -Wno-int-conversion -Wint-in-bool-context
-Wno-int-to-pointer-cast -Winvalid-memory-model -Wno-invalid-offsetof
-Winvalid-pch -Wlarger-than=LEN
-Wlogical-op -Wlogical-not-parentheses -Wlong-long
-Wmain -Wmaybe-uninitialized -Wmemset-elt-size -Wmemset-transposed-args
-Wmisleading-indentation -Wmissing-attributes -Wmissing-braces
-Wmissing-field-initializers -Wmissing-include-dirs
-Wno-multichar -Wmultistatement-macros -Wnonnull -Wnonnull-compare
-Wnormalized=[none|id|nfc|nfkc]
-Wnull-dereference -Wodr -Wno-overflow -Wopenmp-simd
-Woverride-init-side-effects -Woverlength-strings
-Wpacked -Wpacked-bitfield-compat -Wpacked-not-aligned -Wpadded
-Wparentheses -Wno-pedantic-ms-format
-Wplacement-new -Wplacement-new=N
-Wpointer-arith -Wpointer-compare -Wno-pointer-to-int-cast
-Wno-pragmas -Wredundant-decls -Wrestrict -Wno-return-local-addr
-Wreturn-type -Wsequence-point -Wshadow -Wno-shadow-ivar
-Wshadow=global, -Wshadow=local, -Wshadow=compatible-local
-Wshift-overflow -Wshift-overflow=N
-Wshift-count-negative -Wshift-count-overflow -Wshift-negative-value
-Wsign-compare -Wsign-conversion -Wfloat-conversion
-Wno-scalar-storage-order -Wsizeof-pointer-div
-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess -Wsizeof-array-argument
-Wstack-protector -Wstack-usage=LEN -Wstrict-aliasing
-Wstrict-aliasing=n -Wstrict-overflow -Wstrict-overflow=N
-Wstringop-overflow=N -Wstringop-truncation
-Wsuggest-attribute=[pure|const|noreturn|format|malloc]
-Wsuggest-final-types -Wsuggest-final-methods -Wsuggest-override
-Wmissing-format-attribute -Wsubobject-linkage
-Wswitch -Wswitch-bool -Wswitch-default -Wswitch-enum
-Wswitch-unreachable -Wsync-nand
-Wsystem-headers -Wtautological-compare -Wtrampolines -Wtrigraphs
-Wtype-limits -Wundef
-Wuninitialized -Wunknown-pragmas
-Wunsuffixed-float-constants -Wunused -Wunused-function
-Wunused-label -Wunused-local-typedefs -Wunused-macros
-Wunused-parameter -Wno-unused-result
-Wunused-value -Wunused-variable
-Wunused-const-variable -Wunused-const-variable=N
-Wunused-but-set-parameter -Wunused-but-set-variable
-Wuseless-cast -Wvariadic-macros -Wvector-operation-performance
-Wvla -Wvla-larger-than=N -Wvolatile-register-var -Wwrite-strings
-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant -Whsa
_C and Objective-C-only Warning Options_
-Wbad-function-cast -Wmissing-declarations
-Wmissing-parameter-type -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs
-Wold-style-declaration -Wold-style-definition
-Wstrict-prototypes -Wtraditional -Wtraditional-conversion
-Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wpointer-sign
_Debugging Options_
*Note Options for Debugging Your Program: Debugging Options.
-g -gLEVEL -gdwarf -gdwarf-VERSION
-ggdb -grecord-gcc-switches -gno-record-gcc-switches
-gstabs -gstabs+ -gstrict-dwarf -gno-strict-dwarf
-gas-loc-support -gno-as-loc-support
-gas-locview-support -gno-as-locview-support
-gcolumn-info -gno-column-info
-gstatement-frontiers -gno-statement-frontiers
-gvariable-location-views -gno-variable-location-views
-ginternal-reset-location-views -gno-internal-reset-location-views
-ginline-points -gno-inline-points
-gvms -gxcoff -gxcoff+ -gz[=TYPE]
-fdebug-prefix-map=OLD=NEW -fdebug-types-section
-fno-eliminate-unused-debug-types
-femit-struct-debug-baseonly -femit-struct-debug-reduced
-femit-struct-debug-detailed[=SPEC-LIST]
-feliminate-unused-debug-symbols -femit-class-debug-always
-fno-merge-debug-strings -fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm
-fvar-tracking -fvar-tracking-assignments
_Optimization Options_
*Note Options that Control Optimization: Optimize Options.
-faggressive-loop-optimizations -falign-functions[=N]
-falign-jumps[=N]
-falign-labels[=N] -falign-loops[=N]
-fassociative-math -fauto-profile -fauto-profile[=PATH]
-fauto-inc-dec -fbranch-probabilities
-fbranch-target-load-optimize -fbranch-target-load-optimize2
-fbtr-bb-exclusive -fcaller-saves
-fcombine-stack-adjustments -fconserve-stack
-fcompare-elim -fcprop-registers -fcrossjumping
-fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks -fcx-fortran-rules
-fcx-limited-range
-fdata-sections -fdce -fdelayed-branch
-fdelete-null-pointer-checks -fdevirtualize -fdevirtualize-speculatively
-fdevirtualize-at-ltrans -fdse
-fearly-inlining -fipa-sra -fexpensive-optimizations -ffat-lto-objects
-ffast-math -ffinite-math-only -ffloat-store -fexcess-precision=STYLE
-fforward-propagate -ffp-contract=STYLE -ffunction-sections
-fgcse -fgcse-after-reload -fgcse-las -fgcse-lm -fgraphite-identity
-fgcse-sm -fhoist-adjacent-loads -fif-conversion
-fif-conversion2 -findirect-inlining
-finline-functions -finline-functions-called-once -finline-limit=N
-finline-small-functions -fipa-cp -fipa-cp-clone
-fipa-bit-cp -fipa-vrp
-fipa-pta -fipa-profile -fipa-pure-const -fipa-reference -fipa-icf
-fira-algorithm=ALGORITHM
-flive-patching=LEVEL
-fira-region=REGION -fira-hoist-pressure
-fira-loop-pressure -fno-ira-share-save-slots
-fno-ira-share-spill-slots
-fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference -fisolate-erroneous-paths-attribute
-fivopts -fkeep-inline-functions -fkeep-static-functions
-fkeep-static-consts -flimit-function-alignment -flive-range-shrinkage
-floop-block -floop-interchange -floop-strip-mine
-floop-unroll-and-jam -floop-nest-optimize
-floop-parallelize-all -flra-remat -flto -flto-compression-level
-flto-partition=ALG -fmerge-all-constants
-fmerge-constants -fmodulo-sched -fmodulo-sched-allow-regmoves
-fmove-loop-invariants -fno-branch-count-reg
-fno-defer-pop -fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact -fno-function-cse
-fno-guess-branch-probability -fno-inline -fno-math-errno -fno-peephole
-fno-peephole2 -fno-printf-return-value -fno-sched-interblock
-fno-sched-spec -fno-signed-zeros
-fno-toplevel-reorder -fno-trapping-math -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss
-fomit-frame-pointer -foptimize-sibling-calls
-fpartial-inlining -fpeel-loops -fpredictive-commoning
-fprefetch-loop-arrays
-fprofile-correction
-fprofile-use -fprofile-use=PATH -fprofile-values
-fprofile-reorder-functions
-freciprocal-math -free -frename-registers -freorder-blocks
-freorder-blocks-algorithm=ALGORITHM
-freorder-blocks-and-partition -freorder-functions
-frerun-cse-after-loop -freschedule-modulo-scheduled-loops
-frounding-math -fsched2-use-superblocks -fsched-pressure
-fsched-spec-load -fsched-spec-load-dangerous
-fsched-stalled-insns-dep[=N] -fsched-stalled-insns[=N]
-fsched-group-heuristic -fsched-critical-path-heuristic
-fsched-spec-insn-heuristic -fsched-rank-heuristic
-fsched-last-insn-heuristic -fsched-dep-count-heuristic
-fschedule-fusion
-fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2 -fsection-anchors
-fselective-scheduling -fselective-scheduling2
-fsel-sched-pipelining -fsel-sched-pipelining-outer-loops
-fsemantic-interposition -fshrink-wrap -fshrink-wrap-separate
-fsignaling-nans
-fsingle-precision-constant -fsplit-ivs-in-unroller -fsplit-loops
-fsplit-paths
-fsplit-wide-types -fssa-backprop -fssa-phiopt
-fstdarg-opt -fstore-merging -fstrict-aliasing
-fthread-jumps -ftracer -ftree-bit-ccp
-ftree-builtin-call-dce -ftree-ccp -ftree-ch
-ftree-coalesce-vars -ftree-copy-prop -ftree-dce -ftree-dominator-opts
-ftree-dse -ftree-forwprop -ftree-fre -fcode-hoisting
-ftree-loop-if-convert -ftree-loop-im
-ftree-phiprop -ftree-loop-distribution -ftree-loop-distribute-patterns
-ftree-loop-ivcanon -ftree-loop-linear -ftree-loop-optimize
-ftree-loop-vectorize
-ftree-parallelize-loops=N -ftree-pre -ftree-partial-pre -ftree-pta
-ftree-reassoc -ftree-sink -ftree-slsr -ftree-sra
-ftree-switch-conversion -ftree-tail-merge
-ftree-ter -ftree-vectorize -ftree-vrp -funconstrained-commons
-funit-at-a-time -funroll-all-loops -funroll-loops
-funsafe-math-optimizations -funswitch-loops
-fipa-ra -fvariable-expansion-in-unroller -fvect-cost-model -fvpt
-fweb -fwhole-program -fwpa -fuse-linker-plugin
--param NAME=VALUE
-O -O0 -O1 -O2 -O3 -Os -Ofast -Og
_Program Instrumentation Options_
*Note Program Instrumentation Options: Instrumentation Options.
-p -pg -fprofile-arcs --coverage -ftest-coverage
-fprofile-abs-path
-fprofile-dir=PATH -fprofile-generate -fprofile-generate=PATH
-fsanitize=STYLE -fsanitize-recover -fsanitize-recover=STYLE
-fasan-shadow-offset=NUMBER -fsanitize-sections=S1,S2,...
-fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error -fbounds-check
-fcheck-pointer-bounds -fchkp-check-incomplete-type
-fchkp-first-field-has-own-bounds -fchkp-narrow-bounds
-fchkp-narrow-to-innermost-array -fchkp-optimize
-fchkp-use-fast-string-functions -fchkp-use-nochk-string-functions
-fchkp-use-static-bounds -fchkp-use-static-const-bounds
-fchkp-treat-zero-dynamic-size-as-infinite -fchkp-check-read
-fchkp-check-read -fchkp-check-write -fchkp-store-bounds
-fchkp-instrument-calls -fchkp-instrument-marked-only
-fchkp-use-wrappers -fchkp-flexible-struct-trailing-arrays
-fcf-protection=[full|branch|return|none]
-fstack-protector -fstack-protector-all -fstack-protector-strong
-fstack-protector-explicit -fstack-check
-fstack-limit-register=REG -fstack-limit-symbol=SYM
-fno-stack-limit -fsplit-stack
-fvtable-verify=[std|preinit|none]
-fvtv-counts -fvtv-debug
-finstrument-functions
-finstrument-functions-exclude-function-list=SYM,SYM,...
-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=FILE,FILE,...
_Preprocessor Options_
*Note Options Controlling the Preprocessor: Preprocessor Options.
-AQUESTION=ANSWER
-A-QUESTION[=ANSWER]
-C -CC -DMACRO[=DEFN]
-dD -dI -dM -dN -dU
-fdebug-cpp -fdirectives-only -fdollars-in-identifiers
-fexec-charset=CHARSET -fextended-identifiers
-finput-charset=CHARSET -fmacro-prefix-map=OLD=NEW
-fno-canonical-system-headers -fpch-deps -fpch-preprocess
-fpreprocessed -ftabstop=WIDTH -ftrack-macro-expansion
-fwide-exec-charset=CHARSET -fworking-directory
-H -imacros FILE -include FILE
-M -MD -MF -MG -MM -MMD -MP -MQ -MT
-no-integrated-cpp -P -pthread -remap
-traditional -traditional-cpp -trigraphs
-UMACRO -undef
-Wp,OPTION -Xpreprocessor OPTION
_Assembler Options_
*Note Passing Options to the Assembler: Assembler Options.
-Wa,OPTION -Xassembler OPTION
_Linker Options_
*Note Options for Linking: Link Options.
OBJECT-FILE-NAME -fuse-ld=LINKER -lLIBRARY
-nostartfiles -nodefaultlibs -nostdlib -pie -pthread -rdynamic
-s -static -static-pie -static-libgcc -static-libstdc++
-static-libasan -static-libtsan -static-liblsan -static-libubsan
-static-libmpx -static-libmpxwrappers
-shared -shared-libgcc -symbolic
-T SCRIPT -Wl,OPTION -Xlinker OPTION
-u SYMBOL -z KEYWORD
_Directory Options_
*Note Options for Directory Search: Directory Options.
-BPREFIX -IDIR -I-
-idirafter DIR
-imacros FILE -imultilib DIR
-iplugindir=DIR -iprefix FILE
-iquote DIR -isysroot DIR -isystem DIR
-iwithprefix DIR -iwithprefixbefore DIR
-LDIR -no-canonical-prefixes --no-sysroot-suffix
-nostdinc -nostdinc++ --sysroot=DIR
_Code Generation Options_
*Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: Code Gen Options.
-fcall-saved-REG -fcall-used-REG
-ffixed-REG -fexceptions
-fnon-call-exceptions -fdelete-dead-exceptions -funwind-tables
-fasynchronous-unwind-tables
-fno-gnu-unique
-finhibit-size-directive -fno-common -fno-ident
-fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC -fpie -fPIE -fno-plt
-fno-jump-tables
-frecord-gcc-switches
-freg-struct-return -fshort-enums -fshort-wchar
-fverbose-asm -fpack-struct[=N]
-fleading-underscore -ftls-model=MODEL
-fstack-reuse=REUSE_LEVEL
-ftrampolines -ftrapv -fwrapv
-fvisibility=[default|internal|hidden|protected]
-fstrict-volatile-bitfields -fsync-libcalls
_Developer Options_
*Note GCC Developer Options: Developer Options.
-dLETTERS -dumpspecs -dumpmachine -dumpversion
-dumpfullversion -fchecking -fchecking=N -fdbg-cnt-list
-fdbg-cnt=COUNTER-VALUE-LIST
-fdisable-ipa-PASS_NAME
-fdisable-rtl-PASS_NAME
-fdisable-rtl-PASS-NAME=RANGE-LIST
-fdisable-tree-PASS_NAME
-fdisable-tree-PASS-NAME=RANGE-LIST
-fdump-noaddr -fdump-unnumbered -fdump-unnumbered-links
-fdump-final-insns[=FILE]
-fdump-ipa-all -fdump-ipa-cgraph -fdump-ipa-inline
-fdump-lang-all
-fdump-lang-SWITCH
-fdump-lang-SWITCH-OPTIONS
-fdump-lang-SWITCH-OPTIONS=FILENAME
-fdump-passes
-fdump-rtl-PASS -fdump-rtl-PASS=FILENAME
-fdump-statistics
-fdump-tree-all
-fdump-tree-SWITCH
-fdump-tree-SWITCH-OPTIONS
-fdump-tree-SWITCH-OPTIONS=FILENAME
-fcompare-debug[=OPTS] -fcompare-debug-second
-fenable-KIND-PASS
-fenable-KIND-PASS=RANGE-LIST
-fira-verbose=N
-flto-report -flto-report-wpa -fmem-report-wpa
-fmem-report -fpre-ipa-mem-report -fpost-ipa-mem-report
-fopt-info -fopt-info-OPTIONS[=FILE]
-fprofile-report
-frandom-seed=STRING -fsched-verbose=N
-fsel-sched-verbose -fsel-sched-dump-cfg -fsel-sched-pipelining-verbose
-fstats -fstack-usage -ftime-report -ftime-report-details
-fvar-tracking-assignments-toggle -gtoggle
-print-file-name=LIBRARY -print-libgcc-file-name
-print-multi-directory -print-multi-lib -print-multi-os-directory
-print-prog-name=PROGRAM -print-search-dirs -Q
-print-sysroot -print-sysroot-headers-suffix
-save-temps -save-temps=cwd -save-temps=obj -time[=FILE]
_Machine-Dependent Options_
*Note Machine-Dependent Options: Submodel Options.
_AArch64 Options_
-mabi=NAME -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian
-mgeneral-regs-only
-mcmodel=tiny -mcmodel=small -mcmodel=large
-mstrict-align
-momit-leaf-frame-pointer
-mtls-dialect=desc -mtls-dialect=traditional
-mtls-size=SIZE
-mfix-cortex-a53-835769 -mfix-cortex-a53-843419
-mlow-precision-recip-sqrt -mlow-precision-sqrt -mlow-precision-div
-mpc-relative-literal-loads
-msign-return-address=SCOPE
-march=NAME -mcpu=NAME -mtune=NAME
-moverride=STRING -mverbose-cost-dump
-moutline-atomics
_Adapteva Epiphany Options_
-mhalf-reg-file -mprefer-short-insn-regs
-mbranch-cost=NUM -mcmove -mnops=NUM -msoft-cmpsf
-msplit-lohi -mpost-inc -mpost-modify -mstack-offset=NUM
-mround-nearest -mlong-calls -mshort-calls -msmall16
-mfp-mode=MODE -mvect-double -max-vect-align=NUM
-msplit-vecmove-early -m1reg-REG
_ARC Options_
-mbarrel-shifter -mjli-always
-mcpu=CPU -mA6 -mARC600 -mA7 -mARC700
-mdpfp -mdpfp-compact -mdpfp-fast -mno-dpfp-lrsr
-mea -mno-mpy -mmul32x16 -mmul64 -matomic
-mnorm -mspfp -mspfp-compact -mspfp-fast -msimd -msoft-float -mswap
-mcrc -mdsp-packa -mdvbf -mlock -mmac-d16 -mmac-24 -mrtsc -mswape
-mtelephony -mxy -misize -mannotate-align -marclinux -marclinux_prof
-mlong-calls -mmedium-calls -msdata -mirq-ctrl-saved
-mrgf-banked-regs -mlpc-width=WIDTH -G NUM
-mvolatile-cache -mtp-regno=REGNO
-malign-call -mauto-modify-reg -mbbit-peephole -mno-brcc
-mcase-vector-pcrel -mcompact-casesi -mno-cond-exec -mearly-cbranchsi
-mexpand-adddi -mindexed-loads -mlra -mlra-priority-none
-mlra-priority-compact mlra-priority-noncompact -mno-millicode
-mmixed-code -mq-class -mRcq -mRcw -msize-level=LEVEL
-mtune=CPU -mmultcost=NUM
-munalign-prob-threshold=PROBABILITY -mmpy-option=MULTO
-mdiv-rem -mcode-density -mll64 -mfpu=FPU -mrf16
_ARM Options_
-mapcs-frame -mno-apcs-frame
-mabi=NAME
-mapcs-stack-check -mno-apcs-stack-check
-mapcs-reentrant -mno-apcs-reentrant
-msched-prolog -mno-sched-prolog
-mlittle-endian -mbig-endian
-mbe8 -mbe32
-mfloat-abi=NAME
-mfp16-format=NAME
-mthumb-interwork -mno-thumb-interwork
-mcpu=NAME -march=NAME -mfpu=NAME
-mtune=NAME -mprint-tune-info
-mstructure-size-boundary=N
-mabort-on-noreturn
-mlong-calls -mno-long-calls
-msingle-pic-base -mno-single-pic-base
-mpic-register=REG
-mnop-fun-dllimport
-mpoke-function-name
-mthumb -marm -mflip-thumb
-mtpcs-frame -mtpcs-leaf-frame
-mcaller-super-interworking -mcallee-super-interworking
-mtp=NAME -mtls-dialect=DIALECT
-mword-relocations
-mfix-cortex-m3-ldrd
-munaligned-access
-mneon-for-64bits
-mslow-flash-data
-masm-syntax-unified
-mrestrict-it
-mverbose-cost-dump
-mpure-code
-mcmse
_AVR Options_
-mmcu=MCU -mabsdata -maccumulate-args
-mbranch-cost=COST
-mcall-prologues -mgas-isr-prologues -mint8
-mn_flash=SIZE -mno-interrupts
-mmain-is-OS_task -mrelax -mrmw -mstrict-X -mtiny-stack
-mfract-convert-truncate
-mshort-calls -nodevicelib -nodevicespecs
-Waddr-space-convert -Wmisspelled-isr
_Blackfin Options_
-mcpu=CPU[-SIREVISION]
-msim -momit-leaf-frame-pointer -mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer
-mspecld-anomaly -mno-specld-anomaly -mcsync-anomaly -mno-csync-anomaly
-mlow-64k -mno-low64k -mstack-check-l1 -mid-shared-library
-mno-id-shared-library -mshared-library-id=N
-mleaf-id-shared-library -mno-leaf-id-shared-library
-msep-data -mno-sep-data -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls
-mfast-fp -minline-plt -mmulticore -mcorea -mcoreb -msdram
-micplb
_C6X Options_
-mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -march=CPU
-msim -msdata=SDATA-TYPE
_CRIS Options_
-mcpu=CPU -march=CPU -mtune=CPU
-mmax-stack-frame=N -melinux-stacksize=N
-metrax4 -metrax100 -mpdebug -mcc-init -mno-side-effects
-mstack-align -mdata-align -mconst-align
-m32-bit -m16-bit -m8-bit -mno-prologue-epilogue -mno-gotplt
-melf -maout -melinux -mlinux -sim -sim2
-mmul-bug-workaround -mno-mul-bug-workaround
_CR16 Options_
-mmac
-mcr16cplus -mcr16c
-msim -mint32 -mbit-ops
-mdata-model=MODEL
_Darwin Options_
-all_load -allowable_client -arch -arch_errors_fatal
-arch_only -bind_at_load -bundle -bundle_loader
-client_name -compatibility_version -current_version
-dead_strip
-dependency-file -dylib_file -dylinker_install_name
-dynamic -dynamiclib -exported_symbols_list
-filelist -flat_namespace -force_cpusubtype_ALL
-force_flat_namespace -headerpad_max_install_names
-iframework
-image_base -init -install_name -keep_private_externs
-multi_module -multiply_defined -multiply_defined_unused
-noall_load -no_dead_strip_inits_and_terms
-nofixprebinding -nomultidefs -noprebind -noseglinkedit
-pagezero_size -prebind -prebind_all_twolevel_modules
-private_bundle -read_only_relocs -sectalign
-sectobjectsymbols -whyload -seg1addr
-sectcreate -sectobjectsymbols -sectorder
-segaddr -segs_read_only_addr -segs_read_write_addr
-seg_addr_table -seg_addr_table_filename -seglinkedit
-segprot -segs_read_only_addr -segs_read_write_addr
-single_module -static -sub_library -sub_umbrella
-twolevel_namespace -umbrella -undefined
-unexported_symbols_list -weak_reference_mismatches
-whatsloaded -F -gused -gfull -mmacosx-version-min=VERSION
-mkernel -mone-byte-bool
_DEC Alpha Options_
-mno-fp-regs -msoft-float
-mieee -mieee-with-inexact -mieee-conformant
-mfp-trap-mode=MODE -mfp-rounding-mode=MODE
-mtrap-precision=MODE -mbuild-constants
-mcpu=CPU-TYPE -mtune=CPU-TYPE
-mbwx -mmax -mfix -mcix
-mfloat-vax -mfloat-ieee
-mexplicit-relocs -msmall-data -mlarge-data
-msmall-text -mlarge-text
-mmemory-latency=TIME
_FR30 Options_
-msmall-model -mno-lsim
_FT32 Options_
-msim -mlra -mnodiv -mft32b -mcompress -mnopm
_FRV Options_
-mgpr-32 -mgpr-64 -mfpr-32 -mfpr-64
-mhard-float -msoft-float
-malloc-cc -mfixed-cc -mdword -mno-dword
-mdouble -mno-double
-mmedia -mno-media -mmuladd -mno-muladd
-mfdpic -minline-plt -mgprel-ro -multilib-library-pic
-mlinked-fp -mlong-calls -malign-labels
-mlibrary-pic -macc-4 -macc-8
-mpack -mno-pack -mno-eflags -mcond-move -mno-cond-move
-moptimize-membar -mno-optimize-membar
-mscc -mno-scc -mcond-exec -mno-cond-exec
-mvliw-branch -mno-vliw-branch
-mmulti-cond-exec -mno-multi-cond-exec -mnested-cond-exec
-mno-nested-cond-exec -mtomcat-stats
-mTLS -mtls
-mcpu=CPU
_GNU/Linux Options_
-mglibc -muclibc -mmusl -mbionic -mandroid
-tno-android-cc -tno-android-ld
_H8/300 Options_
-mrelax -mh -ms -mn -mexr -mno-exr -mint32 -malign-300
_HPPA Options_
-march=ARCHITECTURE-TYPE
-mcaller-copies -mdisable-fpregs -mdisable-indexing
-mfast-indirect-calls -mgas -mgnu-ld -mhp-ld
-mfixed-range=REGISTER-RANGE
-mjump-in-delay -mlinker-opt -mlong-calls
-mlong-load-store -mno-disable-fpregs
-mno-disable-indexing -mno-fast-indirect-calls -mno-gas
-mno-jump-in-delay -mno-long-load-store
-mno-portable-runtime -mno-soft-float
-mno-space-regs -msoft-float -mpa-risc-1-0
-mpa-risc-1-1 -mpa-risc-2-0 -mportable-runtime
-mschedule=CPU-TYPE -mspace-regs -msio -mwsio
-munix=UNIX-STD -nolibdld -static -threads
_IA-64 Options_
-mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mgnu-as -mgnu-ld -mno-pic
-mvolatile-asm-stop -mregister-names -msdata -mno-sdata
-mconstant-gp -mauto-pic -mfused-madd
-minline-float-divide-min-latency
-minline-float-divide-max-throughput
-mno-inline-float-divide
-minline-int-divide-min-latency
-minline-int-divide-max-throughput
-mno-inline-int-divide
-minline-sqrt-min-latency -minline-sqrt-max-throughput
-mno-inline-sqrt
-mdwarf2-asm -mearly-stop-bits
-mfixed-range=REGISTER-RANGE -mtls-size=TLS-SIZE
-mtune=CPU-TYPE -milp32 -mlp64
-msched-br-data-spec -msched-ar-data-spec -msched-control-spec
-msched-br-in-data-spec -msched-ar-in-data-spec -msched-in-control-spec
-msched-spec-ldc -msched-spec-control-ldc
-msched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns -msched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns
-msched-stop-bits-after-every-cycle -msched-count-spec-in-critical-path
-msel-sched-dont-check-control-spec -msched-fp-mem-deps-zero-cost
-msched-max-memory-insns-hard-limit -msched-max-memory-insns=MAX-INSNS
_LM32 Options_
-mbarrel-shift-enabled -mdivide-enabled -mmultiply-enabled
-msign-extend-enabled -muser-enabled
_M32R/D Options_
-m32r2 -m32rx -m32r
-mdebug
-malign-loops -mno-align-loops
-missue-rate=NUMBER
-mbranch-cost=NUMBER
-mmodel=CODE-SIZE-MODEL-TYPE
-msdata=SDATA-TYPE
-mno-flush-func -mflush-func=NAME
-mno-flush-trap -mflush-trap=NUMBER
-G NUM
_M32C Options_
-mcpu=CPU -msim -memregs=NUMBER
_M680x0 Options_
-march=ARCH -mcpu=CPU -mtune=TUNE
-m68000 -m68020 -m68020-40 -m68020-60 -m68030 -m68040
-m68060 -mcpu32 -m5200 -m5206e -m528x -m5307 -m5407
-mcfv4e -mbitfield -mno-bitfield -mc68000 -mc68020
-mnobitfield -mrtd -mno-rtd -mdiv -mno-div -mshort
-mno-short -mhard-float -m68881 -msoft-float -mpcrel
-malign-int -mstrict-align -msep-data -mno-sep-data
-mshared-library-id=n -mid-shared-library -mno-id-shared-library
-mxgot -mno-xgot -mlong-jump-table-offsets
_MCore Options_
-mhardlit -mno-hardlit -mdiv -mno-div -mrelax-immediates
-mno-relax-immediates -mwide-bitfields -mno-wide-bitfields
-m4byte-functions -mno-4byte-functions -mcallgraph-data
-mno-callgraph-data -mslow-bytes -mno-slow-bytes -mno-lsim
-mlittle-endian -mbig-endian -m210 -m340 -mstack-increment
_MeP Options_
-mabsdiff -mall-opts -maverage -mbased=N -mbitops
-mc=N -mclip -mconfig=NAME -mcop -mcop32 -mcop64 -mivc2
-mdc -mdiv -meb -mel -mio-volatile -ml -mleadz -mm -mminmax
-mmult -mno-opts -mrepeat -ms -msatur -msdram -msim -msimnovec -mtf
-mtiny=N
_MicroBlaze Options_
-msoft-float -mhard-float -msmall-divides -mcpu=CPU
-mmemcpy -mxl-soft-mul -mxl-soft-div -mxl-barrel-shift
-mxl-pattern-compare -mxl-stack-check -mxl-gp-opt -mno-clearbss
-mxl-multiply-high -mxl-float-convert -mxl-float-sqrt
-mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mxl-reorder -mxl-mode-APP-MODEL
_MIPS Options_
-EL -EB -march=ARCH -mtune=ARCH
-mips1 -mips2 -mips3 -mips4 -mips32 -mips32r2 -mips32r3 -mips32r5
-mips32r6 -mips64 -mips64r2 -mips64r3 -mips64r5 -mips64r6
-mips16 -mno-mips16 -mflip-mips16
-minterlink-compressed -mno-interlink-compressed
-minterlink-mips16 -mno-interlink-mips16
-mabi=ABI -mabicalls -mno-abicalls
-mshared -mno-shared -mplt -mno-plt -mxgot -mno-xgot
-mgp32 -mgp64 -mfp32 -mfpxx -mfp64 -mhard-float -msoft-float
-mno-float -msingle-float -mdouble-float
-modd-spreg -mno-odd-spreg
-mabs=MODE -mnan=ENCODING
-mdsp -mno-dsp -mdspr2 -mno-dspr2
-mmcu -mmno-mcu
-meva -mno-eva
-mvirt -mno-virt
-mxpa -mno-xpa
-mmicromips -mno-micromips
-mmsa -mno-msa
-mfpu=FPU-TYPE
-msmartmips -mno-smartmips
-mpaired-single -mno-paired-single -mdmx -mno-mdmx
-mips3d -mno-mips3d -mmt -mno-mt -mllsc -mno-llsc
-mlong64 -mlong32 -msym32 -mno-sym32
-GNUM -mlocal-sdata -mno-local-sdata
-mextern-sdata -mno-extern-sdata -mgpopt -mno-gopt
-membedded-data -mno-embedded-data
-muninit-const-in-rodata -mno-uninit-const-in-rodata
-mcode-readable=SETTING
-msplit-addresses -mno-split-addresses
-mexplicit-relocs -mno-explicit-relocs
-mcheck-zero-division -mno-check-zero-division
-mdivide-traps -mdivide-breaks
-mload-store-pairs -mno-load-store-pairs
-mmemcpy -mno-memcpy -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls
-mmad -mno-mad -mimadd -mno-imadd -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -nocpp
-mfix-24k -mno-fix-24k
-mfix-r4000 -mno-fix-r4000 -mfix-r4400 -mno-fix-r4400
-mfix-r10000 -mno-fix-r10000 -mfix-rm7000 -mno-fix-rm7000
-mfix-vr4120 -mno-fix-vr4120
-mfix-vr4130 -mno-fix-vr4130 -mfix-sb1 -mno-fix-sb1
-mflush-func=FUNC -mno-flush-func
-mbranch-cost=NUM -mbranch-likely -mno-branch-likely
-mcompact-branches=POLICY
-mfp-exceptions -mno-fp-exceptions
-mvr4130-align -mno-vr4130-align -msynci -mno-synci
-mlxc1-sxc1 -mno-lxc1-sxc1 -mmadd4 -mno-madd4
-mrelax-pic-calls -mno-relax-pic-calls -mmcount-ra-address
-mframe-header-opt -mno-frame-header-opt
_MMIX Options_
-mlibfuncs -mno-libfuncs -mepsilon -mno-epsilon -mabi=gnu
-mabi=mmixware -mzero-extend -mknuthdiv -mtoplevel-symbols
-melf -mbranch-predict -mno-branch-predict -mbase-addresses
-mno-base-addresses -msingle-exit -mno-single-exit
_MN10300 Options_
-mmult-bug -mno-mult-bug
-mno-am33 -mam33 -mam33-2 -mam34
-mtune=CPU-TYPE
-mreturn-pointer-on-d0
-mno-crt0 -mrelax -mliw -msetlb
_Moxie Options_
-meb -mel -mmul.x -mno-crt0
_MSP430 Options_
-msim -masm-hex -mmcu= -mcpu= -mlarge -msmall -mrelax
-mwarn-mcu
-mcode-region= -mdata-region=
-msilicon-errata= -msilicon-errata-warn=
-mhwmult= -minrt
_NDS32 Options_
-mbig-endian -mlittle-endian
-mreduced-regs -mfull-regs
-mcmov -mno-cmov
-mext-perf -mno-ext-perf
-mext-perf2 -mno-ext-perf2
-mext-string -mno-ext-string
-mv3push -mno-v3push
-m16bit -mno-16bit
-misr-vector-size=NUM
-mcache-block-size=NUM
-march=ARCH
-mcmodel=CODE-MODEL
-mctor-dtor -mrelax
_Nios II Options_
-G NUM -mgpopt=OPTION -mgpopt -mno-gpopt
-mgprel-sec=REGEXP -mr0rel-sec=REGEXP
-mel -meb
-mno-bypass-cache -mbypass-cache
-mno-cache-volatile -mcache-volatile
-mno-fast-sw-div -mfast-sw-div
-mhw-mul -mno-hw-mul -mhw-mulx -mno-hw-mulx -mno-hw-div -mhw-div
-mcustom-INSN=N -mno-custom-INSN
-mcustom-fpu-cfg=NAME
-mhal -msmallc -msys-crt0=NAME -msys-lib=NAME
-march=ARCH -mbmx -mno-bmx -mcdx -mno-cdx
_Nvidia PTX Options_
-m32 -m64 -mmainkernel -moptimize
_PDP-11 Options_
-mfpu -msoft-float -mac0 -mno-ac0 -m40 -m45 -m10
-mbcopy -mbcopy-builtin -mint32 -mno-int16
-mint16 -mno-int32 -mfloat32 -mno-float64
-mfloat64 -mno-float32 -mabshi -mno-abshi
-mbranch-expensive -mbranch-cheap
-munix-asm -mdec-asm
_picoChip Options_
-mae=AE_TYPE -mvliw-lookahead=N
-msymbol-as-address -mno-inefficient-warnings
_PowerPC Options_ See RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
_PowerPC SPE Options_
-mcpu=CPU-TYPE
-mtune=CPU-TYPE
-mmfcrf -mno-mfcrf -mpopcntb -mno-popcntb
-mfull-toc -mminimal-toc -mno-fp-in-toc -mno-sum-in-toc
-m32 -mxl-compat -mno-xl-compat
-malign-power -malign-natural
-msoft-float -mhard-float -mmultiple -mno-multiple
-msingle-float -mdouble-float
-mupdate -mno-update
-mavoid-indexed-addresses -mno-avoid-indexed-addresses
-mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -mrelocatable
-mno-relocatable -mrelocatable-lib -mno-relocatable-lib
-mtoc -mno-toc -mlittle -mlittle-endian -mbig -mbig-endian
-msingle-pic-base
-mprioritize-restricted-insns=PRIORITY
-msched-costly-dep=DEPENDENCE_TYPE
-minsert-sched-nops=SCHEME
-mcall-sysv -mcall-netbsd
-maix-struct-return -msvr4-struct-return
-mabi=ABI-TYPE -msecure-plt -mbss-plt
-mblock-move-inline-limit=NUM
-misel -mno-isel
-misel=yes -misel=no
-mspe -mno-spe
-mspe=yes -mspe=no
-mfloat-gprs=yes -mfloat-gprs=no -mfloat-gprs=single -mfloat-gprs=double
-mprototype -mno-prototype
-msim -mmvme -mads -myellowknife -memb -msdata
-msdata=OPT -mvxworks -G NUM
-mrecip -mrecip=OPT -mno-recip -mrecip-precision
-mno-recip-precision
-mpointers-to-nested-functions -mno-pointers-to-nested-functions
-msave-toc-indirect -mno-save-toc-indirect
-mcompat-align-parm -mno-compat-align-parm
-mfloat128 -mno-float128
-mgnu-attribute -mno-gnu-attribute
-mstack-protector-guard=GUARD -mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG
-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET
_RISC-V Options_
-mbranch-cost=N-INSTRUCTION
-mplt -mno-plt
-mabi=ABI-STRING
-mfdiv -mno-fdiv
-mdiv -mno-div
-march=ISA-STRING
-mtune=PROCESSOR-STRING
-mpreferred-stack-boundary=NUM
-msmall-data-limit=N-BYTES
-msave-restore -mno-save-restore
-mstrict-align -mno-strict-align
-mcmodel=medlow -mcmodel=medany
-mexplicit-relocs -mno-explicit-relocs
-mrelax -mno-relax
_RL78 Options_
-msim -mmul=none -mmul=g13 -mmul=g14 -mallregs
-mcpu=g10 -mcpu=g13 -mcpu=g14 -mg10 -mg13 -mg14
-m64bit-doubles -m32bit-doubles -msave-mduc-in-interrupts
_RS/6000 and PowerPC Options_
-mcpu=CPU-TYPE
-mtune=CPU-TYPE
-mcmodel=CODE-MODEL
-mpowerpc64
-maltivec -mno-altivec
-mpowerpc-gpopt -mno-powerpc-gpopt
-mpowerpc-gfxopt -mno-powerpc-gfxopt
-mmfcrf -mno-mfcrf -mpopcntb -mno-popcntb -mpopcntd -mno-popcntd
-mfprnd -mno-fprnd
-mcmpb -mno-cmpb -mmfpgpr -mno-mfpgpr -mhard-dfp -mno-hard-dfp
-mfull-toc -mminimal-toc -mno-fp-in-toc -mno-sum-in-toc
-m64 -m32 -mxl-compat -mno-xl-compat -mpe
-malign-power -malign-natural
-msoft-float -mhard-float -mmultiple -mno-multiple
-msingle-float -mdouble-float -msimple-fpu
-mupdate -mno-update
-mavoid-indexed-addresses -mno-avoid-indexed-addresses
-mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -mbit-align -mno-bit-align
-mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -mrelocatable
-mno-relocatable -mrelocatable-lib -mno-relocatable-lib
-mtoc -mno-toc -mlittle -mlittle-endian -mbig -mbig-endian
-mdynamic-no-pic -maltivec -mswdiv -msingle-pic-base
-mprioritize-restricted-insns=PRIORITY
-msched-costly-dep=DEPENDENCE_TYPE
-minsert-sched-nops=SCHEME
-mcall-aixdesc -mcall-eabi -mcall-freebsd
-mcall-linux -mcall-netbsd -mcall-openbsd
-mcall-sysv -mcall-sysv-eabi -mcall-sysv-noeabi
-mtraceback=TRACEBACK_TYPE
-maix-struct-return -msvr4-struct-return
-mabi=ABI-TYPE -msecure-plt -mbss-plt
-mblock-move-inline-limit=NUM
-mblock-compare-inline-limit=NUM
-mblock-compare-inline-loop-limit=NUM
-mstring-compare-inline-limit=NUM
-misel -mno-isel
-misel=yes -misel=no
-mpaired
-mvrsave -mno-vrsave
-mmulhw -mno-mulhw
-mdlmzb -mno-dlmzb
-mprototype -mno-prototype
-msim -mmvme -mads -myellowknife -memb -msdata
-msdata=OPT -mreadonly-in-sdata -mvxworks -G NUM
-mrecip -mrecip=OPT -mno-recip -mrecip-precision
-mno-recip-precision
-mveclibabi=TYPE -mfriz -mno-friz
-mpointers-to-nested-functions -mno-pointers-to-nested-functions
-msave-toc-indirect -mno-save-toc-indirect
-mpower8-fusion -mno-mpower8-fusion -mpower8-vector -mno-power8-vector
-mcrypto -mno-crypto -mhtm -mno-htm
-mquad-memory -mno-quad-memory
-mquad-memory-atomic -mno-quad-memory-atomic
-mcompat-align-parm -mno-compat-align-parm
-mfloat128 -mno-float128 -mfloat128-hardware -mno-float128-hardware
-mgnu-attribute -mno-gnu-attribute
-mstack-protector-guard=GUARD -mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG
-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET
_RX Options_
-m64bit-doubles -m32bit-doubles -fpu -nofpu
-mcpu=
-mbig-endian-data -mlittle-endian-data
-msmall-data
-msim -mno-sim
-mas100-syntax -mno-as100-syntax
-mrelax
-mmax-constant-size=
-mint-register=
-mpid
-mallow-string-insns -mno-allow-string-insns
-mjsr
-mno-warn-multiple-fast-interrupts
-msave-acc-in-interrupts
_S/390 and zSeries Options_
-mtune=CPU-TYPE -march=CPU-TYPE
-mhard-float -msoft-float -mhard-dfp -mno-hard-dfp
-mlong-double-64 -mlong-double-128
-mbackchain -mno-backchain -mpacked-stack -mno-packed-stack
-msmall-exec -mno-small-exec -mmvcle -mno-mvcle
-m64 -m31 -mdebug -mno-debug -mesa -mzarch
-mhtm -mvx -mzvector
-mtpf-trace -mno-tpf-trace -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd
-mwarn-framesize -mwarn-dynamicstack -mstack-size -mstack-guard
-mhotpatch=HALFWORDS,HALFWORDS
_Score Options_
-meb -mel
-mnhwloop
-muls
-mmac
-mscore5 -mscore5u -mscore7 -mscore7d
_SH Options_
-m1 -m2 -m2e
-m2a-nofpu -m2a-single-only -m2a-single -m2a
-m3 -m3e
-m4-nofpu -m4-single-only -m4-single -m4
-m4a-nofpu -m4a-single-only -m4a-single -m4a -m4al
-mb -ml -mdalign -mrelax
-mbigtable -mfmovd -mrenesas -mno-renesas -mnomacsave
-mieee -mno-ieee -mbitops -misize -minline-ic_invalidate -mpadstruct
-mprefergot -musermode -multcost=NUMBER -mdiv=STRATEGY
-mdivsi3_libfunc=NAME -mfixed-range=REGISTER-RANGE
-maccumulate-outgoing-args
-matomic-model=ATOMIC-MODEL
-mbranch-cost=NUM -mzdcbranch -mno-zdcbranch
-mcbranch-force-delay-slot
-mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -mfsca -mno-fsca -mfsrra -mno-fsrra
-mpretend-cmove -mtas
_Solaris 2 Options_
-mclear-hwcap -mno-clear-hwcap -mimpure-text -mno-impure-text
-pthreads
_SPARC Options_
-mcpu=CPU-TYPE
-mtune=CPU-TYPE
-mcmodel=CODE-MODEL
-mmemory-model=MEM-MODEL
-m32 -m64 -mapp-regs -mno-app-regs
-mfaster-structs -mno-faster-structs -mflat -mno-flat
-mfpu -mno-fpu -mhard-float -msoft-float
-mhard-quad-float -msoft-quad-float
-mstack-bias -mno-stack-bias
-mstd-struct-return -mno-std-struct-return
-munaligned-doubles -mno-unaligned-doubles
-muser-mode -mno-user-mode
-mv8plus -mno-v8plus -mvis -mno-vis
-mvis2 -mno-vis2 -mvis3 -mno-vis3
-mvis4 -mno-vis4 -mvis4b -mno-vis4b
-mcbcond -mno-cbcond -mfmaf -mno-fmaf -mfsmuld -mno-fsmuld
-mpopc -mno-popc -msubxc -mno-subxc
-mfix-at697f -mfix-ut699 -mfix-ut700 -mfix-gr712rc
-mlra -mno-lra
_SPU Options_
-mwarn-reloc -merror-reloc
-msafe-dma -munsafe-dma
-mbranch-hints
-msmall-mem -mlarge-mem -mstdmain
-mfixed-range=REGISTER-RANGE
-mea32 -mea64
-maddress-space-conversion -mno-address-space-conversion
-mcache-size=CACHE-SIZE
-matomic-updates -mno-atomic-updates
_System V Options_
-Qy -Qn -YP,PATHS -Ym,DIR
_TILE-Gx Options_
-mcpu=CPU -m32 -m64 -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian
-mcmodel=CODE-MODEL
_TILEPro Options_
-mcpu=CPU -m32
_V850 Options_
-mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -mep -mno-ep
-mprolog-function -mno-prolog-function -mspace
-mtda=N -msda=N -mzda=N
-mapp-regs -mno-app-regs
-mdisable-callt -mno-disable-callt
-mv850e2v3 -mv850e2 -mv850e1 -mv850es
-mv850e -mv850 -mv850e3v5
-mloop
-mrelax
-mlong-jumps
-msoft-float
-mhard-float
-mgcc-abi
-mrh850-abi
-mbig-switch
_VAX Options_
-mg -mgnu -munix
_Visium Options_
-mdebug -msim -mfpu -mno-fpu -mhard-float -msoft-float
-mcpu=CPU-TYPE -mtune=CPU-TYPE -msv-mode -muser-mode
_VMS Options_
-mvms-return-codes -mdebug-main=PREFIX -mmalloc64
-mpointer-size=SIZE
_VxWorks Options_
-mrtp -non-static -Bstatic -Bdynamic
-Xbind-lazy -Xbind-now
_x86 Options_
-mtune=CPU-TYPE -march=CPU-TYPE
-mtune-ctrl=FEATURE-LIST -mdump-tune-features -mno-default
-mfpmath=UNIT
-masm=DIALECT -mno-fancy-math-387
-mno-fp-ret-in-387 -m80387 -mhard-float -msoft-float
-mno-wide-multiply -mrtd -malign-double
-mpreferred-stack-boundary=NUM
-mincoming-stack-boundary=NUM
-mcld -mcx16 -msahf -mmovbe -mcrc32
-mrecip -mrecip=OPT
-mvzeroupper -mprefer-avx128 -mprefer-vector-width=OPT
-mmmx -msse -msse2 -msse3 -mssse3 -msse4.1 -msse4.2 -msse4 -mavx
-mavx2 -mavx512f -mavx512pf -mavx512er -mavx512cd -mavx512vl
-mavx512bw -mavx512dq -mavx512ifma -mavx512vbmi -msha -maes
-mpclmul -mfsgsbase -mrdrnd -mf16c -mfma -mpconfig -mwbnoinvd
-mprefetchwt1 -mclflushopt -mclwb -mxsavec -mxsaves
-msse4a -m3dnow -m3dnowa -mpopcnt -mabm -mbmi -mtbm -mfma4 -mxop
-madx -mlzcnt -mbmi2 -mfxsr -mxsave -mxsaveopt -mrtm -mlwp -mmpx
-mmwaitx -mclzero -mpku -mthreads -mgfni -mvaes
-mshstk -mforce-indirect-call -mavx512vbmi2
-mvpclmulqdq -mavx512bitalg -mmovdiri -mmovdir64b -mavx512vpopcntdq
-mavx5124fmaps -mavx512vnni -mavx5124vnniw -mprfchw -mrdpid
-mrdseed -msgx
-mms-bitfields -mno-align-stringops -minline-all-stringops
-minline-stringops-dynamically -mstringop-strategy=ALG
-mmemcpy-strategy=STRATEGY -mmemset-strategy=STRATEGY
-mpush-args -maccumulate-outgoing-args -m128bit-long-double
-m96bit-long-double -mlong-double-64 -mlong-double-80 -mlong-double-128
-mregparm=NUM -msseregparm
-mveclibabi=TYPE -mvect8-ret-in-mem
-mpc32 -mpc64 -mpc80 -mstackrealign
-momit-leaf-frame-pointer -mno-red-zone -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs
-mcmodel=CODE-MODEL -mabi=NAME -maddress-mode=MODE
-m32 -m64 -mx32 -m16 -miamcu -mlarge-data-threshold=NUM
-msse2avx -mfentry -mrecord-mcount -mnop-mcount -m8bit-idiv
-mavx256-split-unaligned-load -mavx256-split-unaligned-store
-malign-data=TYPE -mstack-protector-guard=GUARD
-mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG
-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET
-mstack-protector-guard-symbol=SYMBOL -mmitigate-rop
-mgeneral-regs-only -mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues
-mindirect-branch=CHOICE -mfunction-return=CHOICE
-mindirect-branch-register -mharden-sls=CHOICE
-mindirect-branch-cs-prefix
_x86 Windows Options_
-mconsole -mcygwin -mno-cygwin -mdll
-mnop-fun-dllimport -mthread
-municode -mwin32 -mwindows -fno-set-stack-executable
_Xstormy16 Options_
-msim
_Xtensa Options_
-mconst16 -mno-const16
-mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd
-mforce-no-pic
-mserialize-volatile -mno-serialize-volatile
-mtext-section-literals -mno-text-section-literals
-mauto-litpools -mno-auto-litpools
-mtarget-align -mno-target-align
-mlongcalls -mno-longcalls
_zSeries Options_ See S/390 and zSeries Options.
File: gcc.info, Node: Overall Options, Next: Invoking G++, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking GCC
3.2 Options Controlling the Kind of Output
==========================================
Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation
proper, assembly and linking, always in that order. GCC is capable of
preprocessing and compiling several files either into several assembler
input files, or into one assembler input file; then each assembler input
file produces an object file, and linking combines all the object files
(those newly compiled, and those specified as input) into an executable
file.
For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind of
compilation is done:
'FILE.c'
C source code that must be preprocessed.
'FILE.i'
C source code that should not be preprocessed.
'FILE.ii'
C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
'FILE.m'
Objective-C source code. Note that you must link with the
'libobjc' library to make an Objective-C program work.
'FILE.mi'
Objective-C source code that should not be preprocessed.
'FILE.mm'
'FILE.M'
Objective-C++ source code. Note that you must link with the
'libobjc' library to make an Objective-C++ program work. Note that
'.M' refers to a literal capital M.
'FILE.mii'
Objective-C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
'FILE.h'
C, C++, Objective-C or Objective-C++ header file to be turned into
a precompiled header (default), or C, C++ header file to be turned
into an Ada spec (via the '-fdump-ada-spec' switch).
'FILE.cc'
'FILE.cp'
'FILE.cxx'
'FILE.cpp'
'FILE.CPP'
'FILE.c++'
'FILE.C'
C++ source code that must be preprocessed. Note that in '.cxx',
the last two letters must both be literally 'x'. Likewise, '.C'
refers to a literal capital C.
'FILE.mm'
'FILE.M'
Objective-C++ source code that must be preprocessed.
'FILE.mii'
Objective-C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
'FILE.hh'
'FILE.H'
'FILE.hp'
'FILE.hxx'
'FILE.hpp'
'FILE.HPP'
'FILE.h++'
'FILE.tcc'
C++ header file to be turned into a precompiled header or Ada spec.
'FILE.f'
'FILE.for'
'FILE.ftn'
Fixed form Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.
'FILE.F'
'FILE.FOR'
'FILE.fpp'
'FILE.FPP'
'FILE.FTN'
Fixed form Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (with the
traditional preprocessor).
'FILE.f90'
'FILE.f95'
'FILE.f03'
'FILE.f08'
Free form Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.
'FILE.F90'
'FILE.F95'
'FILE.F03'
'FILE.F08'
Free form Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (with the
traditional preprocessor).
'FILE.go'
Go source code.
'FILE.brig'
BRIG files (binary representation of HSAIL).
'FILE.ads'
Ada source code file that contains a library unit declaration (a
declaration of a package, subprogram, or generic, or a generic
instantiation), or a library unit renaming declaration (a package,
generic, or subprogram renaming declaration). Such files are also
called "specs".
'FILE.adb'
Ada source code file containing a library unit body (a subprogram
or package body). Such files are also called "bodies".
'FILE.s'
Assembler code.
'FILE.S'
'FILE.sx'
Assembler code that must be preprocessed.
'OTHER'
An object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name with
no recognized suffix is treated this way.
You can specify the input language explicitly with the '-x' option:
'-x LANGUAGE'
Specify explicitly the LANGUAGE for the following input files
(rather than letting the compiler choose a default based on the
file name suffix). This option applies to all following input
files until the next '-x' option. Possible values for LANGUAGE
are:
c c-header cpp-output
c++ c++-header c++-cpp-output
objective-c objective-c-header objective-c-cpp-output
objective-c++ objective-c++-header objective-c++-cpp-output
assembler assembler-with-cpp
ada
f77 f77-cpp-input f95 f95-cpp-input
go
brig
'-x none'
Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files
are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if
'-x' has not been used at all).
If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use '-x'
(or filename suffixes) to tell 'gcc' where to start, and one of the
options '-c', '-S', or '-E' to say where 'gcc' is to stop. Note that
some combinations (for example, '-x cpp-output -E') instruct 'gcc' to do
nothing at all.
'-c'
Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. The linking
stage simply is not done. The ultimate output is in the form of an
object file for each source file.
By default, the object file name for a source file is made by
replacing the suffix '.c', '.i', '.s', etc., with '.o'.
Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly,
are ignored.
'-S'
Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The
output is in the form of an assembler code file for each
non-assembler input file specified.
By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by
replacing the suffix '.c', '.i', etc., with '.s'.
Input files that don't require compilation are ignored.
'-E'
Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler proper.
The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, which is
sent to the standard output.
Input files that don't require preprocessing are ignored.
'-o FILE'
Place output in file FILE. This applies to whatever sort of output
is being produced, whether it be an executable file, an object
file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code.
If '-o' is not specified, the default is to put an executable file
in 'a.out', the object file for 'SOURCE.SUFFIX' in 'SOURCE.o', its
assembler file in 'SOURCE.s', a precompiled header file in
'SOURCE.SUFFIX.gch', and all preprocessed C source on standard
output.
'-v'
Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the
stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the
compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler
proper.
'-###'
Like '-v' except the commands are not executed and arguments are
quoted unless they contain only alphanumeric characters or './-_'.
This is useful for shell scripts to capture the driver-generated
command lines.
'--help'
Print (on the standard output) a description of the command-line
options understood by 'gcc'. If the '-v' option is also specified
then '--help' is also passed on to the various processes invoked by
'gcc', so that they can display the command-line options they
accept. If the '-Wextra' option has also been specified (prior to
the '--help' option), then command-line options that have no
documentation associated with them are also displayed.
'--target-help'
Print (on the standard output) a description of target-specific
command-line options for each tool. For some targets extra
target-specific information may also be printed.
'--help={CLASS|[^]QUALIFIER}[,...]'
Print (on the standard output) a description of the command-line
options understood by the compiler that fit into all specified
classes and qualifiers. These are the supported classes:
'optimizers'
Display all of the optimization options supported by the
compiler.
'warnings'
Display all of the options controlling warning messages
produced by the compiler.
'target'
Display target-specific options. Unlike the '--target-help'
option however, target-specific options of the linker and
assembler are not displayed. This is because those tools do
not currently support the extended '--help=' syntax.
'params'
Display the values recognized by the '--param' option.
LANGUAGE
Display the options supported for LANGUAGE, where LANGUAGE is
the name of one of the languages supported in this version of
GCC.
'common'
Display the options that are common to all languages.
These are the supported qualifiers:
'undocumented'
Display only those options that are undocumented.
'joined'
Display options taking an argument that appears after an equal
sign in the same continuous piece of text, such as:
'--help=target'.
'separate'
Display options taking an argument that appears as a separate
word following the original option, such as: '-o output-file'.
Thus for example to display all the undocumented target-specific
switches supported by the compiler, use:
--help=target,undocumented
The sense of a qualifier can be inverted by prefixing it with the
'^' character, so for example to display all binary warning options
(i.e., ones that are either on or off and that do not take an
argument) that have a description, use:
--help=warnings,^joined,^undocumented
The argument to '--help=' should not consist solely of inverted
qualifiers.
Combining several classes is possible, although this usually
restricts the output so much that there is nothing to display. One
case where it does work, however, is when one of the classes is
TARGET. For example, to display all the target-specific
optimization options, use:
--help=target,optimizers
The '--help=' option can be repeated on the command line. Each
successive use displays its requested class of options, skipping
those that have already been displayed.
If the '-Q' option appears on the command line before the '--help='
option, then the descriptive text displayed by '--help=' is
changed. Instead of describing the displayed options, an
indication is given as to whether the option is enabled, disabled
or set to a specific value (assuming that the compiler knows this
at the point where the '--help=' option is used).
Here is a truncated example from the ARM port of 'gcc':
% gcc -Q -mabi=2 --help=target -c
The following options are target specific:
-mabi= 2
-mabort-on-noreturn [disabled]
-mapcs [disabled]
The output is sensitive to the effects of previous command-line
options, so for example it is possible to find out which
optimizations are enabled at '-O2' by using:
-Q -O2 --help=optimizers
Alternatively you can discover which binary optimizations are
enabled by '-O3' by using:
gcc -c -Q -O3 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O3-opts
gcc -c -Q -O2 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O2-opts
diff /tmp/O2-opts /tmp/O3-opts | grep enabled
'--version'
Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC.
'-pass-exit-codes'
Normally the 'gcc' program exits with the code of 1 if any phase of
the compiler returns a non-success return code. If you specify
'-pass-exit-codes', the 'gcc' program instead returns with the
numerically highest error produced by any phase returning an error
indication. The C, C++, and Fortran front ends return 4 if an
internal compiler error is encountered.
'-pipe'
Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the
various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems
where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU
assembler has no trouble.
'-specs=FILE'
Process FILE after the compiler reads in the standard 'specs' file,
in order to override the defaults which the 'gcc' driver program
uses when determining what switches to pass to 'cc1', 'cc1plus',
'as', 'ld', etc. More than one '-specs=FILE' can be specified on
the command line, and they are processed in order, from left to
right. *Note Spec Files::, for information about the format of the
FILE.
'-wrapper'
Invoke all subcommands under a wrapper program. The name of the
wrapper program and its parameters are passed as a comma separated
list.
gcc -c t.c -wrapper gdb,--args
This invokes all subprograms of 'gcc' under 'gdb --args', thus the
invocation of 'cc1' is 'gdb --args cc1 ...'.
'-ffile-prefix-map=OLD=NEW'
When compiling files residing in directory 'OLD', record any
references to them in the result of the compilation as if the files
resided in directory 'NEW' instead. Specifying this option is
equivalent to specifying all the individual '-f*-prefix-map'
options. This can be used to make reproducible builds that are
location independent. See also '-fmacro-prefix-map' and
'-fdebug-prefix-map'.
'-fplugin=NAME.so'
Load the plugin code in file NAME.so, assumed to be a shared object
to be dlopen'd by the compiler. The base name of the shared object
file is used to identify the plugin for the purposes of argument
parsing (See '-fplugin-arg-NAME-KEY=VALUE' below). Each plugin
should define the callback functions specified in the Plugins API.
'-fplugin-arg-NAME-KEY=VALUE'
Define an argument called KEY with a value of VALUE for the plugin
called NAME.
'-fdump-ada-spec[-slim]'
For C and C++ source and include files, generate corresponding Ada
specs. *Note (gnat_ugn)Generating Ada Bindings for C and C++
headers::, which provides detailed documentation on this feature.
'-fada-spec-parent=UNIT'
In conjunction with '-fdump-ada-spec[-slim]' above, generate Ada
specs as child units of parent UNIT.
'-fdump-go-spec=FILE'
For input files in any language, generate corresponding Go
declarations in FILE. This generates Go 'const', 'type', 'var',
and 'func' declarations which may be a useful way to start writing
a Go interface to code written in some other language.
'@FILE'
Read command-line options from FILE. The options read are inserted
in place of the original @FILE option. If FILE does not exist, or
cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not
removed.
Options in FILE are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including
a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be
included with a backslash. The FILE may itself contain additional
@FILE options; any such options will be processed recursively.
File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking G++, Next: C Dialect Options, Prev: Overall Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.3 Compiling C++ Programs
==========================
C++ source files conventionally use one of the suffixes '.C', '.cc',
'.cpp', '.CPP', '.c++', '.cp', or '.cxx'; C++ header files often use
'.hh', '.hpp', '.H', or (for shared template code) '.tcc'; and
preprocessed C++ files use the suffix '.ii'. GCC recognizes files with
these names and compiles them as C++ programs even if you call the
compiler the same way as for compiling C programs (usually with the name
'gcc').
However, the use of 'gcc' does not add the C++ library. 'g++' is a
program that calls GCC and automatically specifies linking against the
C++ library. It treats '.c', '.h' and '.i' files as C++ source files
instead of C source files unless '-x' is used. This program is also
useful when precompiling a C header file with a '.h' extension for use
in C++ compilations. On many systems, 'g++' is also installed with the
name 'c++'.
When you compile C++ programs, you may specify many of the same
command-line options that you use for compiling programs in any
language; or command-line options meaningful for C and related
languages; or options that are meaningful only for C++ programs. *Note
Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options, for explanations of
options for languages related to C. *Note Options Controlling C++
Dialect: C++ Dialect Options, for explanations of options that are
meaningful only for C++ programs.
File: gcc.info, Node: C Dialect Options, Next: C++ Dialect Options, Prev: Invoking G++, Up: Invoking GCC
3.4 Options Controlling C Dialect
=================================
The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived
from C, such as C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++) that the compiler
accepts:
'-ansi'
In C mode, this is equivalent to '-std=c90'. In C++ mode, it is
equivalent to '-std=c++98'.
This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with
ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when compiling
C++ code), such as the 'asm' and 'typeof' keywords, and predefined
macros such as 'unix' and 'vax' that identify the type of system
you are using. It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ISO
trigraph feature. For the C compiler, it disables recognition of
C++ style '//' comments as well as the 'inline' keyword.
The alternate keywords '__asm__', '__extension__', '__inline__' and
'__typeof__' continue to work despite '-ansi'. You would not want
to use them in an ISO C program, of course, but it is useful to put
them in header files that might be included in compilations done
with '-ansi'. Alternate predefined macros such as '__unix__' and
'__vax__' are also available, with or without '-ansi'.
The '-ansi' option does not cause non-ISO programs to be rejected
gratuitously. For that, '-Wpedantic' is required in addition to
'-ansi'. *Note Warning Options::.
The macro '__STRICT_ANSI__' is predefined when the '-ansi' option
is used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from
declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ISO
standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any
programs that might use these names for other things.
Functions that are normally built in but do not have semantics
defined by ISO C (such as 'alloca' and 'ffs') are not built-in
functions when '-ansi' is used. *Note Other built-in functions
provided by GCC: Other Builtins, for details of the functions
affected.
'-std='
Determine the language standard. *Note Language Standards
Supported by GCC: Standards, for details of these standard
versions. This option is currently only supported when compiling C
or C++.
The compiler can accept several base standards, such as 'c90' or
'c++98', and GNU dialects of those standards, such as 'gnu90' or
'gnu++98'. When a base standard is specified, the compiler accepts
all programs following that standard plus those using GNU
extensions that do not contradict it. For example, '-std=c90'
turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with ISO
C90, such as the 'asm' and 'typeof' keywords, but not other GNU
extensions that do not have a meaning in ISO C90, such as omitting
the middle term of a '?:' expression. On the other hand, when a
GNU dialect of a standard is specified, all features supported by
the compiler are enabled, even when those features change the
meaning of the base standard. As a result, some strict-conforming
programs may be rejected. The particular standard is used by
'-Wpedantic' to identify which features are GNU extensions given
that version of the standard. For example '-std=gnu90 -Wpedantic'
warns about C++ style '//' comments, while '-std=gnu99 -Wpedantic'
does not.
A value for this option must be provided; possible values are
'c90'
'c89'
'iso9899:1990'
Support all ISO C90 programs (certain GNU extensions that
conflict with ISO C90 are disabled). Same as '-ansi' for C
code.
'iso9899:199409'
ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1.
'c99'
'c9x'
'iso9899:1999'
'iso9899:199x'
ISO C99. This standard is substantially completely supported,
modulo bugs and floating-point issues (mainly but not entirely
relating to optional C99 features from Annexes F and G). See
<http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html>; for more information. The
names 'c9x' and 'iso9899:199x' are deprecated.
'c11'
'c1x'
'iso9899:2011'
ISO C11, the 2011 revision of the ISO C standard. This
standard is substantially completely supported, modulo bugs,
floating-point issues (mainly but not entirely relating to
optional C11 features from Annexes F and G) and the optional
Annexes K (Bounds-checking interfaces) and L (Analyzability).
The name 'c1x' is deprecated.
'c17'
'c18'
'iso9899:2017'
'iso9899:2018'
ISO C17, the 2017 revision of the ISO C standard (expected to
be published in 2018). This standard is same as C11 except
for corrections of defects (all of which are also applied with
'-std=c11') and a new value of '__STDC_VERSION__', and so is
supported to the same extent as C11.
'gnu90'
'gnu89'
GNU dialect of ISO C90 (including some C99 features).
'gnu99'
'gnu9x'
GNU dialect of ISO C99. The name 'gnu9x' is deprecated.
'gnu11'
'gnu1x'
GNU dialect of ISO C11. The name 'gnu1x' is deprecated.
'gnu17'
'gnu18'
GNU dialect of ISO C17. This is the default for C code.
'c++98'
'c++03'
The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus the 2003 technical corrigendum
and some additional defect reports. Same as '-ansi' for C++
code.
'gnu++98'
'gnu++03'
GNU dialect of '-std=c++98'.
'c++11'
'c++0x'
The 2011 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name 'c++0x'
is deprecated.
'gnu++11'
'gnu++0x'
GNU dialect of '-std=c++11'. The name 'gnu++0x' is
deprecated.
'c++14'
'c++1y'
The 2014 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name 'c++1y'
is deprecated.
'gnu++14'
'gnu++1y'
GNU dialect of '-std=c++14'. This is the default for C++
code. The name 'gnu++1y' is deprecated.
'c++17'
'c++1z'
The 2017 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name 'c++1z'
is deprecated.
'gnu++17'
'gnu++1z'
GNU dialect of '-std=c++17'. The name 'gnu++1z' is
deprecated.
'c++2a'
The next revision of the ISO C++ standard, tentatively planned
for 2020. Support is highly experimental, and will almost
certainly change in incompatible ways in future releases.
'gnu++2a'
GNU dialect of '-std=c++2a'. Support is highly experimental,
and will almost certainly change in incompatible ways in
future releases.
'-fgnu89-inline'
The option '-fgnu89-inline' tells GCC to use the traditional GNU
semantics for 'inline' functions when in C99 mode. *Note An Inline
Function is As Fast As a Macro: Inline. Using this option is
roughly equivalent to adding the 'gnu_inline' function attribute to
all inline functions (*note Function Attributes::).
The option '-fno-gnu89-inline' explicitly tells GCC to use the C99
semantics for 'inline' when in C99 or gnu99 mode (i.e., it
specifies the default behavior). This option is not supported in
'-std=c90' or '-std=gnu90' mode.
The preprocessor macros '__GNUC_GNU_INLINE__' and
'__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__' may be used to check which semantics are in
effect for 'inline' functions. *Note (cpp)Common Predefined
Macros::.
'-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=STYLE'
ISO/IEC TS 18661-3 defines new permissible values for
'FLT_EVAL_METHOD' that indicate that operations and constants with
a semantic type that is an interchange or extended format should be
evaluated to the precision and range of that type. These new
values are a superset of those permitted under C99/C11, which does
not specify the meaning of other positive values of
'FLT_EVAL_METHOD'. As such, code conforming to C11 may not have
been written expecting the possibility of the new values.
'-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods' specifies whether the compiler
should allow only the values of 'FLT_EVAL_METHOD' specified in
C99/C11, or the extended set of values specified in ISO/IEC TS
18661-3.
STYLE is either 'c11' or 'ts-18661-3' as appropriate.
The default when in a standards compliant mode ('-std=c11' or
similar) is '-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=c11'. The default when
in a GNU dialect ('-std=gnu11' or similar) is
'-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=ts-18661-3'.
'-aux-info FILENAME'
Output to the given filename prototyped declarations for all
functions declared and/or defined in a translation unit, including
those in header files. This option is silently ignored in any
language other than C.
Besides declarations, the file indicates, in comments, the origin
of each declaration (source file and line), whether the declaration
was implicit, prototyped or unprototyped ('I', 'N' for new or 'O'
for old, respectively, in the first character after the line number
and the colon), and whether it came from a declaration or a
definition ('C' or 'F', respectively, in the following character).
In the case of function definitions, a K&R-style list of arguments
followed by their declarations is also provided, inside comments,
after the declaration.
'-fallow-parameterless-variadic-functions'
Accept variadic functions without named parameters.
Although it is possible to define such a function, this is not very
useful as it is not possible to read the arguments. This is only
supported for C as this construct is allowed by C++.
'-fno-asm'
Do not recognize 'asm', 'inline' or 'typeof' as a keyword, so that
code can use these words as identifiers. You can use the keywords
'__asm__', '__inline__' and '__typeof__' instead. '-ansi' implies
'-fno-asm'.
In C++, this switch only affects the 'typeof' keyword, since 'asm'
and 'inline' are standard keywords. You may want to use the
'-fno-gnu-keywords' flag instead, which has the same effect. In
C99 mode ('-std=c99' or '-std=gnu99'), this switch only affects the
'asm' and 'typeof' keywords, since 'inline' is a standard keyword
in ISO C99.
'-fno-builtin'
'-fno-builtin-FUNCTION'
Don't recognize built-in functions that do not begin with
'__builtin_' as prefix. *Note Other built-in functions provided by
GCC: Other Builtins, for details of the functions affected,
including those which are not built-in functions when '-ansi' or
'-std' options for strict ISO C conformance are used because they
do not have an ISO standard meaning.
GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in
functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to 'alloca' may
become single instructions which adjust the stack directly, and
calls to 'memcpy' may become inline copy loops. The resulting code
is often both smaller and faster, but since the function calls no
longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on those calls,
nor can you change the behavior of the functions by linking with a
different library. In addition, when a function is recognized as a
built-in function, GCC may use information about that function to
warn about problems with calls to that function, or to generate
more efficient code, even if the resulting code still contains
calls to that function. For example, warnings are given with
'-Wformat' for bad calls to 'printf' when 'printf' is built in and
'strlen' is known not to modify global memory.
With the '-fno-builtin-FUNCTION' option only the built-in function
FUNCTION is disabled. FUNCTION must not begin with '__builtin_'.
If a function is named that is not built-in in this version of GCC,
this option is ignored. There is no corresponding
'-fbuiltin-FUNCTION' option; if you wish to enable built-in
functions selectively when using '-fno-builtin' or
'-ffreestanding', you may define macros such as:
#define abs(n) __builtin_abs ((n))
#define strcpy(d, s) __builtin_strcpy ((d), (s))
'-fgimple'
Enable parsing of function definitions marked with '__GIMPLE'.
This is an experimental feature that allows unit testing of GIMPLE
passes.
'-fhosted'
Assert that compilation targets a hosted environment. This implies
'-fbuiltin'. A hosted environment is one in which the entire
standard library is available, and in which 'main' has a return
type of 'int'. Examples are nearly everything except a kernel.
This is equivalent to '-fno-freestanding'.
'-ffreestanding'
Assert that compilation targets a freestanding environment. This
implies '-fno-builtin'. A freestanding environment is one in which
the standard library may not exist, and program startup may not
necessarily be at 'main'. The most obvious example is an OS
kernel. This is equivalent to '-fno-hosted'.
*Note Language Standards Supported by GCC: Standards, for details
of freestanding and hosted environments.
'-fopenacc'
Enable handling of OpenACC directives '#pragma acc' in C/C++ and
'!$acc' in Fortran. When '-fopenacc' is specified, the compiler
generates accelerated code according to the OpenACC Application
Programming Interface v2.0 <https://www.openacc.org>;. This option
implies '-pthread', and thus is only supported on targets that have
support for '-pthread'.
'-fopenacc-dim=GEOM'
Specify default compute dimensions for parallel offload regions
that do not explicitly specify. The GEOM value is a triple of
':'-separated sizes, in order 'gang', 'worker' and, 'vector'. A
size can be omitted, to use a target-specific default value.
'-fopenmp'
Enable handling of OpenMP directives '#pragma omp' in C/C++ and
'!$omp' in Fortran. When '-fopenmp' is specified, the compiler
generates parallel code according to the OpenMP Application Program
Interface v4.5 <http://www.openmp.org/>;. This option implies
'-pthread', and thus is only supported on targets that have support
for '-pthread'. '-fopenmp' implies '-fopenmp-simd'.
'-fopenmp-simd'
Enable handling of OpenMP's SIMD directives with '#pragma omp' in
C/C++ and '!$omp' in Fortran. Other OpenMP directives are ignored.
'-fgnu-tm'
When the option '-fgnu-tm' is specified, the compiler generates
code for the Linux variant of Intel's current Transactional Memory
ABI specification document (Revision 1.1, May 6 2009). This is an
experimental feature whose interface may change in future versions
of GCC, as the official specification changes. Please note that
not all architectures are supported for this feature.
For more information on GCC's support for transactional memory,
*Note The GNU Transactional Memory Library: (libitm)Enabling
libitm.
Note that the transactional memory feature is not supported with
non-call exceptions ('-fnon-call-exceptions').
'-fms-extensions'
Accept some non-standard constructs used in Microsoft header files.
In C++ code, this allows member names in structures to be similar
to previous types declarations.
typedef int UOW;
struct ABC {
UOW UOW;
};
Some cases of unnamed fields in structures and unions are only
accepted with this option. *Note Unnamed struct/union fields
within structs/unions: Unnamed Fields, for details.
Note that this option is off for all targets but x86 targets using
ms-abi.
'-fplan9-extensions'
Accept some non-standard constructs used in Plan 9 code.
This enables '-fms-extensions', permits passing pointers to
structures with anonymous fields to functions that expect pointers
to elements of the type of the field, and permits referring to
anonymous fields declared using a typedef. *Note Unnamed
struct/union fields within structs/unions: Unnamed Fields, for
details. This is only supported for C, not C++.
'-fcond-mismatch'
Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second
and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void.
This option is not supported for C++.
'-flax-vector-conversions'
Allow implicit conversions between vectors with differing numbers
of elements and/or incompatible element types. This option should
not be used for new code.
'-funsigned-char'
Let the type 'char' be unsigned, like 'unsigned char'.
Each kind of machine has a default for what 'char' should be. It
is either like 'unsigned char' by default or like 'signed char' by
default.
Ideally, a portable program should always use 'signed char' or
'unsigned char' when it depends on the signedness of an object.
But many programs have been written to use plain 'char' and expect
it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the
machines they were written for. This option, and its inverse, let
you make such a program work with the opposite default.
The type 'char' is always a distinct type from each of 'signed
char' or 'unsigned char', even though its behavior is always just
like one of those two.
'-fsigned-char'
Let the type 'char' be signed, like 'signed char'.
Note that this is equivalent to '-fno-unsigned-char', which is the
negative form of '-funsigned-char'. Likewise, the option
'-fno-signed-char' is equivalent to '-funsigned-char'.
'-fsigned-bitfields'
'-funsigned-bitfields'
'-fno-signed-bitfields'
'-fno-unsigned-bitfields'
These options control whether a bit-field is signed or unsigned,
when the declaration does not use either 'signed' or 'unsigned'.
By default, such a bit-field is signed, because this is consistent:
the basic integer types such as 'int' are signed types.
'-fsso-struct=ENDIANNESS'
Set the default scalar storage order of structures and unions to
the specified endianness. The accepted values are 'big-endian',
'little-endian' and 'native' for the native endianness of the
target (the default). This option is not supported for C++.
*Warning:* the '-fsso-struct' switch causes GCC to generate code
that is not binary compatible with code generated without it if the
specified endianness is not the native endianness of the target.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Dialect Options, Next: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options, Prev: C Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.5 Options Controlling C++ Dialect
===================================
This section describes the command-line options that are only meaningful
for C++ programs. You can also use most of the GNU compiler options
regardless of what language your program is in. For example, you might
compile a file 'firstClass.C' like this:
g++ -g -fstrict-enums -O -c firstClass.C
In this example, only '-fstrict-enums' is an option meant only for C++
programs; you can use the other options with any language supported by
GCC.
Some options for compiling C programs, such as '-std', are also
relevant for C++ programs. *Note Options Controlling C Dialect: C
Dialect Options.
Here is a list of options that are _only_ for compiling C++ programs:
'-fabi-version=N'
Use version N of the C++ ABI. The default is version 0.
Version 0 refers to the version conforming most closely to the C++
ABI specification. Therefore, the ABI obtained using version 0
will change in different versions of G++ as ABI bugs are fixed.
Version 1 is the version of the C++ ABI that first appeared in G++
3.2.
Version 2 is the version of the C++ ABI that first appeared in G++
3.4, and was the default through G++ 4.9.
Version 3 corrects an error in mangling a constant address as a
template argument.
Version 4, which first appeared in G++ 4.5, implements a standard
mangling for vector types.
Version 5, which first appeared in G++ 4.6, corrects the mangling
of attribute const/volatile on function pointer types, decltype of
a plain decl, and use of a function parameter in the declaration of
another parameter.
Version 6, which first appeared in G++ 4.7, corrects the promotion
behavior of C++11 scoped enums and the mangling of template
argument packs, const/static_cast, prefix ++ and -, and a class
scope function used as a template argument.
Version 7, which first appeared in G++ 4.8, that treats nullptr_t
as a builtin type and corrects the mangling of lambdas in default
argument scope.
Version 8, which first appeared in G++ 4.9, corrects the
substitution behavior of function types with
function-cv-qualifiers.
Version 9, which first appeared in G++ 5.2, corrects the alignment
of 'nullptr_t'.
Version 10, which first appeared in G++ 6.1, adds mangling of
attributes that affect type identity, such as ia32 calling
convention attributes (e.g. 'stdcall').
Version 11, which first appeared in G++ 7, corrects the mangling of
sizeof... expressions and operator names. For multiple entities
with the same name within a function, that are declared in
different scopes, the mangling now changes starting with the
twelfth occurrence. It also implies '-fnew-inheriting-ctors'.
Version 12, which first appeared in G++ 8, corrects the calling
conventions for empty classes on the x86_64 target and for classes
with only deleted copy/move constructors. It accidentally changes
the calling convention for classes with a deleted copy constructor
and a trivial move constructor.
Version 13, which first appeared in G++ 8.2, fixes the accidental
change in version 12.
See also '-Wabi'.
'-fabi-compat-version=N'
On targets that support strong aliases, G++ works around mangling
changes by creating an alias with the correct mangled name when
defining a symbol with an incorrect mangled name. This switch
specifies which ABI version to use for the alias.
With '-fabi-version=0' (the default), this defaults to 11 (GCC 7
compatibility). If another ABI version is explicitly selected,
this defaults to 0. For compatibility with GCC versions 3.2
through 4.9, use '-fabi-compat-version=2'.
If this option is not provided but '-Wabi=N' is, that version is
used for compatibility aliases. If this option is provided along
with '-Wabi' (without the version), the version from this option is
used for the warning.
'-fno-access-control'
Turn off all access checking. This switch is mainly useful for
working around bugs in the access control code.
'-faligned-new'
Enable support for C++17 'new' of types that require more alignment
than 'void* ::operator new(std::size_t)' provides. A numeric
argument such as '-faligned-new=32' can be used to specify how much
alignment (in bytes) is provided by that function, but few users
will need to override the default of 'alignof(std::max_align_t)'.
This flag is enabled by default for '-std=c++17'.
'-fcheck-new'
Check that the pointer returned by 'operator new' is non-null
before attempting to modify the storage allocated. This check is
normally unnecessary because the C++ standard specifies that
'operator new' only returns '0' if it is declared 'throw()', in
which case the compiler always checks the return value even without
this option. In all other cases, when 'operator new' has a
non-empty exception specification, memory exhaustion is signalled
by throwing 'std::bad_alloc'. See also 'new (nothrow)'.
'-fconcepts'
Enable support for the C++ Extensions for Concepts Technical
Specification, ISO 19217 (2015), which allows code like
template <class T> concept bool Addable = requires (T t) { t + t; };
template <Addable T> T add (T a, T b) { return a + b; }
'-fconstexpr-depth=N'
Set the maximum nested evaluation depth for C++11 constexpr
functions to N. A limit is needed to detect endless recursion
during constant expression evaluation. The minimum specified by
the standard is 512.
'-fconstexpr-loop-limit=N'
Set the maximum number of iterations for a loop in C++14 constexpr
functions to N. A limit is needed to detect infinite loops during
constant expression evaluation. The default is 262144 (1<<18).
'-fdeduce-init-list'
Enable deduction of a template type parameter as
'std::initializer_list' from a brace-enclosed initializer list,
i.e.
template <class T> auto forward(T t) -> decltype (realfn (t))
{
return realfn (t);
}
void f()
{
forward({1,2}); // call forward<std::initializer_list<int>>
}
This deduction was implemented as a possible extension to the
originally proposed semantics for the C++11 standard, but was not
part of the final standard, so it is disabled by default. This
option is deprecated, and may be removed in a future version of
G++.
'-ffriend-injection'
Inject friend functions into the enclosing namespace, so that they
are visible outside the scope of the class in which they are
declared. Friend functions were documented to work this way in the
old Annotated C++ Reference Manual. However, in ISO C++ a friend
function that is not declared in an enclosing scope can only be
found using argument dependent lookup. GCC defaults to the
standard behavior.
This option is deprecated and will be removed.
'-fno-elide-constructors'
The C++ standard allows an implementation to omit creating a
temporary that is only used to initialize another object of the
same type. Specifying this option disables that optimization, and
forces G++ to call the copy constructor in all cases. This option
also causes G++ to call trivial member functions which otherwise
would be expanded inline.
In C++17, the compiler is required to omit these temporaries, but
this option still affects trivial member functions.
'-fno-enforce-eh-specs'
Don't generate code to check for violation of exception
specifications at run time. This option violates the C++ standard,
but may be useful for reducing code size in production builds, much
like defining 'NDEBUG'. This does not give user code permission to
throw exceptions in violation of the exception specifications; the
compiler still optimizes based on the specifications, so throwing
an unexpected exception results in undefined behavior at run time.
'-fextern-tls-init'
'-fno-extern-tls-init'
The C++11 and OpenMP standards allow 'thread_local' and
'threadprivate' variables to have dynamic (runtime) initialization.
To support this, any use of such a variable goes through a wrapper
function that performs any necessary initialization. When the use
and definition of the variable are in the same translation unit,
this overhead can be optimized away, but when the use is in a
different translation unit there is significant overhead even if
the variable doesn't actually need dynamic initialization. If the
programmer can be sure that no use of the variable in a
non-defining TU needs to trigger dynamic initialization (either
because the variable is statically initialized, or a use of the
variable in the defining TU will be executed before any uses in
another TU), they can avoid this overhead with the
'-fno-extern-tls-init' option.
On targets that support symbol aliases, the default is
'-fextern-tls-init'. On targets that do not support symbol
aliases, the default is '-fno-extern-tls-init'.
'-ffor-scope'
'-fno-for-scope'
If '-ffor-scope' is specified, the scope of variables declared in a
for-init-statement is limited to the 'for' loop itself, as
specified by the C++ standard. If '-fno-for-scope' is specified,
the scope of variables declared in a for-init-statement extends to
the end of the enclosing scope, as was the case in old versions of
G++, and other (traditional) implementations of C++.
This option is deprecated and the associated non-standard
functionality will be removed.
'-fno-gnu-keywords'
Do not recognize 'typeof' as a keyword, so that code can use this
word as an identifier. You can use the keyword '__typeof__'
instead. This option is implied by the strict ISO C++ dialects:
'-ansi', '-std=c++98', '-std=c++11', etc.
'-fno-implicit-templates'
Never emit code for non-inline templates that are instantiated
implicitly (i.e. by use); only emit code for explicit
instantiations. *Note Template Instantiation::, for more
information.
'-fno-implicit-inline-templates'
Don't emit code for implicit instantiations of inline templates,
either. The default is to handle inlines differently so that
compiles with and without optimization need the same set of
explicit instantiations.
'-fno-implement-inlines'
To save space, do not emit out-of-line copies of inline functions
controlled by '#pragma implementation'. This causes linker errors
if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are called.
'-fms-extensions'
Disable Wpedantic warnings about constructs used in MFC, such as
implicit int and getting a pointer to member function via
non-standard syntax.
'-fnew-inheriting-ctors'
Enable the P0136 adjustment to the semantics of C++11 constructor
inheritance. This is part of C++17 but also considered to be a
Defect Report against C++11 and C++14. This flag is enabled by
default unless '-fabi-version=10' or lower is specified.
'-fnew-ttp-matching'
Enable the P0522 resolution to Core issue 150, template template
parameters and default arguments: this allows a template with
default template arguments as an argument for a template template
parameter with fewer template parameters. This flag is enabled by
default for '-std=c++17'.
'-fno-nonansi-builtins'
Disable built-in declarations of functions that are not mandated by
ANSI/ISO C. These include 'ffs', 'alloca', '_exit', 'index',
'bzero', 'conjf', and other related functions.
'-fnothrow-opt'
Treat a 'throw()' exception specification as if it were a
'noexcept' specification to reduce or eliminate the text size
overhead relative to a function with no exception specification.
If the function has local variables of types with non-trivial
destructors, the exception specification actually makes the
function smaller because the EH cleanups for those variables can be
optimized away. The semantic effect is that an exception thrown
out of a function with such an exception specification results in a
call to 'terminate' rather than 'unexpected'.
'-fno-operator-names'
Do not treat the operator name keywords 'and', 'bitand', 'bitor',
'compl', 'not', 'or' and 'xor' as synonyms as keywords.
'-fno-optional-diags'
Disable diagnostics that the standard says a compiler does not need
to issue. Currently, the only such diagnostic issued by G++ is the
one for a name having multiple meanings within a class.
'-fpermissive'
Downgrade some diagnostics about nonconformant code from errors to
warnings. Thus, using '-fpermissive' allows some nonconforming
code to compile.
'-fno-pretty-templates'
When an error message refers to a specialization of a function
template, the compiler normally prints the signature of the
template followed by the template arguments and any typedefs or
typenames in the signature (e.g. 'void f(T) [with T = int]' rather
than 'void f(int)') so that it's clear which template is involved.
When an error message refers to a specialization of a class
template, the compiler omits any template arguments that match the
default template arguments for that template. If either of these
behaviors make it harder to understand the error message rather
than easier, you can use '-fno-pretty-templates' to disable them.
'-frepo'
Enable automatic template instantiation at link time. This option
also implies '-fno-implicit-templates'. *Note Template
Instantiation::, for more information.
'-fno-rtti'
Disable generation of information about every class with virtual
functions for use by the C++ run-time type identification features
('dynamic_cast' and 'typeid'). If you don't use those parts of the
language, you can save some space by using this flag. Note that
exception handling uses the same information, but G++ generates it
as needed. The 'dynamic_cast' operator can still be used for casts
that do not require run-time type information, i.e. casts to 'void
*' or to unambiguous base classes.
'-fsized-deallocation'
Enable the built-in global declarations
void operator delete (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
void operator delete[] (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
as introduced in C++14. This is useful for user-defined
replacement deallocation functions that, for example, use the size
of the object to make deallocation faster. Enabled by default
under '-std=c++14' and above. The flag '-Wsized-deallocation'
warns about places that might want to add a definition.
'-fstrict-enums'
Allow the compiler to optimize using the assumption that a value of
enumerated type can only be one of the values of the enumeration
(as defined in the C++ standard; basically, a value that can be
represented in the minimum number of bits needed to represent all
the enumerators). This assumption may not be valid if the program
uses a cast to convert an arbitrary integer value to the enumerated
type.
'-fstrong-eval-order'
Evaluate member access, array subscripting, and shift expressions
in left-to-right order, and evaluate assignment in right-to-left
order, as adopted for C++17. Enabled by default with '-std=c++17'.
'-fstrong-eval-order=some' enables just the ordering of member
access and shift expressions, and is the default without
'-std=c++17'.
'-ftemplate-backtrace-limit=N'
Set the maximum number of template instantiation notes for a single
warning or error to N. The default value is 10.
'-ftemplate-depth=N'
Set the maximum instantiation depth for template classes to N. A
limit on the template instantiation depth is needed to detect
endless recursions during template class instantiation. ANSI/ISO
C++ conforming programs must not rely on a maximum depth greater
than 17 (changed to 1024 in C++11). The default value is 900, as
the compiler can run out of stack space before hitting 1024 in some
situations.
'-fno-threadsafe-statics'
Do not emit the extra code to use the routines specified in the C++
ABI for thread-safe initialization of local statics. You can use
this option to reduce code size slightly in code that doesn't need
to be thread-safe.
'-fuse-cxa-atexit'
Register destructors for objects with static storage duration with
the '__cxa_atexit' function rather than the 'atexit' function.
This option is required for fully standards-compliant handling of
static destructors, but only works if your C library supports
'__cxa_atexit'.
'-fno-use-cxa-get-exception-ptr'
Don't use the '__cxa_get_exception_ptr' runtime routine. This
causes 'std::uncaught_exception' to be incorrect, but is necessary
if the runtime routine is not available.
'-fvisibility-inlines-hidden'
This switch declares that the user does not attempt to compare
pointers to inline functions or methods where the addresses of the
two functions are taken in different shared objects.
The effect of this is that GCC may, effectively, mark inline
methods with '__attribute__ ((visibility ("hidden")))' so that they
do not appear in the export table of a DSO and do not require a PLT
indirection when used within the DSO. Enabling this option can
have a dramatic effect on load and link times of a DSO as it
massively reduces the size of the dynamic export table when the
library makes heavy use of templates.
The behavior of this switch is not quite the same as marking the
methods as hidden directly, because it does not affect static
variables local to the function or cause the compiler to deduce
that the function is defined in only one shared object.
You may mark a method as having a visibility explicitly to negate
the effect of the switch for that method. For example, if you do
want to compare pointers to a particular inline method, you might
mark it as having default visibility. Marking the enclosing class
with explicit visibility has no effect.
Explicitly instantiated inline methods are unaffected by this
option as their linkage might otherwise cross a shared library
boundary. *Note Template Instantiation::.
'-fvisibility-ms-compat'
This flag attempts to use visibility settings to make GCC's C++
linkage model compatible with that of Microsoft Visual Studio.
The flag makes these changes to GCC's linkage model:
1. It sets the default visibility to 'hidden', like
'-fvisibility=hidden'.
2. Types, but not their members, are not hidden by default.
3. The One Definition Rule is relaxed for types without explicit
visibility specifications that are defined in more than one
shared object: those declarations are permitted if they are
permitted when this option is not used.
In new code it is better to use '-fvisibility=hidden' and export
those classes that are intended to be externally visible.
Unfortunately it is possible for code to rely, perhaps
accidentally, on the Visual Studio behavior.
Among the consequences of these changes are that static data
members of the same type with the same name but defined in
different shared objects are different, so changing one does not
change the other; and that pointers to function members defined in
different shared objects may not compare equal. When this flag is
given, it is a violation of the ODR to define types with the same
name differently.
'-fno-weak'
Do not use weak symbol support, even if it is provided by the
linker. By default, G++ uses weak symbols if they are available.
This option exists only for testing, and should not be used by
end-users; it results in inferior code and has no benefits. This
option may be removed in a future release of G++.
'-nostdinc++'
Do not search for header files in the standard directories specific
to C++, but do still search the other standard directories. (This
option is used when building the C++ library.)
In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options
have meanings only for C++ programs:
'-Wabi (C, Objective-C, C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when G++ it generates code that is probably not compatible
with the vendor-neutral C++ ABI. Since G++ now defaults to
updating the ABI with each major release, normally '-Wabi' will
warn only if there is a check added later in a release series for
an ABI issue discovered since the initial release. '-Wabi' will
warn about more things if an older ABI version is selected (with
'-fabi-version=N').
'-Wabi' can also be used with an explicit version number to warn
about compatibility with a particular '-fabi-version' level, e.g.
'-Wabi=2' to warn about changes relative to '-fabi-version=2'.
If an explicit version number is provided and
'-fabi-compat-version' is not specified, the version number from
this option is used for compatibility aliases. If no explicit
version number is provided with this option, but
'-fabi-compat-version' is specified, that version number is used
for ABI warnings.
Although an effort has been made to warn about all such cases,
there are probably some cases that are not warned about, even
though G++ is generating incompatible code. There may also be
cases where warnings are emitted even though the code that is
generated is compatible.
You should rewrite your code to avoid these warnings if you are
concerned about the fact that code generated by G++ may not be
binary compatible with code generated by other compilers.
Known incompatibilities in '-fabi-version=2' (which was the default
from GCC 3.4 to 4.9) include:
* A template with a non-type template parameter of reference
type was mangled incorrectly:
extern int N;
template <int &> struct S {};
void n (S<N>) {2}
This was fixed in '-fabi-version=3'.
* SIMD vector types declared using '__attribute ((vector_size))'
were mangled in a non-standard way that does not allow for
overloading of functions taking vectors of different sizes.
The mangling was changed in '-fabi-version=4'.
* '__attribute ((const))' and 'noreturn' were mangled as type
qualifiers, and 'decltype' of a plain declaration was folded
away.
These mangling issues were fixed in '-fabi-version=5'.
* Scoped enumerators passed as arguments to a variadic function
are promoted like unscoped enumerators, causing 'va_arg' to
complain. On most targets this does not actually affect the
parameter passing ABI, as there is no way to pass an argument
smaller than 'int'.
Also, the ABI changed the mangling of template argument packs,
'const_cast', 'static_cast', prefix increment/decrement, and a
class scope function used as a template argument.
These issues were corrected in '-fabi-version=6'.
* Lambdas in default argument scope were mangled incorrectly,
and the ABI changed the mangling of 'nullptr_t'.
These issues were corrected in '-fabi-version=7'.
* When mangling a function type with function-cv-qualifiers, the
un-qualified function type was incorrectly treated as a
substitution candidate.
This was fixed in '-fabi-version=8', the default for GCC 5.1.
* 'decltype(nullptr)' incorrectly had an alignment of 1, leading
to unaligned accesses. Note that this did not affect the ABI
of a function with a 'nullptr_t' parameter, as parameters have
a minimum alignment.
This was fixed in '-fabi-version=9', the default for GCC 5.2.
* Target-specific attributes that affect the identity of a type,
such as ia32 calling conventions on a function type (stdcall,
regparm, etc.), did not affect the mangled name, leading to
name collisions when function pointers were used as template
arguments.
This was fixed in '-fabi-version=10', the default for GCC 6.1.
It also warns about psABI-related changes. The known psABI changes
at this point include:
* For SysV/x86-64, unions with 'long double' members are passed
in memory as specified in psABI. For example:
union U {
long double ld;
int i;
};
'union U' is always passed in memory.
'-Wabi-tag (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a type with an ABI tag is used in a context that does not
have that ABI tag. See *note C++ Attributes:: for more information
about ABI tags.
'-Wctor-dtor-privacy (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a class seems unusable because all the constructors or
destructors in that class are private, and it has neither friends
nor public static member functions. Also warn if there are no
non-private methods, and there's at least one private member
function that isn't a constructor or destructor.
'-Wdelete-non-virtual-dtor (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when 'delete' is used to destroy an instance of a class that
has virtual functions and non-virtual destructor. It is unsafe to
delete an instance of a derived class through a pointer to a base
class if the base class does not have a virtual destructor. This
warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wliteral-suffix (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a string or character literal is followed by a ud-suffix
which does not begin with an underscore. As a conforming
extension, GCC treats such suffixes as separate preprocessing
tokens in order to maintain backwards compatibility with code that
uses formatting macros from '<inttypes.h>'. For example:
#define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int64_t i64 = 123;
printf("My int64: %" PRId64"\n", i64);
}
In this case, 'PRId64' is treated as a separate preprocessing
token.
Additionally, warn when a user-defined literal operator is declared
with a literal suffix identifier that doesn't begin with an
underscore. Literal suffix identifiers that don't begin with an
underscore are reserved for future standardization.
This warning is enabled by default.
'-Wlto-type-mismatch'
During the link-time optimization warn about type mismatches in
global declarations from different compilation units. Requires
'-flto' to be enabled. Enabled by default.
'-Wno-narrowing (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
For C++11 and later standards, narrowing conversions are diagnosed
by default, as required by the standard. A narrowing conversion
from a constant produces an error, and a narrowing conversion from
a non-constant produces a warning, but '-Wno-narrowing' suppresses
the diagnostic. Note that this does not affect the meaning of
well-formed code; narrowing conversions are still considered
ill-formed in SFINAE contexts.
With '-Wnarrowing' in C++98, warn when a narrowing conversion
prohibited by C++11 occurs within '{ }', e.g.
int i = { 2.2 }; // error: narrowing from double to int
This flag is included in '-Wall' and '-Wc++11-compat'.
'-Wnoexcept (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a noexcept-expression evaluates to false because of a
call to a function that does not have a non-throwing exception
specification (i.e. 'throw()' or 'noexcept') but is known by the
compiler to never throw an exception.
'-Wnoexcept-type (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn if the C++17 feature making 'noexcept' part of a function type
changes the mangled name of a symbol relative to C++14. Enabled by
'-Wabi' and '-Wc++17-compat'.
As an example:
template <class T> void f(T t) { t(); };
void g() noexcept;
void h() { f(g); }
In C++14, 'f' calls 'f<void(*)()>', but in C++17 it calls
'f<void(*)()noexcept>'.
'-Wclass-memaccess (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when the destination of a call to a raw memory function such
as 'memset' or 'memcpy' is an object of class type, and when
writing into such an object might bypass the class non-trivial or
deleted constructor or copy assignment, violate const-correctness
or encapsulation, or corrupt virtual table pointers. Modifying the
representation of such objects may violate invariants maintained by
member functions of the class. For example, the call to 'memset'
below is undefined because it modifies a non-trivial class object
and is, therefore, diagnosed. The safe way to either initialize or
clear the storage of objects of such types is by using the
appropriate constructor or assignment operator, if one is
available.
std::string str = "abc";
memset (&str, 0, sizeof str);
The '-Wclass-memaccess' option is enabled by '-Wall'. Explicitly
casting the pointer to the class object to 'void *' or to a type
that can be safely accessed by the raw memory function suppresses
the warning.
'-Wnon-virtual-dtor (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a class has virtual functions and an accessible
non-virtual destructor itself or in an accessible polymorphic base
class, in which case it is possible but unsafe to delete an
instance of a derived class through a pointer to the class itself
or base class. This warning is automatically enabled if '-Weffc++'
is specified.
'-Wregister (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn on uses of the 'register' storage class specifier, except when
it is part of the GNU *note Explicit Register Variables::
extension. The use of the 'register' keyword as storage class
specifier has been deprecated in C++11 and removed in C++17.
Enabled by default with '-std=c++17'.
'-Wreorder (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when the order of member initializers given in the code does
not match the order in which they must be executed. For instance:
struct A {
int i;
int j;
A(): j (0), i (1) { }
};
The compiler rearranges the member initializers for 'i' and 'j' to
match the declaration order of the members, emitting a warning to
that effect. This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-fext-numeric-literals (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Accept imaginary, fixed-point, or machine-defined literal number
suffixes as GNU extensions. When this option is turned off these
suffixes are treated as C++11 user-defined literal numeric
suffixes. This is on by default for all pre-C++11 dialects and all
GNU dialects: '-std=c++98', '-std=gnu++98', '-std=gnu++11',
'-std=gnu++14'. This option is off by default for ISO C++11
onwards ('-std=c++11', ...).
The following '-W...' options are not affected by '-Wall'.
'-Weffc++ (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about violations of the following style guidelines from Scott
Meyers' 'Effective C++' series of books:
* Define a copy constructor and an assignment operator for
classes with dynamically-allocated memory.
* Prefer initialization to assignment in constructors.
* Have 'operator=' return a reference to '*this'.
* Don't try to return a reference when you must return an
object.
* Distinguish between prefix and postfix forms of increment and
decrement operators.
* Never overload '&&', '||', or ','.
This option also enables '-Wnon-virtual-dtor', which is also one of
the effective C++ recommendations. However, the check is extended
to warn about the lack of virtual destructor in accessible
non-polymorphic bases classes too.
When selecting this option, be aware that the standard library
headers do not obey all of these guidelines; use 'grep -v' to
filter out those warnings.
'-Wstrict-null-sentinel (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about the use of an uncasted 'NULL' as sentinel. When
compiling only with GCC this is a valid sentinel, as 'NULL' is
defined to '__null'. Although it is a null pointer constant rather
than a null pointer, it is guaranteed to be of the same size as a
pointer. But this use is not portable across different compilers.
'-Wno-non-template-friend (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Disable warnings when non-template friend functions are declared
within a template. In very old versions of GCC that predate
implementation of the ISO standard, declarations such as 'friend
int foo(int)', where the name of the friend is an unqualified-id,
could be interpreted as a particular specialization of a template
function; the warning exists to diagnose compatibility problems,
and is enabled by default.
'-Wold-style-cast (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn if an old-style (C-style) cast to a non-void type is used
within a C++ program. The new-style casts ('dynamic_cast',
'static_cast', 'reinterpret_cast', and 'const_cast') are less
vulnerable to unintended effects and much easier to search for.
'-Woverloaded-virtual (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a function declaration hides virtual functions from a
base class. For example, in:
struct A {
virtual void f();
};
struct B: public A {
void f(int);
};
the 'A' class version of 'f' is hidden in 'B', and code like:
B* b;
b->f();
fails to compile.
'-Wno-pmf-conversions (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Disable the diagnostic for converting a bound pointer to member
function to a plain pointer.
'-Wsign-promo (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when overload resolution chooses a promotion from unsigned or
enumerated type to a signed type, over a conversion to an unsigned
type of the same size. Previous versions of G++ tried to preserve
unsignedness, but the standard mandates the current behavior.
'-Wtemplates (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a primary template declaration is encountered. Some
coding rules disallow templates, and this may be used to enforce
that rule. The warning is inactive inside a system header file,
such as the STL, so one can still use the STL. One may also
instantiate or specialize templates.
'-Wmultiple-inheritance (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a class is defined with multiple direct base classes.
Some coding rules disallow multiple inheritance, and this may be
used to enforce that rule. The warning is inactive inside a system
header file, such as the STL, so one can still use the STL. One may
also define classes that indirectly use multiple inheritance.
'-Wvirtual-inheritance'
Warn when a class is defined with a virtual direct base class.
Some coding rules disallow multiple inheritance, and this may be
used to enforce that rule. The warning is inactive inside a system
header file, such as the STL, so one can still use the STL. One may
also define classes that indirectly use virtual inheritance.
'-Wnamespaces'
Warn when a namespace definition is opened. Some coding rules
disallow namespaces, and this may be used to enforce that rule.
The warning is inactive inside a system header file, such as the
STL, so one can still use the STL. One may also use using
directives and qualified names.
'-Wno-terminate (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Disable the warning about a throw-expression that will immediately
result in a call to 'terminate'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options, Next: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options, Prev: C++ Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.6 Options Controlling Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialects
==============================================================
(NOTE: This manual does not describe the Objective-C and Objective-C++
languages themselves. *Note Language Standards Supported by GCC:
Standards, for references.)
This section describes the command-line options that are only
meaningful for Objective-C and Objective-C++ programs. You can also use
most of the language-independent GNU compiler options. For example, you
might compile a file 'some_class.m' like this:
gcc -g -fgnu-runtime -O -c some_class.m
In this example, '-fgnu-runtime' is an option meant only for Objective-C
and Objective-C++ programs; you can use the other options with any
language supported by GCC.
Note that since Objective-C is an extension of the C language,
Objective-C compilations may also use options specific to the C
front-end (e.g., '-Wtraditional'). Similarly, Objective-C++
compilations may use C++-specific options (e.g., '-Wabi').
Here is a list of options that are _only_ for compiling Objective-C and
Objective-C++ programs:
'-fconstant-string-class=CLASS-NAME'
Use CLASS-NAME as the name of the class to instantiate for each
literal string specified with the syntax '@"..."'. The default
class name is 'NXConstantString' if the GNU runtime is being used,
and 'NSConstantString' if the NeXT runtime is being used (see
below). The '-fconstant-cfstrings' option, if also present,
overrides the '-fconstant-string-class' setting and cause '@"..."'
literals to be laid out as constant CoreFoundation strings.
'-fgnu-runtime'
Generate object code compatible with the standard GNU Objective-C
runtime. This is the default for most types of systems.
'-fnext-runtime'
Generate output compatible with the NeXT runtime. This is the
default for NeXT-based systems, including Darwin and Mac OS X. The
macro '__NEXT_RUNTIME__' is predefined if (and only if) this option
is used.
'-fno-nil-receivers'
Assume that all Objective-C message dispatches ('[receiver
message:arg]') in this translation unit ensure that the receiver is
not 'nil'. This allows for more efficient entry points in the
runtime to be used. This option is only available in conjunction
with the NeXT runtime and ABI version 0 or 1.
'-fobjc-abi-version=N'
Use version N of the Objective-C ABI for the selected runtime.
This option is currently supported only for the NeXT runtime. In
that case, Version 0 is the traditional (32-bit) ABI without
support for properties and other Objective-C 2.0 additions.
Version 1 is the traditional (32-bit) ABI with support for
properties and other Objective-C 2.0 additions. Version 2 is the
modern (64-bit) ABI. If nothing is specified, the default is
Version 0 on 32-bit target machines, and Version 2 on 64-bit target
machines.
'-fobjc-call-cxx-cdtors'
For each Objective-C class, check if any of its instance variables
is a C++ object with a non-trivial default constructor. If so,
synthesize a special '- (id) .cxx_construct' instance method which
runs non-trivial default constructors on any such instance
variables, in order, and then return 'self'. Similarly, check if
any instance variable is a C++ object with a non-trivial
destructor, and if so, synthesize a special '- (void)
.cxx_destruct' method which runs all such default destructors, in
reverse order.
The '- (id) .cxx_construct' and '- (void) .cxx_destruct' methods
thusly generated only operate on instance variables declared in the
current Objective-C class, and not those inherited from
superclasses. It is the responsibility of the Objective-C runtime
to invoke all such methods in an object's inheritance hierarchy.
The '- (id) .cxx_construct' methods are invoked by the runtime
immediately after a new object instance is allocated; the '- (void)
.cxx_destruct' methods are invoked immediately before the runtime
deallocates an object instance.
As of this writing, only the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.4 and
later has support for invoking the '- (id) .cxx_construct' and '-
(void) .cxx_destruct' methods.
'-fobjc-direct-dispatch'
Allow fast jumps to the message dispatcher. On Darwin this is
accomplished via the comm page.
'-fobjc-exceptions'
Enable syntactic support for structured exception handling in
Objective-C, similar to what is offered by C++. This option is
required to use the Objective-C keywords '@try', '@throw',
'@catch', '@finally' and '@synchronized'. This option is available
with both the GNU runtime and the NeXT runtime (but not available
in conjunction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.2 and earlier).
'-fobjc-gc'
Enable garbage collection (GC) in Objective-C and Objective-C++
programs. This option is only available with the NeXT runtime; the
GNU runtime has a different garbage collection implementation that
does not require special compiler flags.
'-fobjc-nilcheck'
For the NeXT runtime with version 2 of the ABI, check for a nil
receiver in method invocations before doing the actual method call.
This is the default and can be disabled using '-fno-objc-nilcheck'.
Class methods and super calls are never checked for nil in this way
no matter what this flag is set to. Currently this flag does
nothing when the GNU runtime, or an older version of the NeXT
runtime ABI, is used.
'-fobjc-std=objc1'
Conform to the language syntax of Objective-C 1.0, the language
recognized by GCC 4.0. This only affects the Objective-C additions
to the C/C++ language; it does not affect conformance to C/C++
standards, which is controlled by the separate C/C++ dialect option
flags. When this option is used with the Objective-C or
Objective-C++ compiler, any Objective-C syntax that is not
recognized by GCC 4.0 is rejected. This is useful if you need to
make sure that your Objective-C code can be compiled with older
versions of GCC.
'-freplace-objc-classes'
Emit a special marker instructing 'ld(1)' not to statically link in
the resulting object file, and allow 'dyld(1)' to load it in at run
time instead. This is used in conjunction with the
Fix-and-Continue debugging mode, where the object file in question
may be recompiled and dynamically reloaded in the course of program
execution, without the need to restart the program itself.
Currently, Fix-and-Continue functionality is only available in
conjunction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.
'-fzero-link'
When compiling for the NeXT runtime, the compiler ordinarily
replaces calls to 'objc_getClass("...")' (when the name of the
class is known at compile time) with static class references that
get initialized at load time, which improves run-time performance.
Specifying the '-fzero-link' flag suppresses this behavior and
causes calls to 'objc_getClass("...")' to be retained. This is
useful in Zero-Link debugging mode, since it allows for individual
class implementations to be modified during program execution. The
GNU runtime currently always retains calls to
'objc_get_class("...")' regardless of command-line options.
'-fno-local-ivars'
By default instance variables in Objective-C can be accessed as if
they were local variables from within the methods of the class
they're declared in. This can lead to shadowing between instance
variables and other variables declared either locally inside a
class method or globally with the same name. Specifying the
'-fno-local-ivars' flag disables this behavior thus avoiding
variable shadowing issues.
'-fivar-visibility=[public|protected|private|package]'
Set the default instance variable visibility to the specified
option so that instance variables declared outside the scope of any
access modifier directives default to the specified visibility.
'-gen-decls'
Dump interface declarations for all classes seen in the source file
to a file named 'SOURCENAME.decl'.
'-Wassign-intercept (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn whenever an Objective-C assignment is being intercepted by the
garbage collector.
'-Wno-protocol (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
If a class is declared to implement a protocol, a warning is issued
for every method in the protocol that is not implemented by the
class. The default behavior is to issue a warning for every method
not explicitly implemented in the class, even if a method
implementation is inherited from the superclass. If you use the
'-Wno-protocol' option, then methods inherited from the superclass
are considered to be implemented, and no warning is issued for
them.
'-Wselector (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn if multiple methods of different types for the same selector
are found during compilation. The check is performed on the list
of methods in the final stage of compilation. Additionally, a
check is performed for each selector appearing in a
'@selector(...)' expression, and a corresponding method for that
selector has been found during compilation. Because these checks
scan the method table only at the end of compilation, these
warnings are not produced if the final stage of compilation is not
reached, for example because an error is found during compilation,
or because the '-fsyntax-only' option is being used.
'-Wstrict-selector-match (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn if multiple methods with differing argument and/or return
types are found for a given selector when attempting to send a
message using this selector to a receiver of type 'id' or 'Class'.
When this flag is off (which is the default behavior), the compiler
omits such warnings if any differences found are confined to types
that share the same size and alignment.
'-Wundeclared-selector (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn if a '@selector(...)' expression referring to an undeclared
selector is found. A selector is considered undeclared if no
method with that name has been declared before the '@selector(...)'
expression, either explicitly in an '@interface' or '@protocol'
declaration, or implicitly in an '@implementation' section. This
option always performs its checks as soon as a '@selector(...)'
expression is found, while '-Wselector' only performs its checks in
the final stage of compilation. This also enforces the coding
style convention that methods and selectors must be declared before
being used.
'-print-objc-runtime-info'
Generate C header describing the largest structure that is passed
by value, if any.
File: gcc.info, Node: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options, Next: Warning Options, Prev: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.7 Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting
=====================================================
Traditionally, diagnostic messages have been formatted irrespective of
the output device's aspect (e.g. its width, ...). You can use the
options described below to control the formatting algorithm for
diagnostic messages, e.g. how many characters per line, how often source
location information should be reported. Note that some language front
ends may not honor these options.
'-fmessage-length=N'
Try to format error messages so that they fit on lines of about N
characters. If N is zero, then no line-wrapping is done; each
error message appears on a single line. This is the default for
all front ends.
'-fdiagnostics-show-location=once'
Only meaningful in line-wrapping mode. Instructs the diagnostic
messages reporter to emit source location information _once_; that
is, in case the message is too long to fit on a single physical
line and has to be wrapped, the source location won't be emitted
(as prefix) again, over and over, in subsequent continuation lines.
This is the default behavior.
'-fdiagnostics-show-location=every-line'
Only meaningful in line-wrapping mode. Instructs the diagnostic
messages reporter to emit the same source location information (as
prefix) for physical lines that result from the process of breaking
a message which is too long to fit on a single line.
'-fdiagnostics-color[=WHEN]'
'-fno-diagnostics-color'
Use color in diagnostics. WHEN is 'never', 'always', or 'auto'.
The default depends on how the compiler has been configured, it can
be any of the above WHEN options or also 'never' if 'GCC_COLORS'
environment variable isn't present in the environment, and 'auto'
otherwise. 'auto' means to use color only when the standard error
is a terminal. The forms '-fdiagnostics-color' and
'-fno-diagnostics-color' are aliases for
'-fdiagnostics-color=always' and '-fdiagnostics-color=never',
respectively.
The colors are defined by the environment variable 'GCC_COLORS'.
Its value is a colon-separated list of capabilities and Select
Graphic Rendition (SGR) substrings. SGR commands are interpreted
by the terminal or terminal emulator. (See the section in the
documentation of your text terminal for permitted values and their
meanings as character attributes.) These substring values are
integers in decimal representation and can be concatenated with
semicolons. Common values to concatenate include '1' for bold, '4'
for underline, '5' for blink, '7' for inverse, '39' for default
foreground color, '30' to '37' for foreground colors, '90' to '97'
for 16-color mode foreground colors, '38;5;0' to '38;5;255' for
88-color and 256-color modes foreground colors, '49' for default
background color, '40' to '47' for background colors, '100' to
'107' for 16-color mode background colors, and '48;5;0' to
'48;5;255' for 88-color and 256-color modes background colors.
The default 'GCC_COLORS' is
error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:range1=32:range2=34:locus=01:\
quote=01:fixit-insert=32:fixit-delete=31:\
diff-filename=01:diff-hunk=32:diff-delete=31:diff-insert=32:\
type-diff=01;32
where '01;31' is bold red, '01;35' is bold magenta, '01;36' is bold
cyan, '32' is green, '34' is blue, '01' is bold, and '31' is red.
Setting 'GCC_COLORS' to the empty string disables colors.
Supported capabilities are as follows.
'error='
SGR substring for error: markers.
'warning='
SGR substring for warning: markers.
'note='
SGR substring for note: markers.
'range1='
SGR substring for first additional range.
'range2='
SGR substring for second additional range.
'locus='
SGR substring for location information, 'file:line' or
'file:line:column' etc.
'quote='
SGR substring for information printed within quotes.
'fixit-insert='
SGR substring for fix-it hints suggesting text to be inserted
or replaced.
'fixit-delete='
SGR substring for fix-it hints suggesting text to be deleted.
'diff-filename='
SGR substring for filename headers within generated patches.
'diff-hunk='
SGR substring for the starts of hunks within generated
patches.
'diff-delete='
SGR substring for deleted lines within generated patches.
'diff-insert='
SGR substring for inserted lines within generated patches.
'type-diff='
SGR substring for highlighting mismatching types within
template arguments in the C++ frontend.
'-fno-diagnostics-show-option'
By default, each diagnostic emitted includes text indicating the
command-line option that directly controls the diagnostic (if such
an option is known to the diagnostic machinery). Specifying the
'-fno-diagnostics-show-option' flag suppresses that behavior.
'-fno-diagnostics-show-caret'
By default, each diagnostic emitted includes the original source
line and a caret '^' indicating the column. This option suppresses
this information. The source line is truncated to N characters, if
the '-fmessage-length=n' option is given. When the output is done
to the terminal, the width is limited to the width given by the
'COLUMNS' environment variable or, if not set, to the terminal
width.
'-fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits'
Emit fix-it hints in a machine-parseable format, suitable for
consumption by IDEs. For each fix-it, a line will be printed after
the relevant diagnostic, starting with the string "fix-it:". For
example:
fix-it:"test.c":{45:3-45:21}:"gtk_widget_show_all"
The location is expressed as a half-open range, expressed as a
count of bytes, starting at byte 1 for the initial column. In the
above example, bytes 3 through 20 of line 45 of "test.c" are to be
replaced with the given string:
00000000011111111112222222222
12345678901234567890123456789
gtk_widget_showall (dlg);
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
gtk_widget_show_all
The filename and replacement string escape backslash as "\\", tab
as "\t", newline as "\n", double quotes as "\"", non-printable
characters as octal (e.g. vertical tab as "\013").
An empty replacement string indicates that the given range is to be
removed. An empty range (e.g. "45:3-45:3") indicates that the
string is to be inserted at the given position.
'-fdiagnostics-generate-patch'
Print fix-it hints to stderr in unified diff format, after any
diagnostics are printed. For example:
--- test.c
+++ test.c
@ -42,5 +42,5 @
void show_cb(GtkDialog *dlg)
{
- gtk_widget_showall(dlg);
+ gtk_widget_show_all(dlg);
}
The diff may or may not be colorized, following the same rules as
for diagnostics (see '-fdiagnostics-color').
'-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree'
In the C++ frontend, when printing diagnostics showing mismatching
template types, such as:
could not convert 'std::map<int, std::vector<double> >()'
from 'map<[...],vector<double>>' to 'map<[...],vector<float>>
the '-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree' flag enables printing a
tree-like structure showing the common and differing parts of the
types, such as:
map<
[...],
vector<
[double != float]>>
The parts that differ are highlighted with color ("double" and
"float" in this case).
'-fno-elide-type'
By default when the C++ frontend prints diagnostics showing
mismatching template types, common parts of the types are printed
as "[...]" to simplify the error message. For example:
could not convert 'std::map<int, std::vector<double> >()'
from 'map<[...],vector<double>>' to 'map<[...],vector<float>>
Specifying the '-fno-elide-type' flag suppresses that behavior.
This flag also affects the output of the
'-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree' flag.
'-fno-show-column'
Do not print column numbers in diagnostics. This may be necessary
if diagnostics are being scanned by a program that does not
understand the column numbers, such as 'dejagnu'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Warning Options, Next: Debugging Options, Prev: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.8 Options to Request or Suppress Warnings
===========================================
Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions that are not
inherently erroneous but that are risky or suggest there may have been
an error.
The following language-independent options do not enable specific
warnings but control the kinds of diagnostics produced by GCC.
'-fsyntax-only'
Check the code for syntax errors, but don't do anything beyond
that.
'-fmax-errors=N'
Limits the maximum number of error messages to N, at which point
GCC bails out rather than attempting to continue processing the
source code. If N is 0 (the default), there is no limit on the
number of error messages produced. If '-Wfatal-errors' is also
specified, then '-Wfatal-errors' takes precedence over this option.
'-w'
Inhibit all warning messages.
'-Werror'
Make all warnings into errors.
'-Werror='
Make the specified warning into an error. The specifier for a
warning is appended; for example '-Werror=switch' turns the
warnings controlled by '-Wswitch' into errors. This switch takes a
negative form, to be used to negate '-Werror' for specific
warnings; for example '-Wno-error=switch' makes '-Wswitch' warnings
not be errors, even when '-Werror' is in effect.
The warning message for each controllable warning includes the
option that controls the warning. That option can then be used
with '-Werror=' and '-Wno-error=' as described above. (Printing of
the option in the warning message can be disabled using the
'-fno-diagnostics-show-option' flag.)
Note that specifying '-Werror='FOO automatically implies '-W'FOO.
However, '-Wno-error='FOO does not imply anything.
'-Wfatal-errors'
This option causes the compiler to abort compilation on the first
error occurred rather than trying to keep going and printing
further error messages.
You can request many specific warnings with options beginning with
'-W', for example '-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit
declarations. Each of these specific warning options also has a
negative form beginning '-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example,
'-Wno-implicit'. This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever
is not the default. For further language-specific options also refer to
*note C++ Dialect Options:: and *note Objective-C and Objective-C++
Dialect Options::.
Some options, such as '-Wall' and '-Wextra', turn on other options,
such as '-Wunused', which may turn on further options, such as
'-Wunused-value'. The combined effect of positive and negative forms is
that more specific options have priority over less specific ones,
independently of their position in the command-line. For options of the
same specificity, the last one takes effect. Options enabled or
disabled via pragmas (*note Diagnostic Pragmas::) take effect as if they
appeared at the end of the command-line.
When an unrecognized warning option is requested (e.g.,
'-Wunknown-warning'), GCC emits a diagnostic stating that the option is
not recognized. However, if the '-Wno-' form is used, the behavior is
slightly different: no diagnostic is produced for '-Wno-unknown-warning'
unless other diagnostics are being produced. This allows the use of new
'-Wno-' options with old compilers, but if something goes wrong, the
compiler warns that an unrecognized option is present.
The effectiveness of some warnings depends on optimizations also being
enabled. For example '-Wsuggest-final-types' is more effective with
link-time optimization and '-Wmaybe-uninitialized' will not warn at all
unless optimization is enabled.
'-Wpedantic'
'-pedantic'
Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ISO C and ISO C++; reject
all programs that use forbidden extensions, and some other programs
that do not follow ISO C and ISO C++. For ISO C, follows the
version of the ISO C standard specified by any '-std' option used.
Valid ISO C and ISO C++ programs should compile properly with or
without this option (though a rare few require '-ansi' or a '-std'
option specifying the required version of ISO C). However, without
this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional C and C++
features are supported as well. With this option, they are
rejected.
'-Wpedantic' does not cause warning messages for use of the
alternate keywords whose names begin and end with '__'. Pedantic
warnings are also disabled in the expression that follows
'__extension__'. However, only system header files should use
these escape routes; application programs should avoid them. *Note
Alternate Keywords::.
Some users try to use '-Wpedantic' to check programs for strict ISO
C conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they
want: it finds some non-ISO practices, but not all--only those for
which ISO C _requires_ a diagnostic, and some others for which
diagnostics have been added.
A feature to report any failure to conform to ISO C might be useful
in some instances, but would require considerable additional work
and would be quite different from '-Wpedantic'. We don't have
plans to support such a feature in the near future.
Where the standard specified with '-std' represents a GNU extended
dialect of C, such as 'gnu90' or 'gnu99', there is a corresponding
"base standard", the version of ISO C on which the GNU extended
dialect is based. Warnings from '-Wpedantic' are given where they
are required by the base standard. (It does not make sense for
such warnings to be given only for features not in the specified
GNU C dialect, since by definition the GNU dialects of C include
all features the compiler supports with the given option, and there
would be nothing to warn about.)
'-pedantic-errors'
Give an error whenever the "base standard" (see '-Wpedantic')
requires a diagnostic, in some cases where there is undefined
behavior at compile-time and in some other cases that do not
prevent compilation of programs that are valid according to the
standard. This is not equivalent to '-Werror=pedantic', since
there are errors enabled by this option and not enabled by the
latter and vice versa.
'-Wall'
This enables all the warnings about constructions that some users
consider questionable, and that are easy to avoid (or modify to
prevent the warning), even in conjunction with macros. This also
enables some language-specific warnings described in *note C++
Dialect Options:: and *note Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect
Options::.
'-Wall' turns on the following warning flags:
-Waddress
-Warray-bounds=1 (only with -O2)
-Wbool-compare
-Wbool-operation
-Wc++11-compat -Wc++14-compat
-Wcatch-value (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
-Wchar-subscripts
-Wcomment
-Wduplicate-decl-specifier (C and Objective-C only)
-Wenum-compare (in C/ObjC; this is on by default in C++)
-Wformat
-Wint-in-bool-context
-Wimplicit (C and Objective-C only)
-Wimplicit-int (C and Objective-C only)
-Wimplicit-function-declaration (C and Objective-C only)
-Winit-self (only for C++)
-Wlogical-not-parentheses
-Wmain (only for C/ObjC and unless -ffreestanding)
-Wmaybe-uninitialized
-Wmemset-elt-size
-Wmemset-transposed-args
-Wmisleading-indentation (only for C/C++)
-Wmissing-attributes
-Wmissing-braces (only for C/ObjC)
-Wmultistatement-macros
-Wnarrowing (only for C++)
-Wnonnull
-Wnonnull-compare
-Wopenmp-simd
-Wparentheses
-Wpointer-sign
-Wreorder
-Wrestrict
-Wreturn-type
-Wsequence-point
-Wsign-compare (only in C++)
-Wsizeof-pointer-div
-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess
-Wstrict-aliasing
-Wstrict-overflow=1
-Wstringop-truncation
-Wswitch
-Wtautological-compare
-Wtrigraphs
-Wuninitialized
-Wunknown-pragmas
-Wunused-function
-Wunused-label
-Wunused-value
-Wunused-variable
-Wvolatile-register-var
Note that some warning flags are not implied by '-Wall'. Some of
them warn about constructions that users generally do not consider
questionable, but which occasionally you might wish to check for;
others warn about constructions that are necessary or hard to avoid
in some cases, and there is no simple way to modify the code to
suppress the warning. Some of them are enabled by '-Wextra' but
many of them must be enabled individually.
'-Wextra'
This enables some extra warning flags that are not enabled by
'-Wall'. (This option used to be called '-W'. The older name is
still supported, but the newer name is more descriptive.)
-Wclobbered
-Wcast-function-type
-Wempty-body
-Wignored-qualifiers
-Wimplicit-fallthrough=3
-Wmissing-field-initializers
-Wmissing-parameter-type (C only)
-Wold-style-declaration (C only)
-Woverride-init
-Wsign-compare (C only)
-Wtype-limits
-Wuninitialized
-Wshift-negative-value (in C++03 and in C99 and newer)
-Wunused-parameter (only with -Wunused or -Wall)
-Wunused-but-set-parameter (only with -Wunused or -Wall)
The option '-Wextra' also prints warning messages for the following
cases:
* A pointer is compared against integer zero with '<', '<=',
'>', or '>='.
* (C++ only) An enumerator and a non-enumerator both appear in a
conditional expression.
* (C++ only) Ambiguous virtual bases.
* (C++ only) Subscripting an array that has been declared
'register'.
* (C++ only) Taking the address of a variable that has been
declared 'register'.
* (C++ only) A base class is not initialized in the copy
constructor of a derived class.
'-Wchar-subscripts'
Warn if an array subscript has type 'char'. This is a common cause
of error, as programmers often forget that this type is signed on
some machines. This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wchkp'
Warn about an invalid memory access that is found by Pointer Bounds
Checker ('-fcheck-pointer-bounds').
'-Wno-coverage-mismatch'
Warn if feedback profiles do not match when using the
'-fprofile-use' option. If a source file is changed between
compiling with '-fprofile-gen' and with '-fprofile-use', the files
with the profile feedback can fail to match the source file and GCC
cannot use the profile feedback information. By default, this
warning is enabled and is treated as an error.
'-Wno-coverage-mismatch' can be used to disable the warning or
'-Wno-error=coverage-mismatch' can be used to disable the error.
Disabling the error for this warning can result in poorly optimized
code and is useful only in the case of very minor changes such as
bug fixes to an existing code-base. Completely disabling the
warning is not recommended.
'-Wno-cpp'
(C, Objective-C, C++, Objective-C++ and Fortran only)
Suppress warning messages emitted by '#warning' directives.
'-Wdouble-promotion (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Give a warning when a value of type 'float' is implicitly promoted
to 'double'. CPUs with a 32-bit "single-precision" floating-point
unit implement 'float' in hardware, but emulate 'double' in
software. On such a machine, doing computations using 'double'
values is much more expensive because of the overhead required for
software emulation.
It is easy to accidentally do computations with 'double' because
floating-point literals are implicitly of type 'double'. For
example, in:
float area(float radius)
{
return 3.14159 * radius * radius;
}
the compiler performs the entire computation with 'double' because
the floating-point literal is a 'double'.
'-Wduplicate-decl-specifier (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn if a declaration has duplicate 'const', 'volatile', 'restrict'
or '_Atomic' specifier. This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wformat'
'-Wformat=N'
Check calls to 'printf' and 'scanf', etc., to make sure that the
arguments supplied have types appropriate to the format string
specified, and that the conversions specified in the format string
make sense. This includes standard functions, and others specified
by format attributes (*note Function Attributes::), in the
'printf', 'scanf', 'strftime' and 'strfmon' (an X/Open extension,
not in the C standard) families (or other target-specific
families). Which functions are checked without format attributes
having been specified depends on the standard version selected, and
such checks of functions without the attribute specified are
disabled by '-ffreestanding' or '-fno-builtin'.
The formats are checked against the format features supported by
GNU libc version 2.2. These include all ISO C90 and C99 features,
as well as features from the Single Unix Specification and some BSD
and GNU extensions. Other library implementations may not support
all these features; GCC does not support warning about features
that go beyond a particular library's limitations. However, if
'-Wpedantic' is used with '-Wformat', warnings are given about
format features not in the selected standard version (but not for
'strfmon' formats, since those are not in any version of the C
standard). *Note Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options.
'-Wformat=1'
'-Wformat'
Option '-Wformat' is equivalent to '-Wformat=1', and
'-Wno-format' is equivalent to '-Wformat=0'. Since '-Wformat'
also checks for null format arguments for several functions,
'-Wformat' also implies '-Wnonnull'. Some aspects of this
level of format checking can be disabled by the options:
'-Wno-format-contains-nul', '-Wno-format-extra-args', and
'-Wno-format-zero-length'. '-Wformat' is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wno-format-contains-nul'
If '-Wformat' is specified, do not warn about format strings
that contain NUL bytes.
'-Wno-format-extra-args'
If '-Wformat' is specified, do not warn about excess arguments
to a 'printf' or 'scanf' format function. The C standard
specifies that such arguments are ignored.
Where the unused arguments lie between used arguments that are
specified with '$' operand number specifications, normally
warnings are still given, since the implementation could not
know what type to pass to 'va_arg' to skip the unused
arguments. However, in the case of 'scanf' formats, this
option suppresses the warning if the unused arguments are all
pointers, since the Single Unix Specification says that such
unused arguments are allowed.
'-Wformat-overflow'
'-Wformat-overflow=LEVEL'
Warn about calls to formatted input/output functions such as
'sprintf' and 'vsprintf' that might overflow the destination
buffer. When the exact number of bytes written by a format
directive cannot be determined at compile-time it is estimated
based on heuristics that depend on the LEVEL argument and on
optimization. While enabling optimization will in most cases
improve the accuracy of the warning, it may also result in
false positives.
'-Wformat-overflow'
'-Wformat-overflow=1'
Level 1 of '-Wformat-overflow' enabled by '-Wformat'
employs a conservative approach that warns only about
calls that most likely overflow the buffer. At this
level, numeric arguments to format directives with
unknown values are assumed to have the value of one, and
strings of unknown length to be empty. Numeric arguments
that are known to be bounded to a subrange of their type,
or string arguments whose output is bounded either by
their directive's precision or by a finite set of string
literals, are assumed to take on the value within the
range that results in the most bytes on output. For
example, the call to 'sprintf' below is diagnosed because
even with both A and B equal to zero, the terminating NUL
character (''\0'') appended by the function to the
destination buffer will be written past its end.
Increasing the size of the buffer by a single byte is
sufficient to avoid the warning, though it may not be
sufficient to avoid the overflow.
void f (int a, int b)
{
char buf [13];
sprintf (buf, "a = %i, b = %i\n", a, b);
}
'-Wformat-overflow=2'
Level 2 warns also about calls that might overflow the
destination buffer given an argument of sufficient length
or magnitude. At level 2, unknown numeric arguments are
assumed to have the minimum representable value for
signed types with a precision greater than 1, and the
maximum representable value otherwise. Unknown string
arguments whose length cannot be assumed to be bounded
either by the directive's precision, or by a finite set
of string literals they may evaluate to, or the character
array they may point to, are assumed to be 1 character
long.
At level 2, the call in the example above is again
diagnosed, but this time because with A equal to a 32-bit
'INT_MIN' the first '%i' directive will write some of its
digits beyond the end of the destination buffer. To make
the call safe regardless of the values of the two
variables, the size of the destination buffer must be
increased to at least 34 bytes. GCC includes the minimum
size of the buffer in an informational note following the
warning.
An alternative to increasing the size of the destination
buffer is to constrain the range of formatted values.
The maximum length of string arguments can be bounded by
specifying the precision in the format directive. When
numeric arguments of format directives can be assumed to
be bounded by less than the precision of their type,
choosing an appropriate length modifier to the format
specifier will reduce the required buffer size. For
example, if A and B in the example above can be assumed
to be within the precision of the 'short int' type then
using either the '%hi' format directive or casting the
argument to 'short' reduces the maximum required size of
the buffer to 24 bytes.
void f (int a, int b)
{
char buf [23];
sprintf (buf, "a = %hi, b = %i\n", a, (short)b);
}
'-Wno-format-zero-length'
If '-Wformat' is specified, do not warn about zero-length
formats. The C standard specifies that zero-length formats
are allowed.
'-Wformat=2'
Enable '-Wformat' plus additional format checks. Currently
equivalent to '-Wformat -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-security
-Wformat-y2k'.
'-Wformat-nonliteral'
If '-Wformat' is specified, also warn if the format string is
not a string literal and so cannot be checked, unless the
format function takes its format arguments as a 'va_list'.
'-Wformat-security'
If '-Wformat' is specified, also warn about uses of format
functions that represent possible security problems. At
present, this warns about calls to 'printf' and 'scanf'
functions where the format string is not a string literal and
there are no format arguments, as in 'printf (foo);'. This
may be a security hole if the format string came from
untrusted input and contains '%n'. (This is currently a
subset of what '-Wformat-nonliteral' warns about, but in
future warnings may be added to '-Wformat-security' that are
not included in '-Wformat-nonliteral'.)
'-Wformat-signedness'
If '-Wformat' is specified, also warn if the format string
requires an unsigned argument and the argument is signed and
vice versa.
'-Wformat-truncation'
'-Wformat-truncation=LEVEL'
Warn about calls to formatted input/output functions such as
'snprintf' and 'vsnprintf' that might result in output
truncation. When the exact number of bytes written by a
format directive cannot be determined at compile-time it is
estimated based on heuristics that depend on the LEVEL
argument and on optimization. While enabling optimization
will in most cases improve the accuracy of the warning, it may
also result in false positives. Except as noted otherwise,
the option uses the same logic '-Wformat-overflow'.
'-Wformat-truncation'
'-Wformat-truncation=1'
Level 1 of '-Wformat-truncation' enabled by '-Wformat'
employs a conservative approach that warns only about
calls to bounded functions whose return value is unused
and that will most likely result in output truncation.
'-Wformat-truncation=2'
Level 2 warns also about calls to bounded functions whose
return value is used and that might result in truncation
given an argument of sufficient length or magnitude.
'-Wformat-y2k'
If '-Wformat' is specified, also warn about 'strftime' formats
that may yield only a two-digit year.
'-Wnonnull'
Warn about passing a null pointer for arguments marked as requiring
a non-null value by the 'nonnull' function attribute.
'-Wnonnull' is included in '-Wall' and '-Wformat'. It can be
disabled with the '-Wno-nonnull' option.
'-Wnonnull-compare'
Warn when comparing an argument marked with the 'nonnull' function
attribute against null inside the function.
'-Wnonnull-compare' is included in '-Wall'. It can be disabled
with the '-Wno-nonnull-compare' option.
'-Wnull-dereference'
Warn if the compiler detects paths that trigger erroneous or
undefined behavior due to dereferencing a null pointer. This
option is only active when '-fdelete-null-pointer-checks' is
active, which is enabled by optimizations in most targets. The
precision of the warnings depends on the optimization options used.
'-Winit-self (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about uninitialized variables that are initialized with
themselves. Note this option can only be used with the
'-Wuninitialized' option.
For example, GCC warns about 'i' being uninitialized in the
following snippet only when '-Winit-self' has been specified:
int f()
{
int i = i;
return i;
}
This warning is enabled by '-Wall' in C++.
'-Wimplicit-int (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn when a declaration does not specify a type. This warning is
enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wimplicit-function-declaration (C and Objective-C only)'
Give a warning whenever a function is used before being declared.
In C99 mode ('-std=c99' or '-std=gnu99'), this warning is enabled
by default and it is made into an error by '-pedantic-errors'.
This warning is also enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wimplicit (C and Objective-C only)'
Same as '-Wimplicit-int' and '-Wimplicit-function-declaration'.
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wimplicit-fallthrough'
'-Wimplicit-fallthrough' is the same as '-Wimplicit-fallthrough=3'
and '-Wno-implicit-fallthrough' is the same as
'-Wimplicit-fallthrough=0'.
'-Wimplicit-fallthrough=N'
Warn when a switch case falls through. For example:
switch (cond)
{
case 1:
a = 1;
break;
case 2:
a = 2;
case 3:
a = 3;
break;
}
This warning does not warn when the last statement of a case cannot
fall through, e.g. when there is a return statement or a call to
function declared with the noreturn attribute.
'-Wimplicit-fallthrough=' also takes into account control flow
statements, such as ifs, and only warns when appropriate. E.g.
switch (cond)
{
case 1:
if (i > 3) {
bar (5);
break;
} else if (i < 1) {
bar (0);
} else
return;
default:
...
}
Since there are occasions where a switch case fall through is
desirable, GCC provides an attribute, '__attribute__
((fallthrough))', that is to be used along with a null statement to
suppress this warning that would normally occur:
switch (cond)
{
case 1:
bar (0);
__attribute__ ((fallthrough));
default:
...
}
C++17 provides a standard way to suppress the
'-Wimplicit-fallthrough' warning using '[[fallthrough]];' instead
of the GNU attribute. In C++11 or C++14 users can use
'[[gnu::fallthrough]];', which is a GNU extension. Instead of
these attributes, it is also possible to add a fallthrough comment
to silence the warning. The whole body of the C or C++ style
comment should match the given regular expressions listed below.
The option argument N specifies what kind of comments are accepted:
* '-Wimplicit-fallthrough=0' disables the warning altogether.
* '-Wimplicit-fallthrough=1' matches '.*' regular expression,
any comment is used as fallthrough comment.
* '-Wimplicit-fallthrough=2' case insensitively matches
'.*falls?[ \t-]*thr(ough|u).*' regular expression.
* '-Wimplicit-fallthrough=3' case sensitively matches one of the
following regular expressions:
* '-fallthrough'
* '@fallthrough@'
* 'lint -fallthrough[ \t]*'
* '[ \t.!]*(ELSE,? |INTENTIONAL(LY)? )?
FALL(S | |-)?THR(OUGH|U)[ \t.!]*(-[^\n\r]*)?'
* '[ \t.!]*(Else,? |Intentional(ly)? )?
Fall((s | |-)[Tt]|t)hr(ough|u)[ \t.!]*(-[^\n\r]*)?'
* '[ \t.!]*([Ee]lse,? |[Ii]ntentional(ly)? )?
fall(s | |-)?thr(ough|u)[ \t.!]*(-[^\n\r]*)?'
* '-Wimplicit-fallthrough=4' case sensitively matches one of the
following regular expressions:
* '-fallthrough'
* '@fallthrough@'
* 'lint -fallthrough[ \t]*'
* '[ \t]*FALLTHR(OUGH|U)[ \t]*'
* '-Wimplicit-fallthrough=5' doesn't recognize any comments as
fallthrough comments, only attributes disable the warning.
The comment needs to be followed after optional whitespace and
other comments by 'case' or 'default' keywords or by a user label
that precedes some 'case' or 'default' label.
switch (cond)
{
case 1:
bar (0);
/* FALLTHRU */
default:
...
}
The '-Wimplicit-fallthrough=3' warning is enabled by '-Wextra'.
'-Wif-not-aligned (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Control if warning triggered by the 'warn_if_not_aligned' attribute
should be issued. This is enabled by default. Use
'-Wno-if-not-aligned' to disable it.
'-Wignored-qualifiers (C and C++ only)'
Warn if the return type of a function has a type qualifier such as
'const'. For ISO C such a type qualifier has no effect, since the
value returned by a function is not an lvalue. For C++, the
warning is only emitted for scalar types or 'void'. ISO C
prohibits qualified 'void' return types on function definitions, so
such return types always receive a warning even without this
option.
This warning is also enabled by '-Wextra'.
'-Wignored-attributes (C and C++ only)'
Warn when an attribute is ignored. This is different from the
'-Wattributes' option in that it warns whenever the compiler
decides to drop an attribute, not that the attribute is either
unknown, used in a wrong place, etc. This warning is enabled by
default.
'-Wmain'
Warn if the type of 'main' is suspicious. 'main' should be a
function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types. This
warning is enabled by default in C++ and is enabled by either
'-Wall' or '-Wpedantic'.
'-Wmisleading-indentation (C and C++ only)'
Warn when the indentation of the code does not reflect the block
structure. Specifically, a warning is issued for 'if', 'else',
'while', and 'for' clauses with a guarded statement that does not
use braces, followed by an unguarded statement with the same
indentation.
In the following example, the call to "bar" is misleadingly
indented as if it were guarded by the "if" conditional.
if (some_condition ())
foo ();
bar (); /* Gotcha: this is not guarded by the "if". */
In the case of mixed tabs and spaces, the warning uses the
'-ftabstop=' option to determine if the statements line up
(defaulting to 8).
The warning is not issued for code involving multiline preprocessor
logic such as the following example.
if (flagA)
foo (0);
#if SOME_CONDITION_THAT_DOES_NOT_HOLD
if (flagB)
#endif
foo (1);
The warning is not issued after a '#line' directive, since this
typically indicates autogenerated code, and no assumptions can be
made about the layout of the file that the directive references.
This warning is enabled by '-Wall' in C and C++.
'-Wmissing-attributes'
Warn when a declaration of a function is missing one or more
attributes that a related function is declared with and whose
absence may adversely affect the correctness or efficiency of
generated code. For example, in C++, the warning is issued when an
explicit specialization of a primary template declared with
attribute 'alloc_align', 'alloc_size', 'assume_aligned', 'format',
'format_arg', 'malloc', or 'nonnull' is declared without it.
Attributes 'deprecated', 'error', and 'warning' suppress the
warning. (*note Function Attributes::).
'-Wmissing-attributes' is enabled by '-Wall'.
For example, since the declaration of the primary function template
below makes use of both attribute 'malloc' and 'alloc_size' the
declaration of the explicit specialization of the template is
diagnosed because it is missing one of the attributes.
template <class T>
T* __attribute__ ((malloc, alloc_size (1)))
allocate (size_t);
template <>
void* __attribute__ ((malloc)) // missing alloc_size
allocate<void> (size_t);
'-Wmissing-braces'
Warn if an aggregate or union initializer is not fully bracketed.
In the following example, the initializer for 'a' is not fully
bracketed, but that for 'b' is fully bracketed. This warning is
enabled by '-Wall' in C.
int a[2][2] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };
int b[2][2] = { { 0, 1 }, { 2, 3 } };
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wmissing-include-dirs (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn if a user-supplied include directory does not exist.
'-Wmultistatement-macros'
Warn about unsafe multiple statement macros that appear to be
guarded by a clause such as 'if', 'else', 'for', 'switch', or
'while', in which only the first statement is actually guarded
after the macro is expanded.
For example:
#define DOIT x++; y++
if (c)
DOIT;
will increment 'y' unconditionally, not just when 'c' holds. The
can usually be fixed by wrapping the macro in a do-while loop:
#define DOIT do { x++; y++; } while (0)
if (c)
DOIT;
This warning is enabled by '-Wall' in C and C++.
'-Wparentheses'
Warn if parentheses are omitted in certain contexts, such as when
there is an assignment in a context where a truth value is
expected, or when operators are nested whose precedence people
often get confused about.
Also warn if a comparison like 'x<=y<=z' appears; this is
equivalent to '(x<=y ? 1 : 0) <= z', which is a different
interpretation from that of ordinary mathematical notation.
Also warn for dangerous uses of the GNU extension to '?:' with
omitted middle operand. When the condition in the '?': operator is
a boolean expression, the omitted value is always 1. Often
programmers expect it to be a value computed inside the conditional
expression instead.
For C++ this also warns for some cases of unnecessary parentheses
in declarations, which can indicate an attempt at a function call
instead of a declaration:
{
// Declares a local variable called mymutex.
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> (mymutex);
// User meant std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock (mymutex);
}
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wsequence-point'
Warn about code that may have undefined semantics because of
violations of sequence point rules in the C and C++ standards.
The C and C++ standards define the order in which expressions in a
C/C++ program are evaluated in terms of "sequence points", which
represent a partial ordering between the execution of parts of the
program: those executed before the sequence point, and those
executed after it. These occur after the evaluation of a full
expression (one which is not part of a larger expression), after
the evaluation of the first operand of a '&&', '||', '? :' or ','
(comma) operator, before a function is called (but after the
evaluation of its arguments and the expression denoting the called
function), and in certain other places. Other than as expressed by
the sequence point rules, the order of evaluation of subexpressions
of an expression is not specified. All these rules describe only a
partial order rather than a total order, since, for example, if two
functions are called within one expression with no sequence point
between them, the order in which the functions are called is not
specified. However, the standards committee have ruled that
function calls do not overlap.
It is not specified when between sequence points modifications to
the values of objects take effect. Programs whose behavior depends
on this have undefined behavior; the C and C++ standards specify
that "Between the previous and next sequence point an object shall
have its stored value modified at most once by the evaluation of an
expression. Furthermore, the prior value shall be read only to
determine the value to be stored.". If a program breaks these
rules, the results on any particular implementation are entirely
unpredictable.
Examples of code with undefined behavior are 'a = a++;', 'a[n] =
b[n++]' and 'a[i++] = i;'. Some more complicated cases are not
diagnosed by this option, and it may give an occasional false
positive result, but in general it has been found fairly effective
at detecting this sort of problem in programs.
The C++17 standard will define the order of evaluation of operands
in more cases: in particular it requires that the right-hand side
of an assignment be evaluated before the left-hand side, so the
above examples are no longer undefined. But this warning will
still warn about them, to help people avoid writing code that is
undefined in C and earlier revisions of C++.
The standard is worded confusingly, therefore there is some debate
over the precise meaning of the sequence point rules in subtle
cases. Links to discussions of the problem, including proposed
formal definitions, may be found on the GCC readings page, at
<http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html>;.
This warning is enabled by '-Wall' for C and C++.
'-Wno-return-local-addr'
Do not warn about returning a pointer (or in C++, a reference) to a
variable that goes out of scope after the function returns.
'-Wreturn-type'
Warn whenever a function is defined with a return type that
defaults to 'int'. Also warn about any 'return' statement with no
return value in a function whose return type is not 'void' (falling
off the end of the function body is considered returning without a
value).
For C only, warn about a 'return' statement with an expression in a
function whose return type is 'void', unless the expression type is
also 'void'. As a GNU extension, the latter case is accepted
without a warning unless '-Wpedantic' is used.
For C++, a function without return type always produces a
diagnostic message, even when '-Wno-return-type' is specified. The
only exceptions are 'main' and functions defined in system headers.
This warning is enabled by default for C++ and is enabled by
'-Wall'.
'-Wshift-count-negative'
Warn if shift count is negative. This warning is enabled by
default.
'-Wshift-count-overflow'
Warn if shift count >= width of type. This warning is enabled by
default.
'-Wshift-negative-value'
Warn if left shifting a negative value. This warning is enabled by
'-Wextra' in C99 and C++11 modes (and newer).
'-Wshift-overflow'
'-Wshift-overflow=N'
Warn about left shift overflows. This warning is enabled by
default in C99 and C++11 modes (and newer).
'-Wshift-overflow=1'
This is the warning level of '-Wshift-overflow' and is enabled
by default in C99 and C++11 modes (and newer). This warning
level does not warn about left-shifting 1 into the sign bit.
(However, in C, such an overflow is still rejected in contexts
where an integer constant expression is required.)
'-Wshift-overflow=2'
This warning level also warns about left-shifting 1 into the
sign bit, unless C++14 mode is active.
'-Wswitch'
Warn whenever a 'switch' statement has an index of enumerated type
and lacks a 'case' for one or more of the named codes of that
enumeration. (The presence of a 'default' label prevents this
warning.) 'case' labels outside the enumeration range also provoke
warnings when this option is used (even if there is a 'default'
label). This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wswitch-default'
Warn whenever a 'switch' statement does not have a 'default' case.
'-Wswitch-enum'
Warn whenever a 'switch' statement has an index of enumerated type
and lacks a 'case' for one or more of the named codes of that
enumeration. 'case' labels outside the enumeration range also
provoke warnings when this option is used. The only difference
between '-Wswitch' and this option is that this option gives a
warning about an omitted enumeration code even if there is a
'default' label.
'-Wswitch-bool'
Warn whenever a 'switch' statement has an index of boolean type and
the case values are outside the range of a boolean type. It is
possible to suppress this warning by casting the controlling
expression to a type other than 'bool'. For example:
switch ((int) (a == 4))
{
...
}
This warning is enabled by default for C and C++ programs.
'-Wswitch-unreachable'
Warn whenever a 'switch' statement contains statements between the
controlling expression and the first case label, which will never
be executed. For example:
switch (cond)
{
i = 15;
...
case 5:
...
}
'-Wswitch-unreachable' does not warn if the statement between the
controlling expression and the first case label is just a
declaration:
switch (cond)
{
int i;
...
case 5:
i = 5;
...
}
This warning is enabled by default for C and C++ programs.
'-Wsync-nand (C and C++ only)'
Warn when '__sync_fetch_and_nand' and '__sync_nand_and_fetch'
built-in functions are used. These functions changed semantics in
GCC 4.4.
'-Wunused-but-set-parameter'
Warn whenever a function parameter is assigned to, but otherwise
unused (aside from its declaration).
To suppress this warning use the 'unused' attribute (*note Variable
Attributes::).
This warning is also enabled by '-Wunused' together with '-Wextra'.
'-Wunused-but-set-variable'
Warn whenever a local variable is assigned to, but otherwise unused
(aside from its declaration). This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
To suppress this warning use the 'unused' attribute (*note Variable
Attributes::).
This warning is also enabled by '-Wunused', which is enabled by
'-Wall'.
'-Wunused-function'
Warn whenever a static function is declared but not defined or a
non-inline static function is unused. This warning is enabled by
'-Wall'.
'-Wunused-label'
Warn whenever a label is declared but not used. This warning is
enabled by '-Wall'.
To suppress this warning use the 'unused' attribute (*note Variable
Attributes::).
'-Wunused-local-typedefs (C, Objective-C, C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a typedef locally defined in a function is not used.
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wunused-parameter'
Warn whenever a function parameter is unused aside from its
declaration.
To suppress this warning use the 'unused' attribute (*note Variable
Attributes::).
'-Wno-unused-result'
Do not warn if a caller of a function marked with attribute
'warn_unused_result' (*note Function Attributes::) does not use its
return value. The default is '-Wunused-result'.
'-Wunused-variable'
Warn whenever a local or static variable is unused aside from its
declaration. This option implies '-Wunused-const-variable=1' for
C, but not for C++. This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
To suppress this warning use the 'unused' attribute (*note Variable
Attributes::).
'-Wunused-const-variable'
'-Wunused-const-variable=N'
Warn whenever a constant static variable is unused aside from its
declaration. '-Wunused-const-variable=1' is enabled by
'-Wunused-variable' for C, but not for C++. In C this declares
variable storage, but in C++ this is not an error since const
variables take the place of '#define's.
To suppress this warning use the 'unused' attribute (*note Variable
Attributes::).
'-Wunused-const-variable=1'
This is the warning level that is enabled by
'-Wunused-variable' for C. It warns only about unused static
const variables defined in the main compilation unit, but not
about static const variables declared in any header included.
'-Wunused-const-variable=2'
This warning level also warns for unused constant static
variables in headers (excluding system headers). This is the
warning level of '-Wunused-const-variable' and must be
explicitly requested since in C++ this isn't an error and in C
it might be harder to clean up all headers included.
'-Wunused-value'
Warn whenever a statement computes a result that is explicitly not
used. To suppress this warning cast the unused expression to
'void'. This includes an expression-statement or the left-hand
side of a comma expression that contains no side effects. For
example, an expression such as 'x[i,j]' causes a warning, while
'x[(void)i,j]' does not.
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wunused'
All the above '-Wunused' options combined.
In order to get a warning about an unused function parameter, you
must either specify '-Wextra -Wunused' (note that '-Wall' implies
'-Wunused'), or separately specify '-Wunused-parameter'.
'-Wuninitialized'
Warn if an automatic variable is used without first being
initialized or if a variable may be clobbered by a 'setjmp' call.
In C++, warn if a non-static reference or non-static 'const' member
appears in a class without constructors.
If you want to warn about code that uses the uninitialized value of
the variable in its own initializer, use the '-Winit-self' option.
These warnings occur for individual uninitialized or clobbered
elements of structure, union or array variables as well as for
variables that are uninitialized or clobbered as a whole. They do
not occur for variables or elements declared 'volatile'. Because
these warnings depend on optimization, the exact variables or
elements for which there are warnings depends on the precise
optimization options and version of GCC used.
Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used
only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such
computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the
warnings are printed.
'-Winvalid-memory-model'
Warn for invocations of *note __atomic Builtins::, *note __sync
Builtins::, and the C11 atomic generic functions with a memory
consistency argument that is either invalid for the operation or
outside the range of values of the 'memory_order' enumeration. For
example, since the '__atomic_store' and '__atomic_store_n'
built-ins are only defined for the relaxed, release, and
sequentially consistent memory orders the following code is
diagnosed:
void store (int *i)
{
__atomic_store_n (i, 0, memory_order_consume);
}
'-Winvalid-memory-model' is enabled by default.
'-Wmaybe-uninitialized'
For an automatic (i.e. local) variable, if there exists a path from
the function entry to a use of the variable that is initialized,
but there exist some other paths for which the variable is not
initialized, the compiler emits a warning if it cannot prove the
uninitialized paths are not executed at run time.
These warnings are only possible in optimizing compilation, because
otherwise GCC does not keep track of the state of variables.
These warnings are made optional because GCC may not be able to
determine when the code is correct in spite of appearing to have an
error. Here is one example of how this can happen:
{
int x;
switch (y)
{
case 1: x = 1;
break;
case 2: x = 4;
break;
case 3: x = 5;
}
foo (x);
}
If the value of 'y' is always 1, 2 or 3, then 'x' is always
initialized, but GCC doesn't know this. To suppress the warning,
you need to provide a default case with assert(0) or similar code.
This option also warns when a non-volatile automatic variable might
be changed by a call to 'longjmp'. The compiler sees only the
calls to 'setjmp'. It cannot know where 'longjmp' will be called;
in fact, a signal handler could call it at any point in the code.
As a result, you may get a warning even when there is in fact no
problem because 'longjmp' cannot in fact be called at the place
that would cause a problem.
Some spurious warnings can be avoided if you declare all the
functions you use that never return as 'noreturn'. *Note Function
Attributes::.
This warning is enabled by '-Wall' or '-Wextra'.
'-Wunknown-pragmas'
Warn when a '#pragma' directive is encountered that is not
understood by GCC. If this command-line option is used, warnings
are even issued for unknown pragmas in system header files. This
is not the case if the warnings are only enabled by the '-Wall'
command-line option.
'-Wno-pragmas'
Do not warn about misuses of pragmas, such as incorrect parameters,
invalid syntax, or conflicts between pragmas. See also
'-Wunknown-pragmas'.
'-Wstrict-aliasing'
This option is only active when '-fstrict-aliasing' is active. It
warns about code that might break the strict aliasing rules that
the compiler is using for optimization. The warning does not catch
all cases, but does attempt to catch the more common pitfalls. It
is included in '-Wall'. It is equivalent to '-Wstrict-aliasing=3'
'-Wstrict-aliasing=n'
This option is only active when '-fstrict-aliasing' is active. It
warns about code that might break the strict aliasing rules that
the compiler is using for optimization. Higher levels correspond
to higher accuracy (fewer false positives). Higher levels also
correspond to more effort, similar to the way '-O' works.
'-Wstrict-aliasing' is equivalent to '-Wstrict-aliasing=3'.
Level 1: Most aggressive, quick, least accurate. Possibly useful
when higher levels do not warn but '-fstrict-aliasing' still breaks
the code, as it has very few false negatives. However, it has many
false positives. Warns for all pointer conversions between
possibly incompatible types, even if never dereferenced. Runs in
the front end only.
Level 2: Aggressive, quick, not too precise. May still have many
false positives (not as many as level 1 though), and few false
negatives (but possibly more than level 1). Unlike level 1, it
only warns when an address is taken. Warns about incomplete types.
Runs in the front end only.
Level 3 (default for '-Wstrict-aliasing'): Should have very few
false positives and few false negatives. Slightly slower than
levels 1 or 2 when optimization is enabled. Takes care of the
common pun+dereference pattern in the front end:
'*(int*)&some_float'. If optimization is enabled, it also runs in
the back end, where it deals with multiple statement cases using
flow-sensitive points-to information. Only warns when the
converted pointer is dereferenced. Does not warn about incomplete
types.
'-Wstrict-overflow'
'-Wstrict-overflow=N'
This option is only active when signed overflow is undefined. It
warns about cases where the compiler optimizes based on the
assumption that signed overflow does not occur. Note that it does
not warn about all cases where the code might overflow: it only
warns about cases where the compiler implements some optimization.
Thus this warning depends on the optimization level.
An optimization that assumes that signed overflow does not occur is
perfectly safe if the values of the variables involved are such
that overflow never does, in fact, occur. Therefore this warning
can easily give a false positive: a warning about code that is not
actually a problem. To help focus on important issues, several
warning levels are defined. No warnings are issued for the use of
undefined signed overflow when estimating how many iterations a
loop requires, in particular when determining whether a loop will
be executed at all.
'-Wstrict-overflow=1'
Warn about cases that are both questionable and easy to avoid.
For example the compiler simplifies 'x + 1 > x' to '1'. This
level of '-Wstrict-overflow' is enabled by '-Wall'; higher
levels are not, and must be explicitly requested.
'-Wstrict-overflow=2'
Also warn about other cases where a comparison is simplified
to a constant. For example: 'abs (x) >= 0'. This can only be
simplified when signed integer overflow is undefined, because
'abs (INT_MIN)' overflows to 'INT_MIN', which is less than
zero. '-Wstrict-overflow' (with no level) is the same as
'-Wstrict-overflow=2'.
'-Wstrict-overflow=3'
Also warn about other cases where a comparison is simplified.
For example: 'x + 1 > 1' is simplified to 'x > 0'.
'-Wstrict-overflow=4'
Also warn about other simplifications not covered by the above
cases. For example: '(x * 10) / 5' is simplified to 'x * 2'.
'-Wstrict-overflow=5'
Also warn about cases where the compiler reduces the magnitude
of a constant involved in a comparison. For example: 'x + 2 >
y' is simplified to 'x + 1 >= y'. This is reported only at
the highest warning level because this simplification applies
to many comparisons, so this warning level gives a very large
number of false positives.
'-Wstringop-overflow'
'-Wstringop-overflow=TYPE'
Warn for calls to string manipulation functions such as 'memcpy'
and 'strcpy' that are determined to overflow the destination
buffer. The optional argument is one greater than the type of
Object Size Checking to perform to determine the size of the
destination. *Note Object Size Checking::. The argument is
meaningful only for functions that operate on character arrays but
not for raw memory functions like 'memcpy' which always make use of
Object Size type-0. The option also warns for calls that specify a
size in excess of the largest possible object or at most 'SIZE_MAX
/ 2' bytes. The option produces the best results with optimization
enabled but can detect a small subset of simple buffer overflows
even without optimization in calls to the GCC built-in functions
like '__builtin_memcpy' that correspond to the standard functions.
In any case, the option warns about just a subset of buffer
overflows detected by the corresponding overflow checking
built-ins. For example, the option will issue a warning for the
'strcpy' call below because it copies at least 5 characters (the
string '"blue"' including the terminating NUL) into the buffer of
size 4.
enum Color { blue, purple, yellow };
const char* f (enum Color clr)
{
static char buf [4];
const char *str;
switch (clr)
{
case blue: str = "blue"; break;
case purple: str = "purple"; break;
case yellow: str = "yellow"; break;
}
return strcpy (buf, str); // warning here
}
Option '-Wstringop-overflow=2' is enabled by default.
'-Wstringop-overflow'
'-Wstringop-overflow=1'
The '-Wstringop-overflow=1' option uses type-zero Object Size
Checking to determine the sizes of destination objects. This
is the default setting of the option. At this setting the
option will not warn for writes past the end of subobjects of
larger objects accessed by pointers unless the size of the
largest surrounding object is known. When the destination may
be one of several objects it is assumed to be the largest one
of them. On Linux systems, when optimization is enabled at
this setting the option warns for the same code as when the
'_FORTIFY_SOURCE' macro is defined to a non-zero value.
'-Wstringop-overflow=2'
The '-Wstringop-overflow=2' option uses type-one Object Size
Checking to determine the sizes of destination objects. At
this setting the option will warn about overflows when writing
to members of the largest complete objects whose exact size is
known. It will, however, not warn for excessive writes to the
same members of unknown objects referenced by pointers since
they may point to arrays containing unknown numbers of
elements.
'-Wstringop-overflow=3'
The '-Wstringop-overflow=3' option uses type-two Object Size
Checking to determine the sizes of destination objects. At
this setting the option warns about overflowing the smallest
object or data member. This is the most restrictive setting
of the option that may result in warnings for safe code.
'-Wstringop-overflow=4'
The '-Wstringop-overflow=4' option uses type-three Object Size
Checking to determine the sizes of destination objects. At
this setting the option will warn about overflowing any data
members, and when the destination is one of several objects it
uses the size of the largest of them to decide whether to
issue a warning. Similarly to '-Wstringop-overflow=3' this
setting of the option may result in warnings for benign code.
'-Wstringop-truncation'
Warn for calls to bounded string manipulation functions such as
'strncat', 'strncpy', and 'stpncpy' that may either truncate the
copied string or leave the destination unchanged.
In the following example, the call to 'strncat' specifies a bound
that is less than the length of the source string. As a result,
the copy of the source will be truncated and so the call is
diagnosed. To avoid the warning use 'bufsize - strlen (buf) - 1)'
as the bound.
void append (char *buf, size_t bufsize)
{
strncat (buf, ".txt", 3);
}
As another example, the following call to 'strncpy' results in
copying to 'd' just the characters preceding the terminating NUL,
without appending the NUL to the end. Assuming the result of
'strncpy' is necessarily a NUL-terminated string is a common
mistake, and so the call is diagnosed. To avoid the warning when
the result is not expected to be NUL-terminated, call 'memcpy'
instead.
void copy (char *d, const char *s)
{
strncpy (d, s, strlen (s));
}
In the following example, the call to 'strncpy' specifies the size
of the destination buffer as the bound. If the length of the
source string is equal to or greater than this size the result of
the copy will not be NUL-terminated. Therefore, the call is also
diagnosed. To avoid the warning, specify 'sizeof buf - 1' as the
bound and set the last element of the buffer to 'NUL'.
void copy (const char *s)
{
char buf[80];
strncpy (buf, s, sizeof buf);
...
}
In situations where a character array is intended to store a
sequence of bytes with no terminating 'NUL' such an array may be
annotated with attribute 'nonstring' to avoid this warning. Such
arrays, however, are not suitable arguments to functions that
expect 'NUL'-terminated strings. To help detect accidental misuses
of such arrays GCC issues warnings unless it can prove that the use
is safe. *Note Common Variable Attributes::.
Option '-Wstringop-truncation' is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wsuggest-attribute=[pure|const|noreturn|format|cold|malloc]'
Warn for cases where adding an attribute may be beneficial. The
attributes currently supported are listed below.
'-Wsuggest-attribute=pure'
'-Wsuggest-attribute=const'
'-Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn'
'-Wsuggest-attribute=malloc'
Warn about functions that might be candidates for attributes
'pure', 'const' or 'noreturn' or 'malloc'. The compiler only
warns for functions visible in other compilation units or (in
the case of 'pure' and 'const') if it cannot prove that the
function returns normally. A function returns normally if it
doesn't contain an infinite loop or return abnormally by
throwing, calling 'abort' or trapping. This analysis requires
option '-fipa-pure-const', which is enabled by default at '-O'
and higher. Higher optimization levels improve the accuracy
of the analysis.
'-Wsuggest-attribute=format'
'-Wmissing-format-attribute'
Warn about function pointers that might be candidates for
'format' attributes. Note these are only possible candidates,
not absolute ones. GCC guesses that function pointers with
'format' attributes that are used in assignment,
initialization, parameter passing or return statements should
have a corresponding 'format' attribute in the resulting type.
I.e. the left-hand side of the assignment or initialization,
the type of the parameter variable, or the return type of the
containing function respectively should also have a 'format'
attribute to avoid the warning.
GCC also warns about function definitions that might be
candidates for 'format' attributes. Again, these are only
possible candidates. GCC guesses that 'format' attributes
might be appropriate for any function that calls a function
like 'vprintf' or 'vscanf', but this might not always be the
case, and some functions for which 'format' attributes are
appropriate may not be detected.
'-Wsuggest-attribute=cold'
Warn about functions that might be candidates for 'cold'
attribute. This is based on static detection and generally
will only warn about functions which always leads to a call to
another 'cold' function such as wrappers of C++ 'throw' or
fatal error reporting functions leading to 'abort'.
'-Wsuggest-final-types'
Warn about types with virtual methods where code quality would be
improved if the type were declared with the C++11 'final'
specifier, or, if possible, declared in an anonymous namespace.
This allows GCC to more aggressively devirtualize the polymorphic
calls. This warning is more effective with link time optimization,
where the information about the class hierarchy graph is more
complete.
'-Wsuggest-final-methods'
Warn about virtual methods where code quality would be improved if
the method were declared with the C++11 'final' specifier, or, if
possible, its type were declared in an anonymous namespace or with
the 'final' specifier. This warning is more effective with
link-time optimization, where the information about the class
hierarchy graph is more complete. It is recommended to first
consider suggestions of '-Wsuggest-final-types' and then rebuild
with new annotations.
'-Wsuggest-override'
Warn about overriding virtual functions that are not marked with
the override keyword.
'-Walloc-zero'
Warn about calls to allocation functions decorated with attribute
'alloc_size' that specify zero bytes, including those to the
built-in forms of the functions 'aligned_alloc', 'alloca',
'calloc', 'malloc', and 'realloc'. Because the behavior of these
functions when called with a zero size differs among
implementations (and in the case of 'realloc' has been deprecated)
relying on it may result in subtle portability bugs and should be
avoided.
'-Walloc-size-larger-than=N'
Warn about calls to functions decorated with attribute 'alloc_size'
that attempt to allocate objects larger than the specified number
of bytes, or where the result of the size computation in an integer
type with infinite precision would exceed 'SIZE_MAX / 2'. The
option argument N may end in one of the standard suffixes
designating a multiple of bytes such as 'kB' and 'KiB' for kilobyte
and kibibyte, respectively, 'MB' and 'MiB' for megabyte and
mebibyte, and so on. '-Walloc-size-larger-than='PTRDIFF_MAX is
enabled by default. Warnings controlled by the option can be
disabled by specifying N of SIZE_MAX or more. *Note Function
Attributes::.
'-Walloca'
This option warns on all uses of 'alloca' in the source.
'-Walloca-larger-than=N'
This option warns on calls to 'alloca' that are not bounded by a
controlling predicate limiting its argument of integer type to at
most N bytes, or calls to 'alloca' where the bound is unknown.
Arguments of non-integer types are considered unbounded even if
they appear to be constrained to the expected range.
For example, a bounded case of 'alloca' could be:
void func (size_t n)
{
void *p;
if (n <= 1000)
p = alloca (n);
else
p = malloc (n);
f (p);
}
In the above example, passing '-Walloca-larger-than=1000' would not
issue a warning because the call to 'alloca' is known to be at most
1000 bytes. However, if '-Walloca-larger-than=500' were passed,
the compiler would emit a warning.
Unbounded uses, on the other hand, are uses of 'alloca' with no
controlling predicate constraining its integer argument. For
example:
void func ()
{
void *p = alloca (n);
f (p);
}
If '-Walloca-larger-than=500' were passed, the above would trigger
a warning, but this time because of the lack of bounds checking.
Note, that even seemingly correct code involving signed integers
could cause a warning:
void func (signed int n)
{
if (n < 500)
{
p = alloca (n);
f (p);
}
}
In the above example, N could be negative, causing a larger than
expected argument to be implicitly cast into the 'alloca' call.
This option also warns when 'alloca' is used in a loop.
This warning is not enabled by '-Wall', and is only active when
'-ftree-vrp' is active (default for '-O2' and above).
See also '-Wvla-larger-than=N'.
'-Warray-bounds'
'-Warray-bounds=N'
This option is only active when '-ftree-vrp' is active (default for
'-O2' and above). It warns about subscripts to arrays that are
always out of bounds. This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Warray-bounds=1'
This is the warning level of '-Warray-bounds' and is enabled
by '-Wall'; higher levels are not, and must be explicitly
requested.
'-Warray-bounds=2'
This warning level also warns about out of bounds access for
arrays at the end of a struct and for arrays accessed through
pointers. This warning level may give a larger number of
false positives and is deactivated by default.
'-Wattribute-alias'
Warn about declarations using the 'alias' and similar attributes
whose target is incompatible with the type of the alias. *Note
Declaring Attributes of Functions: Function Attributes.
'-Wbidi-chars=[none|unpaired|any]'
Warn about possibly misleading UTF-8 bidirectional control
characters in comments, string literals, character constants, and
identifiers. Such characters can change left-to-right writing
direction into right-to-left (and vice versa), which can cause
confusion between the logical order and visual order. This may be
dangerous; for instance, it may seem that a piece of code is not
commented out, whereas it in fact is.
There are three levels of warning supported by GCC. The default is
'-Wbidi-chars=unpaired', which warns about improperly terminated
bidi contexts. '-Wbidi-chars=none' turns the warning off.
'-Wbidi-chars=any' warns about any use of bidirectional control
characters.
'-Wbool-compare'
Warn about boolean expression compared with an integer value
different from 'true'/'false'. For instance, the following
comparison is always false:
int n = 5;
...
if ((n > 1) == 2) { ... }
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wbool-operation'
Warn about suspicious operations on expressions of a boolean type.
For instance, bitwise negation of a boolean is very likely a bug in
the program. For C, this warning also warns about incrementing or
decrementing a boolean, which rarely makes sense. (In C++,
decrementing a boolean is always invalid. Incrementing a boolean
is invalid in C++17, and deprecated otherwise.)
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wduplicated-branches'
Warn when an if-else has identical branches. This warning detects
cases like
if (p != NULL)
return 0;
else
return 0;
It doesn't warn when both branches contain just a null statement.
This warning also warn for conditional operators:
int i = x ? *p : *p;
'-Wduplicated-cond'
Warn about duplicated conditions in an if-else-if chain. For
instance, warn for the following code:
if (p->q != NULL) { ... }
else if (p->q != NULL) { ... }
'-Wframe-address'
Warn when the '__builtin_frame_address' or
'__builtin_return_address' is called with an argument greater than
0. Such calls may return indeterminate values or crash the
program. The warning is included in '-Wall'.
'-Wno-discarded-qualifiers (C and Objective-C only)'
Do not warn if type qualifiers on pointers are being discarded.
Typically, the compiler warns if a 'const char *' variable is
passed to a function that takes a 'char *' parameter. This option
can be used to suppress such a warning.
'-Wno-discarded-array-qualifiers (C and Objective-C only)'
Do not warn if type qualifiers on arrays which are pointer targets
are being discarded. Typically, the compiler warns if a 'const int
(*)[]' variable is passed to a function that takes a 'int (*)[]'
parameter. This option can be used to suppress such a warning.
'-Wno-incompatible-pointer-types (C and Objective-C only)'
Do not warn when there is a conversion between pointers that have
incompatible types. This warning is for cases not covered by
'-Wno-pointer-sign', which warns for pointer argument passing or
assignment with different signedness.
'-Wno-int-conversion (C and Objective-C only)'
Do not warn about incompatible integer to pointer and pointer to
integer conversions. This warning is about implicit conversions;
for explicit conversions the warnings '-Wno-int-to-pointer-cast'
and '-Wno-pointer-to-int-cast' may be used.
'-Wno-div-by-zero'
Do not warn about compile-time integer division by zero.
Floating-point division by zero is not warned about, as it can be a
legitimate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.
'-Wsystem-headers'
Print warning messages for constructs found in system header files.
Warnings from system headers are normally suppressed, on the
assumption that they usually do not indicate real problems and
would only make the compiler output harder to read. Using this
command-line option tells GCC to emit warnings from system headers
as if they occurred in user code. However, note that using '-Wall'
in conjunction with this option does _not_ warn about unknown
pragmas in system headers--for that, '-Wunknown-pragmas' must also
be used.
'-Wtautological-compare'
Warn if a self-comparison always evaluates to true or false. This
warning detects various mistakes such as:
int i = 1;
...
if (i > i) { ... }
This warning also warns about bitwise comparisons that always
evaluate to true or false, for instance:
if ((a & 16) == 10) { ... }
will always be false.
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wtrampolines'
Warn about trampolines generated for pointers to nested functions.
A trampoline is a small piece of data or code that is created at
run time on the stack when the address of a nested function is
taken, and is used to call the nested function indirectly. For
some targets, it is made up of data only and thus requires no
special treatment. But, for most targets, it is made up of code
and thus requires the stack to be made executable in order for the
program to work properly.
'-Wfloat-equal'
Warn if floating-point values are used in equality comparisons.
The idea behind this is that sometimes it is convenient (for the
programmer) to consider floating-point values as approximations to
infinitely precise real numbers. If you are doing this, then you
need to compute (by analyzing the code, or in some other way) the
maximum or likely maximum error that the computation introduces,
and allow for it when performing comparisons (and when producing
output, but that's a different problem). In particular, instead of
testing for equality, you should check to see whether the two
values have ranges that overlap; and this is done with the
relational operators, so equality comparisons are probably
mistaken.
'-Wtraditional (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in
traditional and ISO C. Also warn about ISO C constructs that have
no traditional C equivalent, and/or problematic constructs that
should be avoided.
* Macro parameters that appear within string literals in the
macro body. In traditional C macro replacement takes place
within string literals, but in ISO C it does not.
* In traditional C, some preprocessor directives did not exist.
Traditional preprocessors only considered a line to be a
directive if the '#' appeared in column 1 on the line.
Therefore '-Wtraditional' warns about directives that
traditional C understands but ignores because the '#' does not
appear as the first character on the line. It also suggests
you hide directives like '#pragma' not understood by
traditional C by indenting them. Some traditional
implementations do not recognize '#elif', so this option
suggests avoiding it altogether.
* A function-like macro that appears without arguments.
* The unary plus operator.
* The 'U' integer constant suffix, or the 'F' or 'L'
floating-point constant suffixes. (Traditional C does support
the 'L' suffix on integer constants.) Note, these suffixes
appear in macros defined in the system headers of most modern
systems, e.g. the '_MIN'/'_MAX' macros in '<limits.h>'. Use
of these macros in user code might normally lead to spurious
warnings, however GCC's integrated preprocessor has enough
context to avoid warning in these cases.
* A function declared external in one block and then used after
the end of the block.
* A 'switch' statement has an operand of type 'long'.
* A non-'static' function declaration follows a 'static' one.
This construct is not accepted by some traditional C
compilers.
* The ISO type of an integer constant has a different width or
signedness from its traditional type. This warning is only
issued if the base of the constant is ten. I.e. hexadecimal
or octal values, which typically represent bit patterns, are
not warned about.
* Usage of ISO string concatenation is detected.
* Initialization of automatic aggregates.
* Identifier conflicts with labels. Traditional C lacks a
separate namespace for labels.
* Initialization of unions. If the initializer is zero, the
warning is omitted. This is done under the assumption that
the zero initializer in user code appears conditioned on e.g.
'__STDC__' to avoid missing initializer warnings and relies on
default initialization to zero in the traditional C case.
* Conversions by prototypes between fixed/floating-point values
and vice versa. The absence of these prototypes when
compiling with traditional C causes serious problems. This is
a subset of the possible conversion warnings; for the full set
use '-Wtraditional-conversion'.
* Use of ISO C style function definitions. This warning
intentionally is _not_ issued for prototype declarations or
variadic functions because these ISO C features appear in your
code when using libiberty's traditional C compatibility
macros, 'PARAMS' and 'VPARAMS'. This warning is also bypassed
for nested functions because that feature is already a GCC
extension and thus not relevant to traditional C
compatibility.
'-Wtraditional-conversion (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from
what would happen to the same argument in the absence of a
prototype. This includes conversions of fixed point to floating
and vice versa, and conversions changing the width or signedness of
a fixed-point argument except when the same as the default
promotion.
'-Wdeclaration-after-statement (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn when a declaration is found after a statement in a block.
This construct, known from C++, was introduced with ISO C99 and is
by default allowed in GCC. It is not supported by ISO C90. *Note
Mixed Declarations::.
'-Wshadow'
Warn whenever a local variable or type declaration shadows another
variable, parameter, type, class member (in C++), or instance
variable (in Objective-C) or whenever a built-in function is
shadowed. Note that in C++, the compiler warns if a local variable
shadows an explicit typedef, but not if it shadows a
struct/class/enum. Same as '-Wshadow=global'.
'-Wno-shadow-ivar (Objective-C only)'
Do not warn whenever a local variable shadows an instance variable
in an Objective-C method.
'-Wshadow=global'
The default for '-Wshadow'. Warns for any (global) shadowing.
'-Wshadow=local'
Warn when a local variable shadows another local variable or
parameter. This warning is enabled by '-Wshadow=global'.
'-Wshadow=compatible-local'
Warn when a local variable shadows another local variable or
parameter whose type is compatible with that of the shadowing
variable. In C++, type compatibility here means the type of the
shadowing variable can be converted to that of the shadowed
variable. The creation of this flag (in addition to
'-Wshadow=local') is based on the idea that when a local variable
shadows another one of incompatible type, it is most likely
intentional, not a bug or typo, as shown in the following example:
for (SomeIterator i = SomeObj.begin(); i != SomeObj.end(); ++i)
{
for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
{
...
}
...
}
Since the two variable 'i' in the example above have incompatible
types, enabling only '-Wshadow=compatible-local' will not emit a
warning. Because their types are incompatible, if a programmer
accidentally uses one in place of the other, type checking will
catch that and emit an error or warning. So not warning (about
shadowing) in this case will not lead to undetected bugs. Use of
this flag instead of '-Wshadow=local' can possibly reduce the
number of warnings triggered by intentional shadowing.
This warning is enabled by '-Wshadow=local'.
'-Wlarger-than=LEN'
Warn whenever an object of larger than LEN bytes is defined.
'-Wframe-larger-than=LEN'
Warn if the size of a function frame is larger than LEN bytes. The
computation done to determine the stack frame size is approximate
and not conservative. The actual requirements may be somewhat
greater than LEN even if you do not get a warning. In addition,
any space allocated via 'alloca', variable-length arrays, or
related constructs is not included by the compiler when determining
whether or not to issue a warning.
'-Wno-free-nonheap-object'
Do not warn when attempting to free an object that was not
allocated on the heap.
'-Wstack-usage=LEN'
Warn if the stack usage of a function might be larger than LEN
bytes. The computation done to determine the stack usage is
conservative. Any space allocated via 'alloca', variable-length
arrays, or related constructs is included by the compiler when
determining whether or not to issue a warning.
The message is in keeping with the output of '-fstack-usage'.
* If the stack usage is fully static but exceeds the specified
amount, it's:
warning: stack usage is 1120 bytes
* If the stack usage is (partly) dynamic but bounded, it's:
warning: stack usage might be 1648 bytes
* If the stack usage is (partly) dynamic and not bounded, it's:
warning: stack usage might be unbounded
'-Wno-pedantic-ms-format (MinGW targets only)'
When used in combination with '-Wformat' and '-pedantic' without
GNU extensions, this option disables the warnings about non-ISO
'printf' / 'scanf' format width specifiers 'I32', 'I64', and 'I'
used on Windows targets, which depend on the MS runtime.
'-Waligned-new'
Warn about a new-expression of a type that requires greater
alignment than the 'alignof(std::max_align_t)' but uses an
allocation function without an explicit alignment parameter. This
option is enabled by '-Wall'.
Normally this only warns about global allocation functions, but
'-Waligned-new=all' also warns about class member allocation
functions.
'-Wplacement-new'
'-Wplacement-new=N'
Warn about placement new expressions with undefined behavior, such
as constructing an object in a buffer that is smaller than the type
of the object. For example, the placement new expression below is
diagnosed because it attempts to construct an array of 64 integers
in a buffer only 64 bytes large.
char buf [64];
new (buf) int[64];
This warning is enabled by default.
'-Wplacement-new=1'
This is the default warning level of '-Wplacement-new'. At
this level the warning is not issued for some strictly
undefined constructs that GCC allows as extensions for
compatibility with legacy code. For example, the following
'new' expression is not diagnosed at this level even though it
has undefined behavior according to the C++ standard because
it writes past the end of the one-element array.
struct S { int n, a[1]; };
S *s = (S *)malloc (sizeof *s + 31 * sizeof s->a[0]);
new (s->a)int [32]();
'-Wplacement-new=2'
At this level, in addition to diagnosing all the same
constructs as at level 1, a diagnostic is also issued for
placement new expressions that construct an object in the last
member of structure whose type is an array of a single element
and whose size is less than the size of the object being
constructed. While the previous example would be diagnosed,
the following construct makes use of the flexible member array
extension to avoid the warning at level 2.
struct S { int n, a[]; };
S *s = (S *)malloc (sizeof *s + 32 * sizeof s->a[0]);
new (s->a)int [32]();
'-Wpointer-arith'
Warn about anything that depends on the "size of" a function type
or of 'void'. GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for
convenience in calculations with 'void *' pointers and pointers to
functions. In C++, warn also when an arithmetic operation involves
'NULL'. This warning is also enabled by '-Wpedantic'.
'-Wpointer-compare'
Warn if a pointer is compared with a zero character constant. This
usually means that the pointer was meant to be dereferenced. For
example:
const char *p = foo ();
if (p == '\0')
return 42;
Note that the code above is invalid in C++11.
This warning is enabled by default.
'-Wtype-limits'
Warn if a comparison is always true or always false due to the
limited range of the data type, but do not warn for constant
expressions. For example, warn if an unsigned variable is compared
against zero with '<' or '>='. This warning is also enabled by
'-Wextra'.
'-Wcomment'
'-Wcomments'
Warn whenever a comment-start sequence '/*' appears in a '/*'
comment, or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a '//' comment.
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wtrigraphs'
Warn if any trigraphs are encountered that might change the meaning
of the program. Trigraphs within comments are not warned about,
except those that would form escaped newlines.
This option is implied by '-Wall'. If '-Wall' is not given, this
option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled. To get
trigraph conversion without warnings, but get the other '-Wall'
warnings, use '-trigraphs -Wall -Wno-trigraphs'.
'-Wundef'
Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an '#if' directive.
Such identifiers are replaced with zero.
'-Wexpansion-to-defined'
Warn whenever 'defined' is encountered in the expansion of a macro
(including the case where the macro is expanded by an '#if'
directive). Such usage is not portable. This warning is also
enabled by '-Wpedantic' and '-Wextra'.
'-Wunused-macros'
Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused. A
macro is "used" if it is expanded or tested for existence at least
once. The preprocessor also warns if the macro has not been used
at the time it is redefined or undefined.
Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and macros
defined in include files are not warned about.
_Note:_ If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped
conditional blocks, then the preprocessor reports it as unused. To
avoid the warning in such a case, you might improve the scope of
the macro's definition by, for example, moving it into the first
skipped block. Alternatively, you could provide a dummy use with
something like:
#if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning
#endif
'-Wno-endif-labels'
Do not warn whenever an '#else' or an '#endif' are followed by
text. This sometimes happens in older programs with code of the
form
#if FOO
...
#else FOO
...
#endif FOO
The second and third 'FOO' should be in comments. This warning is
on by default.
'-Wbad-function-cast (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn when a function call is cast to a non-matching type. For
example, warn if a call to a function returning an integer type is
cast to a pointer type.
'-Wc90-c99-compat (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn about features not present in ISO C90, but present in ISO C99.
For instance, warn about use of variable length arrays, 'long long'
type, 'bool' type, compound literals, designated initializers, and
so on. This option is independent of the standards mode. Warnings
are disabled in the expression that follows '__extension__'.
'-Wc99-c11-compat (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn about features not present in ISO C99, but present in ISO C11.
For instance, warn about use of anonymous structures and unions,
'_Atomic' type qualifier, '_Thread_local' storage-class specifier,
'_Alignas' specifier, 'Alignof' operator, '_Generic' keyword, and
so on. This option is independent of the standards mode. Warnings
are disabled in the expression that follows '__extension__'.
'-Wc++-compat (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn about ISO C constructs that are outside of the common subset
of ISO C and ISO C++, e.g. request for implicit conversion from
'void *' to a pointer to non-'void' type.
'-Wc++11-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
1998 and ISO C++ 2011, e.g., identifiers in ISO C++ 1998 that are
keywords in ISO C++ 2011. This warning turns on '-Wnarrowing' and
is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wc++14-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
2011 and ISO C++ 2014. This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wc++17-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
2014 and ISO C++ 2017. This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wcast-qual'
Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier
from the target type. For example, warn if a 'const char *' is
cast to an ordinary 'char *'.
Also warn when making a cast that introduces a type qualifier in an
unsafe way. For example, casting 'char **' to 'const char **' is
unsafe, as in this example:
/* p is char ** value. */
const char **q = (const char **) p;
/* Assignment of readonly string to const char * is OK. */
*q = "string";
/* Now char** pointer points to read-only memory. */
**p = 'b';
'-Wcast-align'
Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of
the target is increased. For example, warn if a 'char *' is cast
to an 'int *' on machines where integers can only be accessed at
two- or four-byte boundaries.
'-Wcast-align=strict'
Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of
the target is increased. For example, warn if a 'char *' is cast
to an 'int *' regardless of the target machine.
'-Wcast-function-type'
Warn when a function pointer is cast to an incompatible function
pointer. In a cast involving function types with a variable
argument list only the types of initial arguments that are provided
are considered. Any parameter of pointer-type matches any other
pointer-type. Any benign differences in integral types are
ignored, like 'int' vs. 'long' on ILP32 targets. Likewise type
qualifiers are ignored. The function type 'void (*) (void)' is
special and matches everything, which can be used to suppress this
warning. In a cast involving pointer to member types this warning
warns whenever the type cast is changing the pointer to member
type. This warning is enabled by '-Wextra'.
'-Wwrite-strings'
When compiling C, give string constants the type 'const
char[LENGTH]' so that copying the address of one into a non-'const'
'char *' pointer produces a warning. These warnings help you find
at compile time code that can try to write into a string constant,
but only if you have been very careful about using 'const' in
declarations and prototypes. Otherwise, it is just a nuisance.
This is why we did not make '-Wall' request these warnings.
When compiling C++, warn about the deprecated conversion from
string literals to 'char *'. This warning is enabled by default
for C++ programs.
'-Wcatch-value'
'-Wcatch-value=N (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about catch handlers that do not catch via reference. With
'-Wcatch-value=1' (or '-Wcatch-value' for short) warn about
polymorphic class types that are caught by value. With
'-Wcatch-value=2' warn about all class types that are caught by
value. With '-Wcatch-value=3' warn about all types that are not
caught by reference. '-Wcatch-value' is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wclobbered'
Warn for variables that might be changed by 'longjmp' or 'vfork'.
This warning is also enabled by '-Wextra'.
'-Wconditionally-supported (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn for conditionally-supported (C++11 [intro.defs]) constructs.
'-Wconversion'
Warn for implicit conversions that may alter a value. This
includes conversions between real and integer, like 'abs (x)' when
'x' is 'double'; conversions between signed and unsigned, like
'unsigned ui = -1'; and conversions to smaller types, like 'sqrtf
(M_PI)'. Do not warn for explicit casts like 'abs ((int) x)' and
'ui = (unsigned) -1', or if the value is not changed by the
conversion like in 'abs (2.0)'. Warnings about conversions between
signed and unsigned integers can be disabled by using
'-Wno-sign-conversion'.
For C++, also warn for confusing overload resolution for
user-defined conversions; and conversions that never use a type
conversion operator: conversions to 'void', the same type, a base
class or a reference to them. Warnings about conversions between
signed and unsigned integers are disabled by default in C++ unless
'-Wsign-conversion' is explicitly enabled.
'-Wno-conversion-null (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Do not warn for conversions between 'NULL' and non-pointer types.
'-Wconversion-null' is enabled by default.
'-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when a literal '0' is used as null pointer constant. This can
be useful to facilitate the conversion to 'nullptr' in C++11.
'-Wsubobject-linkage (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn if a class type has a base or a field whose type uses the
anonymous namespace or depends on a type with no linkage. If a
type A depends on a type B with no or internal linkage, defining it
in multiple translation units would be an ODR violation because the
meaning of B is different in each translation unit. If A only
appears in a single translation unit, the best way to silence the
warning is to give it internal linkage by putting it in an
anonymous namespace as well. The compiler doesn't give this
warning for types defined in the main .C file, as those are
unlikely to have multiple definitions. '-Wsubobject-linkage' is
enabled by default.
'-Wdangling-else'
Warn about constructions where there may be confusion to which 'if'
statement an 'else' branch belongs. Here is an example of such a
case:
{
if (a)
if (b)
foo ();
else
bar ();
}
In C/C++, every 'else' branch belongs to the innermost possible
'if' statement, which in this example is 'if (b)'. This is often
not what the programmer expected, as illustrated in the above
example by indentation the programmer chose. When there is the
potential for this confusion, GCC issues a warning when this flag
is specified. To eliminate the warning, add explicit braces around
the innermost 'if' statement so there is no way the 'else' can
belong to the enclosing 'if'. The resulting code looks like this:
{
if (a)
{
if (b)
foo ();
else
bar ();
}
}
This warning is enabled by '-Wparentheses'.
'-Wdate-time'
Warn when macros '__TIME__', '__DATE__' or '__TIMESTAMP__' are
encountered as they might prevent bit-wise-identical reproducible
compilations.
'-Wdelete-incomplete (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when deleting a pointer to incomplete type, which may cause
undefined behavior at runtime. This warning is enabled by default.
'-Wuseless-cast (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn when an expression is casted to its own type.
'-Wempty-body'
Warn if an empty body occurs in an 'if', 'else' or 'do while'
statement. This warning is also enabled by '-Wextra'.
'-Wenum-compare'
Warn about a comparison between values of different enumerated
types. In C++ enumerated type mismatches in conditional
expressions are also diagnosed and the warning is enabled by
default. In C this warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wextra-semi (C++, Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about redundant semicolon after in-class function definition.
'-Wjump-misses-init (C, Objective-C only)'
Warn if a 'goto' statement or a 'switch' statement jumps forward
across the initialization of a variable, or jumps backward to a
label after the variable has been initialized. This only warns
about variables that are initialized when they are declared. This
warning is only supported for C and Objective-C; in C++ this sort
of branch is an error in any case.
'-Wjump-misses-init' is included in '-Wc++-compat'. It can be
disabled with the '-Wno-jump-misses-init' option.
'-Wsign-compare'
Warn when a comparison between signed and unsigned values could
produce an incorrect result when the signed value is converted to
unsigned. In C++, this warning is also enabled by '-Wall'. In C,
it is also enabled by '-Wextra'.
'-Wsign-conversion'
Warn for implicit conversions that may change the sign of an
integer value, like assigning a signed integer expression to an
unsigned integer variable. An explicit cast silences the warning.
In C, this option is enabled also by '-Wconversion'.
'-Wfloat-conversion'
Warn for implicit conversions that reduce the precision of a real
value. This includes conversions from real to integer, and from
higher precision real to lower precision real values. This option
is also enabled by '-Wconversion'.
'-Wno-scalar-storage-order'
Do not warn on suspicious constructs involving reverse scalar
storage order.
'-Wsized-deallocation (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn about a definition of an unsized deallocation function
void operator delete (void *) noexcept;
void operator delete[] (void *) noexcept;
without a definition of the corresponding sized deallocation
function
void operator delete (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
void operator delete[] (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
or vice versa. Enabled by '-Wextra' along with
'-fsized-deallocation'.
'-Wsizeof-pointer-div'
Warn for suspicious divisions of two sizeof expressions that divide
the pointer size by the element size, which is the usual way to
compute the array size but won't work out correctly with pointers.
This warning warns e.g. about 'sizeof (ptr) / sizeof (ptr[0])' if
'ptr' is not an array, but a pointer. This warning is enabled by
'-Wall'.
'-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess'
Warn for suspicious length parameters to certain string and memory
built-in functions if the argument uses 'sizeof'. This warning
triggers for example for 'memset (ptr, 0, sizeof (ptr));' if 'ptr'
is not an array, but a pointer, and suggests a possible fix, or
about 'memcpy (&foo, ptr, sizeof (&foo));'.
'-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess' also warns about calls to bounded
string copy functions like 'strncat' or 'strncpy' that specify as
the bound a 'sizeof' expression of the source array. For example,
in the following function the call to 'strncat' specifies the size
of the source string as the bound. That is almost certainly a
mistake and so the call is diagnosed.
void make_file (const char *name)
{
char path[PATH_MAX];
strncpy (path, name, sizeof path - 1);
strncat (path, ".text", sizeof ".text");
...
}
The '-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess' option is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wsizeof-array-argument'
Warn when the 'sizeof' operator is applied to a parameter that is
declared as an array in a function definition. This warning is
enabled by default for C and C++ programs.
'-Wmemset-elt-size'
Warn for suspicious calls to the 'memset' built-in function, if the
first argument references an array, and the third argument is a
number equal to the number of elements, but not equal to the size
of the array in memory. This indicates that the user has omitted a
multiplication by the element size. This warning is enabled by
'-Wall'.
'-Wmemset-transposed-args'
Warn for suspicious calls to the 'memset' built-in function, if the
second argument is not zero and the third argument is zero. This
warns e.g. about 'memset (buf, sizeof buf, 0)' where most probably
'memset (buf, 0, sizeof buf)' was meant instead. The diagnostics
is only emitted if the third argument is literal zero. If it is
some expression that is folded to zero, a cast of zero to some
type, etc., it is far less likely that the user has mistakenly
exchanged the arguments and no warning is emitted. This warning is
enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Waddress'
Warn about suspicious uses of memory addresses. These include
using the address of a function in a conditional expression, such
as 'void func(void); if (func)', and comparisons against the memory
address of a string literal, such as 'if (x == "abc")'. Such uses
typically indicate a programmer error: the address of a function
always evaluates to true, so their use in a conditional usually
indicate that the programmer forgot the parentheses in a function
call; and comparisons against string literals result in unspecified
behavior and are not portable in C, so they usually indicate that
the programmer intended to use 'strcmp'. This warning is enabled
by '-Wall'.
'-Wlogical-op'
Warn about suspicious uses of logical operators in expressions.
This includes using logical operators in contexts where a bit-wise
operator is likely to be expected. Also warns when the operands of
a logical operator are the same:
extern int a;
if (a < 0 && a < 0) { ... }
'-Wlogical-not-parentheses'
Warn about logical not used on the left hand side operand of a
comparison. This option does not warn if the right operand is
considered to be a boolean expression. Its purpose is to detect
suspicious code like the following:
int a;
...
if (!a > 1) { ... }
It is possible to suppress the warning by wrapping the LHS into
parentheses:
if ((!a) > 1) { ... }
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Waggregate-return'
Warn if any functions that return structures or unions are defined
or called. (In languages where you can return an array, this also
elicits a warning.)
'-Wno-aggressive-loop-optimizations'
Warn if in a loop with constant number of iterations the compiler
detects undefined behavior in some statement during one or more of
the iterations.
'-Wno-attributes'
Do not warn if an unexpected '__attribute__' is used, such as
unrecognized attributes, function attributes applied to variables,
etc. This does not stop errors for incorrect use of supported
attributes.
'-Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch'
Warn if a built-in function is declared with the wrong signature or
as non-function. This warning is enabled by default.
'-Wno-builtin-macro-redefined'
Do not warn if certain built-in macros are redefined. This
suppresses warnings for redefinition of '__TIMESTAMP__',
'__TIME__', '__DATE__', '__FILE__', and '__BASE_FILE__'.
'-Wstrict-prototypes (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn if a function is declared or defined without specifying the
argument types. (An old-style function definition is permitted
without a warning if preceded by a declaration that specifies the
argument types.)
'-Wold-style-declaration (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn for obsolescent usages, according to the C Standard, in a
declaration. For example, warn if storage-class specifiers like
'static' are not the first things in a declaration. This warning
is also enabled by '-Wextra'.
'-Wold-style-definition (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn if an old-style function definition is used. A warning is
given even if there is a previous prototype.
'-Wmissing-parameter-type (C and Objective-C only)'
A function parameter is declared without a type specifier in
K&R-style functions:
void foo(bar) { }
This warning is also enabled by '-Wextra'.
'-Wmissing-prototypes (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn if a global function is defined without a previous prototype
declaration. This warning is issued even if the definition itself
provides a prototype. Use this option to detect global functions
that do not have a matching prototype declaration in a header file.
This option is not valid for C++ because all function declarations
provide prototypes and a non-matching declaration declares an
overload rather than conflict with an earlier declaration. Use
'-Wmissing-declarations' to detect missing declarations in C++.
'-Wmissing-declarations'
Warn if a global function is defined without a previous
declaration. Do so even if the definition itself provides a
prototype. Use this option to detect global functions that are not
declared in header files. In C, no warnings are issued for
functions with previous non-prototype declarations; use
'-Wmissing-prototypes' to detect missing prototypes. In C++, no
warnings are issued for function templates, or for inline
functions, or for functions in anonymous namespaces.
'-Wmissing-field-initializers'
Warn if a structure's initializer has some fields missing. For
example, the following code causes such a warning, because 'x.h' is
implicitly zero:
struct s { int f, g, h; };
struct s x = { 3, 4 };
This option does not warn about designated initializers, so the
following modification does not trigger a warning:
struct s { int f, g, h; };
struct s x = { .f = 3, .g = 4 };
In C this option does not warn about the universal zero initializer
'{ 0 }':
struct s { int f, g, h; };
struct s x = { 0 };
Likewise, in C++ this option does not warn about the empty { }
initializer, for example:
struct s { int f, g, h; };
s x = { };
This warning is included in '-Wextra'. To get other '-Wextra'
warnings without this one, use '-Wextra
-Wno-missing-field-initializers'.
'-Wno-multichar'
Do not warn if a multicharacter constant (''FOOF'') is used.
Usually they indicate a typo in the user's code, as they have
implementation-defined values, and should not be used in portable
code.
'-Wnormalized=[none|id|nfc|nfkc]'
In ISO C and ISO C++, two identifiers are different if they are
different sequences of characters. However, sometimes when
characters outside the basic ASCII character set are used, you can
have two different character sequences that look the same. To
avoid confusion, the ISO 10646 standard sets out some
"normalization rules" which when applied ensure that two sequences
that look the same are turned into the same sequence. GCC can warn
you if you are using identifiers that have not been normalized;
this option controls that warning.
There are four levels of warning supported by GCC. The default is
'-Wnormalized=nfc', which warns about any identifier that is not in
the ISO 10646 "C" normalized form, "NFC". NFC is the recommended
form for most uses. It is equivalent to '-Wnormalized'.
Unfortunately, there are some characters allowed in identifiers by
ISO C and ISO C++ that, when turned into NFC, are not allowed in
identifiers. That is, there's no way to use these symbols in
portable ISO C or C++ and have all your identifiers in NFC.
'-Wnormalized=id' suppresses the warning for these characters. It
is hoped that future versions of the standards involved will
correct this, which is why this option is not the default.
You can switch the warning off for all characters by writing
'-Wnormalized=none' or '-Wno-normalized'. You should only do this
if you are using some other normalization scheme (like "D"),
because otherwise you can easily create bugs that are literally
impossible to see.
Some characters in ISO 10646 have distinct meanings but look
identical in some fonts or display methodologies, especially once
formatting has been applied. For instance '\u207F', "SUPERSCRIPT
LATIN SMALL LETTER N", displays just like a regular 'n' that has
been placed in a superscript. ISO 10646 defines the "NFKC"
normalization scheme to convert all these into a standard form as
well, and GCC warns if your code is not in NFKC if you use
'-Wnormalized=nfkc'. This warning is comparable to warning about
every identifier that contains the letter O because it might be
confused with the digit 0, and so is not the default, but may be
useful as a local coding convention if the programming environment
cannot be fixed to display these characters distinctly.
'-Wno-deprecated'
Do not warn about usage of deprecated features. *Note Deprecated
Features::.
'-Wno-deprecated-declarations'
Do not warn about uses of functions (*note Function Attributes::),
variables (*note Variable Attributes::), and types (*note Type
Attributes::) marked as deprecated by using the 'deprecated'
attribute.
'-Wno-overflow'
Do not warn about compile-time overflow in constant expressions.
'-Wno-odr'
Warn about One Definition Rule violations during link-time
optimization. Requires '-flto-odr-type-merging' to be enabled.
Enabled by default.
'-Wopenmp-simd'
Warn if the vectorizer cost model overrides the OpenMP simd
directive set by user. The '-fsimd-cost-model=unlimited' option
can be used to relax the cost model.
'-Woverride-init (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn if an initialized field without side effects is overridden
when using designated initializers (*note Designated Initializers:
Designated Inits.).
This warning is included in '-Wextra'. To get other '-Wextra'
warnings without this one, use '-Wextra -Wno-override-init'.
'-Woverride-init-side-effects (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn if an initialized field with side effects is overridden when
using designated initializers (*note Designated Initializers:
Designated Inits.). This warning is enabled by default.
'-Wpacked'
Warn if a structure is given the packed attribute, but the packed
attribute has no effect on the layout or size of the structure.
Such structures may be mis-aligned for little benefit. For
instance, in this code, the variable 'f.x' in 'struct bar' is
misaligned even though 'struct bar' does not itself have the packed
attribute:
struct foo {
int x;
char a, b, c, d;
} __attribute__((packed));
struct bar {
char z;
struct foo f;
};
'-Wpacked-bitfield-compat'
The 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 series of GCC ignore the 'packed' attribute on
bit-fields of type 'char'. This has been fixed in GCC 4.4 but the
change can lead to differences in the structure layout. GCC
informs you when the offset of such a field has changed in GCC 4.4.
For example there is no longer a 4-bit padding between field 'a'
and 'b' in this structure:
struct foo
{
char a:4;
char b:8;
} __attribute__ ((packed));
This warning is enabled by default. Use
'-Wno-packed-bitfield-compat' to disable this warning.
'-Wpacked-not-aligned (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)'
Warn if a structure field with explicitly specified alignment in a
packed struct or union is misaligned. For example, a warning will
be issued on 'struct S', like, 'warning: alignment 1 of 'struct S'
is less than 8', in this code:
struct __attribute__ ((aligned (8))) S8 { char a[8]; };
struct __attribute__ ((packed)) S {
struct S8 s8;
};
This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wpadded'
Warn if padding is included in a structure, either to align an
element of the structure or to align the whole structure.
Sometimes when this happens it is possible to rearrange the fields
of the structure to reduce the padding and so make the structure
smaller.
'-Wredundant-decls'
Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, even
in cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes nothing.
'-Wno-restrict'
Warn when an object referenced by a 'restrict'-qualified parameter
(or, in C++, a '__restrict'-qualified parameter) is aliased by
another argument, or when copies between such objects overlap. For
example, the call to the 'strcpy' function below attempts to
truncate the string by replacing its initial characters with the
last four. However, because the call writes the terminating NUL
into 'a[4]', the copies overlap and the call is diagnosed.
void foo (void)
{
char a[] = "abcd1234";
strcpy (a, a + 4);
...
}
The '-Wrestrict' option detects some instances of simple overlap
even without optimization but works best at '-O2' and above. It is
included in '-Wall'.
'-Wnested-externs (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn if an 'extern' declaration is encountered within a function.
'-Wno-inherited-variadic-ctor'
Suppress warnings about use of C++11 inheriting constructors when
the base class inherited from has a C variadic constructor; the
warning is on by default because the ellipsis is not inherited.
'-Winline'
Warn if a function that is declared as inline cannot be inlined.
Even with this option, the compiler does not warn about failures to
inline functions declared in system headers.
The compiler uses a variety of heuristics to determine whether or
not to inline a function. For example, the compiler takes into
account the size of the function being inlined and the amount of
inlining that has already been done in the current function.
Therefore, seemingly insignificant changes in the source program
can cause the warnings produced by '-Winline' to appear or
disappear.
'-Wno-invalid-offsetof (C++ and Objective-C++ only)'
Suppress warnings from applying the 'offsetof' macro to a non-POD
type. According to the 2014 ISO C++ standard, applying 'offsetof'
to a non-standard-layout type is undefined. In existing C++
implementations, however, 'offsetof' typically gives meaningful
results. This flag is for users who are aware that they are
writing nonportable code and who have deliberately chosen to ignore
the warning about it.
The restrictions on 'offsetof' may be relaxed in a future version
of the C++ standard.
'-Wint-in-bool-context'
Warn for suspicious use of integer values where boolean values are
expected, such as conditional expressions (?:) using non-boolean
integer constants in boolean context, like 'if (a <= b ? 2 : 3)'.
Or left shifting of signed integers in boolean context, like 'for
(a = 0; 1 << a; a++);'. Likewise for all kinds of multiplications
regardless of the data type. This warning is enabled by '-Wall'.
'-Wno-int-to-pointer-cast'
Suppress warnings from casts to pointer type of an integer of a
different size. In C++, casting to a pointer type of smaller size
is an error. 'Wint-to-pointer-cast' is enabled by default.
'-Wno-pointer-to-int-cast (C and Objective-C only)'
Suppress warnings from casts from a pointer to an integer type of a
different size.
'-Winvalid-pch'
Warn if a precompiled header (*note Precompiled Headers::) is found
in the search path but cannot be used.
'-Wlong-long'
Warn if 'long long' type is used. This is enabled by either
'-Wpedantic' or '-Wtraditional' in ISO C90 and C++98 modes. To
inhibit the warning messages, use '-Wno-long-long'.
'-Wvariadic-macros'
Warn if variadic macros are used in ISO C90 mode, or if the GNU
alternate syntax is used in ISO C99 mode. This is enabled by
either '-Wpedantic' or '-Wtraditional'. To inhibit the warning
messages, use '-Wno-variadic-macros'.
'-Wvarargs'
Warn upon questionable usage of the macros used to handle variable
arguments like 'va_start'. This is default. To inhibit the
warning messages, use '-Wno-varargs'.
'-Wvector-operation-performance'
Warn if vector operation is not implemented via SIMD capabilities
of the architecture. Mainly useful for the performance tuning.
Vector operation can be implemented 'piecewise', which means that
the scalar operation is performed on every vector element; 'in
parallel', which means that the vector operation is implemented
using scalars of wider type, which normally is more performance
efficient; and 'as a single scalar', which means that vector fits
into a scalar type.
'-Wno-virtual-move-assign'
Suppress warnings about inheriting from a virtual base with a
non-trivial C++11 move assignment operator. This is dangerous
because if the virtual base is reachable along more than one path,
it is moved multiple times, which can mean both objects end up in
the moved-from state. If the move assignment operator is written
to avoid moving from a moved-from object, this warning can be
disabled.
'-Wvla'
Warn if a variable-length array is used in the code. '-Wno-vla'
prevents the '-Wpedantic' warning of the variable-length array.
'-Wvla-larger-than=N'
If this option is used, the compiler will warn on uses of
variable-length arrays where the size is either unbounded, or
bounded by an argument that can be larger than N bytes. This is
similar to how '-Walloca-larger-than=N' works, but with
variable-length arrays.
Note that GCC may optimize small variable-length arrays of a known
value into plain arrays, so this warning may not get triggered for
such arrays.
This warning is not enabled by '-Wall', and is only active when
'-ftree-vrp' is active (default for '-O2' and above).
See also '-Walloca-larger-than=N'.
'-Wvolatile-register-var'
Warn if a register variable is declared volatile. The volatile
modifier does not inhibit all optimizations that may eliminate
reads and/or writes to register variables. This warning is enabled
by '-Wall'.
'-Wdisabled-optimization'
Warn if a requested optimization pass is disabled. This warning
does not generally indicate that there is anything wrong with your
code; it merely indicates that GCC's optimizers are unable to
handle the code effectively. Often, the problem is that your code
is too big or too complex; GCC refuses to optimize programs when
the optimization itself is likely to take inordinate amounts of
time.
'-Wpointer-sign (C and Objective-C only)'
Warn for pointer argument passing or assignment with different
signedness. This option is only supported for C and Objective-C.
It is implied by '-Wall' and by '-Wpedantic', which can be disabled
with '-Wno-pointer-sign'.
'-Wstack-protector'
This option is only active when '-fstack-protector' is active. It
warns about functions that are not protected against stack
smashing.
'-Woverlength-strings'
Warn about string constants that are longer than the "minimum
maximum" length specified in the C standard. Modern compilers
generally allow string constants that are much longer than the
standard's minimum limit, but very portable programs should avoid
using longer strings.
The limit applies _after_ string constant concatenation, and does
not count the trailing NUL. In C90, the limit was 509 characters;
in C99, it was raised to 4095. C++98 does not specify a normative
minimum maximum, so we do not diagnose overlength strings in C++.
This option is implied by '-Wpedantic', and can be disabled with
'-Wno-overlength-strings'.
'-Wunsuffixed-float-constants (C and Objective-C only)'
Issue a warning for any floating constant that does not have a
suffix. When used together with '-Wsystem-headers' it warns about
such constants in system header files. This can be useful when
preparing code to use with the 'FLOAT_CONST_DECIMAL64' pragma from
the decimal floating-point extension to C99.
'-Wno-designated-init (C and Objective-C only)'
Suppress warnings when a positional initializer is used to
initialize a structure that has been marked with the
'designated_init' attribute.
'-Whsa'
Issue a warning when HSAIL cannot be emitted for the compiled
function or OpenMP construct.
File: gcc.info, Node: Debugging Options, Next: Optimize Options, Prev: Warning Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.9 Options for Debugging Your Program
======================================
To tell GCC to emit extra information for use by a debugger, in almost
all cases you need only to add '-g' to your other options.
GCC allows you to use '-g' with '-O'. The shortcuts taken by optimized
code may occasionally be surprising: some variables you declared may not
exist at all; flow of control may briefly move where you did not expect
it; some statements may not be executed because they compute constant
results or their values are already at hand; some statements may execute
in different places because they have been moved out of loops.
Nevertheless it is possible to debug optimized output. This makes it
reasonable to use the optimizer for programs that might have bugs.
If you are not using some other optimization option, consider using
'-Og' (*note Optimize Options::) with '-g'. With no '-O' option at all,
some compiler passes that collect information useful for debugging do
not run at all, so that '-Og' may result in a better debugging
experience.
'-g'
Produce debugging information in the operating system's native
format (stabs, COFF, XCOFF, or DWARF). GDB can work with this
debugging information.
On most systems that use stabs format, '-g' enables use of extra
debugging information that only GDB can use; this extra information
makes debugging work better in GDB but probably makes other
debuggers crash or refuse to read the program. If you want to
control for certain whether to generate the extra information, use
'-gstabs+', '-gstabs', '-gxcoff+', '-gxcoff', or '-gvms' (see
below).
'-ggdb'
Produce debugging information for use by GDB. This means to use
the most expressive format available (DWARF, stabs, or the native
format if neither of those are supported), including GDB extensions
if at all possible.
'-gdwarf'
'-gdwarf-VERSION'
Produce debugging information in DWARF format (if that is
supported). The value of VERSION may be either 2, 3, 4 or 5; the
default version for most targets is 4. DWARF Version 5 is only
experimental.
Note that with DWARF Version 2, some ports require and always use
some non-conflicting DWARF 3 extensions in the unwind tables.
Version 4 may require GDB 7.0 and '-fvar-tracking-assignments' for
maximum benefit.
GCC no longer supports DWARF Version 1, which is substantially
different than Version 2 and later. For historical reasons, some
other DWARF-related options such as '-fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm') retain a
reference to DWARF Version 2 in their names, but apply to all
currently-supported versions of DWARF.
'-gstabs'
Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is
supported), without GDB extensions. This is the format used by DBX
on most BSD systems. On MIPS, Alpha and System V Release 4 systems
this option produces stabs debugging output that is not understood
by DBX. On System V Release 4 systems this option requires the GNU
assembler.
'-gstabs+'
Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is
supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU
debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make
other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program.
'-gxcoff'
Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is
supported). This is the format used by the DBX debugger on IBM
RS/6000 systems.
'-gxcoff+'
Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is
supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU
debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make
other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program, and may cause
assemblers other than the GNU assembler (GAS) to fail with an
error.
'-gvms'
Produce debugging information in Alpha/VMS debug format (if that is
supported). This is the format used by DEBUG on Alpha/VMS systems.
'-gLEVEL'
'-ggdbLEVEL'
'-gstabsLEVEL'
'-gxcoffLEVEL'
'-gvmsLEVEL'
Request debugging information and also use LEVEL to specify how
much information. The default level is 2.
Level 0 produces no debug information at all. Thus, '-g0' negates
'-g'.
Level 1 produces minimal information, enough for making backtraces
in parts of the program that you don't plan to debug. This
includes descriptions of functions and external variables, and line
number tables, but no information about local variables.
Level 3 includes extra information, such as all the macro
definitions present in the program. Some debuggers support macro
expansion when you use '-g3'.
'-gdwarf' does not accept a concatenated debug level, to avoid
confusion with '-gdwarf-LEVEL'. Instead use an additional
'-gLEVEL' option to change the debug level for DWARF.
'-feliminate-unused-debug-symbols'
Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is
supported), for only symbols that are actually used.
'-femit-class-debug-always'
Instead of emitting debugging information for a C++ class in only
one object file, emit it in all object files using the class. This
option should be used only with debuggers that are unable to handle
the way GCC normally emits debugging information for classes
because using this option increases the size of debugging
information by as much as a factor of two.
'-fno-merge-debug-strings'
Direct the linker to not merge together strings in the debugging
information that are identical in different object files. Merging
is not supported by all assemblers or linkers. Merging decreases
the size of the debug information in the output file at the cost of
increasing link processing time. Merging is enabled by default.
'-fdebug-prefix-map=OLD=NEW'
When compiling files residing in directory 'OLD', record debugging
information describing them as if the files resided in directory
'NEW' instead. This can be used to replace a build-time path with
an install-time path in the debug info. It can also be used to
change an absolute path to a relative path by using '.' for NEW.
This can give more reproducible builds, which are location
independent, but may require an extra command to tell GDB where to
find the source files. See also '-ffile-prefix-map'.
'-fvar-tracking'
Run variable tracking pass. It computes where variables are stored
at each position in code. Better debugging information is then
generated (if the debugging information format supports this
information).
It is enabled by default when compiling with optimization ('-Os',
'-O', '-O2', ...), debugging information ('-g') and the debug info
format supports it.
'-fvar-tracking-assignments'
Annotate assignments to user variables early in the compilation and
attempt to carry the annotations over throughout the compilation
all the way to the end, in an attempt to improve debug information
while optimizing. Use of '-gdwarf-4' is recommended along with it.
It can be enabled even if var-tracking is disabled, in which case
annotations are created and maintained, but discarded at the end.
By default, this flag is enabled together with '-fvar-tracking',
except when selective scheduling is enabled.
'-gsplit-dwarf'
Separate as much DWARF debugging information as possible into a
separate output file with the extension '.dwo'. This option allows
the build system to avoid linking files with debug information. To
be useful, this option requires a debugger capable of reading
'.dwo' files.
'-gpubnames'
Generate DWARF '.debug_pubnames' and '.debug_pubtypes' sections.
'-ggnu-pubnames'
Generate '.debug_pubnames' and '.debug_pubtypes' sections in a
format suitable for conversion into a GDB index. This option is
only useful with a linker that can produce GDB index version 7.
'-fdebug-types-section'
When using DWARF Version 4 or higher, type DIEs can be put into
their own '.debug_types' section instead of making them part of the
'.debug_info' section. It is more efficient to put them in a
separate comdat sections since the linker can then remove
duplicates. But not all DWARF consumers support '.debug_types'
sections yet and on some objects '.debug_types' produces larger
instead of smaller debugging information.
'-grecord-gcc-switches'
'-gno-record-gcc-switches'
This switch causes the command-line options used to invoke the
compiler that may affect code generation to be appended to the
DW_AT_producer attribute in DWARF debugging information. The
options are concatenated with spaces separating them from each
other and from the compiler version. It is enabled by default.
See also '-frecord-gcc-switches' for another way of storing
compiler options into the object file.
'-gstrict-dwarf'
Disallow using extensions of later DWARF standard version than
selected with '-gdwarf-VERSION'. On most targets using
non-conflicting DWARF extensions from later standard versions is
allowed.
'-gno-strict-dwarf'
Allow using extensions of later DWARF standard version than
selected with '-gdwarf-VERSION'.
'-gas-loc-support'
Inform the compiler that the assembler supports '.loc' directives.
It may then use them for the assembler to generate DWARF2+ line
number tables.
This is generally desirable, because assembler-generated
line-number tables are a lot more compact than those the compiler
can generate itself.
This option will be enabled by default if, at GCC configure time,
the assembler was found to support such directives.
'-gno-as-loc-support'
Force GCC to generate DWARF2+ line number tables internally, if
DWARF2+ line number tables are to be generated.
'gas-locview-support'
Inform the compiler that the assembler supports 'view' assignment
and reset assertion checking in '.loc' directives.
This option will be enabled by default if, at GCC configure time,
the assembler was found to support them.
'gno-as-locview-support'
Force GCC to assign view numbers internally, if
'-gvariable-location-views' are explicitly requested.
'-gcolumn-info'
'-gno-column-info'
Emit location column information into DWARF debugging information,
rather than just file and line. This option is enabled by default.
'-gstatement-frontiers'
'-gno-statement-frontiers'
This option causes GCC to create markers in the internal
representation at the beginning of statements, and to keep them
roughly in place throughout compilation, using them to guide the
output of 'is_stmt' markers in the line number table. This is
enabled by default when compiling with optimization ('-Os', '-O',
'-O2', ...), and outputting DWARF 2 debug information at the normal
level.
'-gvariable-location-views'
'-gvariable-location-views=incompat5'
'-gno-variable-location-views'
Augment variable location lists with progressive view numbers
implied from the line number table. This enables debug information
consumers to inspect state at certain points of the program, even
if no instructions associated with the corresponding source
locations are present at that point. If the assembler lacks
support for view numbers in line number tables, this will cause the
compiler to emit the line number table, which generally makes them
somewhat less compact. The augmented line number tables and
location lists are fully backward-compatible, so they can be
consumed by debug information consumers that are not aware of these
augmentations, but they won't derive any benefit from them either.
This is enabled by default when outputting DWARF 2 debug
information at the normal level, as long as there is assembler
support, '-fvar-tracking-assignments' is enabled and
'-gstrict-dwarf' is not. When assembler support is not available,
this may still be enabled, but it will force GCC to output internal
line number tables, and if '-ginternal-reset-location-views' is not
enabled, that will most certainly lead to silently mismatching
location views.
There is a proposed representation for view numbers that is not
backward compatible with the location list format introduced in
DWARF 5, that can be enabled with
'-gvariable-location-views=incompat5'. This option may be removed
in the future, is only provided as a reference implementation of
the proposed representation. Debug information consumers are not
expected to support this extended format, and they would be
rendered unable to decode location lists using it.
'-ginternal-reset-location-views'
'-gno-internal-reset-location-views'
Attempt to determine location views that can be omitted from
location view lists. This requires the compiler to have very
accurate insn length estimates, which isn't always the case, and it
may cause incorrect view lists to be generated silently when using
an assembler that does not support location view lists. The GNU
assembler will flag any such error as a 'view number mismatch'.
This is only enabled on ports that define a reliable estimation
function.
'-ginline-points'
'-gno-inline-points'
Generate extended debug information for inlined functions.
Location view tracking markers are inserted at inlined entry
points, so that address and view numbers can be computed and output
in debug information. This can be enabled independently of
location views, in which case the view numbers won't be output, but
it can only be enabled along with statement frontiers, and it is
only enabled by default if location views are enabled.
'-gz[=TYPE]'
Produce compressed debug sections in DWARF format, if that is
supported. If TYPE is not given, the default type depends on the
capabilities of the assembler and linker used. TYPE may be one of
'none' (don't compress debug sections), 'zlib' (use zlib
compression in ELF gABI format), or 'zlib-gnu' (use zlib
compression in traditional GNU format). If the linker doesn't
support writing compressed debug sections, the option is rejected.
Otherwise, if the assembler does not support them, '-gz' is
silently ignored when producing object files.
'-femit-struct-debug-baseonly'
Emit debug information for struct-like types only when the base
name of the compilation source file matches the base name of file
in which the struct is defined.
This option substantially reduces the size of debugging
information, but at significant potential loss in type information
to the debugger. See '-femit-struct-debug-reduced' for a less
aggressive option. See '-femit-struct-debug-detailed' for more
detailed control.
This option works only with DWARF debug output.
'-femit-struct-debug-reduced'
Emit debug information for struct-like types only when the base
name of the compilation source file matches the base name of file
in which the type is defined, unless the struct is a template or
defined in a system header.
This option significantly reduces the size of debugging
information, with some potential loss in type information to the
debugger. See '-femit-struct-debug-baseonly' for a more aggressive
option. See '-femit-struct-debug-detailed' for more detailed
control.
This option works only with DWARF debug output.
'-femit-struct-debug-detailed[=SPEC-LIST]'
Specify the struct-like types for which the compiler generates
debug information. The intent is to reduce duplicate struct debug
information between different object files within the same program.
This option is a detailed version of '-femit-struct-debug-reduced'
and '-femit-struct-debug-baseonly', which serves for most needs.
A specification has the syntax
['dir:'|'ind:']['ord:'|'gen:']('any'|'sys'|'base'|'none')
The optional first word limits the specification to structs that
are used directly ('dir:') or used indirectly ('ind:'). A struct
type is used directly when it is the type of a variable, member.
Indirect uses arise through pointers to structs. That is, when use
of an incomplete struct is valid, the use is indirect. An example
is 'struct one direct; struct two * indirect;'.
The optional second word limits the specification to ordinary
structs ('ord:') or generic structs ('gen:'). Generic structs are
a bit complicated to explain. For C++, these are non-explicit
specializations of template classes, or non-template classes within
the above. Other programming languages have generics, but
'-femit-struct-debug-detailed' does not yet implement them.
The third word specifies the source files for those structs for
which the compiler should emit debug information. The values
'none' and 'any' have the normal meaning. The value 'base' means
that the base of name of the file in which the type declaration
appears must match the base of the name of the main compilation
file. In practice, this means that when compiling 'foo.c', debug
information is generated for types declared in that file and
'foo.h', but not other header files. The value 'sys' means those
types satisfying 'base' or declared in system or compiler headers.
You may need to experiment to determine the best settings for your
application.
The default is '-femit-struct-debug-detailed=all'.
This option works only with DWARF debug output.
'-fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm'
Emit DWARF unwind info as compiler generated '.eh_frame' section
instead of using GAS '.cfi_*' directives.
'-fno-eliminate-unused-debug-types'
Normally, when producing DWARF output, GCC avoids producing debug
symbol output for types that are nowhere used in the source file
being compiled. Sometimes it is useful to have GCC emit debugging
information for all types declared in a compilation unit,
regardless of whether or not they are actually used in that
compilation unit, for example if, in the debugger, you want to cast
a value to a type that is not actually used in your program (but is
declared). More often, however, this results in a significant
amount of wasted space.
File: gcc.info, Node: Optimize Options, Next: Instrumentation Options, Prev: Debugging Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.10 Options That Control Optimization
======================================
These options control various sorts of optimizations.
Without any optimization option, the compiler's goal is to reduce the
cost of compilation and to make debugging produce the expected results.
Statements are independent: if you stop the program with a breakpoint
between statements, you can then assign a new value to any variable or
change the program counter to any other statement in the function and
get exactly the results you expect from the source code.
Turning on optimization flags makes the compiler attempt to improve the
performance and/or code size at the expense of compilation time and
possibly the ability to debug the program.
The compiler performs optimization based on the knowledge it has of the
program. Compiling multiple files at once to a single output file mode
allows the compiler to use information gained from all of the files when
compiling each of them.
Not all optimizations are controlled directly by a flag. Only
optimizations that have a flag are listed in this section.
Most optimizations are only enabled if an '-O' level is set on the
command line. Otherwise they are disabled, even if individual
optimization flags are specified.
Depending on the target and how GCC was configured, a slightly
different set of optimizations may be enabled at each '-O' level than
those listed here. You can invoke GCC with '-Q --help=optimizers' to
find out the exact set of optimizations that are enabled at each level.
*Note Overall Options::, for examples.
'-O'
'-O1'
Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a
lot more memory for a large function.
With '-O', the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution
time, without performing any optimizations that take a great deal
of compilation time.
'-O' turns on the following optimization flags:
-fauto-inc-dec
-fbranch-count-reg
-fcombine-stack-adjustments
-fcompare-elim
-fcprop-registers
-fdce
-fdefer-pop
-fdelayed-branch
-fdse
-fforward-propagate
-fguess-branch-probability
-fif-conversion2
-fif-conversion
-finline-functions-called-once
-fipa-pure-const
-fipa-profile
-fipa-reference
-fmerge-constants
-fmove-loop-invariants
-fomit-frame-pointer
-freorder-blocks
-fshrink-wrap
-fshrink-wrap-separate
-fsplit-wide-types
-fssa-backprop
-fssa-phiopt
-ftree-bit-ccp
-ftree-ccp
-ftree-ch
-ftree-coalesce-vars
-ftree-copy-prop
-ftree-dce
-ftree-dominator-opts
-ftree-dse
-ftree-forwprop
-ftree-fre
-ftree-phiprop
-ftree-sink
-ftree-slsr
-ftree-sra
-ftree-pta
-ftree-ter
-funit-at-a-time
'-O2'
Optimize even more. GCC performs nearly all supported
optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. As
compared to '-O', this option increases both compilation time and
the performance of the generated code.
'-O2' turns on all optimization flags specified by '-O'. It also
turns on the following optimization flags:
-fthread-jumps
-falign-functions -falign-jumps
-falign-loops -falign-labels
-fcaller-saves
-fcrossjumping
-fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks
-fdelete-null-pointer-checks
-fdevirtualize -fdevirtualize-speculatively
-fexpensive-optimizations
-fgcse -fgcse-lm
-fhoist-adjacent-loads
-finline-small-functions
-findirect-inlining
-fipa-cp
-fipa-bit-cp
-fipa-vrp
-fipa-sra
-fipa-icf
-fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference
-flra-remat
-foptimize-sibling-calls
-foptimize-strlen
-fpartial-inlining
-fpeephole2
-freorder-blocks-algorithm=stc
-freorder-blocks-and-partition -freorder-functions
-frerun-cse-after-loop
-fsched-interblock -fsched-spec
-fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2
-fstore-merging
-fstrict-aliasing
-ftree-builtin-call-dce
-ftree-switch-conversion -ftree-tail-merge
-fcode-hoisting
-ftree-pre
-ftree-vrp
-fipa-ra
Please note the warning under '-fgcse' about invoking '-O2' on
programs that use computed gotos.
'-O3'
Optimize yet more. '-O3' turns on all optimizations specified by
'-O2' and also turns on the following optimization flags:
-finline-functions
-funswitch-loops
-fpredictive-commoning
-fgcse-after-reload
-ftree-loop-vectorize
-ftree-loop-distribution
-ftree-loop-distribute-patterns
-floop-interchange
-floop-unroll-and-jam
-fsplit-paths
-ftree-slp-vectorize
-fvect-cost-model
-ftree-partial-pre
-fpeel-loops
-fipa-cp-clone
'-O0'
Reduce compilation time and make debugging produce the expected
results. This is the default.
'-Os'
Optimize for size. '-Os' enables all '-O2' optimizations that do
not typically increase code size.
'-Os' disables the following optimization flags:
-falign-functions -falign-jumps -falign-loops
-falign-labels -fprefetch-loop-arrays
It also enables '-finline-functions', causes the compiler to tune
for code size rather than execution speed, and performs further
optimizations designed to reduce code size.
'-Ofast'
Disregard strict standards compliance. '-Ofast' enables all '-O3'
optimizations. It also enables optimizations that are not valid
for all standard-compliant programs. It turns on '-ffast-math' and
the Fortran-specific '-fstack-arrays', unless
'-fmax-stack-var-size' is specified, and '-fno-protect-parens'.
'-Og'
Optimize debugging experience. '-Og' enables optimizations that do
not interfere with debugging. It should be the optimization level
of choice for the standard edit-compile-debug cycle, offering a
reasonable level of optimization while maintaining fast compilation
and a good debugging experience.
If you use multiple '-O' options, with or without level numbers, the
last such option is the one that is effective.
Options of the form '-fFLAG' specify machine-independent flags. Most
flags have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of
'-ffoo' is '-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the forms is
listed--the one you typically use. You can figure out the other form by
either removing 'no-' or adding it.
The following options control specific optimizations. They are either
activated by '-O' options or are related to ones that are. You can use
the following flags in the rare cases when "fine-tuning" of
optimizations to be performed is desired.
'-fno-defer-pop'
Always pop the arguments to each function call as soon as that
function returns. For machines that must pop arguments after a
function call, the compiler normally lets arguments accumulate on
the stack for several function calls and pops them all at once.
Disabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fforward-propagate'
Perform a forward propagation pass on RTL. The pass tries to
combine two instructions and checks if the result can be
simplified. If loop unrolling is active, two passes are performed
and the second is scheduled after loop unrolling.
This option is enabled by default at optimization levels '-O',
'-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-ffp-contract=STYLE'
'-ffp-contract=off' disables floating-point expression contraction.
'-ffp-contract=fast' enables floating-point expression contraction
such as forming of fused multiply-add operations if the target has
native support for them. '-ffp-contract=on' enables floating-point
expression contraction if allowed by the language standard. This
is currently not implemented and treated equal to
'-ffp-contract=off'.
The default is '-ffp-contract=fast'.
'-fomit-frame-pointer'
Omit the frame pointer in functions that don't need one. This
avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore the frame
pointer; on many targets it also makes an extra register available.
On some targets this flag has no effect because the standard
calling sequence always uses a frame pointer, so it cannot be
omitted.
Note that '-fno-omit-frame-pointer' doesn't guarantee the frame
pointer is used in all functions. Several targets always omit the
frame pointer in leaf functions.
Enabled by default at '-O' and higher.
'-foptimize-sibling-calls'
Optimize sibling and tail recursive calls.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-foptimize-strlen'
Optimize various standard C string functions (e.g. 'strlen',
'strchr' or 'strcpy') and their '_FORTIFY_SOURCE' counterparts into
faster alternatives.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3'.
'-fno-inline'
Do not expand any functions inline apart from those marked with the
'always_inline' attribute. This is the default when not
optimizing.
Single functions can be exempted from inlining by marking them with
the 'noinline' attribute.
'-finline-small-functions'
Integrate functions into their callers when their body is smaller
than expected function call code (so overall size of program gets
smaller). The compiler heuristically decides which functions are
simple enough to be worth integrating in this way. This inlining
applies to all functions, even those not declared inline.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-findirect-inlining'
Inline also indirect calls that are discovered to be known at
compile time thanks to previous inlining. This option has any
effect only when inlining itself is turned on by the
'-finline-functions' or '-finline-small-functions' options.
Enabled at levels '-O3', '-Os'. Also enabled by '-fprofile-use'
and '-fauto-profile'.
'-finline-functions'
Consider all functions for inlining, even if they are not declared
inline. The compiler heuristically decides which functions are
worth integrating in this way.
If all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function
is declared 'static', then the function is normally not output as
assembler code in its own right.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-finline-functions-called-once'
Consider all 'static' functions called once for inlining into their
caller even if they are not marked 'inline'. If a call to a given
function is integrated, then the function is not output as
assembler code in its own right.
Enabled at levels '-O1', '-O2', '-O3' and '-Os'.
'-fearly-inlining'
Inline functions marked by 'always_inline' and functions whose body
seems smaller than the function call overhead early before doing
'-fprofile-generate' instrumentation and real inlining pass. Doing
so makes profiling significantly cheaper and usually inlining
faster on programs having large chains of nested wrapper functions.
Enabled by default.
'-fipa-sra'
Perform interprocedural scalar replacement of aggregates, removal
of unused parameters and replacement of parameters passed by
reference by parameters passed by value.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3' and '-Os'.
'-finline-limit=N'
By default, GCC limits the size of functions that can be inlined.
This flag allows coarse control of this limit. N is the size of
functions that can be inlined in number of pseudo instructions.
Inlining is actually controlled by a number of parameters, which
may be specified individually by using '--param NAME=VALUE'. The
'-finline-limit=N' option sets some of these parameters as follows:
'max-inline-insns-single'
is set to N/2.
'max-inline-insns-auto'
is set to N/2.
See below for a documentation of the individual parameters
controlling inlining and for the defaults of these parameters.
_Note:_ there may be no value to '-finline-limit' that results in
default behavior.
_Note:_ pseudo instruction represents, in this particular context,
an abstract measurement of function's size. In no way does it
represent a count of assembly instructions and as such its exact
meaning might change from one release to an another.
'-fno-keep-inline-dllexport'
This is a more fine-grained version of '-fkeep-inline-functions',
which applies only to functions that are declared using the
'dllexport' attribute or declspec. *Note Declaring Attributes of
Functions: Function Attributes.
'-fkeep-inline-functions'
In C, emit 'static' functions that are declared 'inline' into the
object file, even if the function has been inlined into all of its
callers. This switch does not affect functions using the 'extern
inline' extension in GNU C90. In C++, emit any and all inline
functions into the object file.
'-fkeep-static-functions'
Emit 'static' functions into the object file, even if the function
is never used.
'-fkeep-static-consts'
Emit variables declared 'static const' when optimization isn't
turned on, even if the variables aren't referenced.
GCC enables this option by default. If you want to force the
compiler to check if a variable is referenced, regardless of
whether or not optimization is turned on, use the
'-fno-keep-static-consts' option.
'-fmerge-constants'
Attempt to merge identical constants (string constants and
floating-point constants) across compilation units.
This option is the default for optimized compilation if the
assembler and linker support it. Use '-fno-merge-constants' to
inhibit this behavior.
Enabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fmerge-all-constants'
Attempt to merge identical constants and identical variables.
This option implies '-fmerge-constants'. In addition to
'-fmerge-constants' this considers e.g. even constant initialized
arrays or initialized constant variables with integral or
floating-point types. Languages like C or C++ require each
variable, including multiple instances of the same variable in
recursive calls, to have distinct locations, so using this option
results in non-conforming behavior.
'-fmodulo-sched'
Perform swing modulo scheduling immediately before the first
scheduling pass. This pass looks at innermost loops and reorders
their instructions by overlapping different iterations.
'-fmodulo-sched-allow-regmoves'
Perform more aggressive SMS-based modulo scheduling with register
moves allowed. By setting this flag certain anti-dependences edges
are deleted, which triggers the generation of reg-moves based on
the life-range analysis. This option is effective only with
'-fmodulo-sched' enabled.
'-fno-branch-count-reg'
Avoid running a pass scanning for opportunities to use "decrement
and branch" instructions on a count register instead of generating
sequences of instructions that decrement a register, compare it
against zero, and then branch based upon the result. This option
is only meaningful on architectures that support such instructions,
which include x86, PowerPC, IA-64 and S/390. Note that the
'-fno-branch-count-reg' option doesn't remove the decrement and
branch instructions from the generated instruction stream
introduced by other optimization passes.
Enabled by default at '-O1' and higher.
The default is '-fbranch-count-reg'.
'-fno-function-cse'
Do not put function addresses in registers; make each instruction
that calls a constant function contain the function's address
explicitly.
This option results in less efficient code, but some strange hacks
that alter the assembler output may be confused by the
optimizations performed when this option is not used.
The default is '-ffunction-cse'
'-fno-zero-initialized-in-bss'
If the target supports a BSS section, GCC by default puts variables
that are initialized to zero into BSS. This can save space in the
resulting code.
This option turns off this behavior because some programs
explicitly rely on variables going to the data section--e.g., so
that the resulting executable can find the beginning of that
section and/or make assumptions based on that.
The default is '-fzero-initialized-in-bss'.
'-fthread-jumps'
Perform optimizations that check to see if a jump branches to a
location where another comparison subsumed by the first is found.
If so, the first branch is redirected to either the destination of
the second branch or a point immediately following it, depending on
whether the condition is known to be true or false.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fsplit-wide-types'
When using a type that occupies multiple registers, such as 'long
long' on a 32-bit system, split the registers apart and allocate
them independently. This normally generates better code for those
types, but may make debugging more difficult.
Enabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fcse-follow-jumps'
In common subexpression elimination (CSE), scan through jump
instructions when the target of the jump is not reached by any
other path. For example, when CSE encounters an 'if' statement
with an 'else' clause, CSE follows the jump when the condition
tested is false.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fcse-skip-blocks'
This is similar to '-fcse-follow-jumps', but causes CSE to follow
jumps that conditionally skip over blocks. When CSE encounters a
simple 'if' statement with no else clause, '-fcse-skip-blocks'
causes CSE to follow the jump around the body of the 'if'.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-frerun-cse-after-loop'
Re-run common subexpression elimination after loop optimizations
are performed.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fgcse'
Perform a global common subexpression elimination pass. This pass
also performs global constant and copy propagation.
_Note:_ When compiling a program using computed gotos, a GCC
extension, you may get better run-time performance if you disable
the global common subexpression elimination pass by adding
'-fno-gcse' to the command line.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fgcse-lm'
When '-fgcse-lm' is enabled, global common subexpression
elimination attempts to move loads that are only killed by stores
into themselves. This allows a loop containing a load/store
sequence to be changed to a load outside the loop, and a copy/store
within the loop.
Enabled by default when '-fgcse' is enabled.
'-fgcse-sm'
When '-fgcse-sm' is enabled, a store motion pass is run after
global common subexpression elimination. This pass attempts to
move stores out of loops. When used in conjunction with
'-fgcse-lm', loops containing a load/store sequence can be changed
to a load before the loop and a store after the loop.
Not enabled at any optimization level.
'-fgcse-las'
When '-fgcse-las' is enabled, the global common subexpression
elimination pass eliminates redundant loads that come after stores
to the same memory location (both partial and full redundancies).
Not enabled at any optimization level.
'-fgcse-after-reload'
When '-fgcse-after-reload' is enabled, a redundant load elimination
pass is performed after reload. The purpose of this pass is to
clean up redundant spilling.
'-faggressive-loop-optimizations'
This option tells the loop optimizer to use language constraints to
derive bounds for the number of iterations of a loop. This assumes
that loop code does not invoke undefined behavior by for example
causing signed integer overflows or out-of-bound array accesses.
The bounds for the number of iterations of a loop are used to guide
loop unrolling and peeling and loop exit test optimizations. This
option is enabled by default.
'-funconstrained-commons'
This option tells the compiler that variables declared in common
blocks (e.g. Fortran) may later be overridden with longer trailing
arrays. This prevents certain optimizations that depend on knowing
the array bounds.
'-fcrossjumping'
Perform cross-jumping transformation. This transformation unifies
equivalent code and saves code size. The resulting code may or may
not perform better than without cross-jumping.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fauto-inc-dec'
Combine increments or decrements of addresses with memory accesses.
This pass is always skipped on architectures that do not have
instructions to support this. Enabled by default at '-O' and
higher on architectures that support this.
'-fdce'
Perform dead code elimination (DCE) on RTL. Enabled by default at
'-O' and higher.
'-fdse'
Perform dead store elimination (DSE) on RTL. Enabled by default at
'-O' and higher.
'-fif-conversion'
Attempt to transform conditional jumps into branch-less
equivalents. This includes use of conditional moves, min, max, set
flags and abs instructions, and some tricks doable by standard
arithmetics. The use of conditional execution on chips where it is
available is controlled by '-fif-conversion2'.
Enabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fif-conversion2'
Use conditional execution (where available) to transform
conditional jumps into branch-less equivalents.
Enabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fdeclone-ctor-dtor'
The C++ ABI requires multiple entry points for constructors and
destructors: one for a base subobject, one for a complete object,
and one for a virtual destructor that calls operator delete
afterwards. For a hierarchy with virtual bases, the base and
complete variants are clones, which means two copies of the
function. With this option, the base and complete variants are
changed to be thunks that call a common implementation.
Enabled by '-Os'.
'-fdelete-null-pointer-checks'
Assume that programs cannot safely dereference null pointers, and
that no code or data element resides at address zero. This option
enables simple constant folding optimizations at all optimization
levels. In addition, other optimization passes in GCC use this
flag to control global dataflow analyses that eliminate useless
checks for null pointers; these assume that a memory access to
address zero always results in a trap, so that if a pointer is
checked after it has already been dereferenced, it cannot be null.
Note however that in some environments this assumption is not true.
Use '-fno-delete-null-pointer-checks' to disable this optimization
for programs that depend on that behavior.
This option is enabled by default on most targets. On Nios II ELF,
it defaults to off. On AVR, CR16, and MSP430, this option is
completely disabled.
Passes that use the dataflow information are enabled independently
at different optimization levels.
'-fdevirtualize'
Attempt to convert calls to virtual functions to direct calls.
This is done both within a procedure and interprocedurally as part
of indirect inlining ('-findirect-inlining') and interprocedural
constant propagation ('-fipa-cp'). Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3',
'-Os'.
'-fdevirtualize-speculatively'
Attempt to convert calls to virtual functions to speculative direct
calls. Based on the analysis of the type inheritance graph,
determine for a given call the set of likely targets. If the set
is small, preferably of size 1, change the call into a conditional
deciding between direct and indirect calls. The speculative calls
enable more optimizations, such as inlining. When they seem
useless after further optimization, they are converted back into
original form.
'-fdevirtualize-at-ltrans'
Stream extra information needed for aggressive devirtualization
when running the link-time optimizer in local transformation mode.
This option enables more devirtualization but significantly
increases the size of streamed data. For this reason it is
disabled by default.
'-fexpensive-optimizations'
Perform a number of minor optimizations that are relatively
expensive.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-free'
Attempt to remove redundant extension instructions. This is
especially helpful for the x86-64 architecture, which implicitly
zero-extends in 64-bit registers after writing to their lower
32-bit half.
Enabled for Alpha, AArch64 and x86 at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fno-lifetime-dse'
In C++ the value of an object is only affected by changes within
its lifetime: when the constructor begins, the object has an
indeterminate value, and any changes during the lifetime of the
object are dead when the object is destroyed. Normally dead store
elimination will take advantage of this; if your code relies on the
value of the object storage persisting beyond the lifetime of the
object, you can use this flag to disable this optimization. To
preserve stores before the constructor starts (e.g. because your
operator new clears the object storage) but still treat the object
as dead after the destructor you, can use '-flifetime-dse=1'. The
default behavior can be explicitly selected with
'-flifetime-dse=2'. '-flifetime-dse=0' is equivalent to
'-fno-lifetime-dse'.
'-flive-range-shrinkage'
Attempt to decrease register pressure through register live range
shrinkage. This is helpful for fast processors with small or
moderate size register sets.
'-fira-algorithm=ALGORITHM'
Use the specified coloring algorithm for the integrated register
allocator. The ALGORITHM argument can be 'priority', which
specifies Chow's priority coloring, or 'CB', which specifies
Chaitin-Briggs coloring. Chaitin-Briggs coloring is not
implemented for all architectures, but for those targets that do
support it, it is the default because it generates better code.
'-fira-region=REGION'
Use specified regions for the integrated register allocator. The
REGION argument should be one of the following:
'all'
Use all loops as register allocation regions. This can give
the best results for machines with a small and/or irregular
register set.
'mixed'
Use all loops except for loops with small register pressure as
the regions. This value usually gives the best results in
most cases and for most architectures, and is enabled by
default when compiling with optimization for speed ('-O',
'-O2', ...).
'one'
Use all functions as a single region. This typically results
in the smallest code size, and is enabled by default for '-Os'
or '-O0'.
'-fira-hoist-pressure'
Use IRA to evaluate register pressure in the code hoisting pass for
decisions to hoist expressions. This option usually results in
smaller code, but it can slow the compiler down.
This option is enabled at level '-Os' for all targets.
'-fira-loop-pressure'
Use IRA to evaluate register pressure in loops for decisions to
move loop invariants. This option usually results in generation of
faster and smaller code on machines with large register files (>=
32 registers), but it can slow the compiler down.
This option is enabled at level '-O3' for some targets.
'-fno-ira-share-save-slots'
Disable sharing of stack slots used for saving call-used hard
registers living through a call. Each hard register gets a
separate stack slot, and as a result function stack frames are
larger.
'-fno-ira-share-spill-slots'
Disable sharing of stack slots allocated for pseudo-registers.
Each pseudo-register that does not get a hard register gets a
separate stack slot, and as a result function stack frames are
larger.
'-flra-remat'
Enable CFG-sensitive rematerialization in LRA. Instead of loading
values of spilled pseudos, LRA tries to rematerialize (recalculate)
values if it is profitable.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fdelayed-branch'
If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder
instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed
branch instructions.
Enabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fschedule-insns'
If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder
instructions to eliminate execution stalls due to required data
being unavailable. This helps machines that have slow floating
point or memory load instructions by allowing other instructions to
be issued until the result of the load or floating-point
instruction is required.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3'.
'-fschedule-insns2'
Similar to '-fschedule-insns', but requests an additional pass of
instruction scheduling after register allocation has been done.
This is especially useful on machines with a relatively small
number of registers and where memory load instructions take more
than one cycle.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fno-sched-interblock'
Don't schedule instructions across basic blocks. This is normally
enabled by default when scheduling before register allocation, i.e.
with '-fschedule-insns' or at '-O2' or higher.
'-fno-sched-spec'
Don't allow speculative motion of non-load instructions. This is
normally enabled by default when scheduling before register
allocation, i.e. with '-fschedule-insns' or at '-O2' or higher.
'-fsched-pressure'
Enable register pressure sensitive insn scheduling before register
allocation. This only makes sense when scheduling before register
allocation is enabled, i.e. with '-fschedule-insns' or at '-O2' or
higher. Usage of this option can improve the generated code and
decrease its size by preventing register pressure increase above
the number of available hard registers and subsequent spills in
register allocation.
'-fsched-spec-load'
Allow speculative motion of some load instructions. This only
makes sense when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with
'-fschedule-insns' or at '-O2' or higher.
'-fsched-spec-load-dangerous'
Allow speculative motion of more load instructions. This only
makes sense when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with
'-fschedule-insns' or at '-O2' or higher.
'-fsched-stalled-insns'
'-fsched-stalled-insns=N'
Define how many insns (if any) can be moved prematurely from the
queue of stalled insns into the ready list during the second
scheduling pass. '-fno-sched-stalled-insns' means that no insns
are moved prematurely, '-fsched-stalled-insns=0' means there is no
limit on how many queued insns can be moved prematurely.
'-fsched-stalled-insns' without a value is equivalent to
'-fsched-stalled-insns=1'.
'-fsched-stalled-insns-dep'
'-fsched-stalled-insns-dep=N'
Define how many insn groups (cycles) are examined for a dependency
on a stalled insn that is a candidate for premature removal from
the queue of stalled insns. This has an effect only during the
second scheduling pass, and only if '-fsched-stalled-insns' is
used. '-fno-sched-stalled-insns-dep' is equivalent to
'-fsched-stalled-insns-dep=0'. '-fsched-stalled-insns-dep' without
a value is equivalent to '-fsched-stalled-insns-dep=1'.
'-fsched2-use-superblocks'
When scheduling after register allocation, use superblock
scheduling. This allows motion across basic block boundaries,
resulting in faster schedules. This option is experimental, as not
all machine descriptions used by GCC model the CPU closely enough
to avoid unreliable results from the algorithm.
This only makes sense when scheduling after register allocation,
i.e. with '-fschedule-insns2' or at '-O2' or higher.
'-fsched-group-heuristic'
Enable the group heuristic in the scheduler. This heuristic favors
the instruction that belongs to a schedule group. This is enabled
by default when scheduling is enabled, i.e. with '-fschedule-insns'
or '-fschedule-insns2' or at '-O2' or higher.
'-fsched-critical-path-heuristic'
Enable the critical-path heuristic in the scheduler. This
heuristic favors instructions on the critical path. This is
enabled by default when scheduling is enabled, i.e. with
'-fschedule-insns' or '-fschedule-insns2' or at '-O2' or higher.
'-fsched-spec-insn-heuristic'
Enable the speculative instruction heuristic in the scheduler.
This heuristic favors speculative instructions with greater
dependency weakness. This is enabled by default when scheduling is
enabled, i.e. with '-fschedule-insns' or '-fschedule-insns2' or at
'-O2' or higher.
'-fsched-rank-heuristic'
Enable the rank heuristic in the scheduler. This heuristic favors
the instruction belonging to a basic block with greater size or
frequency. This is enabled by default when scheduling is enabled,
i.e. with '-fschedule-insns' or '-fschedule-insns2' or at '-O2' or
higher.
'-fsched-last-insn-heuristic'
Enable the last-instruction heuristic in the scheduler. This
heuristic favors the instruction that is less dependent on the last
instruction scheduled. This is enabled by default when scheduling
is enabled, i.e. with '-fschedule-insns' or '-fschedule-insns2' or
at '-O2' or higher.
'-fsched-dep-count-heuristic'
Enable the dependent-count heuristic in the scheduler. This
heuristic favors the instruction that has more instructions
depending on it. This is enabled by default when scheduling is
enabled, i.e. with '-fschedule-insns' or '-fschedule-insns2' or at
'-O2' or higher.
'-freschedule-modulo-scheduled-loops'
Modulo scheduling is performed before traditional scheduling. If a
loop is modulo scheduled, later scheduling passes may change its
schedule. Use this option to control that behavior.
'-fselective-scheduling'
Schedule instructions using selective scheduling algorithm.
Selective scheduling runs instead of the first scheduler pass.
'-fselective-scheduling2'
Schedule instructions using selective scheduling algorithm.
Selective scheduling runs instead of the second scheduler pass.
'-fsel-sched-pipelining'
Enable software pipelining of innermost loops during selective
scheduling. This option has no effect unless one of
'-fselective-scheduling' or '-fselective-scheduling2' is turned on.
'-fsel-sched-pipelining-outer-loops'
When pipelining loops during selective scheduling, also pipeline
outer loops. This option has no effect unless
'-fsel-sched-pipelining' is turned on.
'-fsemantic-interposition'
Some object formats, like ELF, allow interposing of symbols by the
dynamic linker. This means that for symbols exported from the DSO,
the compiler cannot perform interprocedural propagation, inlining
and other optimizations in anticipation that the function or
variable in question may change. While this feature is useful, for
example, to rewrite memory allocation functions by a debugging
implementation, it is expensive in the terms of code quality. With
'-fno-semantic-interposition' the compiler assumes that if
interposition happens for functions the overwriting function will
have precisely the same semantics (and side effects). Similarly if
interposition happens for variables, the constructor of the
variable will be the same. The flag has no effect for functions
explicitly declared inline (where it is never allowed for
interposition to change semantics) and for symbols explicitly
declared weak.
'-fshrink-wrap'
Emit function prologues only before parts of the function that need
it, rather than at the top of the function. This flag is enabled
by default at '-O' and higher.
'-fshrink-wrap-separate'
Shrink-wrap separate parts of the prologue and epilogue separately,
so that those parts are only executed when needed. This option is
on by default, but has no effect unless '-fshrink-wrap' is also
turned on and the target supports this.
'-fcaller-saves'
Enable allocation of values to registers that are clobbered by
function calls, by emitting extra instructions to save and restore
the registers around such calls. Such allocation is done only when
it seems to result in better code.
This option is always enabled by default on certain machines,
usually those which have no call-preserved registers to use
instead.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fcombine-stack-adjustments'
Tracks stack adjustments (pushes and pops) and stack memory
references and then tries to find ways to combine them.
Enabled by default at '-O1' and higher.
'-fipa-ra'
Use caller save registers for allocation if those registers are not
used by any called function. In that case it is not necessary to
save and restore them around calls. This is only possible if
called functions are part of same compilation unit as current
function and they are compiled before it.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os', however the option is
disabled if generated code will be instrumented for profiling
('-p', or '-pg') or if callee's register usage cannot be known
exactly (this happens on targets that do not expose prologues and
epilogues in RTL).
'-fconserve-stack'
Attempt to minimize stack usage. The compiler attempts to use less
stack space, even if that makes the program slower. This option
implies setting the 'large-stack-frame' parameter to 100 and the
'large-stack-frame-growth' parameter to 400.
'-ftree-reassoc'
Perform reassociation on trees. This flag is enabled by default at
'-O' and higher.
'-fcode-hoisting'
Perform code hoisting. Code hoisting tries to move the evaluation
of expressions executed on all paths to the function exit as early
as possible. This is especially useful as a code size
optimization, but it often helps for code speed as well. This flag
is enabled by default at '-O2' and higher.
'-ftree-pre'
Perform partial redundancy elimination (PRE) on trees. This flag
is enabled by default at '-O2' and '-O3'.
'-ftree-partial-pre'
Make partial redundancy elimination (PRE) more aggressive. This
flag is enabled by default at '-O3'.
'-ftree-forwprop'
Perform forward propagation on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-fre'
Perform full redundancy elimination (FRE) on trees. The difference
between FRE and PRE is that FRE only considers expressions that are
computed on all paths leading to the redundant computation. This
analysis is faster than PRE, though it exposes fewer redundancies.
This flag is enabled by default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-phiprop'
Perform hoisting of loads from conditional pointers on trees. This
pass is enabled by default at '-O' and higher.
'-fhoist-adjacent-loads'
Speculatively hoist loads from both branches of an if-then-else if
the loads are from adjacent locations in the same structure and the
target architecture has a conditional move instruction. This flag
is enabled by default at '-O2' and higher.
'-ftree-copy-prop'
Perform copy propagation on trees. This pass eliminates
unnecessary copy operations. This flag is enabled by default at
'-O' and higher.
'-fipa-pure-const'
Discover which functions are pure or constant. Enabled by default
at '-O' and higher.
'-fipa-reference'
Discover which static variables do not escape the compilation unit.
Enabled by default at '-O' and higher.
'-fipa-pta'
Perform interprocedural pointer analysis and interprocedural
modification and reference analysis. This option can cause
excessive memory and compile-time usage on large compilation units.
It is not enabled by default at any optimization level.
'-fipa-profile'
Perform interprocedural profile propagation. The functions called
only from cold functions are marked as cold. Also functions
executed once (such as 'cold', 'noreturn', static constructors or
destructors) are identified. Cold functions and loop less parts of
functions executed once are then optimized for size. Enabled by
default at '-O' and higher.
'-fipa-cp'
Perform interprocedural constant propagation. This optimization
analyzes the program to determine when values passed to functions
are constants and then optimizes accordingly. This optimization
can substantially increase performance if the application has
constants passed to functions. This flag is enabled by default at
'-O2', '-Os' and '-O3'.
'-fipa-cp-clone'
Perform function cloning to make interprocedural constant
propagation stronger. When enabled, interprocedural constant
propagation performs function cloning when externally visible
function can be called with constant arguments. Because this
optimization can create multiple copies of functions, it may
significantly increase code size (see '--param
ipcp-unit-growth=VALUE'). This flag is enabled by default at
'-O3'.
'-fipa-bit-cp'
When enabled, perform interprocedural bitwise constant propagation.
This flag is enabled by default at '-O2'. It requires that
'-fipa-cp' is enabled.
'-fipa-vrp'
When enabled, perform interprocedural propagation of value ranges.
This flag is enabled by default at '-O2'. It requires that
'-fipa-cp' is enabled.
'-fipa-icf'
Perform Identical Code Folding for functions and read-only
variables. The optimization reduces code size and may disturb
unwind stacks by replacing a function by equivalent one with a
different name. The optimization works more effectively with
link-time optimization enabled.
Nevertheless the behavior is similar to Gold Linker ICF
optimization, GCC ICF works on different levels and thus the
optimizations are not same - there are equivalences that are found
only by GCC and equivalences found only by Gold.
This flag is enabled by default at '-O2' and '-Os'.
'-flive-patching=LEVEL'
Control GCC's optimizations to produce output suitable for
live-patching.
If the compiler's optimization uses a function's body or
information extracted from its body to optimize/change another
function, the latter is called an impacted function of the former.
If a function is patched, its impacted functions should be patched
too.
The impacted functions are determined by the compiler's
interprocedural optimizations. For example, a caller is impacted
when inlining a function into its caller, cloning a function and
changing its caller to call this new clone, or extracting a
function's pureness/constness information to optimize its direct or
indirect callers, etc.
Usually, the more IPA optimizations enabled, the larger the number
of impacted functions for each function. In order to control the
number of impacted functions and more easily compute the list of
impacted function, IPA optimizations can be partially enabled at
two different levels.
The LEVEL argument should be one of the following:
'inline-clone'
Only enable inlining and cloning optimizations, which includes
inlining, cloning, interprocedural scalar replacement of
aggregates and partial inlining. As a result, when patching a
function, all its callers and its clones' callers are
impacted, therefore need to be patched as well.
'-flive-patching=inline-clone' disables the following
optimization flags:
-fwhole-program -fipa-pta -fipa-reference -fipa-ra
-fipa-icf -fipa-icf-functions -fipa-icf-variables
-fipa-bit-cp -fipa-vrp -fipa-pure-const -fipa-reference-addressable
-fipa-stack-alignment
'inline-only-static'
Only enable inlining of static functions. As a result, when
patching a static function, all its callers are impacted and
so need to be patched as well.
In addition to all the flags that
'-flive-patching=inline-clone' disables,
'-flive-patching=inline-only-static' disables the following
additional optimization flags:
-fipa-cp-clone -fipa-sra -fpartial-inlining -fipa-cp
When '-flive-patching' is specified without any value, the default
value is INLINE-CLONE.
This flag is disabled by default.
Note that '-flive-patching' is not supported with link-time
optimization ('-flto').
'-fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference'
Detect paths that trigger erroneous or undefined behavior due to
dereferencing a null pointer. Isolate those paths from the main
control flow and turn the statement with erroneous or undefined
behavior into a trap. This flag is enabled by default at '-O2' and
higher and depends on '-fdelete-null-pointer-checks' also being
enabled.
'-fisolate-erroneous-paths-attribute'
Detect paths that trigger erroneous or undefined behavior due to a
null value being used in a way forbidden by a 'returns_nonnull' or
'nonnull' attribute. Isolate those paths from the main control
flow and turn the statement with erroneous or undefined behavior
into a trap. This is not currently enabled, but may be enabled by
'-O2' in the future.
'-ftree-sink'
Perform forward store motion on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-bit-ccp'
Perform sparse conditional bit constant propagation on trees and
propagate pointer alignment information. This pass only operates
on local scalar variables and is enabled by default at '-O' and
higher. It requires that '-ftree-ccp' is enabled.
'-ftree-ccp'
Perform sparse conditional constant propagation (CCP) on trees.
This pass only operates on local scalar variables and is enabled by
default at '-O' and higher.
'-fssa-backprop'
Propagate information about uses of a value up the definition chain
in order to simplify the definitions. For example, this pass
strips sign operations if the sign of a value never matters. The
flag is enabled by default at '-O' and higher.
'-fssa-phiopt'
Perform pattern matching on SSA PHI nodes to optimize conditional
code. This pass is enabled by default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-switch-conversion'
Perform conversion of simple initializations in a switch to
initializations from a scalar array. This flag is enabled by
default at '-O2' and higher.
'-ftree-tail-merge'
Look for identical code sequences. When found, replace one with a
jump to the other. This optimization is known as tail merging or
cross jumping. This flag is enabled by default at '-O2' and
higher. The compilation time in this pass can be limited using
'max-tail-merge-comparisons' parameter and
'max-tail-merge-iterations' parameter.
'-ftree-dce'
Perform dead code elimination (DCE) on trees. This flag is enabled
by default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-builtin-call-dce'
Perform conditional dead code elimination (DCE) for calls to
built-in functions that may set 'errno' but are otherwise free of
side effects. This flag is enabled by default at '-O2' and higher
if '-Os' is not also specified.
'-ftree-dominator-opts'
Perform a variety of simple scalar cleanups (constant/copy
propagation, redundancy elimination, range propagation and
expression simplification) based on a dominator tree traversal.
This also performs jump threading (to reduce jumps to jumps). This
flag is enabled by default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-dse'
Perform dead store elimination (DSE) on trees. A dead store is a
store into a memory location that is later overwritten by another
store without any intervening loads. In this case the earlier
store can be deleted. This flag is enabled by default at '-O' and
higher.
'-ftree-ch'
Perform loop header copying on trees. This is beneficial since it
increases effectiveness of code motion optimizations. It also
saves one jump. This flag is enabled by default at '-O' and
higher. It is not enabled for '-Os', since it usually increases
code size.
'-ftree-loop-optimize'
Perform loop optimizations on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-loop-linear'
'-floop-strip-mine'
'-floop-block'
Perform loop nest optimizations. Same as '-floop-nest-optimize'.
To use this code transformation, GCC has to be configured with
'--with-isl' to enable the Graphite loop transformation
infrastructure.
'-fgraphite-identity'
Enable the identity transformation for graphite. For every SCoP we
generate the polyhedral representation and transform it back to
gimple. Using '-fgraphite-identity' we can check the costs or
benefits of the GIMPLE -> GRAPHITE -> GIMPLE transformation. Some
minimal optimizations are also performed by the code generator isl,
like index splitting and dead code elimination in loops.
'-floop-nest-optimize'
Enable the isl based loop nest optimizer. This is a generic loop
nest optimizer based on the Pluto optimization algorithms. It
calculates a loop structure optimized for data-locality and
parallelism. This option is experimental.
'-floop-parallelize-all'
Use the Graphite data dependence analysis to identify loops that
can be parallelized. Parallelize all the loops that can be
analyzed to not contain loop carried dependences without checking
that it is profitable to parallelize the loops.
'-ftree-coalesce-vars'
While transforming the program out of the SSA representation,
attempt to reduce copying by coalescing versions of different
user-defined variables, instead of just compiler temporaries. This
may severely limit the ability to debug an optimized program
compiled with '-fno-var-tracking-assignments'. In the negated
form, this flag prevents SSA coalescing of user variables. This
option is enabled by default if optimization is enabled, and it
does very little otherwise.
'-ftree-loop-if-convert'
Attempt to transform conditional jumps in the innermost loops to
branch-less equivalents. The intent is to remove control-flow from
the innermost loops in order to improve the ability of the
vectorization pass to handle these loops. This is enabled by
default if vectorization is enabled.
'-ftree-loop-distribution'
Perform loop distribution. This flag can improve cache performance
on big loop bodies and allow further loop optimizations, like
parallelization or vectorization, to take place. For example, the
loop
DO I = 1, N
A(I) = B(I) + C
D(I) = E(I) * F
ENDDO
is transformed to
DO I = 1, N
A(I) = B(I) + C
ENDDO
DO I = 1, N
D(I) = E(I) * F
ENDDO
'-ftree-loop-distribute-patterns'
Perform loop distribution of patterns that can be code generated
with calls to a library. This flag is enabled by default at '-O3'.
This pass distributes the initialization loops and generates a call
to memset zero. For example, the loop
DO I = 1, N
A(I) = 0
B(I) = A(I) + I
ENDDO
is transformed to
DO I = 1, N
A(I) = 0
ENDDO
DO I = 1, N
B(I) = A(I) + I
ENDDO
and the initialization loop is transformed into a call to memset
zero.
'-floop-interchange'
Perform loop interchange outside of graphite. This flag can
improve cache performance on loop nest and allow further loop
optimizations, like vectorization, to take place. For example, the
loop
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
for (int k = 0; k < N; k++)
c[i][j] = c[i][j] + a[i][k]*b[k][j];
is transformed to
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
for (int k = 0; k < N; k++)
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
c[i][j] = c[i][j] + a[i][k]*b[k][j];
This flag is enabled by default at '-O3'.
'-floop-unroll-and-jam'
Apply unroll and jam transformations on feasible loops. In a loop
nest this unrolls the outer loop by some factor and fuses the
resulting multiple inner loops. This flag is enabled by default at
'-O3'.
'-ftree-loop-im'
Perform loop invariant motion on trees. This pass moves only
invariants that are hard to handle at RTL level (function calls,
operations that expand to nontrivial sequences of insns). With
'-funswitch-loops' it also moves operands of conditions that are
invariant out of the loop, so that we can use just trivial
invariantness analysis in loop unswitching. The pass also includes
store motion.
'-ftree-loop-ivcanon'
Create a canonical counter for number of iterations in loops for
which determining number of iterations requires complicated
analysis. Later optimizations then may determine the number
easily. Useful especially in connection with unrolling.
'-fivopts'
Perform induction variable optimizations (strength reduction,
induction variable merging and induction variable elimination) on
trees.
'-ftree-parallelize-loops=n'
Parallelize loops, i.e., split their iteration space to run in n
threads. This is only possible for loops whose iterations are
independent and can be arbitrarily reordered. The optimization is
only profitable on multiprocessor machines, for loops that are
CPU-intensive, rather than constrained e.g. by memory bandwidth.
This option implies '-pthread', and thus is only supported on
targets that have support for '-pthread'.
'-ftree-pta'
Perform function-local points-to analysis on trees. This flag is
enabled by default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-sra'
Perform scalar replacement of aggregates. This pass replaces
structure references with scalars to prevent committing structures
to memory too early. This flag is enabled by default at '-O' and
higher.
'-fstore-merging'
Perform merging of narrow stores to consecutive memory addresses.
This pass merges contiguous stores of immediate values narrower
than a word into fewer wider stores to reduce the number of
instructions. This is enabled by default at '-O2' and higher as
well as '-Os'.
'-ftree-ter'
Perform temporary expression replacement during the SSA->normal
phase. Single use/single def temporaries are replaced at their use
location with their defining expression. This results in
non-GIMPLE code, but gives the expanders much more complex trees to
work on resulting in better RTL generation. This is enabled by
default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-slsr'
Perform straight-line strength reduction on trees. This recognizes
related expressions involving multiplications and replaces them by
less expensive calculations when possible. This is enabled by
default at '-O' and higher.
'-ftree-vectorize'
Perform vectorization on trees. This flag enables
'-ftree-loop-vectorize' and '-ftree-slp-vectorize' if not
explicitly specified.
'-ftree-loop-vectorize'
Perform loop vectorization on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at '-O3' and when '-ftree-vectorize' is enabled.
'-ftree-slp-vectorize'
Perform basic block vectorization on trees. This flag is enabled
by default at '-O3' and when '-ftree-vectorize' is enabled.
'-fvect-cost-model=MODEL'
Alter the cost model used for vectorization. The MODEL argument
should be one of 'unlimited', 'dynamic' or 'cheap'. With the
'unlimited' model the vectorized code-path is assumed to be
profitable while with the 'dynamic' model a runtime check guards
the vectorized code-path to enable it only for iteration counts
that will likely execute faster than when executing the original
scalar loop. The 'cheap' model disables vectorization of loops
where doing so would be cost prohibitive for example due to
required runtime checks for data dependence or alignment but
otherwise is equal to the 'dynamic' model. The default cost model
depends on other optimization flags and is either 'dynamic' or
'cheap'.
'-fsimd-cost-model=MODEL'
Alter the cost model used for vectorization of loops marked with
the OpenMP simd directive. The MODEL argument should be one of
'unlimited', 'dynamic', 'cheap'. All values of MODEL have the same
meaning as described in '-fvect-cost-model' and by default a cost
model defined with '-fvect-cost-model' is used.
'-ftree-vrp'
Perform Value Range Propagation on trees. This is similar to the
constant propagation pass, but instead of values, ranges of values
are propagated. This allows the optimizers to remove unnecessary
range checks like array bound checks and null pointer checks. This
is enabled by default at '-O2' and higher. Null pointer check
elimination is only done if '-fdelete-null-pointer-checks' is
enabled.
'-fsplit-paths'
Split paths leading to loop backedges. This can improve dead code
elimination and common subexpression elimination. This is enabled
by default at '-O2' and above.
'-fsplit-ivs-in-unroller'
Enables expression of values of induction variables in later
iterations of the unrolled loop using the value in the first
iteration. This breaks long dependency chains, thus improving
efficiency of the scheduling passes.
A combination of '-fweb' and CSE is often sufficient to obtain the
same effect. However, that is not reliable in cases where the loop
body is more complicated than a single basic block. It also does
not work at all on some architectures due to restrictions in the
CSE pass.
This optimization is enabled by default.
'-fvariable-expansion-in-unroller'
With this option, the compiler creates multiple copies of some
local variables when unrolling a loop, which can result in superior
code.
'-fpartial-inlining'
Inline parts of functions. This option has any effect only when
inlining itself is turned on by the '-finline-functions' or
'-finline-small-functions' options.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fpredictive-commoning'
Perform predictive commoning optimization, i.e., reusing
computations (especially memory loads and stores) performed in
previous iterations of loops.
This option is enabled at level '-O3'.
'-fprefetch-loop-arrays'
If supported by the target machine, generate instructions to
prefetch memory to improve the performance of loops that access
large arrays.
This option may generate better or worse code; results are highly
dependent on the structure of loops within the source code.
Disabled at level '-Os'.
'-fno-printf-return-value'
Do not substitute constants for known return value of formatted
output functions such as 'sprintf', 'snprintf', 'vsprintf', and
'vsnprintf' (but not 'printf' of 'fprintf'). This transformation
allows GCC to optimize or even eliminate branches based on the
known return value of these functions called with arguments that
are either constant, or whose values are known to be in a range
that makes determining the exact return value possible. For
example, when '-fprintf-return-value' is in effect, both the branch
and the body of the 'if' statement (but not the call to 'snprint')
can be optimized away when 'i' is a 32-bit or smaller integer
because the return value is guaranteed to be at most 8.
char buf[9];
if (snprintf (buf, "%08x", i) >= sizeof buf)
...
The '-fprintf-return-value' option relies on other optimizations
and yields best results with '-O2' and above. It works in tandem
with the '-Wformat-overflow' and '-Wformat-truncation' options.
The '-fprintf-return-value' option is enabled by default.
'-fno-peephole'
'-fno-peephole2'
Disable any machine-specific peephole optimizations. The
difference between '-fno-peephole' and '-fno-peephole2' is in how
they are implemented in the compiler; some targets use one, some
use the other, a few use both.
'-fpeephole' is enabled by default. '-fpeephole2' enabled at
levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fno-guess-branch-probability'
Do not guess branch probabilities using heuristics.
GCC uses heuristics to guess branch probabilities if they are not
provided by profiling feedback ('-fprofile-arcs'). These
heuristics are based on the control flow graph. If some branch
probabilities are specified by '__builtin_expect', then the
heuristics are used to guess branch probabilities for the rest of
the control flow graph, taking the '__builtin_expect' info into
account. The interactions between the heuristics and
'__builtin_expect' can be complex, and in some cases, it may be
useful to disable the heuristics so that the effects of
'__builtin_expect' are easier to understand.
The default is '-fguess-branch-probability' at levels '-O', '-O2',
'-O3', '-Os'.
'-freorder-blocks'
Reorder basic blocks in the compiled function in order to reduce
number of taken branches and improve code locality.
Enabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-freorder-blocks-algorithm=ALGORITHM'
Use the specified algorithm for basic block reordering. The
ALGORITHM argument can be 'simple', which does not increase code
size (except sometimes due to secondary effects like alignment), or
'stc', the "software trace cache" algorithm, which tries to put all
often executed code together, minimizing the number of branches
executed by making extra copies of code.
The default is 'simple' at levels '-O', '-Os', and 'stc' at levels
'-O2', '-O3'.
'-freorder-blocks-and-partition'
In addition to reordering basic blocks in the compiled function, in
order to reduce number of taken branches, partitions hot and cold
basic blocks into separate sections of the assembly and '.o' files,
to improve paging and cache locality performance.
This optimization is automatically turned off in the presence of
exception handling or unwind tables (on targets using
setjump/longjump or target specific scheme), for linkonce sections,
for functions with a user-defined section attribute and on any
architecture that does not support named sections. When
'-fsplit-stack' is used this option is not enabled by default (to
avoid linker errors), but may be enabled explicitly (if using a
working linker).
Enabled for x86 at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-freorder-functions'
Reorder functions in the object file in order to improve code
locality. This is implemented by using special subsections
'.text.hot' for most frequently executed functions and
'.text.unlikely' for unlikely executed functions. Reordering is
done by the linker so object file format must support named
sections and linker must place them in a reasonable way.
Also profile feedback must be available to make this option
effective. See '-fprofile-arcs' for details.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fstrict-aliasing'
Allow the compiler to assume the strictest aliasing rules
applicable to the language being compiled. For C (and C++), this
activates optimizations based on the type of expressions. In
particular, an object of one type is assumed never to reside at the
same address as an object of a different type, unless the types are
almost the same. For example, an 'unsigned int' can alias an
'int', but not a 'void*' or a 'double'. A character type may alias
any other type.
Pay special attention to code like this:
union a_union {
int i;
double d;
};
int f() {
union a_union t;
t.d = 3.0;
return t.i;
}
The practice of reading from a different union member than the one
most recently written to (called "type-punning") is common. Even
with '-fstrict-aliasing', type-punning is allowed, provided the
memory is accessed through the union type. So, the code above
works as expected. *Note Structures unions enumerations and
bit-fields implementation::. However, this code might not:
int f() {
union a_union t;
int* ip;
t.d = 3.0;
ip = &t.i;
return *ip;
}
Similarly, access by taking the address, casting the resulting
pointer and dereferencing the result has undefined behavior, even
if the cast uses a union type, e.g.:
int f() {
double d = 3.0;
return ((union a_union *) &d)->i;
}
The '-fstrict-aliasing' option is enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3',
'-Os'.
'-falign-functions'
'-falign-functions=N'
Align the start of functions to the next power-of-two greater than
N, skipping up to N bytes. For instance, '-falign-functions=32'
aligns functions to the next 32-byte boundary, but
'-falign-functions=24' aligns to the next 32-byte boundary only if
this can be done by skipping 23 bytes or less.
'-fno-align-functions' and '-falign-functions=1' are equivalent and
mean that functions are not aligned.
Some assemblers only support this flag when N is a power of two; in
that case, it is rounded up.
If N is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.
The maximum allowed N option value is 65536.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3'.
'-flimit-function-alignment'
If this option is enabled, the compiler tries to avoid
unnecessarily overaligning functions. It attempts to instruct the
assembler to align by the amount specified by '-falign-functions',
but not to skip more bytes than the size of the function.
'-falign-labels'
'-falign-labels=N'
Align all branch targets to a power-of-two boundary, skipping up to
N bytes like '-falign-functions'. This option can easily make code
slower, because it must insert dummy operations for when the branch
target is reached in the usual flow of the code.
'-fno-align-labels' and '-falign-labels=1' are equivalent and mean
that labels are not aligned.
If '-falign-loops' or '-falign-jumps' are applicable and are
greater than this value, then their values are used instead.
If N is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default
which is very likely to be '1', meaning no alignment. The maximum
allowed N option value is 65536.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3'.
'-falign-loops'
'-falign-loops=N'
Align loops to a power-of-two boundary, skipping up to N bytes like
'-falign-functions'. If the loops are executed many times, this
makes up for any execution of the dummy operations.
'-fno-align-loops' and '-falign-loops=1' are equivalent and mean
that loops are not aligned. The maximum allowed N option value is
65536.
If N is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3'.
'-falign-jumps'
'-falign-jumps=N'
Align branch targets to a power-of-two boundary, for branch targets
where the targets can only be reached by jumping, skipping up to N
bytes like '-falign-functions'. In this case, no dummy operations
need be executed.
'-fno-align-jumps' and '-falign-jumps=1' are equivalent and mean
that loops are not aligned.
If N is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.
The maximum allowed N option value is 65536.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3'.
'-funit-at-a-time'
This option is left for compatibility reasons. '-funit-at-a-time'
has no effect, while '-fno-unit-at-a-time' implies
'-fno-toplevel-reorder' and '-fno-section-anchors'.
Enabled by default.
'-fno-toplevel-reorder'
Do not reorder top-level functions, variables, and 'asm'
statements. Output them in the same order that they appear in the
input file. When this option is used, unreferenced static
variables are not removed. This option is intended to support
existing code that relies on a particular ordering. For new code,
it is better to use attributes when possible.
Enabled at level '-O0'. When disabled explicitly, it also implies
'-fno-section-anchors', which is otherwise enabled at '-O0' on some
targets.
'-fweb'
Constructs webs as commonly used for register allocation purposes
and assign each web individual pseudo register. This allows the
register allocation pass to operate on pseudos directly, but also
strengthens several other optimization passes, such as CSE, loop
optimizer and trivial dead code remover. It can, however, make
debugging impossible, since variables no longer stay in a "home
register".
Enabled by default with '-funroll-loops'.
'-fwhole-program'
Assume that the current compilation unit represents the whole
program being compiled. All public functions and variables with
the exception of 'main' and those merged by attribute
'externally_visible' become static functions and in effect are
optimized more aggressively by interprocedural optimizers.
This option should not be used in combination with '-flto'.
Instead relying on a linker plugin should provide safer and more
precise information.
'-flto[=N]'
This option runs the standard link-time optimizer. When invoked
with source code, it generates GIMPLE (one of GCC's internal
representations) and writes it to special ELF sections in the
object file. When the object files are linked together, all the
function bodies are read from these ELF sections and instantiated
as if they had been part of the same translation unit.
To use the link-time optimizer, '-flto' and optimization options
should be specified at compile time and during the final link. It
is recommended that you compile all the files participating in the
same link with the same options and also specify those options at
link time. For example:
gcc -c -O2 -flto foo.c
gcc -c -O2 -flto bar.c
gcc -o myprog -flto -O2 foo.o bar.o
The first two invocations to GCC save a bytecode representation of
GIMPLE into special ELF sections inside 'foo.o' and 'bar.o'. The
final invocation reads the GIMPLE bytecode from 'foo.o' and
'bar.o', merges the two files into a single internal image, and
compiles the result as usual. Since both 'foo.o' and 'bar.o' are
merged into a single image, this causes all the interprocedural
analyses and optimizations in GCC to work across the two files as
if they were a single one. This means, for example, that the
inliner is able to inline functions in 'bar.o' into functions in
'foo.o' and vice-versa.
Another (simpler) way to enable link-time optimization is:
gcc -o myprog -flto -O2 foo.c bar.c
The above generates bytecode for 'foo.c' and 'bar.c', merges them
together into a single GIMPLE representation and optimizes them as
usual to produce 'myprog'.
The only important thing to keep in mind is that to enable
link-time optimizations you need to use the GCC driver to perform
the link step. GCC then automatically performs link-time
optimization if any of the objects involved were compiled with the
'-flto' command-line option. You generally should specify the
optimization options to be used for link-time optimization though
GCC tries to be clever at guessing an optimization level to use
from the options used at compile time if you fail to specify one at
link time. You can always override the automatic decision to do
link-time optimization by passing '-fno-lto' to the link command.
To make whole program optimization effective, it is necessary to
make certain whole program assumptions. The compiler needs to know
what functions and variables can be accessed by libraries and
runtime outside of the link-time optimized unit. When supported by
the linker, the linker plugin (see '-fuse-linker-plugin') passes
information to the compiler about used and externally visible
symbols. When the linker plugin is not available,
'-fwhole-program' should be used to allow the compiler to make
these assumptions, which leads to more aggressive optimization
decisions.
When '-fuse-linker-plugin' is not enabled, when a file is compiled
with '-flto', the generated object file is larger than a regular
object file because it contains GIMPLE bytecodes and the usual
final code (see '-ffat-lto-objects'. This means that object files
with LTO information can be linked as normal object files; if
'-fno-lto' is passed to the linker, no interprocedural
optimizations are applied. Note that when '-fno-fat-lto-objects'
is enabled the compile stage is faster but you cannot perform a
regular, non-LTO link on them.
Additionally, the optimization flags used to compile individual
files are not necessarily related to those used at link time. For
instance,
gcc -c -O0 -ffat-lto-objects -flto foo.c
gcc -c -O0 -ffat-lto-objects -flto bar.c
gcc -o myprog -O3 foo.o bar.o
This produces individual object files with unoptimized assembler
code, but the resulting binary 'myprog' is optimized at '-O3'. If,
instead, the final binary is generated with '-fno-lto', then
'myprog' is not optimized.
When producing the final binary, GCC only applies link-time
optimizations to those files that contain bytecode. Therefore, you
can mix and match object files and libraries with GIMPLE bytecodes
and final object code. GCC automatically selects which files to
optimize in LTO mode and which files to link without further
processing.
There are some code generation flags preserved by GCC when
generating bytecodes, as they need to be used during the final link
stage. Generally options specified at link time override those
specified at compile time.
If you do not specify an optimization level option '-O' at link
time, then GCC uses the highest optimization level used when
compiling the object files.
Currently, the following options and their settings are taken from
the first object file that explicitly specifies them: '-fPIC',
'-fpic', '-fpie', '-fcommon', '-fexceptions',
'-fnon-call-exceptions', '-fgnu-tm' and all the '-m' target flags.
Certain ABI-changing flags are required to match in all compilation
units, and trying to override this at link time with a conflicting
value is ignored. This includes options such as
'-freg-struct-return' and '-fpcc-struct-return'.
Other options such as '-ffp-contract', '-fno-strict-overflow',
'-fwrapv', '-fno-trapv' or '-fno-strict-aliasing' are passed
through to the link stage and merged conservatively for conflicting
translation units. Specifically '-fno-strict-overflow', '-fwrapv'
and '-fno-trapv' take precedence; and for example
'-ffp-contract=off' takes precedence over '-ffp-contract=fast'.
You can override them at link time.
If LTO encounters objects with C linkage declared with incompatible
types in separate translation units to be linked together
(undefined behavior according to ISO C99 6.2.7), a non-fatal
diagnostic may be issued. The behavior is still undefined at run
time. Similar diagnostics may be raised for other languages.
Another feature of LTO is that it is possible to apply
interprocedural optimizations on files written in different
languages:
gcc -c -flto foo.c
g++ -c -flto bar.cc
gfortran -c -flto baz.f90
g++ -o myprog -flto -O3 foo.o bar.o baz.o -lgfortran
Notice that the final link is done with 'g++' to get the C++
runtime libraries and '-lgfortran' is added to get the Fortran
runtime libraries. In general, when mixing languages in LTO mode,
you should use the same link command options as when mixing
languages in a regular (non-LTO) compilation.
If object files containing GIMPLE bytecode are stored in a library
archive, say 'libfoo.a', it is possible to extract and use them in
an LTO link if you are using a linker with plugin support. To
create static libraries suitable for LTO, use 'gcc-ar' and
'gcc-ranlib' instead of 'ar' and 'ranlib'; to show the symbols of
object files with GIMPLE bytecode, use 'gcc-nm'. Those commands
require that 'ar', 'ranlib' and 'nm' have been compiled with plugin
support. At link time, use the flag '-fuse-linker-plugin' to
ensure that the library participates in the LTO optimization
process:
gcc -o myprog -O2 -flto -fuse-linker-plugin a.o b.o -lfoo
With the linker plugin enabled, the linker extracts the needed
GIMPLE files from 'libfoo.a' and passes them on to the running GCC
to make them part of the aggregated GIMPLE image to be optimized.
If you are not using a linker with plugin support and/or do not
enable the linker plugin, then the objects inside 'libfoo.a' are
extracted and linked as usual, but they do not participate in the
LTO optimization process. In order to make a static library
suitable for both LTO optimization and usual linkage, compile its
object files with '-flto' '-ffat-lto-objects'.
Link-time optimizations do not require the presence of the whole
program to operate. If the program does not require any symbols to
be exported, it is possible to combine '-flto' and
'-fwhole-program' to allow the interprocedural optimizers to use
more aggressive assumptions which may lead to improved optimization
opportunities. Use of '-fwhole-program' is not needed when linker
plugin is active (see '-fuse-linker-plugin').
The current implementation of LTO makes no attempt to generate
bytecode that is portable between different types of hosts. The
bytecode files are versioned and there is a strict version check,
so bytecode files generated in one version of GCC do not work with
an older or newer version of GCC.
Link-time optimization does not work well with generation of
debugging information on systems other than those using a
combination of ELF and DWARF.
If you specify the optional N, the optimization and code generation
done at link time is executed in parallel using N parallel jobs by
utilizing an installed 'make' program. The environment variable
'MAKE' may be used to override the program used. The default value
for N is 1.
You can also specify '-flto=jobserver' to use GNU make's job server
mode to determine the number of parallel jobs. This is useful when
the Makefile calling GCC is already executing in parallel. You
must prepend a '+' to the command recipe in the parent Makefile for
this to work. This option likely only works if 'MAKE' is GNU make.
'-flto-partition=ALG'
Specify the partitioning algorithm used by the link-time optimizer.
The value is either '1to1' to specify a partitioning mirroring the
original source files or 'balanced' to specify partitioning into
equally sized chunks (whenever possible) or 'max' to create new
partition for every symbol where possible. Specifying 'none' as an
algorithm disables partitioning and streaming completely. The
default value is 'balanced'. While '1to1' can be used as an
workaround for various code ordering issues, the 'max' partitioning
is intended for internal testing only. The value 'one' specifies
that exactly one partition should be used while the value 'none'
bypasses partitioning and executes the link-time optimization step
directly from the WPA phase.
'-flto-odr-type-merging'
Enable streaming of mangled types names of C++ types and their
unification at link time. This increases size of LTO object files,
but enables diagnostics about One Definition Rule violations.
'-flto-compression-level=N'
This option specifies the level of compression used for
intermediate language written to LTO object files, and is only
meaningful in conjunction with LTO mode ('-flto'). Valid values
are 0 (no compression) to 9 (maximum compression). Values outside
this range are clamped to either 0 or 9. If the option is not
given, a default balanced compression setting is used.
'-fuse-linker-plugin'
Enables the use of a linker plugin during link-time optimization.
This option relies on plugin support in the linker, which is
available in gold or in GNU ld 2.21 or newer.
This option enables the extraction of object files with GIMPLE
bytecode out of library archives. This improves the quality of
optimization by exposing more code to the link-time optimizer.
This information specifies what symbols can be accessed externally
(by non-LTO object or during dynamic linking). Resulting code
quality improvements on binaries (and shared libraries that use
hidden visibility) are similar to '-fwhole-program'. See '-flto'
for a description of the effect of this flag and how to use it.
This option is enabled by default when LTO support in GCC is
enabled and GCC was configured for use with a linker supporting
plugins (GNU ld 2.21 or newer or gold).
'-ffat-lto-objects'
Fat LTO objects are object files that contain both the intermediate
language and the object code. This makes them usable for both LTO
linking and normal linking. This option is effective only when
compiling with '-flto' and is ignored at link time.
'-fno-fat-lto-objects' improves compilation time over plain LTO,
but requires the complete toolchain to be aware of LTO. It requires
a linker with linker plugin support for basic functionality.
Additionally, 'nm', 'ar' and 'ranlib' need to support linker
plugins to allow a full-featured build environment (capable of
building static libraries etc). GCC provides the 'gcc-ar',
'gcc-nm', 'gcc-ranlib' wrappers to pass the right options to these
tools. With non fat LTO makefiles need to be modified to use them.
Note that modern binutils provide plugin auto-load mechanism.
Installing the linker plugin into '$libdir/bfd-plugins' has the
same effect as usage of the command wrappers ('gcc-ar', 'gcc-nm'
and 'gcc-ranlib').
The default is '-fno-fat-lto-objects' on targets with linker plugin
support.
'-fcompare-elim'
After register allocation and post-register allocation instruction
splitting, identify arithmetic instructions that compute processor
flags similar to a comparison operation based on that arithmetic.
If possible, eliminate the explicit comparison operation.
This pass only applies to certain targets that cannot explicitly
represent the comparison operation before register allocation is
complete.
Enabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fcprop-registers'
After register allocation and post-register allocation instruction
splitting, perform a copy-propagation pass to try to reduce
scheduling dependencies and occasionally eliminate the copy.
Enabled at levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-fprofile-correction'
Profiles collected using an instrumented binary for multi-threaded
programs may be inconsistent due to missed counter updates. When
this option is specified, GCC uses heuristics to correct or smooth
out such inconsistencies. By default, GCC emits an error message
when an inconsistent profile is detected.
'-fprofile-use'
'-fprofile-use=PATH'
Enable profile feedback-directed optimizations, and the following
optimizations which are generally profitable only with profile
feedback available: '-fbranch-probabilities', '-fvpt',
'-funroll-loops', '-fpeel-loops', '-ftracer', '-ftree-vectorize',
and 'ftree-loop-distribute-patterns'.
Before you can use this option, you must first generate profiling
information. *Note Instrumentation Options::, for information
about the '-fprofile-generate' option.
By default, GCC emits an error message if the feedback profiles do
not match the source code. This error can be turned into a warning
by using '-Wcoverage-mismatch'. Note this may result in poorly
optimized code.
If PATH is specified, GCC looks at the PATH to find the profile
feedback data files. See '-fprofile-dir'.
'-fauto-profile'
'-fauto-profile=PATH'
Enable sampling-based feedback-directed optimizations, and the
following optimizations which are generally profitable only with
profile feedback available: '-fbranch-probabilities', '-fvpt',
'-funroll-loops', '-fpeel-loops', '-ftracer', '-ftree-vectorize',
'-finline-functions', '-fipa-cp', '-fipa-cp-clone',
'-fpredictive-commoning', '-funswitch-loops',
'-fgcse-after-reload', and '-ftree-loop-distribute-patterns'.
PATH is the name of a file containing AutoFDO profile information.
If omitted, it defaults to 'fbdata.afdo' in the current directory.
Producing an AutoFDO profile data file requires running your
program with the 'perf' utility on a supported GNU/Linux target
system. For more information, see <https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/>;.
E.g.
perf record -e br_inst_retired:near_taken -b -o perf.data \
-- your_program
Then use the 'create_gcov' tool to convert the raw profile data to
a format that can be used by GCC. You must also supply the
unstripped binary for your program to this tool. See
<https://github.com/google/autofdo>;.
E.g.
create_gcov --binary=your_program.unstripped --profile=perf.data \
--gcov=profile.afdo
The following options control compiler behavior regarding
floating-point arithmetic. These options trade off between speed and
correctness. All must be specifically enabled.
'-ffloat-store'
Do not store floating-point variables in registers, and inhibit
other options that might change whether a floating-point value is
taken from a register or memory.
This option prevents undesirable excess precision on machines such
as the 68000 where the floating registers (of the 68881) keep more
precision than a 'double' is supposed to have. Similarly for the
x86 architecture. For most programs, the excess precision does
only good, but a few programs rely on the precise definition of
IEEE floating point. Use '-ffloat-store' for such programs, after
modifying them to store all pertinent intermediate computations
into variables.
'-fexcess-precision=STYLE'
This option allows further control over excess precision on
machines where floating-point operations occur in a format with
more precision or range than the IEEE standard and interchange
floating-point types. By default, '-fexcess-precision=fast' is in
effect; this means that operations may be carried out in a wider
precision than the types specified in the source if that would
result in faster code, and it is unpredictable when rounding to the
types specified in the source code takes place. When compiling C,
if '-fexcess-precision=standard' is specified then excess precision
follows the rules specified in ISO C99; in particular, both casts
and assignments cause values to be rounded to their semantic types
(whereas '-ffloat-store' only affects assignments). This option is
enabled by default for C if a strict conformance option such as
'-std=c99' is used. '-ffast-math' enables
'-fexcess-precision=fast' by default regardless of whether a strict
conformance option is used.
'-fexcess-precision=standard' is not implemented for languages
other than C. On the x86, it has no effect if '-mfpmath=sse' or
'-mfpmath=sse+387' is specified; in the former case, IEEE semantics
apply without excess precision, and in the latter, rounding is
unpredictable.
'-ffast-math'
Sets the options '-fno-math-errno', '-funsafe-math-optimizations',
'-ffinite-math-only', '-fno-rounding-math', '-fno-signaling-nans',
'-fcx-limited-range' and '-fexcess-precision=fast'.
This option causes the preprocessor macro '__FAST_MATH__' to be
defined.
This option is not turned on by any '-O' option besides '-Ofast'
since it can result in incorrect output for programs that depend on
an exact implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for
math functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs
that do not require the guarantees of these specifications.
'-fno-math-errno'
Do not set 'errno' after calling math functions that are executed
with a single instruction, e.g., 'sqrt'. A program that relies on
IEEE exceptions for math error handling may want to use this flag
for speed while maintaining IEEE arithmetic compatibility.
This option is not turned on by any '-O' option since it can result
in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
not require the guarantees of these specifications.
The default is '-fmath-errno'.
On Darwin systems, the math library never sets 'errno'. There is
therefore no reason for the compiler to consider the possibility
that it might, and '-fno-math-errno' is the default.
'-funsafe-math-optimizations'
Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that (a) assume
that arguments and results are valid and (b) may violate IEEE or
ANSI standards. When used at link time, it may include libraries
or startup files that change the default FPU control word or other
similar optimizations.
This option is not turned on by any '-O' option since it can result
in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
not require the guarantees of these specifications. Enables
'-fno-signed-zeros', '-fno-trapping-math', '-fassociative-math' and
'-freciprocal-math'.
The default is '-fno-unsafe-math-optimizations'.
'-fassociative-math'
Allow re-association of operands in series of floating-point
operations. This violates the ISO C and C++ language standard by
possibly changing computation result. NOTE: re-ordering may change
the sign of zero as well as ignore NaNs and inhibit or create
underflow or overflow (and thus cannot be used on code that relies
on rounding behavior like '(x + 2**52) - 2**52'. May also reorder
floating-point comparisons and thus may not be used when ordered
comparisons are required. This option requires that both
'-fno-signed-zeros' and '-fno-trapping-math' be in effect.
Moreover, it doesn't make much sense with '-frounding-math'. For
Fortran the option is automatically enabled when both
'-fno-signed-zeros' and '-fno-trapping-math' are in effect.
The default is '-fno-associative-math'.
'-freciprocal-math'
Allow the reciprocal of a value to be used instead of dividing by
the value if this enables optimizations. For example 'x / y' can
be replaced with 'x * (1/y)', which is useful if '(1/y)' is subject
to common subexpression elimination. Note that this loses
precision and increases the number of flops operating on the value.
The default is '-fno-reciprocal-math'.
'-ffinite-math-only'
Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that assume that
arguments and results are not NaNs or +-Infs.
This option is not turned on by any '-O' option since it can result
in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
not require the guarantees of these specifications.
The default is '-fno-finite-math-only'.
'-fno-signed-zeros'
Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that ignore the
signedness of zero. IEEE arithmetic specifies the behavior of
distinct +0.0 and -0.0 values, which then prohibits simplification
of expressions such as x+0.0 or 0.0*x (even with
'-ffinite-math-only'). This option implies that the sign of a zero
result isn't significant.
The default is '-fsigned-zeros'.
'-fno-trapping-math'
Compile code assuming that floating-point operations cannot
generate user-visible traps. These traps include division by zero,
overflow, underflow, inexact result and invalid operation. This
option requires that '-fno-signaling-nans' be in effect. Setting
this option may allow faster code if one relies on "non-stop" IEEE
arithmetic, for example.
This option should never be turned on by any '-O' option since it
can result in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
functions.
The default is '-ftrapping-math'.
'-frounding-math'
Disable transformations and optimizations that assume default
floating-point rounding behavior. This is round-to-zero for all
floating point to integer conversions, and round-to-nearest for all
other arithmetic truncations. This option should be specified for
programs that change the FP rounding mode dynamically, or that may
be executed with a non-default rounding mode. This option disables
constant folding of floating-point expressions at compile time
(which may be affected by rounding mode) and arithmetic
transformations that are unsafe in the presence of sign-dependent
rounding modes.
The default is '-fno-rounding-math'.
This option is experimental and does not currently guarantee to
disable all GCC optimizations that are affected by rounding mode.
Future versions of GCC may provide finer control of this setting
using C99's 'FENV_ACCESS' pragma. This command-line option will be
used to specify the default state for 'FENV_ACCESS'.
'-fsignaling-nans'
Compile code assuming that IEEE signaling NaNs may generate
user-visible traps during floating-point operations. Setting this
option disables optimizations that may change the number of
exceptions visible with signaling NaNs. This option implies
'-ftrapping-math'.
This option causes the preprocessor macro '__SUPPORT_SNAN__' to be
defined.
The default is '-fno-signaling-nans'.
This option is experimental and does not currently guarantee to
disable all GCC optimizations that affect signaling NaN behavior.
'-fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact'
Do not allow the built-in functions 'ceil', 'floor', 'round' and
'trunc', and their 'float' and 'long double' variants, to generate
code that raises the "inexact" floating-point exception for
noninteger arguments. ISO C99 and C11 allow these functions to
raise the "inexact" exception, but ISO/IEC TS 18661-1:2014, the C
bindings to IEEE 754-2008, does not allow these functions to do so.
The default is '-ffp-int-builtin-inexact', allowing the exception
to be raised. This option does nothing unless '-ftrapping-math' is
in effect.
Even if '-fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact' is used, if the functions
generate a call to a library function then the "inexact" exception
may be raised if the library implementation does not follow TS
18661.
'-fsingle-precision-constant'
Treat floating-point constants as single precision instead of
implicitly converting them to double-precision constants.
'-fcx-limited-range'
When enabled, this option states that a range reduction step is not
needed when performing complex division. Also, there is no
checking whether the result of a complex multiplication or division
is 'NaN + I*NaN', with an attempt to rescue the situation in that
case. The default is '-fno-cx-limited-range', but is enabled by
'-ffast-math'.
This option controls the default setting of the ISO C99
'CX_LIMITED_RANGE' pragma. Nevertheless, the option applies to all
languages.
'-fcx-fortran-rules'
Complex multiplication and division follow Fortran rules. Range
reduction is done as part of complex division, but there is no
checking whether the result of a complex multiplication or division
is 'NaN + I*NaN', with an attempt to rescue the situation in that
case.
The default is '-fno-cx-fortran-rules'.
The following options control optimizations that may improve
performance, but are not enabled by any '-O' options. This section
includes experimental options that may produce broken code.
'-fbranch-probabilities'
After running a program compiled with '-fprofile-arcs' (*note
Instrumentation Options::), you can compile it a second time using
'-fbranch-probabilities', to improve optimizations based on the
number of times each branch was taken. When a program compiled
with '-fprofile-arcs' exits, it saves arc execution counts to a
file called 'SOURCENAME.gcda' for each source file. The
information in this data file is very dependent on the structure of
the generated code, so you must use the same source code and the
same optimization options for both compilations.
With '-fbranch-probabilities', GCC puts a 'REG_BR_PROB' note on
each 'JUMP_INSN' and 'CALL_INSN'. These can be used to improve
optimization. Currently, they are only used in one place: in
'reorg.c', instead of guessing which path a branch is most likely
to take, the 'REG_BR_PROB' values are used to exactly determine
which path is taken more often.
'-fprofile-values'
If combined with '-fprofile-arcs', it adds code so that some data
about values of expressions in the program is gathered.
With '-fbranch-probabilities', it reads back the data gathered from
profiling values of expressions for usage in optimizations.
Enabled with '-fprofile-generate' and '-fprofile-use'.
'-fprofile-reorder-functions'
Function reordering based on profile instrumentation collects first
time of execution of a function and orders these functions in
ascending order.
Enabled with '-fprofile-use'.
'-fvpt'
If combined with '-fprofile-arcs', this option instructs the
compiler to add code to gather information about values of
expressions.
With '-fbranch-probabilities', it reads back the data gathered and
actually performs the optimizations based on them. Currently the
optimizations include specialization of division operations using
the knowledge about the value of the denominator.
'-frename-registers'
Attempt to avoid false dependencies in scheduled code by making use
of registers left over after register allocation. This
optimization most benefits processors with lots of registers.
Depending on the debug information format adopted by the target,
however, it can make debugging impossible, since variables no
longer stay in a "home register".
Enabled by default with '-funroll-loops'.
'-fschedule-fusion'
Performs a target dependent pass over the instruction stream to
schedule instructions of same type together because target machine
can execute them more efficiently if they are adjacent to each
other in the instruction flow.
Enabled at levels '-O2', '-O3', '-Os'.
'-ftracer'
Perform tail duplication to enlarge superblock size. This
transformation simplifies the control flow of the function allowing
other optimizations to do a better job.
Enabled with '-fprofile-use'.
'-funroll-loops'
Unroll loops whose number of iterations can be determined at
compile time or upon entry to the loop. '-funroll-loops' implies
'-frerun-cse-after-loop', '-fweb' and '-frename-registers'. It
also turns on complete loop peeling (i.e. complete removal of loops
with a small constant number of iterations). This option makes
code larger, and may or may not make it run faster.
Enabled with '-fprofile-use'.
'-funroll-all-loops'
Unroll all loops, even if their number of iterations is uncertain
when the loop is entered. This usually makes programs run more
slowly. '-funroll-all-loops' implies the same options as
'-funroll-loops'.
'-fpeel-loops'
Peels loops for which there is enough information that they do not
roll much (from profile feedback or static analysis). It also
turns on complete loop peeling (i.e. complete removal of loops with
small constant number of iterations).
Enabled with '-O3' and/or '-fprofile-use'.
'-fmove-loop-invariants'
Enables the loop invariant motion pass in the RTL loop optimizer.
Enabled at level '-O1'
'-fsplit-loops'
Split a loop into two if it contains a condition that's always true
for one side of the iteration space and false for the other.
'-funswitch-loops'
Move branches with loop invariant conditions out of the loop, with
duplicates of the loop on both branches (modified according to
result of the condition).
'-ffunction-sections'
'-fdata-sections'
Place each function or data item into its own section in the output
file if the target supports arbitrary sections. The name of the
function or the name of the data item determines the section's name
in the output file.
Use these options on systems where the linker can perform
optimizations to improve locality of reference in the instruction
space. Most systems using the ELF object format have linkers with
such optimizations. On AIX, the linker rearranges sections
(CSECTs) based on the call graph. The performance impact varies.
Together with a linker garbage collection (linker '--gc-sections'
option) these options may lead to smaller statically-linked
executables (after stripping).
On ELF/DWARF systems these options do not degenerate the quality of
the debug information. There could be issues with other object
files/debug info formats.
Only use these options when there are significant benefits from
doing so. When you specify these options, the assembler and linker
create larger object and executable files and are also slower.
These options affect code generation. They prevent optimizations
by the compiler and assembler using relative locations inside a
translation unit since the locations are unknown until link time.
An example of such an optimization is relaxing calls to short call
instructions.
'-fbranch-target-load-optimize'
Perform branch target register load optimization before prologue /
epilogue threading. The use of target registers can typically be
exposed only during reload, thus hoisting loads out of loops and
doing inter-block scheduling needs a separate optimization pass.
'-fbranch-target-load-optimize2'
Perform branch target register load optimization after prologue /
epilogue threading.
'-fbtr-bb-exclusive'
When performing branch target register load optimization, don't
reuse branch target registers within any basic block.
'-fstdarg-opt'
Optimize the prologue of variadic argument functions with respect
to usage of those arguments.
'-fsection-anchors'
Try to reduce the number of symbolic address calculations by using
shared "anchor" symbols to address nearby objects. This
transformation can help to reduce the number of GOT entries and GOT
accesses on some targets.
For example, the implementation of the following function 'foo':
static int a, b, c;
int foo (void) { return a + b + c; }
usually calculates the addresses of all three variables, but if you
compile it with '-fsection-anchors', it accesses the variables from
a common anchor point instead. The effect is similar to the
following pseudocode (which isn't valid C):
int foo (void)
{
register int *xr = &x;
return xr[&a - &x] + xr[&b - &x] + xr[&c - &x];
}
Not all targets support this option.
'--param NAME=VALUE'
In some places, GCC uses various constants to control the amount of
optimization that is done. For example, GCC does not inline
functions that contain more than a certain number of instructions.
You can control some of these constants on the command line using
the '--param' option.
The names of specific parameters, and the meaning of the values,
are tied to the internals of the compiler, and are subject to
change without notice in future releases.
In each case, the VALUE is an integer. The allowable choices for
NAME are:
'predictable-branch-outcome'
When branch is predicted to be taken with probability lower
than this threshold (in percent), then it is considered well
predictable. The default is 10.
'max-rtl-if-conversion-insns'
RTL if-conversion tries to remove conditional branches around
a block and replace them with conditionally executed
instructions. This parameter gives the maximum number of
instructions in a block which should be considered for
if-conversion. The default is 10, though the compiler will
also use other heuristics to decide whether if-conversion is
likely to be profitable.
'max-rtl-if-conversion-predictable-cost'
'max-rtl-if-conversion-unpredictable-cost'
RTL if-conversion will try to remove conditional branches
around a block and replace them with conditionally executed
instructions. These parameters give the maximum permissible
cost for the sequence that would be generated by if-conversion
depending on whether the branch is statically determined to be
predictable or not. The units for this parameter are the same
as those for the GCC internal seq_cost metric. The compiler
will try to provide a reasonable default for this parameter
using the BRANCH_COST target macro.
'max-crossjump-edges'
The maximum number of incoming edges to consider for
cross-jumping. The algorithm used by '-fcrossjumping' is
O(N^2) in the number of edges incoming to each block.
Increasing values mean more aggressive optimization, making
the compilation time increase with probably small improvement
in executable size.
'min-crossjump-insns'
The minimum number of instructions that must be matched at the
end of two blocks before cross-jumping is performed on them.
This value is ignored in the case where all instructions in
the block being cross-jumped from are matched. The default
value is 5.
'max-grow-copy-bb-insns'
The maximum code size expansion factor when copying basic
blocks instead of jumping. The expansion is relative to a
jump instruction. The default value is 8.
'max-goto-duplication-insns'
The maximum number of instructions to duplicate to a block
that jumps to a computed goto. To avoid O(N^2) behavior in a
number of passes, GCC factors computed gotos early in the
compilation process, and unfactors them as late as possible.
Only computed jumps at the end of a basic blocks with no more
than max-goto-duplication-insns are unfactored. The default
value is 8.
'max-delay-slot-insn-search'
The maximum number of instructions to consider when looking
for an instruction to fill a delay slot. If more than this
arbitrary number of instructions are searched, the time
savings from filling the delay slot are minimal, so stop
searching. Increasing values mean more aggressive
optimization, making the compilation time increase with
probably small improvement in execution time.
'max-delay-slot-live-search'
When trying to fill delay slots, the maximum number of
instructions to consider when searching for a block with valid
live register information. Increasing this arbitrarily chosen
value means more aggressive optimization, increasing the
compilation time. This parameter should be removed when the
delay slot code is rewritten to maintain the control-flow
graph.
'max-gcse-memory'
The approximate maximum amount of memory that can be allocated
in order to perform the global common subexpression
elimination optimization. If more memory than specified is
required, the optimization is not done.
'max-gcse-insertion-ratio'
If the ratio of expression insertions to deletions is larger
than this value for any expression, then RTL PRE inserts or
removes the expression and thus leaves partially redundant
computations in the instruction stream. The default value is
20.
'max-pending-list-length'
The maximum number of pending dependencies scheduling allows
before flushing the current state and starting over. Large
functions with few branches or calls can create excessively
large lists which needlessly consume memory and resources.
'max-modulo-backtrack-attempts'
The maximum number of backtrack attempts the scheduler should
make when modulo scheduling a loop. Larger values can
exponentially increase compilation time.
'max-inline-insns-single'
Several parameters control the tree inliner used in GCC. This
number sets the maximum number of instructions (counted in
GCC's internal representation) in a single function that the
tree inliner considers for inlining. This only affects
functions declared inline and methods implemented in a class
declaration (C++). The default value is 400.
'max-inline-insns-auto'
When you use '-finline-functions' (included in '-O3'), a lot
of functions that would otherwise not be considered for
inlining by the compiler are investigated. To those
functions, a different (more restrictive) limit compared to
functions declared inline can be applied. The default value
is 30.
'inline-min-speedup'
When estimated performance improvement of caller + callee
runtime exceeds this threshold (in percent), the function can
be inlined regardless of the limit on '--param
max-inline-insns-single' and '--param max-inline-insns-auto'.
The default value is 15.
'large-function-insns'
The limit specifying really large functions. For functions
larger than this limit after inlining, inlining is constrained
by '--param large-function-growth'. This parameter is useful
primarily to avoid extreme compilation time caused by
non-linear algorithms used by the back end. The default value
is 2700.
'large-function-growth'
Specifies maximal growth of large function caused by inlining
in percents. The default value is 100 which limits large
function growth to 2.0 times the original size.
'large-unit-insns'
The limit specifying large translation unit. Growth caused by
inlining of units larger than this limit is limited by
'--param inline-unit-growth'. For small units this might be
too tight. For example, consider a unit consisting of
function A that is inline and B that just calls A three times.
If B is small relative to A, the growth of unit is 300\% and
yet such inlining is very sane. For very large units
consisting of small inlineable functions, however, the overall
unit growth limit is needed to avoid exponential explosion of
code size. Thus for smaller units, the size is increased to
'--param large-unit-insns' before applying '--param
inline-unit-growth'. The default is 10000.
'inline-unit-growth'
Specifies maximal overall growth of the compilation unit
caused by inlining. The default value is 20 which limits unit
growth to 1.2 times the original size. Cold functions (either
marked cold via an attribute or by profile feedback) are not
accounted into the unit size.
'ipcp-unit-growth'
Specifies maximal overall growth of the compilation unit
caused by interprocedural constant propagation. The default
value is 10 which limits unit growth to 1.1 times the original
size.
'large-stack-frame'
The limit specifying large stack frames. While inlining the
algorithm is trying to not grow past this limit too much. The
default value is 256 bytes.
'large-stack-frame-growth'
Specifies maximal growth of large stack frames caused by
inlining in percents. The default value is 1000 which limits
large stack frame growth to 11 times the original size.
'max-inline-insns-recursive'
'max-inline-insns-recursive-auto'
Specifies the maximum number of instructions an out-of-line
copy of a self-recursive inline function can grow into by
performing recursive inlining.
'--param max-inline-insns-recursive' applies to functions
declared inline. For functions not declared inline, recursive
inlining happens only when '-finline-functions' (included in
'-O3') is enabled; '--param max-inline-insns-recursive-auto'
applies instead. The default value is 450.
'max-inline-recursive-depth'
'max-inline-recursive-depth-auto'
Specifies the maximum recursion depth used for recursive
inlining.
'--param max-inline-recursive-depth' applies to functions
declared inline. For functions not declared inline, recursive
inlining happens only when '-finline-functions' (included in
'-O3') is enabled; '--param max-inline-recursive-depth-auto'
applies instead. The default value is 8.
'min-inline-recursive-probability'
Recursive inlining is profitable only for function having deep
recursion in average and can hurt for function having little
recursion depth by increasing the prologue size or complexity
of function body to other optimizers.
When profile feedback is available (see '-fprofile-generate')
the actual recursion depth can be guessed from the probability
that function recurses via a given call expression. This
parameter limits inlining only to call expressions whose
probability exceeds the given threshold (in percents). The
default value is 10.
'early-inlining-insns'
Specify growth that the early inliner can make. In effect it
increases the amount of inlining for code having a large
abstraction penalty. The default value is 14.
'max-early-inliner-iterations'
Limit of iterations of the early inliner. This basically
bounds the number of nested indirect calls the early inliner
can resolve. Deeper chains are still handled by late
inlining.
'comdat-sharing-probability'
Probability (in percent) that C++ inline function with comdat
visibility are shared across multiple compilation units. The
default value is 20.
'profile-func-internal-id'
A parameter to control whether to use function internal id in
profile database lookup. If the value is 0, the compiler uses
an id that is based on function assembler name and filename,
which makes old profile data more tolerant to source changes
such as function reordering etc. The default value is 0.
'min-vect-loop-bound'
The minimum number of iterations under which loops are not
vectorized when '-ftree-vectorize' is used. The number of
iterations after vectorization needs to be greater than the
value specified by this option to allow vectorization. The
default value is 0.
'gcse-cost-distance-ratio'
Scaling factor in calculation of maximum distance an
expression can be moved by GCSE optimizations. This is
currently supported only in the code hoisting pass. The
bigger the ratio, the more aggressive code hoisting is with
simple expressions, i.e., the expressions that have cost less
than 'gcse-unrestricted-cost'. Specifying 0 disables hoisting
of simple expressions. The default value is 10.
'gcse-unrestricted-cost'
Cost, roughly measured as the cost of a single typical machine
instruction, at which GCSE optimizations do not constrain the
distance an expression can travel. This is currently
supported only in the code hoisting pass. The lesser the
cost, the more aggressive code hoisting is. Specifying 0
allows all expressions to travel unrestricted distances. The
default value is 3.
'max-hoist-depth'
The depth of search in the dominator tree for expressions to
hoist. This is used to avoid quadratic behavior in hoisting
algorithm. The value of 0 does not limit on the search, but
may slow down compilation of huge functions. The default
value is 30.
'max-tail-merge-comparisons'
The maximum amount of similar bbs to compare a bb with. This
is used to avoid quadratic behavior in tree tail merging. The
default value is 10.
'max-tail-merge-iterations'
The maximum amount of iterations of the pass over the
function. This is used to limit compilation time in tree tail
merging. The default value is 2.
'store-merging-allow-unaligned'
Allow the store merging pass to introduce unaligned stores if
it is legal to do so. The default value is 1.
'max-stores-to-merge'
The maximum number of stores to attempt to merge into wider
stores in the store merging pass. The minimum value is 2 and
the default is 64.
'max-unrolled-insns'
The maximum number of instructions that a loop may have to be
unrolled. If a loop is unrolled, this parameter also
determines how many times the loop code is unrolled.
'max-average-unrolled-insns'
The maximum number of instructions biased by probabilities of
their execution that a loop may have to be unrolled. If a
loop is unrolled, this parameter also determines how many
times the loop code is unrolled.
'max-unroll-times'
The maximum number of unrollings of a single loop.
'max-peeled-insns'
The maximum number of instructions that a loop may have to be
peeled. If a loop is peeled, this parameter also determines
how many times the loop code is peeled.
'max-peel-times'
The maximum number of peelings of a single loop.
'max-peel-branches'
The maximum number of branches on the hot path through the
peeled sequence.
'max-completely-peeled-insns'
The maximum number of insns of a completely peeled loop.
'max-completely-peel-times'
The maximum number of iterations of a loop to be suitable for
complete peeling.
'max-completely-peel-loop-nest-depth'
The maximum depth of a loop nest suitable for complete
peeling.
'max-unswitch-insns'
The maximum number of insns of an unswitched loop.
'max-unswitch-level'
The maximum number of branches unswitched in a single loop.
'max-loop-headers-insns'
The maximum number of insns in loop header duplicated by the
copy loop headers pass.
'lim-expensive'
The minimum cost of an expensive expression in the loop
invariant motion.
'iv-consider-all-candidates-bound'
Bound on number of candidates for induction variables, below
which all candidates are considered for each use in induction
variable optimizations. If there are more candidates than
this, only the most relevant ones are considered to avoid
quadratic time complexity.
'iv-max-considered-uses'
The induction variable optimizations give up on loops that
contain more induction variable uses.
'iv-always-prune-cand-set-bound'
If the number of candidates in the set is smaller than this
value, always try to remove unnecessary ivs from the set when
adding a new one.
'avg-loop-niter'
Average number of iterations of a loop.
'dse-max-object-size'
Maximum size (in bytes) of objects tracked bytewise by dead
store elimination. Larger values may result in larger
compilation times.
'scev-max-expr-size'
Bound on size of expressions used in the scalar evolutions
analyzer. Large expressions slow the analyzer.
'scev-max-expr-complexity'
Bound on the complexity of the expressions in the scalar
evolutions analyzer. Complex expressions slow the analyzer.
'max-tree-if-conversion-phi-args'
Maximum number of arguments in a PHI supported by TREE if
conversion unless the loop is marked with simd pragma.
'vect-max-version-for-alignment-checks'
The maximum number of run-time checks that can be performed
when doing loop versioning for alignment in the vectorizer.
'vect-max-version-for-alias-checks'
The maximum number of run-time checks that can be performed
when doing loop versioning for alias in the vectorizer.
'vect-max-peeling-for-alignment'
The maximum number of loop peels to enhance access alignment
for vectorizer. Value -1 means no limit.
'max-iterations-to-track'
The maximum number of iterations of a loop the brute-force
algorithm for analysis of the number of iterations of the loop
tries to evaluate.
'hot-bb-count-ws-permille'
A basic block profile count is considered hot if it
contributes to the given permillage (i.e. 0...1000) of the
entire profiled execution.
'hot-bb-frequency-fraction'
Select fraction of the entry block frequency of executions of
basic block in function given basic block needs to have to be
considered hot.
'max-predicted-iterations'
The maximum number of loop iterations we predict statically.
This is useful in cases where a function contains a single
loop with known bound and another loop with unknown bound.
The known number of iterations is predicted correctly, while
the unknown number of iterations average to roughly 10. This
means that the loop without bounds appears artificially cold
relative to the other one.
'builtin-expect-probability'
Control the probability of the expression having the specified
value. This parameter takes a percentage (i.e. 0 ... 100)
as input. The default probability of 90 is obtained
empirically.
'align-threshold'
Select fraction of the maximal frequency of executions of a
basic block in a function to align the basic block.
'align-loop-iterations'
A loop expected to iterate at least the selected number of
iterations is aligned.
'tracer-dynamic-coverage'
'tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback'
This value is used to limit superblock formation once the
given percentage of executed instructions is covered. This
limits unnecessary code size expansion.
The 'tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback' parameter is used only
when profile feedback is available. The real profiles (as
opposed to statically estimated ones) are much less balanced
allowing the threshold to be larger value.
'tracer-max-code-growth'
Stop tail duplication once code growth has reached given
percentage. This is a rather artificial limit, as most of the
duplicates are eliminated later in cross jumping, so it may be
set to much higher values than is the desired code growth.
'tracer-min-branch-ratio'
Stop reverse growth when the reverse probability of best edge
is less than this threshold (in percent).
'tracer-min-branch-probability'
'tracer-min-branch-probability-feedback'
Stop forward growth if the best edge has probability lower
than this threshold.
Similarly to 'tracer-dynamic-coverage' two parameters are
provided. 'tracer-min-branch-probability-feedback' is used
for compilation with profile feedback and
'tracer-min-branch-probability' compilation without. The
value for compilation with profile feedback needs to be more
conservative (higher) in order to make tracer effective.
'stack-clash-protection-guard-size'
Specify the size of the operating system provided stack guard
as 2 raised to NUM bytes. The default value is 12 (4096
bytes). Acceptable values are between 12 and 30. Higher
values may reduce the number of explicit probes, but a value
larger than the operating system provided guard will leave
code vulnerable to stack clash style attacks.
'stack-clash-protection-probe-interval'
Stack clash protection involves probing stack space as it is
allocated. This param controls the maximum distance between
probes into the stack as 2 raised to NUM bytes. Acceptable
values are between 10 and 16 and defaults to 12. Higher
values may reduce the number of explicit probes, but a value
larger than the operating system provided guard will leave
code vulnerable to stack clash style attacks.
'max-cse-path-length'
The maximum number of basic blocks on path that CSE considers.
The default is 10.
'max-cse-insns'
The maximum number of instructions CSE processes before
flushing. The default is 1000.
'ggc-min-expand'
GCC uses a garbage collector to manage its own memory
allocation. This parameter specifies the minimum percentage
by which the garbage collector's heap should be allowed to
expand between collections. Tuning this may improve
compilation speed; it has no effect on code generation.
The default is 30% + 70% * (RAM/1GB) with an upper bound of
100% when RAM >= 1GB. If 'getrlimit' is available, the notion
of "RAM" is the smallest of actual RAM and 'RLIMIT_DATA' or
'RLIMIT_AS'. If GCC is not able to calculate RAM on a
particular platform, the lower bound of 30% is used. Setting
this parameter and 'ggc-min-heapsize' to zero causes a full
collection to occur at every opportunity. This is extremely
slow, but can be useful for debugging.
'ggc-min-heapsize'
Minimum size of the garbage collector's heap before it begins
bothering to collect garbage. The first collection occurs
after the heap expands by 'ggc-min-expand'% beyond
'ggc-min-heapsize'. Again, tuning this may improve
compilation speed, and has no effect on code generation.
The default is the smaller of RAM/8, RLIMIT_RSS, or a limit
that tries to ensure that RLIMIT_DATA or RLIMIT_AS are not
exceeded, but with a lower bound of 4096 (four megabytes) and
an upper bound of 131072 (128 megabytes). If GCC is not able
to calculate RAM on a particular platform, the lower bound is
used. Setting this parameter very large effectively disables
garbage collection. Setting this parameter and
'ggc-min-expand' to zero causes a full collection to occur at
every opportunity.
'max-reload-search-insns'
The maximum number of instruction reload should look backward
for equivalent register. Increasing values mean more
aggressive optimization, making the compilation time increase
with probably slightly better performance. The default value
is 100.
'max-cselib-memory-locations'
The maximum number of memory locations cselib should take into
account. Increasing values mean more aggressive optimization,
making the compilation time increase with probably slightly
better performance. The default value is 500.
'max-sched-ready-insns'
The maximum number of instructions ready to be issued the
scheduler should consider at any given time during the first
scheduling pass. Increasing values mean more thorough
searches, making the compilation time increase with probably
little benefit. The default value is 100.
'max-sched-region-blocks'
The maximum number of blocks in a region to be considered for
interblock scheduling. The default value is 10.
'max-pipeline-region-blocks'
The maximum number of blocks in a region to be considered for
pipelining in the selective scheduler. The default value is
15.
'max-sched-region-insns'
The maximum number of insns in a region to be considered for
interblock scheduling. The default value is 100.
'max-pipeline-region-insns'
The maximum number of insns in a region to be considered for
pipelining in the selective scheduler. The default value is
200.
'min-spec-prob'
The minimum probability (in percents) of reaching a source
block for interblock speculative scheduling. The default
value is 40.
'max-sched-extend-regions-iters'
The maximum number of iterations through CFG to extend
regions. A value of 0 (the default) disables region
extensions.
'max-sched-insn-conflict-delay'
The maximum conflict delay for an insn to be considered for
speculative motion. The default value is 3.
'sched-spec-prob-cutoff'
The minimal probability of speculation success (in percents),
so that speculative insns are scheduled. The default value is
40.
'sched-state-edge-prob-cutoff'
The minimum probability an edge must have for the scheduler to
save its state across it. The default value is 10.
'sched-mem-true-dep-cost'
Minimal distance (in CPU cycles) between store and load
targeting same memory locations. The default value is 1.
'selsched-max-lookahead'
The maximum size of the lookahead window of selective
scheduling. It is a depth of search for available
instructions. The default value is 50.
'selsched-max-sched-times'
The maximum number of times that an instruction is scheduled
during selective scheduling. This is the limit on the number
of iterations through which the instruction may be pipelined.
The default value is 2.
'selsched-insns-to-rename'
The maximum number of best instructions in the ready list that
are considered for renaming in the selective scheduler. The
default value is 2.
'sms-min-sc'
The minimum value of stage count that swing modulo scheduler
generates. The default value is 2.
'max-last-value-rtl'
The maximum size measured as number of RTLs that can be
recorded in an expression in combiner for a pseudo register as
last known value of that register. The default is 10000.
'max-combine-insns'
The maximum number of instructions the RTL combiner tries to
combine. The default value is 2 at '-Og' and 4 otherwise.
'integer-share-limit'
Small integer constants can use a shared data structure,
reducing the compiler's memory usage and increasing its speed.
This sets the maximum value of a shared integer constant. The
default value is 256.
'ssp-buffer-size'
The minimum size of buffers (i.e. arrays) that receive stack
smashing protection when '-fstack-protection' is used.
'min-size-for-stack-sharing'
The minimum size of variables taking part in stack slot
sharing when not optimizing. The default value is 32.
'max-jump-thread-duplication-stmts'
Maximum number of statements allowed in a block that needs to
be duplicated when threading jumps.
'max-fields-for-field-sensitive'
Maximum number of fields in a structure treated in a field
sensitive manner during pointer analysis. The default is zero
for '-O0' and '-O1', and 100 for '-Os', '-O2', and '-O3'.
'prefetch-latency'
Estimate on average number of instructions that are executed
before prefetch finishes. The distance prefetched ahead is
proportional to this constant. Increasing this number may
also lead to less streams being prefetched (see
'simultaneous-prefetches').
'simultaneous-prefetches'
Maximum number of prefetches that can run at the same time.
'l1-cache-line-size'
The size of cache line in L1 cache, in bytes.
'l1-cache-size'
The size of L1 cache, in kilobytes.
'l2-cache-size'
The size of L2 cache, in kilobytes.
'loop-interchange-max-num-stmts'
The maximum number of stmts in a loop to be interchanged.
'loop-interchange-stride-ratio'
The minimum ratio between stride of two loops for interchange
to be profitable.
'min-insn-to-prefetch-ratio'
The minimum ratio between the number of instructions and the
number of prefetches to enable prefetching in a loop.
'prefetch-min-insn-to-mem-ratio'
The minimum ratio between the number of instructions and the
number of memory references to enable prefetching in a loop.
'use-canonical-types'
Whether the compiler should use the "canonical" type system.
By default, this should always be 1, which uses a more
efficient internal mechanism for comparing types in C++ and
Objective-C++. However, if bugs in the canonical type system
are causing compilation failures, set this value to 0 to
disable canonical types.
'switch-conversion-max-branch-ratio'
Switch initialization conversion refuses to create arrays that
are bigger than 'switch-conversion-max-branch-ratio' times the
number of branches in the switch.
'max-partial-antic-length'
Maximum length of the partial antic set computed during the
tree partial redundancy elimination optimization
('-ftree-pre') when optimizing at '-O3' and above. For some
sorts of source code the enhanced partial redundancy
elimination optimization can run away, consuming all of the
memory available on the host machine. This parameter sets a
limit on the length of the sets that are computed, which
prevents the runaway behavior. Setting a value of 0 for this
parameter allows an unlimited set length.
'sccvn-max-scc-size'
Maximum size of a strongly connected component (SCC) during
SCCVN processing. If this limit is hit, SCCVN processing for
the whole function is not done and optimizations depending on
it are disabled. The default maximum SCC size is 10000.
'sccvn-max-alias-queries-per-access'
Maximum number of alias-oracle queries we perform when looking
for redundancies for loads and stores. If this limit is hit
the search is aborted and the load or store is not considered
redundant. The number of queries is algorithmically limited
to the number of stores on all paths from the load to the
function entry. The default maximum number of queries is
1000.
'ira-max-loops-num'
IRA uses regional register allocation by default. If a
function contains more loops than the number given by this
parameter, only at most the given number of the most
frequently-executed loops form regions for regional register
allocation. The default value of the parameter is 100.
'ira-max-conflict-table-size'
Although IRA uses a sophisticated algorithm to compress the
conflict table, the table can still require excessive amounts
of memory for huge functions. If the conflict table for a
function could be more than the size in MB given by this
parameter, the register allocator instead uses a faster,
simpler, and lower-quality algorithm that does not require
building a pseudo-register conflict table. The default value
of the parameter is 2000.
'ira-loop-reserved-regs'
IRA can be used to evaluate more accurate register pressure in
loops for decisions to move loop invariants (see '-O3'). The
number of available registers reserved for some other purposes
is given by this parameter. The default value of the
parameter is 2, which is the minimal number of registers
needed by typical instructions. This value is the best found
from numerous experiments.
'lra-inheritance-ebb-probability-cutoff'
LRA tries to reuse values reloaded in registers in subsequent
insns. This optimization is called inheritance. EBB is used
as a region to do this optimization. The parameter defines a
minimal fall-through edge probability in percentage used to
add BB to inheritance EBB in LRA. The default value of the
parameter is 40. The value was chosen from numerous runs of
SPEC2000 on x86-64.
'loop-invariant-max-bbs-in-loop'
Loop invariant motion can be very expensive, both in
compilation time and in amount of needed compile-time memory,
with very large loops. Loops with more basic blocks than this
parameter won't have loop invariant motion optimization
performed on them. The default value of the parameter is 1000
for '-O1' and 10000 for '-O2' and above.
'loop-max-datarefs-for-datadeps'
Building data dependencies is expensive for very large loops.
This parameter limits the number of data references in loops
that are considered for data dependence analysis. These large
loops are no handled by the optimizations using loop data
dependencies. The default value is 1000.
'max-vartrack-size'
Sets a maximum number of hash table slots to use during
variable tracking dataflow analysis of any function. If this
limit is exceeded with variable tracking at assignments
enabled, analysis for that function is retried without it,
after removing all debug insns from the function. If the
limit is exceeded even without debug insns, var tracking
analysis is completely disabled for the function. Setting the
parameter to zero makes it unlimited.
'max-vartrack-expr-depth'
Sets a maximum number of recursion levels when attempting to
map variable names or debug temporaries to value expressions.
This trades compilation time for more complete debug
information. If this is set too low, value expressions that
are available and could be represented in debug information
may end up not being used; setting this higher may enable the
compiler to find more complex debug expressions, but compile
time and memory use may grow. The default is 12.
'max-debug-marker-count'
Sets a threshold on the number of debug markers (e.g. begin
stmt markers) to avoid complexity explosion at inlining or
expanding to RTL. If a function has more such gimple stmts
than the set limit, such stmts will be dropped from the
inlined copy of a function, and from its RTL expansion. The
default is 100000.
'min-nondebug-insn-uid'
Use uids starting at this parameter for nondebug insns. The
range below the parameter is reserved exclusively for debug
insns created by '-fvar-tracking-assignments', but debug insns
may get (non-overlapping) uids above it if the reserved range
is exhausted.
'ipa-sra-ptr-growth-factor'
IPA-SRA replaces a pointer to an aggregate with one or more
new parameters only when their cumulative size is less or
equal to 'ipa-sra-ptr-growth-factor' times the size of the
original pointer parameter.
'sra-max-scalarization-size-Ospeed'
'sra-max-scalarization-size-Osize'
The two Scalar Reduction of Aggregates passes (SRA and
IPA-SRA) aim to replace scalar parts of aggregates with uses
of independent scalar variables. These parameters control the
maximum size, in storage units, of aggregate which is
considered for replacement when compiling for speed
('sra-max-scalarization-size-Ospeed') or size
('sra-max-scalarization-size-Osize') respectively.
'sra-max-propagations'
The maximum number of artificial accesses that Scalar
Replacement of Aggregates (SRA) will track, per one local
variable, in order to facilitate copy propagation.
'tm-max-aggregate-size'
When making copies of thread-local variables in a transaction,
this parameter specifies the size in bytes after which
variables are saved with the logging functions as opposed to
save/restore code sequence pairs. This option only applies
when using '-fgnu-tm'.
'graphite-max-nb-scop-params'
To avoid exponential effects in the Graphite loop transforms,
the number of parameters in a Static Control Part (SCoP) is
bounded. The default value is 10 parameters, a value of zero
can be used to lift the bound. A variable whose value is
unknown at compilation time and defined outside a SCoP is a
parameter of the SCoP.
'loop-block-tile-size'
Loop blocking or strip mining transforms, enabled with
'-floop-block' or '-floop-strip-mine', strip mine each loop in
the loop nest by a given number of iterations. The strip
length can be changed using the 'loop-block-tile-size'
parameter. The default value is 51 iterations.
'loop-unroll-jam-size'
Specify the unroll factor for the '-floop-unroll-and-jam'
option. The default value is 4.
'loop-unroll-jam-depth'
Specify the dimension to be unrolled (counting from the most
inner loop) for the '-floop-unroll-and-jam'. The default
value is 2.
'ipa-cp-value-list-size'
IPA-CP attempts to track all possible values and types passed
to a function's parameter in order to propagate them and
perform devirtualization. 'ipa-cp-value-list-size' is the
maximum number of values and types it stores per one formal
parameter of a function.
'ipa-cp-eval-threshold'
IPA-CP calculates its own score of cloning profitability
heuristics and performs those cloning opportunities with
scores that exceed 'ipa-cp-eval-threshold'.
'ipa-cp-recursion-penalty'
Percentage penalty the recursive functions will receive when
they are evaluated for cloning.
'ipa-cp-single-call-penalty'
Percentage penalty functions containing a single call to
another function will receive when they are evaluated for
cloning.
'ipa-max-agg-items'
IPA-CP is also capable to propagate a number of scalar values
passed in an aggregate. 'ipa-max-agg-items' controls the
maximum number of such values per one parameter.
'ipa-cp-loop-hint-bonus'
When IPA-CP determines that a cloning candidate would make the
number of iterations of a loop known, it adds a bonus of
'ipa-cp-loop-hint-bonus' to the profitability score of the
candidate.
'ipa-cp-array-index-hint-bonus'
When IPA-CP determines that a cloning candidate would make the
index of an array access known, it adds a bonus of
'ipa-cp-array-index-hint-bonus' to the profitability score of
the candidate.
'ipa-max-aa-steps'
During its analysis of function bodies, IPA-CP employs alias
analysis in order to track values pointed to by function
parameters. In order not spend too much time analyzing huge
functions, it gives up and consider all memory clobbered after
examining 'ipa-max-aa-steps' statements modifying memory.
'lto-partitions'
Specify desired number of partitions produced during WHOPR
compilation. The number of partitions should exceed the
number of CPUs used for compilation. The default value is 32.
'lto-min-partition'
Size of minimal partition for WHOPR (in estimated
instructions). This prevents expenses of splitting very small
programs into too many partitions.
'lto-max-partition'
Size of max partition for WHOPR (in estimated instructions).
to provide an upper bound for individual size of partition.
Meant to be used only with balanced partitioning.
'cxx-max-namespaces-for-diagnostic-help'
The maximum number of namespaces to consult for suggestions
when C++ name lookup fails for an identifier. The default is
1000.
'sink-frequency-threshold'
The maximum relative execution frequency (in percents) of the
target block relative to a statement's original block to allow
statement sinking of a statement. Larger numbers result in
more aggressive statement sinking. The default value is 75.
A small positive adjustment is applied for statements with
memory operands as those are even more profitable so sink.
'max-stores-to-sink'
The maximum number of conditional store pairs that can be
sunk. Set to 0 if either vectorization ('-ftree-vectorize')
or if-conversion ('-ftree-loop-if-convert') is disabled. The
default is 2.
'allow-store-data-races'
Allow optimizers to introduce new data races on stores. Set
to 1 to allow, otherwise to 0. This option is enabled by
default at optimization level '-Ofast'.
'case-values-threshold'
The smallest number of different values for which it is best
to use a jump-table instead of a tree of conditional branches.
If the value is 0, use the default for the machine. The
default is 0.
'tree-reassoc-width'
Set the maximum number of instructions executed in parallel in
reassociated tree. This parameter overrides target dependent
heuristics used by default if has non zero value.
'sched-pressure-algorithm'
Choose between the two available implementations of
'-fsched-pressure'. Algorithm 1 is the original
implementation and is the more likely to prevent instructions
from being reordered. Algorithm 2 was designed to be a
compromise between the relatively conservative approach taken
by algorithm 1 and the rather aggressive approach taken by the
default scheduler. It relies more heavily on having a regular
register file and accurate register pressure classes. See
'haifa-sched.c' in the GCC sources for more details.
The default choice depends on the target.
'max-slsr-cand-scan'
Set the maximum number of existing candidates that are
considered when seeking a basis for a new straight-line
strength reduction candidate.
'asan-globals'
Enable buffer overflow detection for global objects. This
kind of protection is enabled by default if you are using
'-fsanitize=address' option. To disable global objects
protection use '--param asan-globals=0'.
'asan-stack'
Enable buffer overflow detection for stack objects. This kind
of protection is enabled by default when using
'-fsanitize=address'. To disable stack protection use
'--param asan-stack=0' option.
'asan-instrument-reads'
Enable buffer overflow detection for memory reads. This kind
of protection is enabled by default when using
'-fsanitize=address'. To disable memory reads protection use
'--param asan-instrument-reads=0'.
'asan-instrument-writes'
Enable buffer overflow detection for memory writes. This kind
of protection is enabled by default when using
'-fsanitize=address'. To disable memory writes protection use
'--param asan-instrument-writes=0' option.
'asan-memintrin'
Enable detection for built-in functions. This kind of
protection is enabled by default when using
'-fsanitize=address'. To disable built-in functions
protection use '--param asan-memintrin=0'.
'asan-use-after-return'
Enable detection of use-after-return. This kind of protection
is enabled by default when using the '-fsanitize=address'
option. To disable it use '--param asan-use-after-return=0'.
Note: By default the check is disabled at run time. To enable
it, add 'detect_stack_use_after_return=1' to the environment
variable 'ASAN_OPTIONS'.
'asan-instrumentation-with-call-threshold'
If number of memory accesses in function being instrumented is
greater or equal to this number, use callbacks instead of
inline checks. E.g. to disable inline code use '--param
asan-instrumentation-with-call-threshold=0'.
'use-after-scope-direct-emission-threshold'
If the size of a local variable in bytes is smaller or equal
to this number, directly poison (or unpoison) shadow memory
instead of using run-time callbacks. The default value is
256.
'chkp-max-ctor-size'
Static constructors generated by Pointer Bounds Checker may
become very large and significantly increase compile time at
optimization level '-O1' and higher. This parameter is a
maximum number of statements in a single generated
constructor. Default value is 5000.
'max-fsm-thread-path-insns'
Maximum number of instructions to copy when duplicating blocks
on a finite state automaton jump thread path. The default is
100.
'max-fsm-thread-length'
Maximum number of basic blocks on a finite state automaton
jump thread path. The default is 10.
'max-fsm-thread-paths'
Maximum number of new jump thread paths to create for a finite
state automaton. The default is 50.
'parloops-chunk-size'
Chunk size of omp schedule for loops parallelized by parloops.
The default is 0.
'parloops-schedule'
Schedule type of omp schedule for loops parallelized by
parloops (static, dynamic, guided, auto, runtime). The
default is static.
'parloops-min-per-thread'
The minimum number of iterations per thread of an innermost
parallelized loop for which the parallelized variant is
prefered over the single threaded one. The default is 100.
Note that for a parallelized loop nest the minimum number of
iterations of the outermost loop per thread is two.
'max-ssa-name-query-depth'
Maximum depth of recursion when querying properties of SSA
names in things like fold routines. One level of recursion
corresponds to following a use-def chain.
'hsa-gen-debug-stores'
Enable emission of special debug stores within HSA kernels
which are then read and reported by libgomp plugin.
Generation of these stores is disabled by default, use
'--param hsa-gen-debug-stores=1' to enable it.
'max-speculative-devirt-maydefs'
The maximum number of may-defs we analyze when looking for a
must-def specifying the dynamic type of an object that invokes
a virtual call we may be able to devirtualize speculatively.
'max-vrp-switch-assertions'
The maximum number of assertions to add along the default edge
of a switch statement during VRP. The default is 10.
'unroll-jam-min-percent'
The minimum percentage of memory references that must be
optimized away for the unroll-and-jam transformation to be
considered profitable.
'unroll-jam-max-unroll'
The maximum number of times the outer loop should be unrolled
by the unroll-and-jam transformation.
File: gcc.info, Node: Instrumentation Options, Next: Preprocessor Options, Prev: Optimize Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.11 Program Instrumentation Options
====================================
GCC supports a number of command-line options that control adding
run-time instrumentation to the code it normally generates. For
example, one purpose of instrumentation is collect profiling statistics
for use in finding program hot spots, code coverage analysis, or
profile-guided optimizations. Another class of program instrumentation
is adding run-time checking to detect programming errors like invalid
pointer dereferences or out-of-bounds array accesses, as well as
deliberately hostile attacks such as stack smashing or C++ vtable
hijacking. There is also a general hook which can be used to implement
other forms of tracing or function-level instrumentation for debug or
program analysis purposes.
'-p'
Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the
analysis program 'prof'. You must use this option when compiling
the source files you want data about, and you must also use it when
linking.
'-pg'
Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the
analysis program 'gprof'. You must use this option when compiling
the source files you want data about, and you must also use it when
linking.
'-fprofile-arcs'
Add code so that program flow "arcs" are instrumented. During
execution the program records how many times each branch and call
is executed and how many times it is taken or returns. On targets
that support constructors with priority support, profiling properly
handles constructors, destructors and C++ constructors (and
destructors) of classes which are used as a type of a global
variable.
When the compiled program exits it saves this data to a file called
'AUXNAME.gcda' for each source file. The data may be used for
profile-directed optimizations ('-fbranch-probabilities'), or for
test coverage analysis ('-ftest-coverage'). Each object file's
AUXNAME is generated from the name of the output file, if
explicitly specified and it is not the final executable, otherwise
it is the basename of the source file. In both cases any suffix is
removed (e.g. 'foo.gcda' for input file 'dir/foo.c', or
'dir/foo.gcda' for output file specified as '-o dir/foo.o'). *Note
Cross-profiling::.
'--coverage'
This option is used to compile and link code instrumented for
coverage analysis. The option is a synonym for '-fprofile-arcs'
'-ftest-coverage' (when compiling) and '-lgcov' (when linking).
See the documentation for those options for more details.
* Compile the source files with '-fprofile-arcs' plus
optimization and code generation options. For test coverage
analysis, use the additional '-ftest-coverage' option. You do
not need to profile every source file in a program.
* Compile the source files additionally with
'-fprofile-abs-path' to create absolute path names in the
'.gcno' files. This allows 'gcov' to find the correct sources
in projects where compilations occur with different working
directories.
* Link your object files with '-lgcov' or '-fprofile-arcs' (the
latter implies the former).
* Run the program on a representative workload to generate the
arc profile information. This may be repeated any number of
times. You can run concurrent instances of your program, and
provided that the file system supports locking, the data files
will be correctly updated. Unless a strict ISO C dialect
option is in effect, 'fork' calls are detected and correctly
handled without double counting.
* For profile-directed optimizations, compile the source files
again with the same optimization and code generation options
plus '-fbranch-probabilities' (*note Options that Control
Optimization: Optimize Options.).
* For test coverage analysis, use 'gcov' to produce human
readable information from the '.gcno' and '.gcda' files.
Refer to the 'gcov' documentation for further information.
With '-fprofile-arcs', for each function of your program GCC
creates a program flow graph, then finds a spanning tree for the
graph. Only arcs that are not on the spanning tree have to be
instrumented: the compiler adds code to count the number of times
that these arcs are executed. When an arc is the only exit or only
entrance to a block, the instrumentation code can be added to the
block; otherwise, a new basic block must be created to hold the
instrumentation code.
'-ftest-coverage'
Produce a notes file that the 'gcov' code-coverage utility (*note
'gcov'--a Test Coverage Program: Gcov.) can use to show program
coverage. Each source file's note file is called 'AUXNAME.gcno'.
Refer to the '-fprofile-arcs' option above for a description of
AUXNAME and instructions on how to generate test coverage data.
Coverage data matches the source files more closely if you do not
optimize.
'-fprofile-abs-path'
Automatically convert relative source file names to absolute path
names in the '.gcno' files. This allows 'gcov' to find the correct
sources in projects where compilations occur with different working
directories.
'-fprofile-dir=PATH'
Set the directory to search for the profile data files in to PATH.
This option affects only the profile data generated by
'-fprofile-generate', '-ftest-coverage', '-fprofile-arcs' and used
by '-fprofile-use' and '-fbranch-probabilities' and its related
options. Both absolute and relative paths can be used. By
default, GCC uses the current directory as PATH, thus the profile
data file appears in the same directory as the object file.
'-fprofile-generate'
'-fprofile-generate=PATH'
Enable options usually used for instrumenting application to
produce profile useful for later recompilation with profile
feedback based optimization. You must use '-fprofile-generate'
both when compiling and when linking your program.
The following options are enabled: '-fprofile-arcs',
'-fprofile-values', '-fvpt'.
If PATH is specified, GCC looks at the PATH to find the profile
feedback data files. See '-fprofile-dir'.
To optimize the program based on the collected profile information,
use '-fprofile-use'. *Note Optimize Options::, for more
information.
'-fprofile-update=METHOD'
Alter the update method for an application instrumented for profile
feedback based optimization. The METHOD argument should be one of
'single', 'atomic' or 'prefer-atomic'. The first one is useful for
single-threaded applications, while the second one prevents profile
corruption by emitting thread-safe code.
*Warning:* When an application does not properly join all threads
(or creates an detached thread), a profile file can be still
corrupted.
Using 'prefer-atomic' would be transformed either to 'atomic', when
supported by a target, or to 'single' otherwise. The GCC driver
automatically selects 'prefer-atomic' when '-pthread' is present in
the command line.
'-fsanitize=address'
Enable AddressSanitizer, a fast memory error detector. Memory
access instructions are instrumented to detect out-of-bounds and
use-after-free bugs. The option enables
'-fsanitize-address-use-after-scope'. See
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizer>; for
more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the
'ASAN_OPTIONS' environment variable. When set to 'help=1', the
available options are shown at startup of the instrumented program.
See
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerFlags#run-time-flags>;
for a list of supported options. The option cannot be combined
with '-fsanitize=thread' and/or '-fcheck-pointer-bounds'.
'-fsanitize=kernel-address'
Enable AddressSanitizer for Linux kernel. See
<https://github.com/google/kasan/wiki>; for more details. The
option cannot be combined with '-fcheck-pointer-bounds'.
'-fsanitize=pointer-compare'
Instrument comparison operation (<, <=, >, >=) with pointer
operands. The option must be combined with either
'-fsanitize=kernel-address' or '-fsanitize=address' The option
cannot be combined with '-fsanitize=thread' and/or
'-fcheck-pointer-bounds'. Note: By default the check is disabled
at run time. To enable it, add 'detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=2' to
the environment variable 'ASAN_OPTIONS'. Using
'detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=1' detects invalid operation only
when both pointers are non-null.
'-fsanitize=pointer-subtract'
Instrument subtraction with pointer operands. The option must be
combined with either '-fsanitize=kernel-address' or
'-fsanitize=address' The option cannot be combined with
'-fsanitize=thread' and/or '-fcheck-pointer-bounds'. Note: By
default the check is disabled at run time. To enable it, add
'detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=2' to the environment variable
'ASAN_OPTIONS'. Using 'detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=1' detects
invalid operation only when both pointers are non-null.
'-fsanitize=thread'
Enable ThreadSanitizer, a fast data race detector. Memory access
instructions are instrumented to detect data race bugs. See
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki#threadsanitizer>; for
more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the
'TSAN_OPTIONS' environment variable; see
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerFlags>;
for a list of supported options. The option cannot be combined
with '-fsanitize=address', '-fsanitize=leak' and/or
'-fcheck-pointer-bounds'.
Note that sanitized atomic builtins cannot throw exceptions when
operating on invalid memory addresses with non-call exceptions
('-fnon-call-exceptions').
'-fsanitize=leak'
Enable LeakSanitizer, a memory leak detector. This option only
matters for linking of executables and the executable is linked
against a library that overrides 'malloc' and other allocator
functions. See
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerLeakSanitizer>;
for more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using
the 'LSAN_OPTIONS' environment variable. The option cannot be
combined with '-fsanitize=thread'.
'-fsanitize=undefined'
Enable UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, a fast undefined behavior
detector. Various computations are instrumented to detect
undefined behavior at runtime. Current suboptions are:
'-fsanitize=shift'
This option enables checking that the result of a shift
operation is not undefined. Note that what exactly is
considered undefined differs slightly between C and C++, as
well as between ISO C90 and C99, etc. This option has two
suboptions, '-fsanitize=shift-base' and
'-fsanitize=shift-exponent'.
'-fsanitize=shift-exponent'
This option enables checking that the second argument of a
shift operation is not negative and is smaller than the
precision of the promoted first argument.
'-fsanitize=shift-base'
If the second argument of a shift operation is within range,
check that the result of a shift operation is not undefined.
Note that what exactly is considered undefined differs
slightly between C and C++, as well as between ISO C90 and
C99, etc.
'-fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero'
Detect integer division by zero as well as 'INT_MIN / -1'
division.
'-fsanitize=unreachable'
With this option, the compiler turns the
'__builtin_unreachable' call into a diagnostics message call
instead. When reaching the '__builtin_unreachable' call, the
behavior is undefined.
'-fsanitize=vla-bound'
This option instructs the compiler to check that the size of a
variable length array is positive.
'-fsanitize=null'
This option enables pointer checking. Particularly, the
application built with this option turned on will issue an
error message when it tries to dereference a NULL pointer, or
if a reference (possibly an rvalue reference) is bound to a
NULL pointer, or if a method is invoked on an object pointed
by a NULL pointer.
'-fsanitize=return'
This option enables return statement checking. Programs built
with this option turned on will issue an error message when
the end of a non-void function is reached without actually
returning a value. This option works in C++ only.
'-fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow'
This option enables signed integer overflow checking. We
check that the result of '+', '*', and both unary and binary
'-' does not overflow in the signed arithmetics. Note,
integer promotion rules must be taken into account. That is,
the following is not an overflow:
signed char a = SCHAR_MAX;
a++;
'-fsanitize=bounds'
This option enables instrumentation of array bounds. Various
out of bounds accesses are detected. Flexible array members,
flexible array member-like arrays, and initializers of
variables with static storage are not instrumented. The
option cannot be combined with '-fcheck-pointer-bounds'.
'-fsanitize=bounds-strict'
This option enables strict instrumentation of array bounds.
Most out of bounds accesses are detected, including flexible
array members and flexible array member-like arrays.
Initializers of variables with static storage are not
instrumented. The option cannot be combined with
'-fcheck-pointer-bounds'.
'-fsanitize=alignment'
This option enables checking of alignment of pointers when
they are dereferenced, or when a reference is bound to
insufficiently aligned target, or when a method or constructor
is invoked on insufficiently aligned object.
'-fsanitize=object-size'
This option enables instrumentation of memory references using
the '__builtin_object_size' function. Various out of bounds
pointer accesses are detected.
'-fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero'
Detect floating-point division by zero. Unlike other similar
options, '-fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero' is not enabled by
'-fsanitize=undefined', since floating-point division by zero
can be a legitimate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.
'-fsanitize=float-cast-overflow'
This option enables floating-point type to integer conversion
checking. We check that the result of the conversion does not
overflow. Unlike other similar options,
'-fsanitize=float-cast-overflow' is not enabled by
'-fsanitize=undefined'. This option does not work well with
'FE_INVALID' exceptions enabled.
'-fsanitize=nonnull-attribute'
This option enables instrumentation of calls, checking whether
null values are not passed to arguments marked as requiring a
non-null value by the 'nonnull' function attribute.
'-fsanitize=returns-nonnull-attribute'
This option enables instrumentation of return statements in
functions marked with 'returns_nonnull' function attribute, to
detect returning of null values from such functions.
'-fsanitize=bool'
This option enables instrumentation of loads from bool. If a
value other than 0/1 is loaded, a run-time error is issued.
'-fsanitize=enum'
This option enables instrumentation of loads from an enum
type. If a value outside the range of values for the enum
type is loaded, a run-time error is issued.
'-fsanitize=vptr'
This option enables instrumentation of C++ member function
calls, member accesses and some conversions between pointers
to base and derived classes, to verify the referenced object
has the correct dynamic type.
'-fsanitize=pointer-overflow'
This option enables instrumentation of pointer arithmetics.
If the pointer arithmetics overflows, a run-time error is
issued.
'-fsanitize=builtin'
This option enables instrumentation of arguments to selected
builtin functions. If an invalid value is passed to such
arguments, a run-time error is issued. E.g. passing 0 as the
argument to '__builtin_ctz' or '__builtin_clz' invokes
undefined behavior and is diagnosed by this option.
While '-ftrapv' causes traps for signed overflows to be emitted,
'-fsanitize=undefined' gives a diagnostic message. This currently
works only for the C family of languages.
'-fno-sanitize=all'
This option disables all previously enabled sanitizers.
'-fsanitize=all' is not allowed, as some sanitizers cannot be used
together.
'-fasan-shadow-offset=NUMBER'
This option forces GCC to use custom shadow offset in
AddressSanitizer checks. It is useful for experimenting with
different shadow memory layouts in Kernel AddressSanitizer.
'-fsanitize-sections=S1,S2,...'
Sanitize global variables in selected user-defined sections. SI
may contain wildcards.
'-fsanitize-recover[=OPTS]'
'-fsanitize-recover=' controls error recovery mode for sanitizers
mentioned in comma-separated list of OPTS. Enabling this option
for a sanitizer component causes it to attempt to continue running
the program as if no error happened. This means multiple runtime
errors can be reported in a single program run, and the exit code
of the program may indicate success even when errors have been
reported. The '-fno-sanitize-recover=' option can be used to alter
this behavior: only the first detected error is reported and
program then exits with a non-zero exit code.
Currently this feature only works for '-fsanitize=undefined' (and
its suboptions except for '-fsanitize=unreachable' and
'-fsanitize=return'), '-fsanitize=float-cast-overflow',
'-fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero', '-fsanitize=bounds-strict',
'-fsanitize=kernel-address' and '-fsanitize=address'. For these
sanitizers error recovery is turned on by default, except
'-fsanitize=address', for which this feature is experimental.
'-fsanitize-recover=all' and '-fno-sanitize-recover=all' is also
accepted, the former enables recovery for all sanitizers that
support it, the latter disables recovery for all sanitizers that
support it.
Even if a recovery mode is turned on the compiler side, it needs to
be also enabled on the runtime library side, otherwise the failures
are still fatal. The runtime library defaults to 'halt_on_error=0'
for ThreadSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, while default
value for AddressSanitizer is 'halt_on_error=1'. This can be
overridden through setting the 'halt_on_error' flag in the
corresponding environment variable.
Syntax without an explicit OPTS parameter is deprecated. It is
equivalent to specifying an OPTS list of:
undefined,float-cast-overflow,float-divide-by-zero,bounds-strict
'-fsanitize-address-use-after-scope'
Enable sanitization of local variables to detect use-after-scope
bugs. The option sets '-fstack-reuse' to 'none'.
'-fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error'
The '-fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error' option instructs the
compiler to report undefined behavior using '__builtin_trap' rather
than a 'libubsan' library routine. The advantage of this is that
the 'libubsan' library is not needed and is not linked in, so this
is usable even in freestanding environments.
'-fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc'
Enable coverage-guided fuzzing code instrumentation. Inserts a
call to '__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc' into every basic block.
'-fsanitize-coverage=trace-cmp'
Enable dataflow guided fuzzing code instrumentation. Inserts a
call to '__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp1', '__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp2',
'__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp4' or '__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp8' for
integral comparison with both operands variable or
'__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp1',
'__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp2',
'__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp4' or
'__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp8' for integral comparison with one
operand constant, '__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmpf' or
'__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmpd' for float or double comparisons and
'__sanitizer_cov_trace_switch' for switch statements.
'-fbounds-check'
For front ends that support it, generate additional code to check
that indices used to access arrays are within the declared range.
This is currently only supported by the Fortran front end, where
this option defaults to false.
'-fcheck-pointer-bounds'
Enable Pointer Bounds Checker instrumentation. Each memory
reference is instrumented with checks of the pointer used for
memory access against bounds associated with that pointer.
Currently there is only an implementation for Intel MPX available,
thus x86 GNU/Linux target and '-mmpx' are required to enable this
feature. MPX-based instrumentation requires a runtime library to
enable MPX in hardware and handle bounds violation signals. By
default when '-fcheck-pointer-bounds' and '-mmpx' options are used
to link a program, the GCC driver links against the 'libmpx' and
'libmpxwrappers' libraries. Bounds checking on calls to dynamic
libraries requires a linker with '-z bndplt' support; if GCC was
configured with a linker without support for this option (including
the Gold linker and older versions of ld), a warning is given if
you link with '-mmpx' without also specifying '-static', since the
overall effectiveness of the bounds checking protection is reduced.
See also '-static-libmpxwrappers'.
MPX-based instrumentation may be used for debugging and also may be
included in production code to increase program security.
Depending on usage, you may have different requirements for the
runtime library. The current version of the MPX runtime library is
more oriented for use as a debugging tool. MPX runtime library
usage implies '-lpthread'. See also '-static-libmpx'. The runtime
library behavior can be influenced using various 'CHKP_RT_*'
environment variables. See
<https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Intel%20MPX%20support%20in%20the%20GCC%20compiler>
for more details.
Generated instrumentation may be controlled by various '-fchkp-*'
options and by the 'bnd_variable_size' structure field attribute
(*note Type Attributes::) and 'bnd_legacy', and 'bnd_instrument'
function attributes (*note Function Attributes::). GCC also
provides a number of built-in functions for controlling the Pointer
Bounds Checker. *Note Pointer Bounds Checker builtins::, for more
information.
'-fchkp-check-incomplete-type'
Generate pointer bounds checks for variables with incomplete type.
Enabled by default.
'-fchkp-narrow-bounds'
Controls bounds used by Pointer Bounds Checker for pointers to
object fields. If narrowing is enabled then field bounds are used.
Otherwise object bounds are used. See also
'-fchkp-narrow-to-innermost-array' and
'-fchkp-first-field-has-own-bounds'. Enabled by default.
'-fchkp-first-field-has-own-bounds'
Forces Pointer Bounds Checker to use narrowed bounds for the
address of the first field in the structure. By default a pointer
to the first field has the same bounds as a pointer to the whole
structure.
'-fchkp-flexible-struct-trailing-arrays'
Forces Pointer Bounds Checker to treat all trailing arrays in
structures as possibly flexible. By default only array fields with
zero length or that are marked with attribute bnd_variable_size are
treated as flexible.
'-fchkp-narrow-to-innermost-array'
Forces Pointer Bounds Checker to use bounds of the innermost arrays
in case of nested static array access. By default this option is
disabled and bounds of the outermost array are used.
'-fchkp-optimize'
Enables Pointer Bounds Checker optimizations. Enabled by default
at optimization levels '-O', '-O2', '-O3'.
'-fchkp-use-fast-string-functions'
Enables use of '*_nobnd' versions of string functions (not copying
bounds) by Pointer Bounds Checker. Disabled by default.
'-fchkp-use-nochk-string-functions'
Enables use of '*_nochk' versions of string functions (not checking
bounds) by Pointer Bounds Checker. Disabled by default.
'-fchkp-use-static-bounds'
Allow Pointer Bounds Checker to generate static bounds holding
bounds of static variables. Enabled by default.
'-fchkp-use-static-const-bounds'
Use statically-initialized bounds for constant bounds instead of
generating them each time they are required. By default enabled
when '-fchkp-use-static-bounds' is enabled.
'-fchkp-treat-zero-dynamic-size-as-infinite'
With this option, objects with incomplete type whose
dynamically-obtained size is zero are treated as having infinite
size instead by Pointer Bounds Checker. This option may be helpful
if a program is linked with a library missing size information for
some symbols. Disabled by default.
'-fchkp-check-read'
Instructs Pointer Bounds Checker to generate checks for all read
accesses to memory. Enabled by default.
'-fchkp-check-write'
Instructs Pointer Bounds Checker to generate checks for all write
accesses to memory. Enabled by default.
'-fchkp-store-bounds'
Instructs Pointer Bounds Checker to generate bounds stores for
pointer writes. Enabled by default.
'-fchkp-instrument-calls'
Instructs Pointer Bounds Checker to pass pointer bounds to calls.
Enabled by default.
'-fchkp-instrument-marked-only'
Instructs Pointer Bounds Checker to instrument only functions
marked with the 'bnd_instrument' attribute (*note Function
Attributes::). Disabled by default.
'-fchkp-use-wrappers'
Allows Pointer Bounds Checker to replace calls to built-in
functions with calls to wrapper functions. When
'-fchkp-use-wrappers' is used to link a program, the GCC driver
automatically links against 'libmpxwrappers'. See also
'-static-libmpxwrappers'. Enabled by default.
'-fcf-protection=[full|branch|return|none]'
Enable code instrumentation of control-flow transfers to increase
program security by checking that target addresses of control-flow
transfer instructions (such as indirect function call, function
return, indirect jump) are valid. This prevents diverting the flow
of control to an unexpected target. This is intended to protect
against such threats as Return-oriented Programming (ROP), and
similarly call/jmp-oriented programming (COP/JOP).
The value 'branch' tells the compiler to implement checking of
validity of control-flow transfer at the point of indirect branch
instructions, i.e. call/jmp instructions. The value 'return'
implements checking of validity at the point of returning from a
function. The value 'full' is an alias for specifying both
'branch' and 'return'. The value 'none' turns off instrumentation.
The macro '__CET__' is defined when '-fcf-protection' is used. The
first bit of '__CET__' is set to 1 for the value 'branch' and the
second bit of '__CET__' is set to 1 for the 'return'.
You can also use the 'nocf_check' attribute to identify which
functions and calls should be skipped from instrumentation (*note
Function Attributes::).
Currently the x86 GNU/Linux target provides an implementation based
on Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET).
'-fstack-protector'
Emit extra code to check for buffer overflows, such as stack
smashing attacks. This is done by adding a guard variable to
functions with vulnerable objects. This includes functions that
call 'alloca', and functions with buffers larger than 8 bytes. The
guards are initialized when a function is entered and then checked
when the function exits. If a guard check fails, an error message
is printed and the program exits.
'-fstack-protector-all'
Like '-fstack-protector' except that all functions are protected.
'-fstack-protector-strong'
Like '-fstack-protector' but includes additional functions to be
protected -- those that have local array definitions, or have
references to local frame addresses.
'-fstack-protector-explicit'
Like '-fstack-protector' but only protects those functions which
have the 'stack_protect' attribute.
'-fstack-check'
Generate code to verify that you do not go beyond the boundary of
the stack. You should specify this flag if you are running in an
environment with multiple threads, but you only rarely need to
specify it in a single-threaded environment since stack overflow is
automatically detected on nearly all systems if there is only one
stack.
Note that this switch does not actually cause checking to be done;
the operating system or the language runtime must do that. The
switch causes generation of code to ensure that they see the stack
being extended.
You can additionally specify a string parameter: 'no' means no
checking, 'generic' means force the use of old-style checking,
'specific' means use the best checking method and is equivalent to
bare '-fstack-check'.
Old-style checking is a generic mechanism that requires no specific
target support in the compiler but comes with the following
drawbacks:
1. Modified allocation strategy for large objects: they are
always allocated dynamically if their size exceeds a fixed
threshold. Note this may change the semantics of some code.
2. Fixed limit on the size of the static frame of functions: when
it is topped by a particular function, stack checking is not
reliable and a warning is issued by the compiler.
3. Inefficiency: because of both the modified allocation strategy
and the generic implementation, code performance is hampered.
Note that old-style stack checking is also the fallback method for
'specific' if no target support has been added in the compiler.
'-fstack-check=' is designed for Ada's needs to detect infinite
recursion and stack overflows. 'specific' is an excellent choice
when compiling Ada code. It is not generally sufficient to protect
against stack-clash attacks. To protect against those you want
'-fstack-clash-protection'.
'-fstack-clash-protection'
Generate code to prevent stack clash style attacks. When this
option is enabled, the compiler will only allocate one page of
stack space at a time and each page is accessed immediately after
allocation. Thus, it prevents allocations from jumping over any
stack guard page provided by the operating system.
Most targets do not fully support stack clash protection. However,
on those targets '-fstack-clash-protection' will protect dynamic
stack allocations. '-fstack-clash-protection' may also provide
limited protection for static stack allocations if the target
supports '-fstack-check=specific'.
'-fstack-limit-register=REG'
'-fstack-limit-symbol=SYM'
'-fno-stack-limit'
Generate code to ensure that the stack does not grow beyond a
certain value, either the value of a register or the address of a
symbol. If a larger stack is required, a signal is raised at run
time. For most targets, the signal is raised before the stack
overruns the boundary, so it is possible to catch the signal
without taking special precautions.
For instance, if the stack starts at absolute address '0x80000000'
and grows downwards, you can use the flags
'-fstack-limit-symbol=__stack_limit' and
'-Wl,--defsym,__stack_limit=0x7ffe0000' to enforce a stack limit of
128KB. Note that this may only work with the GNU linker.
You can locally override stack limit checking by using the
'no_stack_limit' function attribute (*note Function Attributes::).
'-fsplit-stack'
Generate code to automatically split the stack before it overflows.
The resulting program has a discontiguous stack which can only
overflow if the program is unable to allocate any more memory.
This is most useful when running threaded programs, as it is no
longer necessary to calculate a good stack size to use for each
thread. This is currently only implemented for the x86 targets
running GNU/Linux.
When code compiled with '-fsplit-stack' calls code compiled without
'-fsplit-stack', there may not be much stack space available for
the latter code to run. If compiling all code, including library
code, with '-fsplit-stack' is not an option, then the linker can
fix up these calls so that the code compiled without
'-fsplit-stack' always has a large stack. Support for this is
implemented in the gold linker in GNU binutils release 2.21 and
later.
'-fvtable-verify=[std|preinit|none]'
This option is only available when compiling C++ code. It turns on
(or off, if using '-fvtable-verify=none') the security feature that
verifies at run time, for every virtual call, that the vtable
pointer through which the call is made is valid for the type of the
object, and has not been corrupted or overwritten. If an invalid
vtable pointer is detected at run time, an error is reported and
execution of the program is immediately halted.
This option causes run-time data structures to be built at program
startup, which are used for verifying the vtable pointers. The
options 'std' and 'preinit' control the timing of when these data
structures are built. In both cases the data structures are built
before execution reaches 'main'. Using '-fvtable-verify=std'
causes the data structures to be built after shared libraries have
been loaded and initialized. '-fvtable-verify=preinit' causes them
to be built before shared libraries have been loaded and
initialized.
If this option appears multiple times in the command line with
different values specified, 'none' takes highest priority over both
'std' and 'preinit'; 'preinit' takes priority over 'std'.
'-fvtv-debug'
When used in conjunction with '-fvtable-verify=std' or
'-fvtable-verify=preinit', causes debug versions of the runtime
functions for the vtable verification feature to be called. This
flag also causes the compiler to log information about which vtable
pointers it finds for each class. This information is written to a
file named 'vtv_set_ptr_data.log' in the directory named by the
environment variable 'VTV_LOGS_DIR' if that is defined or the
current working directory otherwise.
Note: This feature _appends_ data to the log file. If you want a
fresh log file, be sure to delete any existing one.
'-fvtv-counts'
This is a debugging flag. When used in conjunction with
'-fvtable-verify=std' or '-fvtable-verify=preinit', this causes the
compiler to keep track of the total number of virtual calls it
encounters and the number of verifications it inserts. It also
counts the number of calls to certain run-time library functions
that it inserts and logs this information for each compilation
unit. The compiler writes this information to a file named
'vtv_count_data.log' in the directory named by the environment
variable 'VTV_LOGS_DIR' if that is defined or the current working
directory otherwise. It also counts the size of the vtable pointer
sets for each class, and writes this information to
'vtv_class_set_sizes.log' in the same directory.
Note: This feature _appends_ data to the log files. To get fresh
log files, be sure to delete any existing ones.
'-finstrument-functions'
Generate instrumentation calls for entry and exit to functions.
Just after function entry and just before function exit, the
following profiling functions are called with the address of the
current function and its call site. (On some platforms,
'__builtin_return_address' does not work beyond the current
function, so the call site information may not be available to the
profiling functions otherwise.)
void __cyg_profile_func_enter (void *this_fn,
void *call_site);
void __cyg_profile_func_exit (void *this_fn,
void *call_site);
The first argument is the address of the start of the current
function, which may be looked up exactly in the symbol table.
This instrumentation is also done for functions expanded inline in
other functions. The profiling calls indicate where, conceptually,
the inline function is entered and exited. This means that
addressable versions of such functions must be available. If all
your uses of a function are expanded inline, this may mean an
additional expansion of code size. If you use 'extern inline' in
your C code, an addressable version of such functions must be
provided. (This is normally the case anyway, but if you get lucky
and the optimizer always expands the functions inline, you might
have gotten away without providing static copies.)
A function may be given the attribute 'no_instrument_function', in
which case this instrumentation is not done. This can be used, for
example, for the profiling functions listed above, high-priority
interrupt routines, and any functions from which the profiling
functions cannot safely be called (perhaps signal handlers, if the
profiling routines generate output or allocate memory).
'-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=FILE,FILE,...'
Set the list of functions that are excluded from instrumentation
(see the description of '-finstrument-functions'). If the file
that contains a function definition matches with one of FILE, then
that function is not instrumented. The match is done on
substrings: if the FILE parameter is a substring of the file name,
it is considered to be a match.
For example:
-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=/bits/stl,include/sys
excludes any inline function defined in files whose pathnames
contain '/bits/stl' or 'include/sys'.
If, for some reason, you want to include letter ',' in one of SYM,
write '\,'. For example,
'-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list='\,\,tmp'' (note the
single quote surrounding the option).
'-finstrument-functions-exclude-function-list=SYM,SYM,...'
This is similar to '-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list', but
this option sets the list of function names to be excluded from
instrumentation. The function name to be matched is its
user-visible name, such as 'vector<int> blah(const vector<int> &)',
not the internal mangled name (e.g., '_Z4blahRSt6vectorIiSaIiEE').
The match is done on substrings: if the SYM parameter is a
substring of the function name, it is considered to be a match.
For C99 and C++ extended identifiers, the function name must be
given in UTF-8, not using universal character names.
'-fpatchable-function-entry=N[,M]'
Generate N NOPs right at the beginning of each function, with the
function entry point before the Mth NOP. If M is omitted, it
defaults to '0' so the function entry points to the address just at
the first NOP. The NOP instructions reserve extra space which can
be used to patch in any desired instrumentation at run time,
provided that the code segment is writable. The amount of space is
controllable indirectly via the number of NOPs; the NOP instruction
used corresponds to the instruction emitted by the internal GCC
back-end interface 'gen_nop'. This behavior is target-specific and
may also depend on the architecture variant and/or other
compilation options.
For run-time identification, the starting addresses of these areas,
which correspond to their respective function entries minus M, are
additionally collected in the '__patchable_function_entries'
section of the resulting binary.
Note that the value of '__attribute__ ((patchable_function_entry
(N,M)))' takes precedence over command-line option
'-fpatchable-function-entry=N,M'. This can be used to increase the
area size or to remove it completely on a single function. If
'N=0', no pad location is recorded.
The NOP instructions are inserted at--and maybe before, depending
on M--the function entry address, even before the prologue.
File: gcc.info, Node: Preprocessor Options, Next: Assembler Options, Prev: Instrumentation Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.12 Options Controlling the Preprocessor
=========================================
These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C source
file before actual compilation.
If you use the '-E' option, nothing is done except preprocessing. Some
of these options make sense only together with '-E' because they cause
the preprocessor output to be unsuitable for actual compilation.
In addition to the options listed here, there are a number of options
to control search paths for include files documented in *note Directory
Options::. Options to control preprocessor diagnostics are listed in
*note Warning Options::.
'-D NAME'
Predefine NAME as a macro, with definition '1'.
'-D NAME=DEFINITION'
The contents of DEFINITION are tokenized and processed as if they
appeared during translation phase three in a '#define' directive.
In particular, the definition is truncated by embedded newline
characters.
If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.
If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
so you should quote the option. With 'sh' and 'csh',
'-D'NAME(ARGS...)=DEFINITION'' works.
'-D' and '-U' options are processed in the order they are given on
the command line. All '-imacros FILE' and '-include FILE' options
are processed after all '-D' and '-U' options.
'-U NAME'
Cancel any previous definition of NAME, either built in or provided
with a '-D' option.
'-include FILE'
Process FILE as if '#include "file"' appeared as the first line of
the primary source file. However, the first directory searched for
FILE is the preprocessor's working directory _instead of_ the
directory containing the main source file. If not found there, it
is searched for in the remainder of the '#include "..."' search
chain as normal.
If multiple '-include' options are given, the files are included in
the order they appear on the command line.
'-imacros FILE'
Exactly like '-include', except that any output produced by
scanning FILE is thrown away. Macros it defines remain defined.
This allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without
also processing its declarations.
All files specified by '-imacros' are processed before all files
specified by '-include'.
'-undef'
Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The
standard predefined macros remain defined.
'-pthread'
Define additional macros required for using the POSIX threads
library. You should use this option consistently for both
compilation and linking. This option is supported on GNU/Linux
targets, most other Unix derivatives, and also on x86 Cygwin and
MinGW targets.
'-M'
Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
suitable for 'make' describing the dependencies of the main source
file. The preprocessor outputs one 'make' rule containing the
object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of
all the included files, including those coming from '-include' or
'-imacros' command-line options.
Unless specified explicitly (with '-MT' or '-MQ'), the object file
name consists of the name of the source file with any suffix
replaced with object file suffix and with any leading directory
parts removed. If there are many included files then the rule is
split into several lines using '\'-newline. The rule has no
commands.
This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output, such
as '-dM'. To avoid mixing such debug output with the dependency
rules you should explicitly specify the dependency output file with
'-MF', or use an environment variable like 'DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT'
(*note Environment Variables::). Debug output is still sent to the
regular output stream as normal.
Passing '-M' to the driver implies '-E', and suppresses warnings
with an implicit '-w'.
'-MM'
Like '-M' but do not mention header files that are found in system
header directories, nor header files that are included, directly or
indirectly, from such a header.
This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes in
an '#include' directive does not in itself determine whether that
header appears in '-MM' dependency output.
'-MF FILE'
When used with '-M' or '-MM', specifies a file to write the
dependencies to. If no '-MF' switch is given the preprocessor
sends the rules to the same place it would send preprocessed
output.
When used with the driver options '-MD' or '-MMD', '-MF' overrides
the default dependency output file.
If FILE is '-', then the dependencies are written to 'stdout'.
'-MG'
In conjunction with an option such as '-M' requesting dependency
generation, '-MG' assumes missing header files are generated files
and adds them to the dependency list without raising an error. The
dependency filename is taken directly from the '#include' directive
without prepending any path. '-MG' also suppresses preprocessed
output, as a missing header file renders this useless.
This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.
'-MP'
This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each dependency
other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing. These
dummy rules work around errors 'make' gives if you remove header
files without updating the 'Makefile' to match.
This is typical output:
test.o: test.c test.h
test.h:
'-MT TARGET'
Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation. By
default CPP takes the name of the main input file, deletes any
directory components and any file suffix such as '.c', and appends
the platform's usual object suffix. The result is the target.
An '-MT' option sets the target to be exactly the string you
specify. If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a
single argument to '-MT', or use multiple '-MT' options.
For example, '-MT '$(objpfx)foo.o'' might give
$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c
'-MQ TARGET'
Same as '-MT', but it quotes any characters which are special to
Make. '-MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o'' gives
$$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c
The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given
with '-MQ'.
'-MD'
'-MD' is equivalent to '-M -MF FILE', except that '-E' is not
implied. The driver determines FILE based on whether an '-o'
option is given. If it is, the driver uses its argument but with a
suffix of '.d', otherwise it takes the name of the input file,
removes any directory components and suffix, and applies a '.d'
suffix.
If '-MD' is used in conjunction with '-E', any '-o' switch is
understood to specify the dependency output file (*note -MF:
dashMF.), but if used without '-E', each '-o' is understood to
specify a target object file.
Since '-E' is not implied, '-MD' can be used to generate a
dependency output file as a side effect of the compilation process.
'-MMD'
Like '-MD' except mention only user header files, not system header
files.
'-fpreprocessed'
Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been
preprocessed. This suppresses things like macro expansion,
trigraph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of
most directives. The preprocessor still recognizes and removes
comments, so that you can pass a file preprocessed with '-C' to the
compiler without problems. In this mode the integrated
preprocessor is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends.
'-fpreprocessed' is implicit if the input file has one of the
extensions '.i', '.ii' or '.mi'. These are the extensions that GCC
uses for preprocessed files created by '-save-temps'.
'-fdirectives-only'
When preprocessing, handle directives, but do not expand macros.
The option's behavior depends on the '-E' and '-fpreprocessed'
options.
With '-E', preprocessing is limited to the handling of directives
such as '#define', '#ifdef', and '#error'. Other preprocessor
operations, such as macro expansion and trigraph conversion are not
performed. In addition, the '-dD' option is implicitly enabled.
With '-fpreprocessed', predefinition of command line and most
builtin macros is disabled. Macros such as '__LINE__', which are
contextually dependent, are handled normally. This enables
compilation of files previously preprocessed with '-E
-fdirectives-only'.
With both '-E' and '-fpreprocessed', the rules for '-fpreprocessed'
take precedence. This enables full preprocessing of files
previously preprocessed with '-E -fdirectives-only'.
'-fdollars-in-identifiers'
Accept '$' in identifiers.
'-fextended-identifiers'
Accept universal character names in identifiers. This option is
enabled by default for C99 (and later C standard versions) and C++.
'-fno-canonical-system-headers'
When preprocessing, do not shorten system header paths with
canonicalization.
'-ftabstop=WIDTH'
Set the distance between tab stops. This helps the preprocessor
report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs
appear on the line. If the value is less than 1 or greater than
100, the option is ignored. The default is 8.
'-ftrack-macro-expansion[=LEVEL]'
Track locations of tokens across macro expansions. This allows the
compiler to emit diagnostic about the current macro expansion stack
when a compilation error occurs in a macro expansion. Using this
option makes the preprocessor and the compiler consume more memory.
The LEVEL parameter can be used to choose the level of precision of
token location tracking thus decreasing the memory consumption if
necessary. Value '0' of LEVEL de-activates this option. Value '1'
tracks tokens locations in a degraded mode for the sake of minimal
memory overhead. In this mode all tokens resulting from the
expansion of an argument of a function-like macro have the same
location. Value '2' tracks tokens locations completely. This
value is the most memory hungry. When this option is given no
argument, the default parameter value is '2'.
Note that '-ftrack-macro-expansion=2' is activated by default.
'-fmacro-prefix-map=OLD=NEW'
When preprocessing files residing in directory 'OLD', expand the
'__FILE__' and '__BASE_FILE__' macros as if the files resided in
directory 'NEW' instead. This can be used to change an absolute
path to a relative path by using '.' for NEW which can result in
more reproducible builds that are location independent. This
option also affects '__builtin_FILE()' during compilation. See
also '-ffile-prefix-map'.
'-fexec-charset=CHARSET'
Set the execution character set, used for string and character
constants. The default is UTF-8. CHARSET can be any encoding
supported by the system's 'iconv' library routine.
'-fwide-exec-charset=CHARSET'
Set the wide execution character set, used for wide string and
character constants. The default is UTF-32 or UTF-16, whichever
corresponds to the width of 'wchar_t'. As with '-fexec-charset',
CHARSET can be any encoding supported by the system's 'iconv'
library routine; however, you will have problems with encodings
that do not fit exactly in 'wchar_t'.
'-finput-charset=CHARSET'
Set the input character set, used for translation from the
character set of the input file to the source character set used by
GCC. If the locale does not specify, or GCC cannot get this
information from the locale, the default is UTF-8. This can be
overridden by either the locale or this command-line option.
Currently the command-line option takes precedence if there's a
conflict. CHARSET can be any encoding supported by the system's
'iconv' library routine.
'-fpch-deps'
When using precompiled headers (*note Precompiled Headers::), this
flag causes the dependency-output flags to also list the files from
the precompiled header's dependencies. If not specified, only the
precompiled header are listed and not the files that were used to
create it, because those files are not consulted when a precompiled
header is used.
'-fpch-preprocess'
This option allows use of a precompiled header (*note Precompiled
Headers::) together with '-E'. It inserts a special '#pragma',
'#pragma GCC pch_preprocess "FILENAME"' in the output to mark the
place where the precompiled header was found, and its FILENAME.
When '-fpreprocessed' is in use, GCC recognizes this '#pragma' and
loads the PCH.
This option is off by default, because the resulting preprocessed
output is only really suitable as input to GCC. It is switched on
by '-save-temps'.
You should not write this '#pragma' in your own code, but it is
safe to edit the filename if the PCH file is available in a
different location. The filename may be absolute or it may be
relative to GCC's current directory.
'-fworking-directory'
Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of
preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor
emits, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the
current working directory followed by two slashes. GCC uses this
directory, when it's present in the preprocessed input, as the
directory emitted as the current working directory in some
debugging information formats. This option is implicitly enabled
if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhibited with
the negated form '-fno-working-directory'. If the '-P' flag is
present in the command line, this option has no effect, since no
'#line' directives are emitted whatsoever.
'-A PREDICATE=ANSWER'
Make an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER.
This form is preferred to the older form '-A PREDICATE(ANSWER)',
which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
characters.
'-A -PREDICATE=ANSWER'
Cancel an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER.
'-C'
Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the
output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are
deleted along with the directive.
You should be prepared for side effects when using '-C'; it causes
the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
longer a '#'.
'-CC'
Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is
like '-C', except that comments contained within macros are also
passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.
In addition to the side effects of the '-C' option, the '-CC'
option causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted
to C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of that macro
from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line.
The '-CC' option is generally used to support lint comments.
'-P'
Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor
on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
which might be confused by the linemarkers.
'-traditional'
'-traditional-cpp'
Try to imitate the behavior of pre-standard C preprocessors, as
opposed to ISO C preprocessors. See the GNU CPP manual for
details.
Note that GCC does not otherwise attempt to emulate a pre-standard
C compiler, and these options are only supported with the '-E'
switch, or when invoking CPP explicitly.
'-trigraphs'
Support ISO C trigraphs. These are three-character sequences, all
starting with '??', that are defined by ISO C to stand for single
characters. For example, '??/' stands for '\', so ''??/n'' is a
character constant for a newline.
The nine trigraphs and their replacements are
Trigraph: ??( ??) ??< ??> ??= ??/ ??' ??! ??-
Replacement: [ ] { } # \ ^ | ~
By default, GCC ignores trigraphs, but in standard-conforming modes
it converts them. See the '-std' and '-ansi' options.
'-remap'
Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit
very short file names, such as MS-DOS.
'-H'
Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the
'#include' stack it is. Precompiled header files are also printed,
even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled header
file is printed with '...x' and a valid one with '...!' .
'-dLETTERS'
Says to make debugging dumps during compilation as specified by
LETTERS. The flags documented here are those relevant to the
preprocessor. Other LETTERS are interpreted by the compiler
proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and so are silently
ignored. If you specify LETTERS whose behavior conflicts, the
result is undefined. *Note Developer Options::, for more
information.
'-dM'
Instead of the normal output, generate a list of '#define'
directives for all the macros defined during the execution of
the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you
a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the
preprocessor. Assuming you have no file 'foo.h', the command
touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h
shows all the predefined macros.
If you use '-dM' without the '-E' option, '-dM' is interpreted
as a synonym for '-fdump-rtl-mach'. *Note (gcc)Developer
Options::.
'-dD'
Like '-dM' except in two respects: it does _not_ include the
predefined macros, and it outputs _both_ the '#define'
directives and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of
output go to the standard output file.
'-dN'
Like '-dD', but emit only the macro names, not their
expansions.
'-dI'
Output '#include' directives in addition to the result of
preprocessing.
'-dU'
Like '-dD' except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output;
the output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and
'#undef' directives are also output for macros tested but
undefined at the time.
'-fdebug-cpp'
This option is only useful for debugging GCC. When used from CPP or
with '-E', it dumps debugging information about location maps.
Every token in the output is preceded by the dump of the map its
location belongs to.
When used from GCC without '-E', this option has no effect.
'-Wp,OPTION'
You can use '-Wp,OPTION' to bypass the compiler driver and pass
OPTION directly through to the preprocessor. If OPTION contains
commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas. However,
many options are modified, translated or interpreted by the
compiler driver before being passed to the preprocessor, and '-Wp'
forcibly bypasses this phase. The preprocessor's direct interface
is undocumented and subject to change, so whenever possible you
should avoid using '-Wp' and let the driver handle the options
instead.
'-Xpreprocessor OPTION'
Pass OPTION as an option to the preprocessor. You can use this to
supply system-specific preprocessor options that GCC does not
recognize.
If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
'-Xpreprocessor' twice, once for the option and once for the
argument.
'-no-integrated-cpp'
Perform preprocessing as a separate pass before compilation. By
default, GCC performs preprocessing as an integrated part of input
tokenization and parsing. If this option is provided, the
appropriate language front end ('cc1', 'cc1plus', or 'cc1obj' for
C, C++, and Objective-C, respectively) is instead invoked twice,
once for preprocessing only and once for actual compilation of the
preprocessed input. This option may be useful in conjunction with
the '-B' or '-wrapper' options to specify an alternate preprocessor
or perform additional processing of the program source between
normal preprocessing and compilation.
File: gcc.info, Node: Assembler Options, Next: Link Options, Prev: Preprocessor Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.13 Passing Options to the Assembler
=====================================
You can pass options to the assembler.
'-Wa,OPTION'
Pass OPTION as an option to the assembler. If OPTION contains
commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas.
'-Xassembler OPTION'
Pass OPTION as an option to the assembler. You can use this to
supply system-specific assembler options that GCC does not
recognize.
If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
'-Xassembler' twice, once for the option and once for the argument.
File: gcc.info, Node: Link Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Assembler Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.14 Options for Linking
========================
These options come into play when the compiler links object files into
an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not
doing a link step.
'OBJECT-FILE-NAME'
A file name that does not end in a special recognized suffix is
considered to name an object file or library. (Object files are
distinguished from libraries by the linker according to the file
contents.) If linking is done, these object files are used as
input to the linker.
'-c'
'-S'
'-E'
If any of these options is used, then the linker is not run, and
object file names should not be used as arguments. *Note Overall
Options::.
'-fuse-ld=bfd'
Use the 'bfd' linker instead of the default linker.
'-fuse-ld=gold'
Use the 'gold' linker instead of the default linker.
'-fuse-ld=lld'
Use the LLVM 'lld' linker instead of the default linker.
'-lLIBRARY'
'-l LIBRARY'
Search the library named LIBRARY when linking. (The second
alternative with the library as a separate argument is only for
POSIX compliance and is not recommended.)
It makes a difference where in the command you write this option;
the linker searches and processes libraries and object files in the
order they are specified. Thus, 'foo.o -lz bar.o' searches library
'z' after file 'foo.o' but before 'bar.o'. If 'bar.o' refers to
functions in 'z', those functions may not be loaded.
The linker searches a standard list of directories for the library,
which is actually a file named 'libLIBRARY.a'. The linker then
uses this file as if it had been specified precisely by name.
The directories searched include several standard system
directories plus any that you specify with '-L'.
Normally the files found this way are library files--archive files
whose members are object files. The linker handles an archive file
by scanning through it for members which define symbols that have
so far been referenced but not defined. But if the file that is
found is an ordinary object file, it is linked in the usual
fashion. The only difference between using an '-l' option and
specifying a file name is that '-l' surrounds LIBRARY with 'lib'
and '.a' and searches several directories.
'-lobjc'
You need this special case of the '-l' option in order to link an
Objective-C or Objective-C++ program.
'-nostartfiles'
Do not use the standard system startup files when linking. The
standard system libraries are used normally, unless '-nostdlib' or
'-nodefaultlibs' is used.
'-nodefaultlibs'
Do not use the standard system libraries when linking. Only the
libraries you specify are passed to the linker, and options
specifying linkage of the system libraries, such as
'-static-libgcc' or '-shared-libgcc', are ignored. The standard
startup files are used normally, unless '-nostartfiles' is used.
The compiler may generate calls to 'memcmp', 'memset', 'memcpy' and
'memmove'. These entries are usually resolved by entries in libc.
These entry points should be supplied through some other mechanism
when this option is specified.
'-nostdlib'
Do not use the standard system startup files or libraries when
linking. No startup files and only the libraries you specify are
passed to the linker, and options specifying linkage of the system
libraries, such as '-static-libgcc' or '-shared-libgcc', are
ignored.
The compiler may generate calls to 'memcmp', 'memset', 'memcpy' and
'memmove'. These entries are usually resolved by entries in libc.
These entry points should be supplied through some other mechanism
when this option is specified.
One of the standard libraries bypassed by '-nostdlib' and
'-nodefaultlibs' is 'libgcc.a', a library of internal subroutines
which GCC uses to overcome shortcomings of particular machines, or
special needs for some languages. (*Note Interfacing to GCC
Output: (gccint)Interface, for more discussion of 'libgcc.a'.) In
most cases, you need 'libgcc.a' even when you want to avoid other
standard libraries. In other words, when you specify '-nostdlib'
or '-nodefaultlibs' you should usually specify '-lgcc' as well.
This ensures that you have no unresolved references to internal GCC
library subroutines. (An example of such an internal subroutine is
'__main', used to ensure C++ constructors are called; *note
'collect2': (gccint)Collect2.)
'-pie'
Produce a dynamically linked position independent executable on
targets that support it. For predictable results, you must also
specify the same set of options used for compilation ('-fpie',
'-fPIE', or model suboptions) when you specify this linker option.
'-no-pie'
Don't produce a dynamically linked position independent executable.
'-static-pie'
Produce a static position independent executable on targets that
support it. A static position independent executable is similar to
a static executable, but can be loaded at any address without a
dynamic linker. For predictable results, you must also specify the
same set of options used for compilation ('-fpie', '-fPIE', or
model suboptions) when you specify this linker option.
'-pthread'
Link with the POSIX threads library. This option is supported on
GNU/Linux targets, most other Unix derivatives, and also on x86
Cygwin and MinGW targets. On some targets this option also sets
flags for the preprocessor, so it should be used consistently for
both compilation and linking.
'-rdynamic'
Pass the flag '-export-dynamic' to the ELF linker, on targets that
support it. This instructs the linker to add all symbols, not only
used ones, to the dynamic symbol table. This option is needed for
some uses of 'dlopen' or to allow obtaining backtraces from within
a program.
'-s'
Remove all symbol table and relocation information from the
executable.
'-static'
On systems that support dynamic linking, this overrides '-pie' and
prevents linking with the shared libraries. On other systems, this
option has no effect.
'-shared'
Produce a shared object which can then be linked with other objects
to form an executable. Not all systems support this option. For
predictable results, you must also specify the same set of options
used for compilation ('-fpic', '-fPIC', or model suboptions) when
you specify this linker option.(1)
'-shared-libgcc'
'-static-libgcc'
On systems that provide 'libgcc' as a shared library, these options
force the use of either the shared or static version, respectively.
If no shared version of 'libgcc' was built when the compiler was
configured, these options have no effect.
There are several situations in which an application should use the
shared 'libgcc' instead of the static version. The most common of
these is when the application wishes to throw and catch exceptions
across different shared libraries. In that case, each of the
libraries as well as the application itself should use the shared
'libgcc'.
Therefore, the G++ driver automatically adds '-shared-libgcc'
whenever you build a shared library or a main executable, because
C++ programs typically use exceptions, so this is the right thing
to do.
If, instead, you use the GCC driver to create shared libraries, you
may find that they are not always linked with the shared 'libgcc'.
If GCC finds, at its configuration time, that you have a non-GNU
linker or a GNU linker that does not support option
'--eh-frame-hdr', it links the shared version of 'libgcc' into
shared libraries by default. Otherwise, it takes advantage of the
linker and optimizes away the linking with the shared version of
'libgcc', linking with the static version of libgcc by default.
This allows exceptions to propagate through such shared libraries,
without incurring relocation costs at library load time.
However, if a library or main executable is supposed to throw or
catch exceptions, you must link it using the G++ driver, or using
the option '-shared-libgcc', such that it is linked with the shared
'libgcc'.
'-static-libasan'
When the '-fsanitize=address' option is used to link a program, the
GCC driver automatically links against 'libasan'. If 'libasan' is
available as a shared library, and the '-static' option is not
used, then this links against the shared version of 'libasan'. The
'-static-libasan' option directs the GCC driver to link 'libasan'
statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.
'-static-libtsan'
When the '-fsanitize=thread' option is used to link a program, the
GCC driver automatically links against 'libtsan'. If 'libtsan' is
available as a shared library, and the '-static' option is not
used, then this links against the shared version of 'libtsan'. The
'-static-libtsan' option directs the GCC driver to link 'libtsan'
statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.
'-static-liblsan'
When the '-fsanitize=leak' option is used to link a program, the
GCC driver automatically links against 'liblsan'. If 'liblsan' is
available as a shared library, and the '-static' option is not
used, then this links against the shared version of 'liblsan'. The
'-static-liblsan' option directs the GCC driver to link 'liblsan'
statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.
'-static-libubsan'
When the '-fsanitize=undefined' option is used to link a program,
the GCC driver automatically links against 'libubsan'. If
'libubsan' is available as a shared library, and the '-static'
option is not used, then this links against the shared version of
'libubsan'. The '-static-libubsan' option directs the GCC driver
to link 'libubsan' statically, without necessarily linking other
libraries statically.
'-static-libmpx'
When the '-fcheck-pointer bounds' and '-mmpx' options are used to
link a program, the GCC driver automatically links against
'libmpx'. If 'libmpx' is available as a shared library, and the
'-static' option is not used, then this links against the shared
version of 'libmpx'. The '-static-libmpx' option directs the GCC
driver to link 'libmpx' statically, without necessarily linking
other libraries statically.
'-static-libmpxwrappers'
When the '-fcheck-pointer bounds' and '-mmpx' options are used to
link a program without also using '-fno-chkp-use-wrappers', the GCC
driver automatically links against 'libmpxwrappers'. If
'libmpxwrappers' is available as a shared library, and the
'-static' option is not used, then this links against the shared
version of 'libmpxwrappers'. The '-static-libmpxwrappers' option
directs the GCC driver to link 'libmpxwrappers' statically, without
necessarily linking other libraries statically.
'-static-libstdc++'
When the 'g++' program is used to link a C++ program, it normally
automatically links against 'libstdc++'. If 'libstdc++' is
available as a shared library, and the '-static' option is not
used, then this links against the shared version of 'libstdc++'.
That is normally fine. However, it is sometimes useful to freeze
the version of 'libstdc++' used by the program without going all
the way to a fully static link. The '-static-libstdc++' option
directs the 'g++' driver to link 'libstdc++' statically, without
necessarily linking other libraries statically.
'-symbolic'
Bind references to global symbols when building a shared object.
Warn about any unresolved references (unless overridden by the link
editor option '-Xlinker -z -Xlinker defs'). Only a few systems
support this option.
'-T SCRIPT'
Use SCRIPT as the linker script. This option is supported by most
systems using the GNU linker. On some targets, such as bare-board
targets without an operating system, the '-T' option may be
required when linking to avoid references to undefined symbols.
'-Xlinker OPTION'
Pass OPTION as an option to the linker. You can use this to supply
system-specific linker options that GCC does not recognize.
If you want to pass an option that takes a separate argument, you
must use '-Xlinker' twice, once for the option and once for the
argument. For example, to pass '-assert definitions', you must
write '-Xlinker -assert -Xlinker definitions'. It does not work to
write '-Xlinker "-assert definitions"', because this passes the
entire string as a single argument, which is not what the linker
expects.
When using the GNU linker, it is usually more convenient to pass
arguments to linker options using the 'OPTION=VALUE' syntax than as
separate arguments. For example, you can specify '-Xlinker
-Map=output.map' rather than '-Xlinker -Map -Xlinker output.map'.
Other linkers may not support this syntax for command-line options.
'-Wl,OPTION'
Pass OPTION as an option to the linker. If OPTION contains commas,
it is split into multiple options at the commas. You can use this
syntax to pass an argument to the option. For example,
'-Wl,-Map,output.map' passes '-Map output.map' to the linker. When
using the GNU linker, you can also get the same effect with
'-Wl,-Map=output.map'.
'-u SYMBOL'
Pretend the symbol SYMBOL is undefined, to force linking of library
modules to define it. You can use '-u' multiple times with
different symbols to force loading of additional library modules.
'-z KEYWORD'
'-z' is passed directly on to the linker along with the keyword
KEYWORD. See the section in the documentation of your linker for
permitted values and their meanings.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) On some systems, 'gcc -shared' needs to build supplementary stub
code for constructors to work. On multi-libbed systems, 'gcc -shared'
must select the correct support libraries to link against. Failing to
supply the correct flags may lead to subtle defects. Supplying them in
cases where they are not necessary is innocuous.
File: gcc.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: Code Gen Options, Prev: Link Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.15 Options for Directory Search
=================================
These options specify directories to search for header files, for
libraries and for parts of the compiler:
'-I DIR'
'-iquote DIR'
'-isystem DIR'
'-idirafter DIR'
Add the directory DIR to the list of directories to be searched for
header files during preprocessing. If DIR begins with '=' or
'$SYSROOT', then the '=' or '$SYSROOT' is replaced by the sysroot
prefix; see '--sysroot' and '-isysroot'.
Directories specified with '-iquote' apply only to the quote form
of the directive, '#include "FILE"'. Directories specified with
'-I', '-isystem', or '-idirafter' apply to lookup for both the
'#include "FILE"' and '#include <FILE>' directives.
You can specify any number or combination of these options on the
command line to search for header files in several directories.
The lookup order is as follows:
1. For the quote form of the include directive, the directory of
the current file is searched first.
2. For the quote form of the include directive, the directories
specified by '-iquote' options are searched in left-to-right
order, as they appear on the command line.
3. Directories specified with '-I' options are scanned in
left-to-right order.
4. Directories specified with '-isystem' options are scanned in
left-to-right order.
5. Standard system directories are scanned.
6. Directories specified with '-idirafter' options are scanned in
left-to-right order.
You can use '-I' to override a system header file, substituting
your own version, since these directories are searched before the
standard system header file directories. However, you should not
use this option to add directories that contain vendor-supplied
system header files; use '-isystem' for that.
The '-isystem' and '-idirafter' options also mark the directory as
a system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment that
is applied to the standard system directories.
If a standard system include directory, or a directory specified
with '-isystem', is also specified with '-I', the '-I' option is
ignored. The directory is still searched but as a system directory
at its normal position in the system include chain. This is to
ensure that GCC's procedure to fix buggy system headers and the
ordering for the '#include_next' directive are not inadvertently
changed. If you really need to change the search order for system
directories, use the '-nostdinc' and/or '-isystem' options.
'-I-'
Split the include path. This option has been deprecated. Please
use '-iquote' instead for '-I' directories before the '-I-' and
remove the '-I-' option.
Any directories specified with '-I' options before '-I-' are
searched only for headers requested with '#include "FILE"'; they
are not searched for '#include <FILE>'. If additional directories
are specified with '-I' options after the '-I-', those directories
are searched for all '#include' directives.
In addition, '-I-' inhibits the use of the directory of the current
file directory as the first search directory for '#include "FILE"'.
There is no way to override this effect of '-I-'.
'-iprefix PREFIX'
Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent '-iwithprefix' options.
If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final
'/'.
'-iwithprefix DIR'
'-iwithprefixbefore DIR'
Append DIR to the prefix specified previously with '-iprefix', and
add the resulting directory to the include search path.
'-iwithprefixbefore' puts it in the same place '-I' would;
'-iwithprefix' puts it where '-idirafter' would.
'-isysroot DIR'
This option is like the '--sysroot' option, but applies only to
header files (except for Darwin targets, where it applies to both
header files and libraries). See the '--sysroot' option for more
information.
'-imultilib DIR'
Use DIR as a subdirectory of the directory containing
target-specific C++ headers.
'-nostdinc'
Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
Only the directories explicitly specified with '-I', '-iquote',
'-isystem', and/or '-idirafter' options (and the directory of the
current file, if appropriate) are searched.
'-nostdinc++'
Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard
directories, but do still search the other standard directories.
(This option is used when building the C++ library.)
'-iplugindir=DIR'
Set the directory to search for plugins that are passed by
'-fplugin=NAME' instead of '-fplugin=PATH/NAME.so'. This option is
not meant to be used by the user, but only passed by the driver.
'-LDIR'
Add directory DIR to the list of directories to be searched for
'-l'.
'-BPREFIX'
This option specifies where to find the executables, libraries,
include files, and data files of the compiler itself.
The compiler driver program runs one or more of the subprograms
'cpp', 'cc1', 'as' and 'ld'. It tries PREFIX as a prefix for each
program it tries to run, both with and without 'MACHINE/VERSION/'
for the corresponding target machine and compiler version.
For each subprogram to be run, the compiler driver first tries the
'-B' prefix, if any. If that name is not found, or if '-B' is not
specified, the driver tries two standard prefixes, '/usr/lib/gcc/'
and '/usr/local/lib/gcc/'. If neither of those results in a file
name that is found, the unmodified program name is searched for
using the directories specified in your 'PATH' environment
variable.
The compiler checks to see if the path provided by '-B' refers to a
directory, and if necessary it adds a directory separator character
at the end of the path.
'-B' prefixes that effectively specify directory names also apply
to libraries in the linker, because the compiler translates these
options into '-L' options for the linker. They also apply to
include files in the preprocessor, because the compiler translates
these options into '-isystem' options for the preprocessor. In
this case, the compiler appends 'include' to the prefix.
The runtime support file 'libgcc.a' can also be searched for using
the '-B' prefix, if needed. If it is not found there, the two
standard prefixes above are tried, and that is all. The file is
left out of the link if it is not found by those means.
Another way to specify a prefix much like the '-B' prefix is to use
the environment variable 'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'. *Note Environment
Variables::.
As a special kludge, if the path provided by '-B' is
'[dir/]stageN/', where N is a number in the range 0 to 9, then it
is replaced by '[dir/]include'. This is to help with
boot-strapping the compiler.
'-no-canonical-prefixes'
Do not expand any symbolic links, resolve references to '/../' or
'/./', or make the path absolute when generating a relative prefix.
'--sysroot=DIR'
Use DIR as the logical root directory for headers and libraries.
For example, if the compiler normally searches for headers in
'/usr/include' and libraries in '/usr/lib', it instead searches
'DIR/usr/include' and 'DIR/usr/lib'.
If you use both this option and the '-isysroot' option, then the
'--sysroot' option applies to libraries, but the '-isysroot' option
applies to header files.
The GNU linker (beginning with version 2.16) has the necessary
support for this option. If your linker does not support this
option, the header file aspect of '--sysroot' still works, but the
library aspect does not.
'--no-sysroot-suffix'
For some targets, a suffix is added to the root directory specified
with '--sysroot', depending on the other options used, so that
headers may for example be found in 'DIR/SUFFIX/usr/include'
instead of 'DIR/usr/include'. This option disables the addition of
such a suffix.
File: gcc.info, Node: Code Gen Options, Next: Developer Options, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.16 Options for Code Generation Conventions
============================================
These machine-independent options control the interface conventions used
in code generation.
Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
of '-ffoo' is '-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the forms is
listed--the one that is not the default. You can figure out the other
form by either removing 'no-' or adding it.
'-fstack-reuse=REUSE-LEVEL'
This option controls stack space reuse for user declared local/auto
variables and compiler generated temporaries. REUSE_LEVEL can be
'all', 'named_vars', or 'none'. 'all' enables stack reuse for all
local variables and temporaries, 'named_vars' enables the reuse
only for user defined local variables with names, and 'none'
disables stack reuse completely. The default value is 'all'. The
option is needed when the program extends the lifetime of a scoped
local variable or a compiler generated temporary beyond the end
point defined by the language. When a lifetime of a variable ends,
and if the variable lives in memory, the optimizing compiler has
the freedom to reuse its stack space with other temporaries or
scoped local variables whose live range does not overlap with it.
Legacy code extending local lifetime is likely to break with the
stack reuse optimization.
For example,
int *p;
{
int local1;
p = &local1;
local1 = 10;
....
}
{
int local2;
local2 = 20;
...
}
if (*p == 10) // out of scope use of local1
{
}
Another example:
struct A
{
A(int k) : i(k), j(k) { }
int i;
int j;
};
A *ap;
void foo(const A& ar)
{
ap = &ar;
}
void bar()
{
foo(A(10)); // temp object's lifetime ends when foo returns
{
A a(20);
....
}
ap->i+= 10; // ap references out of scope temp whose space
// is reused with a. What is the value of ap->i?
}
The lifetime of a compiler generated temporary is well defined by
the C++ standard. When a lifetime of a temporary ends, and if the
temporary lives in memory, the optimizing compiler has the freedom
to reuse its stack space with other temporaries or scoped local
variables whose live range does not overlap with it. However some
of the legacy code relies on the behavior of older compilers in
which temporaries' stack space is not reused, the aggressive stack
reuse can lead to runtime errors. This option is used to control
the temporary stack reuse optimization.
'-ftrapv'
This option generates traps for signed overflow on addition,
subtraction, multiplication operations. The options '-ftrapv' and
'-fwrapv' override each other, so using '-ftrapv' '-fwrapv' on the
command-line results in '-fwrapv' being effective. Note that only
active options override, so using '-ftrapv' '-fwrapv' '-fno-wrapv'
on the command-line results in '-ftrapv' being effective.
'-fwrapv'
This option instructs the compiler to assume that signed arithmetic
overflow of addition, subtraction and multiplication wraps around
using twos-complement representation. This flag enables some
optimizations and disables others. The options '-ftrapv' and
'-fwrapv' override each other, so using '-ftrapv' '-fwrapv' on the
command-line results in '-fwrapv' being effective. Note that only
active options override, so using '-ftrapv' '-fwrapv' '-fno-wrapv'
on the command-line results in '-ftrapv' being effective.
'-fwrapv-pointer'
This option instructs the compiler to assume that pointer
arithmetic overflow on addition and subtraction wraps around using
twos-complement representation. This flag disables some
optimizations which assume pointer overflow is invalid.
'-fstrict-overflow'
This option implies '-fno-wrapv' '-fno-wrapv-pointer' and when
negated implies '-fwrapv' '-fwrapv-pointer'.
'-fexceptions'
Enable exception handling. Generates extra code needed to
propagate exceptions. For some targets, this implies GCC generates
frame unwind information for all functions, which can produce
significant data size overhead, although it does not affect
execution. If you do not specify this option, GCC enables it by
default for languages like C++ that normally require exception
handling, and disables it for languages like C that do not normally
require it. However, you may need to enable this option when
compiling C code that needs to interoperate properly with exception
handlers written in C++. You may also wish to disable this option
if you are compiling older C++ programs that don't use exception
handling.
'-fnon-call-exceptions'
Generate code that allows trapping instructions to throw
exceptions. Note that this requires platform-specific runtime
support that does not exist everywhere. Moreover, it only allows
_trapping_ instructions to throw exceptions, i.e. memory references
or floating-point instructions. It does not allow exceptions to be
thrown from arbitrary signal handlers such as 'SIGALRM'.
'-fdelete-dead-exceptions'
Consider that instructions that may throw exceptions but don't
otherwise contribute to the execution of the program can be
optimized away. This option is enabled by default for the Ada
front end, as permitted by the Ada language specification.
Optimization passes that cause dead exceptions to be removed are
enabled independently at different optimization levels.
'-funwind-tables'
Similar to '-fexceptions', except that it just generates any needed
static data, but does not affect the generated code in any other
way. You normally do not need to enable this option; instead, a
language processor that needs this handling enables it on your
behalf.
'-fasynchronous-unwind-tables'
Generate unwind table in DWARF format, if supported by target
machine. The table is exact at each instruction boundary, so it
can be used for stack unwinding from asynchronous events (such as
debugger or garbage collector).
'-fno-gnu-unique'
On systems with recent GNU assembler and C library, the C++
compiler uses the 'STB_GNU_UNIQUE' binding to make sure that
definitions of template static data members and static local
variables in inline functions are unique even in the presence of
'RTLD_LOCAL'; this is necessary to avoid problems with a library
used by two different 'RTLD_LOCAL' plugins depending on a
definition in one of them and therefore disagreeing with the other
one about the binding of the symbol. But this causes 'dlclose' to
be ignored for affected DSOs; if your program relies on
reinitialization of a DSO via 'dlclose' and 'dlopen', you can use
'-fno-gnu-unique'.
'-fpcc-struct-return'
Return "short" 'struct' and 'union' values in memory like longer
ones, rather than in registers. This convention is less efficient,
but it has the advantage of allowing intercallability between
GCC-compiled files and files compiled with other compilers,
particularly the Portable C Compiler (pcc).
The precise convention for returning structures in memory depends
on the target configuration macros.
Short structures and unions are those whose size and alignment
match that of some integer type.
*Warning:* code compiled with the '-fpcc-struct-return' switch is
not binary compatible with code compiled with the
'-freg-struct-return' switch. Use it to conform to a non-default
application binary interface.
'-freg-struct-return'
Return 'struct' and 'union' values in registers when possible.
This is more efficient for small structures than
'-fpcc-struct-return'.
If you specify neither '-fpcc-struct-return' nor
'-freg-struct-return', GCC defaults to whichever convention is
standard for the target. If there is no standard convention, GCC
defaults to '-fpcc-struct-return', except on targets where GCC is
the principal compiler. In those cases, we can choose the
standard, and we chose the more efficient register return
alternative.
*Warning:* code compiled with the '-freg-struct-return' switch is
not binary compatible with code compiled with the
'-fpcc-struct-return' switch. Use it to conform to a non-default
application binary interface.
'-fshort-enums'
Allocate to an 'enum' type only as many bytes as it needs for the
declared range of possible values. Specifically, the 'enum' type
is equivalent to the smallest integer type that has enough room.
*Warning:* the '-fshort-enums' switch causes GCC to generate code
that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
interface.
'-fshort-wchar'
Override the underlying type for 'wchar_t' to be 'short unsigned
int' instead of the default for the target. This option is useful
for building programs to run under WINE.
*Warning:* the '-fshort-wchar' switch causes GCC to generate code
that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
interface.
'-fno-common'
In C code, this option controls the placement of global variables
defined without an initializer, known as "tentative definitions" in
the C standard. Tentative definitions are distinct from
declarations of a variable with the 'extern' keyword, which do not
allocate storage.
Unix C compilers have traditionally allocated storage for
uninitialized global variables in a common block. This allows the
linker to resolve all tentative definitions of the same variable in
different compilation units to the same object, or to a
non-tentative definition. This is the behavior specified by
'-fcommon', and is the default for GCC on most targets. On the
other hand, this behavior is not required by ISO C, and on some
targets may carry a speed or code size penalty on variable
references.
The '-fno-common' option specifies that the compiler should instead
place uninitialized global variables in the data section of the
object file. This inhibits the merging of tentative definitions by
the linker so you get a multiple-definition error if the same
variable is defined in more than one compilation unit. Compiling
with '-fno-common' is useful on targets for which it provides
better performance, or if you wish to verify that the program will
work on other systems that always treat uninitialized variable
definitions this way.
'-fno-ident'
Ignore the '#ident' directive.
'-finhibit-size-directive'
Don't output a '.size' assembler directive, or anything else that
would cause trouble if the function is split in the middle, and the
two halves are placed at locations far apart in memory. This
option is used when compiling 'crtstuff.c'; you should not need to
use it for anything else.
'-fverbose-asm'
Put extra commentary information in the generated assembly code to
make it more readable. This option is generally only of use to
those who actually need to read the generated assembly code
(perhaps while debugging the compiler itself).
'-fno-verbose-asm', the default, causes the extra information to be
omitted and is useful when comparing two assembler files.
The added comments include:
* information on the compiler version and command-line options,
* the source code lines associated with the assembly
instructions, in the form FILENAME:LINENUMBER:CONTENT OF LINE,
* hints on which high-level expressions correspond to the
various assembly instruction operands.
For example, given this C source file:
int test (int n)
{
int i;
int total = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
total += i * i;
return total;
}
compiling to (x86_64) assembly via '-S' and emitting the result
direct to stdout via '-o' '-'
gcc -S test.c -fverbose-asm -Os -o -
gives output similar to this:
.file "test.c"
# GNU C11 (GCC) version 7.0.0 20160809 (experimental) (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
[...snip...]
# options passed:
[...snip...]
.text
.globl test
.type test, @function
test:
.LFB0:
.cfi_startproc
# test.c:4: int total = 0;
xorl %eax, %eax # <retval>
# test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
xorl %edx, %edx # i
.L2:
# test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
cmpl %edi, %edx # n, i
jge .L5 #,
# test.c:7: total += i * i;
movl %edx, %ecx # i, tmp92
imull %edx, %ecx # i, tmp92
# test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
incl %edx # i
# test.c:7: total += i * i;
addl %ecx, %eax # tmp92, <retval>
jmp .L2 #
.L5:
# test.c:10: }
ret
.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
.size test, .-test
.ident "GCC: (GNU) 7.0.0 20160809 (experimental)"
.section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
The comments are intended for humans rather than machines and hence
the precise format of the comments is subject to change.
'-frecord-gcc-switches'
This switch causes the command line used to invoke the compiler to
be recorded into the object file that is being created. This
switch is only implemented on some targets and the exact format of
the recording is target and binary file format dependent, but it
usually takes the form of a section containing ASCII text. This
switch is related to the '-fverbose-asm' switch, but that switch
only records information in the assembler output file as comments,
so it never reaches the object file. See also
'-grecord-gcc-switches' for another way of storing compiler options
into the object file.
'-fpic'
Generate position-independent code (PIC) suitable for use in a
shared library, if supported for the target machine. Such code
accesses all constant addresses through a global offset table
(GOT). The dynamic loader resolves the GOT entries when the
program starts (the dynamic loader is not part of GCC; it is part
of the operating system). If the GOT size for the linked
executable exceeds a machine-specific maximum size, you get an
error message from the linker indicating that '-fpic' does not
work; in that case, recompile with '-fPIC' instead. (These
maximums are 8k on the SPARC, 28k on AArch64 and 32k on the m68k
and RS/6000. The x86 has no such limit.)
Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore
works only on certain machines. For the x86, GCC supports PIC for
System V but not for the Sun 386i. Code generated for the IBM
RS/6000 is always position-independent.
When this flag is set, the macros '__pic__' and '__PIC__' are
defined to 1.
'-fPIC'
If supported for the target machine, emit position-independent
code, suitable for dynamic linking and avoiding any limit on the
size of the global offset table. This option makes a difference on
AArch64, m68k, PowerPC and SPARC.
Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore
works only on certain machines.
When this flag is set, the macros '__pic__' and '__PIC__' are
defined to 2.
'-fpie'
'-fPIE'
These options are similar to '-fpic' and '-fPIC', but generated
position independent code can be only linked into executables.
Usually these options are used when '-pie' GCC option is used
during linking.
'-fpie' and '-fPIE' both define the macros '__pie__' and '__PIE__'.
The macros have the value 1 for '-fpie' and 2 for '-fPIE'.
'-fno-plt'
Do not use the PLT for external function calls in
position-independent code. Instead, load the callee address at
call sites from the GOT and branch to it. This leads to more
efficient code by eliminating PLT stubs and exposing GOT loads to
optimizations. On architectures such as 32-bit x86 where PLT stubs
expect the GOT pointer in a specific register, this gives more
register allocation freedom to the compiler. Lazy binding requires
use of the PLT; with '-fno-plt' all external symbols are resolved
at load time.
Alternatively, the function attribute 'noplt' can be used to avoid
calls through the PLT for specific external functions.
In position-dependent code, a few targets also convert calls to
functions that are marked to not use the PLT to use the GOT
instead.
'-fno-jump-tables'
Do not use jump tables for switch statements even where it would be
more efficient than other code generation strategies. This option
is of use in conjunction with '-fpic' or '-fPIC' for building code
that forms part of a dynamic linker and cannot reference the
address of a jump table. On some targets, jump tables do not
require a GOT and this option is not needed.
'-ffixed-REG'
Treat the register named REG as a fixed register; generated code
should never refer to it (except perhaps as a stack pointer, frame
pointer or in some other fixed role).
REG must be the name of a register. The register names accepted
are machine-specific and are defined in the 'REGISTER_NAMES' macro
in the machine description macro file.
This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
three-way choice.
'-fcall-used-REG'
Treat the register named REG as an allocable register that is
clobbered by function calls. It may be allocated for temporaries
or variables that do not live across a call. Functions compiled
this way do not save and restore the register REG.
It is an error to use this flag with the frame pointer or stack
pointer. Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed
pervasive roles in the machine's execution model produces
disastrous results.
This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
three-way choice.
'-fcall-saved-REG'
Treat the register named REG as an allocable register saved by
functions. It may be allocated even for temporaries or variables
that live across a call. Functions compiled this way save and
restore the register REG if they use it.
It is an error to use this flag with the frame pointer or stack
pointer. Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed
pervasive roles in the machine's execution model produces
disastrous results.
A different sort of disaster results from the use of this flag for
a register in which function values may be returned.
This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
three-way choice.
'-fpack-struct[=N]'
Without a value specified, pack all structure members together
without holes. When a value is specified (which must be a small
power of two), pack structure members according to this value,
representing the maximum alignment (that is, objects with default
alignment requirements larger than this are output potentially
unaligned at the next fitting location.
*Warning:* the '-fpack-struct' switch causes GCC to generate code
that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
switch. Additionally, it makes the code suboptimal. Use it to
conform to a non-default application binary interface.
'-fleading-underscore'
This option and its counterpart, '-fno-leading-underscore',
forcibly change the way C symbols are represented in the object
file. One use is to help link with legacy assembly code.
*Warning:* the '-fleading-underscore' switch causes GCC to generate
code that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
interface. Not all targets provide complete support for this
switch.
'-ftls-model=MODEL'
Alter the thread-local storage model to be used (*note
Thread-Local::). The MODEL argument should be one of
'global-dynamic', 'local-dynamic', 'initial-exec' or 'local-exec'.
Note that the choice is subject to optimization: the compiler may
use a more efficient model for symbols not visible outside of the
translation unit, or if '-fpic' is not given on the command line.
The default without '-fpic' is 'initial-exec'; with '-fpic' the
default is 'global-dynamic'.
'-ftrampolines'
For targets that normally need trampolines for nested functions,
always generate them instead of using descriptors. Otherwise, for
targets that do not need them, like for example HP-PA or IA-64, do
nothing.
A trampoline is a small piece of code that is created at run time
on the stack when the address of a nested function is taken, and is
used to call the nested function indirectly. Therefore, it
requires the stack to be made executable in order for the program
to work properly.
'-fno-trampolines' is enabled by default on a language by language
basis to let the compiler avoid generating them, if it computes
that this is safe, and replace them with descriptors. Descriptors
are made up of data only, but the generated code must be prepared
to deal with them. As of this writing, '-fno-trampolines' is
enabled by default only for Ada.
Moreover, code compiled with '-ftrampolines' and code compiled with
'-fno-trampolines' are not binary compatible if nested functions
are present. This option must therefore be used on a program-wide
basis and be manipulated with extreme care.
'-fvisibility=[default|internal|hidden|protected]'
Set the default ELF image symbol visibility to the specified
option--all symbols are marked with this unless overridden within
the code. Using this feature can very substantially improve
linking and load times of shared object libraries, produce more
optimized code, provide near-perfect API export and prevent symbol
clashes. It is *strongly* recommended that you use this in any
shared objects you distribute.
Despite the nomenclature, 'default' always means public; i.e.,
available to be linked against from outside the shared object.
'protected' and 'internal' are pretty useless in real-world usage
so the only other commonly used option is 'hidden'. The default if
'-fvisibility' isn't specified is 'default', i.e., make every
symbol public.
A good explanation of the benefits offered by ensuring ELF symbols
have the correct visibility is given by "How To Write Shared
Libraries" by Ulrich Drepper (which can be found at
<https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/>;)--however a superior solution
made possible by this option to marking things hidden when the
default is public is to make the default hidden and mark things
public. This is the norm with DLLs on Windows and with
'-fvisibility=hidden' and '__attribute__ ((visibility("default")))'
instead of '__declspec(dllexport)' you get almost identical
semantics with identical syntax. This is a great boon to those
working with cross-platform projects.
For those adding visibility support to existing code, you may find
'#pragma GCC visibility' of use. This works by you enclosing the
declarations you wish to set visibility for with (for example)
'#pragma GCC visibility push(hidden)' and '#pragma GCC visibility
pop'. Bear in mind that symbol visibility should be viewed *as
part of the API interface contract* and thus all new code should
always specify visibility when it is not the default; i.e.,
declarations only for use within the local DSO should *always* be
marked explicitly as hidden as so to avoid PLT indirection
overheads--making this abundantly clear also aids readability and
self-documentation of the code. Note that due to ISO C++
specification requirements, 'operator new' and 'operator delete'
must always be of default visibility.
Be aware that headers from outside your project, in particular
system headers and headers from any other library you use, may not
be expecting to be compiled with visibility other than the default.
You may need to explicitly say '#pragma GCC visibility
push(default)' before including any such headers.
'extern' declarations are not affected by '-fvisibility', so a lot
of code can be recompiled with '-fvisibility=hidden' with no
modifications. However, this means that calls to 'extern'
functions with no explicit visibility use the PLT, so it is more
effective to use '__attribute ((visibility))' and/or '#pragma GCC
visibility' to tell the compiler which 'extern' declarations should
be treated as hidden.
Note that '-fvisibility' does affect C++ vague linkage entities.
This means that, for instance, an exception class that is be thrown
between DSOs must be explicitly marked with default visibility so
that the 'type_info' nodes are unified between the DSOs.
An overview of these techniques, their benefits and how to use them
is at <http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Visibility>;.
'-fstrict-volatile-bitfields'
This option should be used if accesses to volatile bit-fields (or
other structure fields, although the compiler usually honors those
types anyway) should use a single access of the width of the
field's type, aligned to a natural alignment if possible. For
example, targets with memory-mapped peripheral registers might
require all such accesses to be 16 bits wide; with this flag you
can declare all peripheral bit-fields as 'unsigned short' (assuming
short is 16 bits on these targets) to force GCC to use 16-bit
accesses instead of, perhaps, a more efficient 32-bit access.
If this option is disabled, the compiler uses the most efficient
instruction. In the previous example, that might be a 32-bit load
instruction, even though that accesses bytes that do not contain
any portion of the bit-field, or memory-mapped registers unrelated
to the one being updated.
In some cases, such as when the 'packed' attribute is applied to a
structure field, it may not be possible to access the field with a
single read or write that is correctly aligned for the target
machine. In this case GCC falls back to generating multiple
accesses rather than code that will fault or truncate the result at
run time.
Note: Due to restrictions of the C/C++11 memory model, write
accesses are not allowed to touch non bit-field members. It is
therefore recommended to define all bits of the field's type as
bit-field members.
The default value of this option is determined by the application
binary interface for the target processor.
'-fsync-libcalls'
This option controls whether any out-of-line instance of the
'__sync' family of functions may be used to implement the C++11
'__atomic' family of functions.
The default value of this option is enabled, thus the only useful
form of the option is '-fno-sync-libcalls'. This option is used in
the implementation of the 'libatomic' runtime library.
File: gcc.info, Node: Developer Options, Next: Submodel Options, Prev: Code Gen Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.17 GCC Developer Options
==========================
This section describes command-line options that are primarily of
interest to GCC developers, including options to support compiler
testing and investigation of compiler bugs and compile-time performance
problems. This includes options that produce debug dumps at various
points in the compilation; that print statistics such as memory use and
execution time; and that print information about GCC's configuration,
such as where it searches for libraries. You should rarely need to use
any of these options for ordinary compilation and linking tasks.
'-dLETTERS'
'-fdump-rtl-PASS'
'-fdump-rtl-PASS=FILENAME'
Says to make debugging dumps during compilation at times specified
by LETTERS. This is used for debugging the RTL-based passes of the
compiler. The file names for most of the dumps are made by
appending a pass number and a word to the DUMPNAME, and the files
are created in the directory of the output file. In case of
'=FILENAME' option, the dump is output on the given file instead of
the pass numbered dump files. Note that the pass number is
assigned as passes are registered into the pass manager. Most
passes are registered in the order that they will execute and for
these passes the number corresponds to the pass execution order.
However, passes registered by plugins, passes specific to
compilation targets, or passes that are otherwise registered after
all the other passes are numbered higher than a pass named "final",
even if they are executed earlier. DUMPNAME is generated from the
name of the output file if explicitly specified and not an
executable, otherwise it is the basename of the source file.
Some '-dLETTERS' switches have different meaning when '-E' is used
for preprocessing. *Note Preprocessor Options::, for information
about preprocessor-specific dump options.
Debug dumps can be enabled with a '-fdump-rtl' switch or some '-d'
option LETTERS. Here are the possible letters for use in PASS and
LETTERS, and their meanings:
'-fdump-rtl-alignments'
Dump after branch alignments have been computed.
'-fdump-rtl-asmcons'
Dump after fixing rtl statements that have unsatisfied in/out
constraints.
'-fdump-rtl-auto_inc_dec'
Dump after auto-inc-dec discovery. This pass is only run on
architectures that have auto inc or auto dec instructions.
'-fdump-rtl-barriers'
Dump after cleaning up the barrier instructions.
'-fdump-rtl-bbpart'
Dump after partitioning hot and cold basic blocks.
'-fdump-rtl-bbro'
Dump after block reordering.
'-fdump-rtl-btl1'
'-fdump-rtl-btl2'
'-fdump-rtl-btl1' and '-fdump-rtl-btl2' enable dumping after
the two branch target load optimization passes.
'-fdump-rtl-bypass'
Dump after jump bypassing and control flow optimizations.
'-fdump-rtl-combine'
Dump after the RTL instruction combination pass.
'-fdump-rtl-compgotos'
Dump after duplicating the computed gotos.
'-fdump-rtl-ce1'
'-fdump-rtl-ce2'
'-fdump-rtl-ce3'
'-fdump-rtl-ce1', '-fdump-rtl-ce2', and '-fdump-rtl-ce3'
enable dumping after the three if conversion passes.
'-fdump-rtl-cprop_hardreg'
Dump after hard register copy propagation.
'-fdump-rtl-csa'
Dump after combining stack adjustments.
'-fdump-rtl-cse1'
'-fdump-rtl-cse2'
'-fdump-rtl-cse1' and '-fdump-rtl-cse2' enable dumping after
the two common subexpression elimination passes.
'-fdump-rtl-dce'
Dump after the standalone dead code elimination passes.
'-fdump-rtl-dbr'
Dump after delayed branch scheduling.
'-fdump-rtl-dce1'
'-fdump-rtl-dce2'
'-fdump-rtl-dce1' and '-fdump-rtl-dce2' enable dumping after
the two dead store elimination passes.
'-fdump-rtl-eh'
Dump after finalization of EH handling code.
'-fdump-rtl-eh_ranges'
Dump after conversion of EH handling range regions.
'-fdump-rtl-expand'
Dump after RTL generation.
'-fdump-rtl-fwprop1'
'-fdump-rtl-fwprop2'
'-fdump-rtl-fwprop1' and '-fdump-rtl-fwprop2' enable dumping
after the two forward propagation passes.
'-fdump-rtl-gcse1'
'-fdump-rtl-gcse2'
'-fdump-rtl-gcse1' and '-fdump-rtl-gcse2' enable dumping after
global common subexpression elimination.
'-fdump-rtl-init-regs'
Dump after the initialization of the registers.
'-fdump-rtl-initvals'
Dump after the computation of the initial value sets.
'-fdump-rtl-into_cfglayout'
Dump after converting to cfglayout mode.
'-fdump-rtl-ira'
Dump after iterated register allocation.
'-fdump-rtl-jump'
Dump after the second jump optimization.
'-fdump-rtl-loop2'
'-fdump-rtl-loop2' enables dumping after the rtl loop
optimization passes.
'-fdump-rtl-mach'
Dump after performing the machine dependent reorganization
pass, if that pass exists.
'-fdump-rtl-mode_sw'
Dump after removing redundant mode switches.
'-fdump-rtl-rnreg'
Dump after register renumbering.
'-fdump-rtl-outof_cfglayout'
Dump after converting from cfglayout mode.
'-fdump-rtl-peephole2'
Dump after the peephole pass.
'-fdump-rtl-postreload'
Dump after post-reload optimizations.
'-fdump-rtl-pro_and_epilogue'
Dump after generating the function prologues and epilogues.
'-fdump-rtl-sched1'
'-fdump-rtl-sched2'
'-fdump-rtl-sched1' and '-fdump-rtl-sched2' enable dumping
after the basic block scheduling passes.
'-fdump-rtl-ree'
Dump after sign/zero extension elimination.
'-fdump-rtl-seqabstr'
Dump after common sequence discovery.
'-fdump-rtl-shorten'
Dump after shortening branches.
'-fdump-rtl-sibling'
Dump after sibling call optimizations.
'-fdump-rtl-split1'
'-fdump-rtl-split2'
'-fdump-rtl-split3'
'-fdump-rtl-split4'
'-fdump-rtl-split5'
These options enable dumping after five rounds of instruction
splitting.
'-fdump-rtl-sms'
Dump after modulo scheduling. This pass is only run on some
architectures.
'-fdump-rtl-stack'
Dump after conversion from GCC's "flat register file"
registers to the x87's stack-like registers. This pass is
only run on x86 variants.
'-fdump-rtl-subreg1'
'-fdump-rtl-subreg2'
'-fdump-rtl-subreg1' and '-fdump-rtl-subreg2' enable dumping
after the two subreg expansion passes.
'-fdump-rtl-unshare'
Dump after all rtl has been unshared.
'-fdump-rtl-vartrack'
Dump after variable tracking.
'-fdump-rtl-vregs'
Dump after converting virtual registers to hard registers.
'-fdump-rtl-web'
Dump after live range splitting.
'-fdump-rtl-regclass'
'-fdump-rtl-subregs_of_mode_init'
'-fdump-rtl-subregs_of_mode_finish'
'-fdump-rtl-dfinit'
'-fdump-rtl-dfinish'
These dumps are defined but always produce empty files.
'-da'
'-fdump-rtl-all'
Produce all the dumps listed above.
'-dA'
Annotate the assembler output with miscellaneous debugging
information.
'-dD'
Dump all macro definitions, at the end of preprocessing, in
addition to normal output.
'-dH'
Produce a core dump whenever an error occurs.
'-dp'
Annotate the assembler output with a comment indicating which
pattern and alternative is used. The length and cost of each
instruction are also printed.
'-dP'
Dump the RTL in the assembler output as a comment before each
instruction. Also turns on '-dp' annotation.
'-dx'
Just generate RTL for a function instead of compiling it.
Usually used with '-fdump-rtl-expand'.
'-fdump-noaddr'
When doing debugging dumps, suppress address output. This makes it
more feasible to use diff on debugging dumps for compiler
invocations with different compiler binaries and/or different text
/ bss / data / heap / stack / dso start locations.
'-freport-bug'
Collect and dump debug information into a temporary file if an
internal compiler error (ICE) occurs.
'-fdump-unnumbered'
When doing debugging dumps, suppress instruction numbers and
address output. This makes it more feasible to use diff on
debugging dumps for compiler invocations with different options, in
particular with and without '-g'.
'-fdump-unnumbered-links'
When doing debugging dumps (see '-d' option above), suppress
instruction numbers for the links to the previous and next
instructions in a sequence.
'-fdump-ipa-SWITCH'
Control the dumping at various stages of inter-procedural analysis
language tree to a file. The file name is generated by appending a
switch specific suffix to the source file name, and the file is
created in the same directory as the output file. The following
dumps are possible:
'all'
Enables all inter-procedural analysis dumps.
'cgraph'
Dumps information about call-graph optimization, unused
function removal, and inlining decisions.
'inline'
Dump after function inlining.
'-fdump-lang-all'
'-fdump-lang-SWITCH'
'-fdump-lang-SWITCH-OPTIONS'
'-fdump-lang-SWITCH-OPTIONS=FILENAME'
Control the dumping of language-specific information. The OPTIONS
and FILENAME portions behave as described in the '-fdump-tree'
option. The following SWITCH values are accepted:
'all'
Enable all language-specific dumps.
'class'
Dump class hierarchy information. Virtual table information
is emitted unless ''slim'' is specified. This option is
applicable to C++ only.
'raw'
Dump the raw internal tree data. This option is applicable to
C++ only.
'-fdump-passes'
Print on 'stderr' the list of optimization passes that are turned
on and off by the current command-line options.
'-fdump-statistics-OPTION'
Enable and control dumping of pass statistics in a separate file.
The file name is generated by appending a suffix ending in
'.statistics' to the source file name, and the file is created in
the same directory as the output file. If the '-OPTION' form is
used, '-stats' causes counters to be summed over the whole
compilation unit while '-details' dumps every event as the passes
generate them. The default with no option is to sum counters for
each function compiled.
'-fdump-tree-all'
'-fdump-tree-SWITCH'
'-fdump-tree-SWITCH-OPTIONS'
'-fdump-tree-SWITCH-OPTIONS=FILENAME'
Control the dumping at various stages of processing the
intermediate language tree to a file. The file name is generated
by appending a switch-specific suffix to the source file name, and
the file is created in the same directory as the output file. In
case of '=FILENAME' option, the dump is output on the given file
instead of the auto named dump files. If the '-OPTIONS' form is
used, OPTIONS is a list of '-' separated options which control the
details of the dump. Not all options are applicable to all dumps;
those that are not meaningful are ignored. The following options
are available
'address'
Print the address of each node. Usually this is not
meaningful as it changes according to the environment and
source file. Its primary use is for tying up a dump file with
a debug environment.
'asmname'
If 'DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME' has been set for a given decl, use
that in the dump instead of 'DECL_NAME'. Its primary use is
ease of use working backward from mangled names in the
assembly file.
'slim'
When dumping front-end intermediate representations, inhibit
dumping of members of a scope or body of a function merely
because that scope has been reached. Only dump such items
when they are directly reachable by some other path.
When dumping pretty-printed trees, this option inhibits
dumping the bodies of control structures.
When dumping RTL, print the RTL in slim (condensed) form
instead of the default LISP-like representation.
'raw'
Print a raw representation of the tree. By default, trees are
pretty-printed into a C-like representation.
'details'
Enable more detailed dumps (not honored by every dump option).
Also include information from the optimization passes.
'stats'
Enable dumping various statistics about the pass (not honored
by every dump option).
'blocks'
Enable showing basic block boundaries (disabled in raw dumps).
'graph'
For each of the other indicated dump files
('-fdump-rtl-PASS'), dump a representation of the control flow
graph suitable for viewing with GraphViz to
'FILE.PASSID.PASS.dot'. Each function in the file is
pretty-printed as a subgraph, so that GraphViz can render them
all in a single plot.
This option currently only works for RTL dumps, and the RTL is
always dumped in slim form.
'vops'
Enable showing virtual operands for every statement.
'lineno'
Enable showing line numbers for statements.
'uid'
Enable showing the unique ID ('DECL_UID') for each variable.
'verbose'
Enable showing the tree dump for each statement.
'eh'
Enable showing the EH region number holding each statement.
'scev'
Enable showing scalar evolution analysis details.
'optimized'
Enable showing optimization information (only available in
certain passes).
'missed'
Enable showing missed optimization information (only available
in certain passes).
'note'
Enable other detailed optimization information (only available
in certain passes).
'=FILENAME'
Instead of an auto named dump file, output into the given file
name. The file names 'stdout' and 'stderr' are treated
specially and are considered already open standard streams.
For example,
gcc -O2 -ftree-vectorize -fdump-tree-vect-blocks=foo.dump
-fdump-tree-pre=/dev/stderr file.c
outputs vectorizer dump into 'foo.dump', while the PRE dump is
output on to 'stderr'. If two conflicting dump filenames are
given for the same pass, then the latter option overrides the
earlier one.
'all'
Turn on all options, except 'raw', 'slim', 'verbose' and
'lineno'.
'optall'
Turn on all optimization options, i.e., 'optimized', 'missed',
and 'note'.
To determine what tree dumps are available or find the dump for a
pass of interest follow the steps below.
1. Invoke GCC with '-fdump-passes' and in the 'stderr' output
look for a code that corresponds to the pass you are
interested in. For example, the codes 'tree-evrp',
'tree-vrp1', and 'tree-vrp2' correspond to the three Value
Range Propagation passes. The number at the end distinguishes
distinct invocations of the same pass.
2. To enable the creation of the dump file, append the pass code
to the '-fdump-' option prefix and invoke GCC with it. For
example, to enable the dump from the Early Value Range
Propagation pass, invoke GCC with the '-fdump-tree-evrp'
option. Optionally, you may specify the name of the dump
file. If you don't specify one, GCC creates as described
below.
3. Find the pass dump in a file whose name is composed of three
components separated by a period: the name of the source file
GCC was invoked to compile, a numeric suffix indicating the
pass number followed by the letter 't' for tree passes (and
the letter 'r' for RTL passes), and finally the pass code.
For example, the Early VRP pass dump might be in a file named
'myfile.c.038t.evrp' in the current working directory. Note
that the numeric codes are not stable and may change from one
version of GCC to another.
'-fopt-info'
'-fopt-info-OPTIONS'
'-fopt-info-OPTIONS=FILENAME'
Controls optimization dumps from various optimization passes. If
the '-OPTIONS' form is used, OPTIONS is a list of '-' separated
option keywords to select the dump details and optimizations.
The OPTIONS can be divided into two groups: options describing the
verbosity of the dump, and options describing which optimizations
should be included. The options from both the groups can be freely
mixed as they are non-overlapping. However, in case of any
conflicts, the later options override the earlier options on the
command line.
The following options control the dump verbosity:
'optimized'
Print information when an optimization is successfully
applied. It is up to a pass to decide which information is
relevant. For example, the vectorizer passes print the source
location of loops which are successfully vectorized.
'missed'
Print information about missed optimizations. Individual
passes control which information to include in the output.
'note'
Print verbose information about optimizations, such as certain
transformations, more detailed messages about decisions etc.
'all'
Print detailed optimization information. This includes
'optimized', 'missed', and 'note'.
One or more of the following option keywords can be used to
describe a group of optimizations:
'ipa'
Enable dumps from all interprocedural optimizations.
'loop'
Enable dumps from all loop optimizations.
'inline'
Enable dumps from all inlining optimizations.
'omp'
Enable dumps from all OMP (Offloading and Multi Processing)
optimizations.
'vec'
Enable dumps from all vectorization optimizations.
'optall'
Enable dumps from all optimizations. This is a superset of
the optimization groups listed above.
If OPTIONS is omitted, it defaults to 'optimized-optall', which
means to dump all info about successful optimizations from all the
passes.
If the FILENAME is provided, then the dumps from all the applicable
optimizations are concatenated into the FILENAME. Otherwise the
dump is output onto 'stderr'. Though multiple '-fopt-info' options
are accepted, only one of them can include a FILENAME. If other
filenames are provided then all but the first such option are
ignored.
Note that the output FILENAME is overwritten in case of multiple
translation units. If a combined output from multiple translation
units is desired, 'stderr' should be used instead.
In the following example, the optimization info is output to
'stderr':
gcc -O3 -fopt-info
This example:
gcc -O3 -fopt-info-missed=missed.all
outputs missed optimization report from all the passes into
'missed.all', and this one:
gcc -O2 -ftree-vectorize -fopt-info-vec-missed
prints information about missed optimization opportunities from
vectorization passes on 'stderr'. Note that
'-fopt-info-vec-missed' is equivalent to '-fopt-info-missed-vec'.
The order of the optimization group names and message types listed
after '-fopt-info' does not matter.
As another example,
gcc -O3 -fopt-info-inline-optimized-missed=inline.txt
outputs information about missed optimizations as well as optimized
locations from all the inlining passes into 'inline.txt'.
Finally, consider:
gcc -fopt-info-vec-missed=vec.miss -fopt-info-loop-optimized=loop.opt
Here the two output filenames 'vec.miss' and 'loop.opt' are in
conflict since only one output file is allowed. In this case, only
the first option takes effect and the subsequent options are
ignored. Thus only 'vec.miss' is produced which contains dumps
from the vectorizer about missed opportunities.
'-fsched-verbose=N'
On targets that use instruction scheduling, this option controls
the amount of debugging output the scheduler prints to the dump
files.
For N greater than zero, '-fsched-verbose' outputs the same
information as '-fdump-rtl-sched1' and '-fdump-rtl-sched2'. For N
greater than one, it also output basic block probabilities,
detailed ready list information and unit/insn info. For N greater
than two, it includes RTL at abort point, control-flow and regions
info. And for N over four, '-fsched-verbose' also includes
dependence info.
'-fenable-KIND-PASS'
'-fdisable-KIND-PASS=RANGE-LIST'
This is a set of options that are used to explicitly disable/enable
optimization passes. These options are intended for use for
debugging GCC. Compiler users should use regular options for
enabling/disabling passes instead.
'-fdisable-ipa-PASS'
Disable IPA pass PASS. PASS is the pass name. If the same
pass is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the
pass name should be appended with a sequential number starting
from 1.
'-fdisable-rtl-PASS'
'-fdisable-rtl-PASS=RANGE-LIST'
Disable RTL pass PASS. PASS is the pass name. If the same
pass is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the
pass name should be appended with a sequential number starting
from 1. RANGE-LIST is a comma-separated list of function
ranges or assembler names. Each range is a number pair
separated by a colon. The range is inclusive in both ends.
If the range is trivial, the number pair can be simplified as
a single number. If the function's call graph node's UID
falls within one of the specified ranges, the PASS is disabled
for that function. The UID is shown in the function header of
a dump file, and the pass names can be dumped by using option
'-fdump-passes'.
'-fdisable-tree-PASS'
'-fdisable-tree-PASS=RANGE-LIST'
Disable tree pass PASS. See '-fdisable-rtl' for the
description of option arguments.
'-fenable-ipa-PASS'
Enable IPA pass PASS. PASS is the pass name. If the same
pass is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the
pass name should be appended with a sequential number starting
from 1.
'-fenable-rtl-PASS'
'-fenable-rtl-PASS=RANGE-LIST'
Enable RTL pass PASS. See '-fdisable-rtl' for option argument
description and examples.
'-fenable-tree-PASS'
'-fenable-tree-PASS=RANGE-LIST'
Enable tree pass PASS. See '-fdisable-rtl' for the
description of option arguments.
Here are some examples showing uses of these options.
# disable ccp1 for all functions
-fdisable-tree-ccp1
# disable complete unroll for function whose cgraph node uid is 1
-fenable-tree-cunroll=1
# disable gcse2 for functions at the following ranges [1,1],
# [300,400], and [400,1000]
# disable gcse2 for functions foo and foo2
-fdisable-rtl-gcse2=foo,foo2
# disable early inlining
-fdisable-tree-einline
# disable ipa inlining
-fdisable-ipa-inline
# enable tree full unroll
-fenable-tree-unroll
'-fchecking'
'-fchecking=N'
Enable internal consistency checking. The default depends on the
compiler configuration. '-fchecking=2' enables further internal
consistency checking that might affect code generation.
'-frandom-seed=STRING'
This option provides a seed that GCC uses in place of random
numbers in generating certain symbol names that have to be
different in every compiled file. It is also used to place unique
stamps in coverage data files and the object files that produce
them. You can use the '-frandom-seed' option to produce
reproducibly identical object files.
The STRING can either be a number (decimal, octal or hex) or an
arbitrary string (in which case it's converted to a number by
computing CRC32).
The STRING should be different for every file you compile.
'-save-temps'
'-save-temps=cwd'
Store the usual "temporary" intermediate files permanently; place
them in the current directory and name them based on the source
file. Thus, compiling 'foo.c' with '-c -save-temps' produces files
'foo.i' and 'foo.s', as well as 'foo.o'. This creates a
preprocessed 'foo.i' output file even though the compiler now
normally uses an integrated preprocessor.
When used in combination with the '-x' command-line option,
'-save-temps' is sensible enough to avoid over writing an input
source file with the same extension as an intermediate file. The
corresponding intermediate file may be obtained by renaming the
source file before using '-save-temps'.
If you invoke GCC in parallel, compiling several different source
files that share a common base name in different subdirectories or
the same source file compiled for multiple output destinations, it
is likely that the different parallel compilers will interfere with
each other, and overwrite the temporary files. For instance:
gcc -save-temps -o outdir1/foo.o indir1/foo.c&
gcc -save-temps -o outdir2/foo.o indir2/foo.c&
may result in 'foo.i' and 'foo.o' being written to simultaneously
by both compilers.
'-save-temps=obj'
Store the usual "temporary" intermediate files permanently. If the
'-o' option is used, the temporary files are based on the object
file. If the '-o' option is not used, the '-save-temps=obj' switch
behaves like '-save-temps'.
For example:
gcc -save-temps=obj -c foo.c
gcc -save-temps=obj -c bar.c -o dir/xbar.o
gcc -save-temps=obj foobar.c -o dir2/yfoobar
creates 'foo.i', 'foo.s', 'dir/xbar.i', 'dir/xbar.s',
'dir2/yfoobar.i', 'dir2/yfoobar.s', and 'dir2/yfoobar.o'.
'-time[=FILE]'
Report the CPU time taken by each subprocess in the compilation
sequence. For C source files, this is the compiler proper and
assembler (plus the linker if linking is done).
Without the specification of an output file, the output looks like
this:
# cc1 0.12 0.01
# as 0.00 0.01
The first number on each line is the "user time", that is time
spent executing the program itself. The second number is "system
time", time spent executing operating system routines on behalf of
the program. Both numbers are in seconds.
With the specification of an output file, the output is appended to
the named file, and it looks like this:
0.12 0.01 cc1 OPTIONS
0.00 0.01 as OPTIONS
The "user time" and the "system time" are moved before the program
name, and the options passed to the program are displayed, so that
one can later tell what file was being compiled, and with which
options.
'-fdump-final-insns[=FILE]'
Dump the final internal representation (RTL) to FILE. If the
optional argument is omitted (or if FILE is '.'), the name of the
dump file is determined by appending '.gkd' to the compilation
output file name.
'-fcompare-debug[=OPTS]'
If no error occurs during compilation, run the compiler a second
time, adding OPTS and '-fcompare-debug-second' to the arguments
passed to the second compilation. Dump the final internal
representation in both compilations, and print an error if they
differ.
If the equal sign is omitted, the default '-gtoggle' is used.
The environment variable 'GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG', if defined, non-empty
and nonzero, implicitly enables '-fcompare-debug'. If
'GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG' is defined to a string starting with a dash,
then it is used for OPTS, otherwise the default '-gtoggle' is used.
'-fcompare-debug=', with the equal sign but without OPTS, is
equivalent to '-fno-compare-debug', which disables the dumping of
the final representation and the second compilation, preventing
even 'GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG' from taking effect.
To verify full coverage during '-fcompare-debug' testing, set
'GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG' to say '-fcompare-debug-not-overridden', which
GCC rejects as an invalid option in any actual compilation (rather
than preprocessing, assembly or linking). To get just a warning,
setting 'GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG' to '-w%n-fcompare-debug not overridden'
will do.
'-fcompare-debug-second'
This option is implicitly passed to the compiler for the second
compilation requested by '-fcompare-debug', along with options to
silence warnings, and omitting other options that would cause the
compiler to produce output to files or to standard output as a side
effect. Dump files and preserved temporary files are renamed so as
to contain the '.gk' additional extension during the second
compilation, to avoid overwriting those generated by the first.
When this option is passed to the compiler driver, it causes the
_first_ compilation to be skipped, which makes it useful for little
other than debugging the compiler proper.
'-gtoggle'
Turn off generation of debug info, if leaving out this option
generates it, or turn it on at level 2 otherwise. The position of
this argument in the command line does not matter; it takes effect
after all other options are processed, and it does so only once, no
matter how many times it is given. This is mainly intended to be
used with '-fcompare-debug'.
'-fvar-tracking-assignments-toggle'
Toggle '-fvar-tracking-assignments', in the same way that
'-gtoggle' toggles '-g'.
'-Q'
Makes the compiler print out each function name as it is compiled,
and print some statistics about each pass when it finishes.
'-ftime-report'
Makes the compiler print some statistics about the time consumed by
each pass when it finishes.
'-ftime-report-details'
Record the time consumed by infrastructure parts separately for
each pass.
'-fira-verbose=N'
Control the verbosity of the dump file for the integrated register
allocator. The default value is 5. If the value N is greater or
equal to 10, the dump output is sent to stderr using the same
format as N minus 10.
'-flto-report'
Prints a report with internal details on the workings of the
link-time optimizer. The contents of this report vary from version
to version. It is meant to be useful to GCC developers when
processing object files in LTO mode (via '-flto').
Disabled by default.
'-flto-report-wpa'
Like '-flto-report', but only print for the WPA phase of Link Time
Optimization.
'-fmem-report'
Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
allocation when it finishes.
'-fmem-report-wpa'
Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
allocation for the WPA phase only.
'-fpre-ipa-mem-report'
'-fpost-ipa-mem-report'
Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
allocation before or after interprocedural optimization.
'-fprofile-report'
Makes the compiler print some statistics about consistency of the
(estimated) profile and effect of individual passes.
'-fstack-usage'
Makes the compiler output stack usage information for the program,
on a per-function basis. The filename for the dump is made by
appending '.su' to the AUXNAME. AUXNAME is generated from the name
of the output file, if explicitly specified and it is not an
executable, otherwise it is the basename of the source file. An
entry is made up of three fields:
* The name of the function.
* A number of bytes.
* One or more qualifiers: 'static', 'dynamic', 'bounded'.
The qualifier 'static' means that the function manipulates the
stack statically: a fixed number of bytes are allocated for the
frame on function entry and released on function exit; no stack
adjustments are otherwise made in the function. The second field
is this fixed number of bytes.
The qualifier 'dynamic' means that the function manipulates the
stack dynamically: in addition to the static allocation described
above, stack adjustments are made in the body of the function, for
example to push/pop arguments around function calls. If the
qualifier 'bounded' is also present, the amount of these
adjustments is bounded at compile time and the second field is an
upper bound of the total amount of stack used by the function. If
it is not present, the amount of these adjustments is not bounded
at compile time and the second field only represents the bounded
part.
'-fstats'
Emit statistics about front-end processing at the end of the
compilation. This option is supported only by the C++ front end,
and the information is generally only useful to the G++ development
team.
'-fdbg-cnt-list'
Print the name and the counter upper bound for all debug counters.
'-fdbg-cnt=COUNTER-VALUE-LIST'
Set the internal debug counter upper bound. COUNTER-VALUE-LIST is
a comma-separated list of NAME:VALUE pairs which sets the upper
bound of each debug counter NAME to VALUE. All debug counters have
the initial upper bound of 'UINT_MAX'; thus 'dbg_cnt' returns true
always unless the upper bound is set by this option. For example,
with '-fdbg-cnt=dce:10,tail_call:0', 'dbg_cnt(dce)' returns true
only for first 10 invocations.
'-print-file-name=LIBRARY'
Print the full absolute name of the library file LIBRARY that would
be used when linking--and don't do anything else. With this
option, GCC does not compile or link anything; it just prints the
file name.
'-print-multi-directory'
Print the directory name corresponding to the multilib selected by
any other switches present in the command line. This directory is
supposed to exist in 'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'.
'-print-multi-lib'
Print the mapping from multilib directory names to compiler
switches that enable them. The directory name is separated from
the switches by ';', and each switch starts with an '@' instead of
the '-', without spaces between multiple switches. This is
supposed to ease shell processing.
'-print-multi-os-directory'
Print the path to OS libraries for the selected multilib, relative
to some 'lib' subdirectory. If OS libraries are present in the
'lib' subdirectory and no multilibs are used, this is usually just
'.', if OS libraries are present in 'libSUFFIX' sibling directories
this prints e.g. '../lib64', '../lib' or '../lib32', or if OS
libraries are present in 'lib/SUBDIR' subdirectories it prints e.g.
'amd64', 'sparcv9' or 'ev6'.
'-print-multiarch'
Print the path to OS libraries for the selected multiarch, relative
to some 'lib' subdirectory.
'-print-prog-name=PROGRAM'
Like '-print-file-name', but searches for a program such as 'cpp'.
'-print-libgcc-file-name'
Same as '-print-file-name=libgcc.a'.
This is useful when you use '-nostdlib' or '-nodefaultlibs' but you
do want to link with 'libgcc.a'. You can do:
gcc -nostdlib FILES... `gcc -print-libgcc-file-name`
'-print-search-dirs'
Print the name of the configured installation directory and a list
of program and library directories 'gcc' searches--and don't do
anything else.
This is useful when 'gcc' prints the error message 'installation
problem, cannot exec cpp0: No such file or directory'. To resolve
this you either need to put 'cpp0' and the other compiler
components where 'gcc' expects to find them, or you can set the
environment variable 'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' to the directory where you
installed them. Don't forget the trailing '/'. *Note Environment
Variables::.
'-print-sysroot'
Print the target sysroot directory that is used during compilation.
This is the target sysroot specified either at configure time or
using the '--sysroot' option, possibly with an extra suffix that
depends on compilation options. If no target sysroot is specified,
the option prints nothing.
'-print-sysroot-headers-suffix'
Print the suffix added to the target sysroot when searching for
headers, or give an error if the compiler is not configured with
such a suffix--and don't do anything else.
'-dumpmachine'
Print the compiler's target machine (for example,
'i686-pc-linux-gnu')--and don't do anything else.
'-dumpversion'
Print the compiler version (for example, '3.0', '6.3.0' or
'7')--and don't do anything else. This is the compiler version
used in filesystem paths, specs, can be depending on how the
compiler has been configured just a single number (major version),
two numbers separated by dot (major and minor version) or three
numbers separated by dots (major, minor and patchlevel version).
'-dumpfullversion'
Print the full compiler version, always 3 numbers separated by
dots, major, minor and patchlevel version.
'-dumpspecs'
Print the compiler's built-in specs--and don't do anything else.
(This is used when GCC itself is being built.) *Note Spec Files::.
File: gcc.info, Node: Submodel Options, Next: Spec Files, Prev: Developer Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.18 Machine-Dependent Options
==============================
Each target machine supported by GCC can have its own options--for
example, to allow you to compile for a particular processor variant or
ABI, or to control optimizations specific to that machine. By
convention, the names of machine-specific options start with '-m'.
Some configurations of the compiler also support additional
target-specific options, usually for compatibility with other compilers
on the same platform.
* Menu:
* AArch64 Options::
* Adapteva Epiphany Options::
* ARC Options::
* ARM Options::
* AVR Options::
* Blackfin Options::
* C6X Options::
* CRIS Options::
* CR16 Options::
* Darwin Options::
* DEC Alpha Options::
* FR30 Options::
* FT32 Options::
* FRV Options::
* GNU/Linux Options::
* H8/300 Options::
* HPPA Options::
* IA-64 Options::
* LM32 Options::
* M32C Options::
* M32R/D Options::
* M680x0 Options::
* MCore Options::
* MeP Options::
* MicroBlaze Options::
* MIPS Options::
* MMIX Options::
* MN10300 Options::
* Moxie Options::
* MSP430 Options::
* NDS32 Options::
* Nios II Options::
* Nvidia PTX Options::
* PDP-11 Options::
* picoChip Options::
* PowerPC Options::
* PowerPC SPE Options::
* RISC-V Options::
* RL78 Options::
* RS/6000 and PowerPC Options::
* RX Options::
* S/390 and zSeries Options::
* Score Options::
* SH Options::
* Solaris 2 Options::
* SPARC Options::
* SPU Options::
* System V Options::
* TILE-Gx Options::
* TILEPro Options::
* V850 Options::
* VAX Options::
* Visium Options::
* VMS Options::
* VxWorks Options::
* x86 Options::
* x86 Windows Options::
* Xstormy16 Options::
* Xtensa Options::
* zSeries Options::
File: gcc.info, Node: AArch64 Options, Next: Adapteva Epiphany Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.1 AArch64 Options
----------------------
These options are defined for AArch64 implementations:
'-mabi=NAME'
Generate code for the specified data model. Permissible values are
'ilp32' for SysV-like data model where int, long int and pointers
are 32 bits, and 'lp64' for SysV-like data model where int is 32
bits, but long int and pointers are 64 bits.
The default depends on the specific target configuration. Note
that the LP64 and ILP32 ABIs are not link-compatible; you must
compile your entire program with the same ABI, and link with a
compatible set of libraries.
'-mbig-endian'
Generate big-endian code. This is the default when GCC is
configured for an 'aarch64_be-*-*' target.
'-mgeneral-regs-only'
Generate code which uses only the general-purpose registers. This
will prevent the compiler from using floating-point and Advanced
SIMD registers but will not impose any restrictions on the
assembler.
'-mlittle-endian'
Generate little-endian code. This is the default when GCC is
configured for an 'aarch64-*-*' but not an 'aarch64_be-*-*' target.
'-mcmodel=tiny'
Generate code for the tiny code model. The program and its
statically defined symbols must be within 1MB of each other.
Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
'-mcmodel=small'
Generate code for the small code model. The program and its
statically defined symbols must be within 4GB of each other.
Programs can be statically or dynamically linked. This is the
default code model.
'-mcmodel=large'
Generate code for the large code model. This makes no assumptions
about addresses and sizes of sections. Programs can be statically
linked only.
'-mstrict-align'
Avoid generating memory accesses that may not be aligned on a
natural object boundary as described in the architecture
specification.
'-momit-leaf-frame-pointer'
'-mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer'
Omit or keep the frame pointer in leaf functions. The former
behavior is the default.
'-mtls-dialect=desc'
Use TLS descriptors as the thread-local storage mechanism for
dynamic accesses of TLS variables. This is the default.
'-mtls-dialect=traditional'
Use traditional TLS as the thread-local storage mechanism for
dynamic accesses of TLS variables.
'-mtls-size=SIZE'
Specify bit size of immediate TLS offsets. Valid values are 12,
24, 32, 48. This option requires binutils 2.26 or newer.
'-mfix-cortex-a53-835769'
'-mno-fix-cortex-a53-835769'
Enable or disable the workaround for the ARM Cortex-A53 erratum
number 835769. This involves inserting a NOP instruction between
memory instructions and 64-bit integer multiply-accumulate
instructions.
'-mfix-cortex-a53-843419'
'-mno-fix-cortex-a53-843419'
Enable or disable the workaround for the ARM Cortex-A53 erratum
number 843419. This erratum workaround is made at link time and
this will only pass the corresponding flag to the linker.
'-mlow-precision-recip-sqrt'
'-mno-low-precision-recip-sqrt'
Enable or disable the reciprocal square root approximation. This
option only has an effect if '-ffast-math' or
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' is used as well. Enabling this
reduces precision of reciprocal square root results to about 16
bits for single precision and to 32 bits for double precision.
'-mlow-precision-sqrt'
'-mno-low-precision-sqrt'
Enable or disable the square root approximation. This option only
has an effect if '-ffast-math' or '-funsafe-math-optimizations' is
used as well. Enabling this reduces precision of square root
results to about 16 bits for single precision and to 32 bits for
double precision. If enabled, it implies
'-mlow-precision-recip-sqrt'.
'-mlow-precision-div'
'-mno-low-precision-div'
Enable or disable the division approximation. This option only has
an effect if '-ffast-math' or '-funsafe-math-optimizations' is used
as well. Enabling this reduces precision of division results to
about 16 bits for single precision and to 32 bits for double
precision.
'-moutline-atomics'
'-mno-outline-atomics'
Enable or disable calls to out-of-line helpers to implement atomic
operations. These helpers will, at runtime, determine if the LSE
instructions from ARMv8.1-A can be used; if not, they will use the
load/store-exclusive instructions that are present in the base
ARMv8.0 ISA.
This option is only applicable when compiling for the base ARMv8.0
instruction set. If using a later revision, e.g.
'-march=armv8.1-a' or '-march=armv8-a+lse', the ARMv8.1-Atomics
instructions will be used directly. The same applies when using
'-mcpu=' when the selected cpu supports the 'lse' feature.
'-march=NAME'
Specify the name of the target architecture and, optionally, one or
more feature modifiers. This option has the form
'-march=ARCH{+[no]FEATURE}*'.
The permissible values for ARCH are 'armv8-a', 'armv8.1-a',
'armv8.2-a', 'armv8.3-a' or 'armv8.4-a' or NATIVE.
The value 'armv8.4-a' implies 'armv8.3-a' and enables compiler
support for the ARMv8.4-A architecture extensions.
The value 'armv8.3-a' implies 'armv8.2-a' and enables compiler
support for the ARMv8.3-A architecture extensions.
The value 'armv8.2-a' implies 'armv8.1-a' and enables compiler
support for the ARMv8.2-A architecture extensions.
The value 'armv8.1-a' implies 'armv8-a' and enables compiler
support for the ARMv8.1-A architecture extension. In particular,
it enables the '+crc', '+lse', and '+rdma' features.
The value 'native' is available on native AArch64 GNU/Linux and
causes the compiler to pick the architecture of the host system.
This option has no effect if the compiler is unable to recognize
the architecture of the host system,
The permissible values for FEATURE are listed in the sub-section on
*note '-march' and '-mcpu' Feature Modifiers:
aarch64-feature-modifiers. Where conflicting feature modifiers are
specified, the right-most feature is used.
GCC uses NAME to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
when generating assembly code. If '-march' is specified without
either of '-mtune' or '-mcpu' also being specified, the code is
tuned to perform well across a range of target processors
implementing the target architecture.
'-mtune=NAME'
Specify the name of the target processor for which GCC should tune
the performance of the code. Permissible values for this option
are: 'generic', 'cortex-a35', 'cortex-a53', 'cortex-a55',
'cortex-a57', 'cortex-a72', 'cortex-a73', 'cortex-a75',
'cortex-a76', 'ares', 'neoverse-n1', 'neoverse-n2', 'neoverse-v1',
'zeus', 'neoverse-512tvb', 'exynos-m1', 'falkor', 'qdf24xx',
'saphira', 'xgene1', 'vulcan', 'thunderx', 'thunderxt88',
'thunderxt88p1', 'thunderxt81', 'thunderxt83', 'thunderx2t99',
'cortex-a57.cortex-a53', 'cortex-a72.cortex-a53',
'cortex-a73.cortex-a35', 'cortex-a73.cortex-a53',
'cortex-a75.cortex-a55', 'native'.
The values 'cortex-a57.cortex-a53', 'cortex-a72.cortex-a53',
'cortex-a73.cortex-a35', 'cortex-a73.cortex-a53',
'cortex-a75.cortex-a55' specify that GCC should tune for a
big.LITTLE system.
The value 'neoverse-512tvb' specifies that GCC should tune for
Neoverse cores that (a) implement SVE and (b) have a total vector
bandwidth of 512 bits per cycle. In other words, the option tells
GCC to tune for Neoverse cores that can execute 4 128-bit Advanced
SIMD arithmetic instructions a cycle and that can execute an
equivalent number of SVE arithmetic instructions per cycle (2 for
256-bit SVE, 4 for 128-bit SVE). This is more general than tuning
for a specific core like Neoverse V1 but is more specific than the
default tuning described below.
Additionally on native AArch64 GNU/Linux systems the value 'native'
tunes performance to the host system. This option has no effect if
the compiler is unable to recognize the processor of the host
system.
Where none of '-mtune=', '-mcpu=' or '-march=' are specified, the
code is tuned to perform well across a range of target processors.
This option cannot be suffixed by feature modifiers.
'-mcpu=NAME'
Specify the name of the target processor, optionally suffixed by
one or more feature modifiers. This option has the form
'-mcpu=CPU{+[no]FEATURE}*', where the permissible values for CPU
are the same as those available for '-mtune'. The permissible
values for FEATURE are documented in the sub-section on *note
'-march' and '-mcpu' Feature Modifiers: aarch64-feature-modifiers.
Where conflicting feature modifiers are specified, the right-most
feature is used.
GCC uses NAME to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
when generating assembly code (as if by '-march') and to determine
the target processor for which to tune for performance (as if by
'-mtune'). Where this option is used in conjunction with '-march'
or '-mtune', those options take precedence over the appropriate
part of this option.
'-mcpu=neoverse-512tvb' is special in that it does not refer to a
specific core, but instead refers to all Neoverse cores that (a)
implement SVE and (b) have a total vector bandwidth of 512 bits a
cycle. Unless overridden by '-march', '-mcpu=neoverse-512tvb'
generates code that can run on a Neoverse V1 core, since Neoverse
V1 is the first Neoverse core with these properties. Unless
overridden by '-mtune', '-mcpu=neoverse-512tvb' tunes code in the
same way as for '-mtune=neoverse-512tvb'.
'-moverride=STRING'
Override tuning decisions made by the back-end in response to a
'-mtune=' switch. The syntax, semantics, and accepted values for
STRING in this option are not guaranteed to be consistent across
releases.
This option is only intended to be useful when developing GCC.
'-mverbose-cost-dump'
Enable verbose cost model dumping in the debug dump files. This
option is provided for use in debugging the compiler.
'-mpc-relative-literal-loads'
'-mno-pc-relative-literal-loads'
Enable or disable PC-relative literal loads. With this option
literal pools are accessed using a single instruction and emitted
after each function. This limits the maximum size of functions to
1MB. This is enabled by default for '-mcmodel=tiny'.
'-msign-return-address=SCOPE'
Select the function scope on which return address signing will be
applied. Permissible values are 'none', which disables return
address signing, 'non-leaf', which enables pointer signing for
functions which are not leaf functions, and 'all', which enables
pointer signing for all functions. The default value is 'none'.
'-msve-vector-bits=BITS'
Specify the number of bits in an SVE vector register. This option
only has an effect when SVE is enabled.
GCC supports two forms of SVE code generation: "vector-length
agnostic" output that works with any size of vector register and
"vector-length specific" output that allows GCC to make assumptions
about the vector length when it is useful for optimization reasons.
The possible values of 'bits' are: 'scalable', '128', '256', '512',
'1024' and '2048'. Specifying 'scalable' selects vector-length
agnostic output. At present '-msve-vector-bits=128' also generates
vector-length agnostic output. All other values generate
vector-length specific code. The behavior of these values may
change in future releases and no value except 'scalable' should be
relied on for producing code that is portable across different
hardware SVE vector lengths.
The default is '-msve-vector-bits=scalable', which produces
vector-length agnostic code.
3.18.1.1 '-march' and '-mcpu' Feature Modifiers
...............................................
Feature modifiers used with '-march' and '-mcpu' can be any of the
following and their inverses 'noFEATURE':
'crc'
Enable CRC extension. This is on by default for
'-march=armv8.1-a'.
'crypto'
Enable Crypto extension. This also enables Advanced SIMD and
floating-point instructions.
'fp'
Enable floating-point instructions. This is on by default for all
possible values for options '-march' and '-mcpu'.
'simd'
Enable Advanced SIMD instructions. This also enables
floating-point instructions. This is on by default for all
possible values for options '-march' and '-mcpu'.
'sve'
Enable Scalable Vector Extension instructions. This also enables
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
'lse'
Enable Large System Extension instructions. This is on by default
for '-march=armv8.1-a'.
'rdma'
Enable Round Double Multiply Accumulate instructions. This is on
by default for '-march=armv8.1-a'.
'fp16'
Enable FP16 extension. This also enables floating-point
instructions.
'fp16fml'
Enable FP16 fmla extension. This also enables FP16 extensions and
floating-point instructions. This option is enabled by default for
'-march=armv8.4-a'. Use of this option with architectures prior to
Armv8.2-A is not supported.
'rcpc'
Enable the RcPc extension. This does not change code generation
from GCC, but is passed on to the assembler, enabling inline asm
statements to use instructions from the RcPc extension.
'dotprod'
Enable the Dot Product extension. This also enables Advanced SIMD
instructions.
'aes'
Enable the Armv8-a aes and pmull crypto extension. This also
enables Advanced SIMD instructions.
'sha2'
Enable the Armv8-a sha2 crypto extension. This also enables
Advanced SIMD instructions.
'sha3'
Enable the sha512 and sha3 crypto extension. This also enables
Advanced SIMD instructions. Use of this option with architectures
prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.
'sm4'
Enable the sm3 and sm4 crypto extension. This also enables
Advanced SIMD instructions. Use of this option with architectures
prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.
Feature 'crypto' implies 'aes', 'sha2', and 'simd', which implies 'fp'.
Conversely, 'nofp' implies 'nosimd', which implies 'nocrypto', 'noaes'
and 'nosha2'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Adapteva Epiphany Options, Next: ARC Options, Prev: AArch64 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.2 Adapteva Epiphany Options
--------------------------------
These '-m' options are defined for Adapteva Epiphany:
'-mhalf-reg-file'
Don't allocate any register in the range 'r32'...'r63'. That
allows code to run on hardware variants that lack these registers.
'-mprefer-short-insn-regs'
Preferentially allocate registers that allow short instruction
generation. This can result in increased instruction count, so
this may either reduce or increase overall code size.
'-mbranch-cost=NUM'
Set the cost of branches to roughly NUM "simple" instructions.
This cost is only a heuristic and is not guaranteed to produce
consistent results across releases.
'-mcmove'
Enable the generation of conditional moves.
'-mnops=NUM'
Emit NUM NOPs before every other generated instruction.
'-mno-soft-cmpsf'
For single-precision floating-point comparisons, emit an 'fsub'
instruction and test the flags. This is faster than a software
comparison, but can get incorrect results in the presence of NaNs,
or when two different small numbers are compared such that their
difference is calculated as zero. The default is '-msoft-cmpsf',
which uses slower, but IEEE-compliant, software comparisons.
'-mstack-offset=NUM'
Set the offset between the top of the stack and the stack pointer.
E.g., a value of 8 means that the eight bytes in the range
'sp+0...sp+7' can be used by leaf functions without stack
allocation. Values other than '8' or '16' are untested and
unlikely to work. Note also that this option changes the ABI;
compiling a program with a different stack offset than the
libraries have been compiled with generally does not work. This
option can be useful if you want to evaluate if a different stack
offset would give you better code, but to actually use a different
stack offset to build working programs, it is recommended to
configure the toolchain with the appropriate
'--with-stack-offset=NUM' option.
'-mno-round-nearest'
Make the scheduler assume that the rounding mode has been set to
truncating. The default is '-mround-nearest'.
'-mlong-calls'
If not otherwise specified by an attribute, assume all calls might
be beyond the offset range of the 'b' / 'bl' instructions, and
therefore load the function address into a register before
performing a (otherwise direct) call. This is the default.
'-mshort-calls'
If not otherwise specified by an attribute, assume all direct calls
are in the range of the 'b' / 'bl' instructions, so use these
instructions for direct calls. The default is '-mlong-calls'.
'-msmall16'
Assume addresses can be loaded as 16-bit unsigned values. This
does not apply to function addresses for which '-mlong-calls'
semantics are in effect.
'-mfp-mode=MODE'
Set the prevailing mode of the floating-point unit. This
determines the floating-point mode that is provided and expected at
function call and return time. Making this mode match the mode you
predominantly need at function start can make your programs smaller
and faster by avoiding unnecessary mode switches.
MODE can be set to one the following values:
'caller'
Any mode at function entry is valid, and retained or restored
when the function returns, and when it calls other functions.
This mode is useful for compiling libraries or other
compilation units you might want to incorporate into different
programs with different prevailing FPU modes, and the
convenience of being able to use a single object file
outweighs the size and speed overhead for any extra mode
switching that might be needed, compared with what would be
needed with a more specific choice of prevailing FPU mode.
'truncate'
This is the mode used for floating-point calculations with
truncating (i.e. round towards zero) rounding mode. That
includes conversion from floating point to integer.
'round-nearest'
This is the mode used for floating-point calculations with
round-to-nearest-or-even rounding mode.
'int'
This is the mode used to perform integer calculations in the
FPU, e.g. integer multiply, or integer
multiply-and-accumulate.
The default is '-mfp-mode=caller'
'-mnosplit-lohi'
'-mno-postinc'
'-mno-postmodify'
Code generation tweaks that disable, respectively, splitting of
32-bit loads, generation of post-increment addresses, and
generation of post-modify addresses. The defaults are
'msplit-lohi', '-mpost-inc', and '-mpost-modify'.
'-mnovect-double'
Change the preferred SIMD mode to SImode. The default is
'-mvect-double', which uses DImode as preferred SIMD mode.
'-max-vect-align=NUM'
The maximum alignment for SIMD vector mode types. NUM may be 4 or
8. The default is 8. Note that this is an ABI change, even though
many library function interfaces are unaffected if they don't use
SIMD vector modes in places that affect size and/or alignment of
relevant types.
'-msplit-vecmove-early'
Split vector moves into single word moves before reload. In theory
this can give better register allocation, but so far the reverse
seems to be generally the case.
'-m1reg-REG'
Specify a register to hold the constant -1, which makes loading
small negative constants and certain bitmasks faster. Allowable
values for REG are 'r43' and 'r63', which specify use of that
register as a fixed register, and 'none', which means that no
register is used for this purpose. The default is '-m1reg-none'.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARC Options, Next: ARM Options, Prev: Adapteva Epiphany Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.3 ARC Options
------------------
The following options control the architecture variant for which code is
being compiled:
'-mbarrel-shifter'
Generate instructions supported by barrel shifter. This is the
default unless '-mcpu=ARC601' or '-mcpu=ARCEM' is in effect.
'-mjli-always'
Force to call a function using jli_s instruction. This option is
valid only for ARCv2 architecture.
'-mcpu=CPU'
Set architecture type, register usage, and instruction scheduling
parameters for CPU. There are also shortcut alias options
available for backward compatibility and convenience. Supported
values for CPU are
'arc600'
Compile for ARC600. Aliases: '-mA6', '-mARC600'.
'arc601'
Compile for ARC601. Alias: '-mARC601'.
'arc700'
Compile for ARC700. Aliases: '-mA7', '-mARC700'. This is the
default when configured with '--with-cpu=arc700'.
'arcem'
Compile for ARC EM.
'archs'
Compile for ARC HS.
'em'
Compile for ARC EM CPU with no hardware extensions.
'em4'
Compile for ARC EM4 CPU.
'em4_dmips'
Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU.
'em4_fpus'
Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU with the single-precision
floating-point extension.
'em4_fpuda'
Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU with single-precision
floating-point and double assist instructions.
'hs'
Compile for ARC HS CPU with no hardware extensions except the
atomic instructions.
'hs34'
Compile for ARC HS34 CPU.
'hs38'
Compile for ARC HS38 CPU.
'hs38_linux'
Compile for ARC HS38 CPU with all hardware extensions on.
'arc600_norm'
Compile for ARC 600 CPU with 'norm' instructions enabled.
'arc600_mul32x16'
Compile for ARC 600 CPU with 'norm' and 32x16-bit multiply
instructions enabled.
'arc600_mul64'
Compile for ARC 600 CPU with 'norm' and 'mul64'-family
instructions enabled.
'arc601_norm'
Compile for ARC 601 CPU with 'norm' instructions enabled.
'arc601_mul32x16'
Compile for ARC 601 CPU with 'norm' and 32x16-bit multiply
instructions enabled.
'arc601_mul64'
Compile for ARC 601 CPU with 'norm' and 'mul64'-family
instructions enabled.
'nps400'
Compile for ARC 700 on NPS400 chip.
'em_mini'
Compile for ARC EM minimalist configuration featuring reduced
register set.
'-mdpfp'
'-mdpfp-compact'
Generate double-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the compact
implementation.
'-mdpfp-fast'
Generate double-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the fast
implementation.
'-mno-dpfp-lrsr'
Disable 'lr' and 'sr' instructions from using FPX extension aux
registers.
'-mea'
Generate extended arithmetic instructions. Currently only 'divaw',
'adds', 'subs', and 'sat16' are supported. This is always enabled
for '-mcpu=ARC700'.
'-mno-mpy'
Do not generate 'mpy'-family instructions for ARC700. This option
is deprecated.
'-mmul32x16'
Generate 32x16-bit multiply and multiply-accumulate instructions.
'-mmul64'
Generate 'mul64' and 'mulu64' instructions. Only valid for
'-mcpu=ARC600'.
'-mnorm'
Generate 'norm' instructions. This is the default if
'-mcpu=ARC700' is in effect.
'-mspfp'
'-mspfp-compact'
Generate single-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the compact
implementation.
'-mspfp-fast'
Generate single-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the fast
implementation.
'-msimd'
Enable generation of ARC SIMD instructions via target-specific
builtins. Only valid for '-mcpu=ARC700'.
'-msoft-float'
This option ignored; it is provided for compatibility purposes
only. Software floating-point code is emitted by default, and this
default can overridden by FPX options; '-mspfp', '-mspfp-compact',
or '-mspfp-fast' for single precision, and '-mdpfp',
'-mdpfp-compact', or '-mdpfp-fast' for double precision.
'-mswap'
Generate 'swap' instructions.
'-matomic'
This enables use of the locked load/store conditional extension to
implement atomic memory built-in functions. Not available for ARC
6xx or ARC EM cores.
'-mdiv-rem'
Enable 'div' and 'rem' instructions for ARCv2 cores.
'-mcode-density'
Enable code density instructions for ARC EM. This option is on by
default for ARC HS.
'-mll64'
Enable double load/store operations for ARC HS cores.
'-mtp-regno=REGNO'
Specify thread pointer register number.
'-mmpy-option=MULTO'
Compile ARCv2 code with a multiplier design option. You can
specify the option using either a string or numeric value for
MULTO. 'wlh1' is the default value. The recognized values are:
'0'
'none'
No multiplier available.
'1'
'w'
16x16 multiplier, fully pipelined. The following instructions
are enabled: 'mpyw' and 'mpyuw'.
'2'
'wlh1'
32x32 multiplier, fully pipelined (1 stage). The following
instructions are additionally enabled: 'mpy', 'mpyu', 'mpym',
'mpymu', and 'mpy_s'.
'3'
'wlh2'
32x32 multiplier, fully pipelined (2 stages). The following
instructions are additionally enabled: 'mpy', 'mpyu', 'mpym',
'mpymu', and 'mpy_s'.
'4'
'wlh3'
Two 16x16 multipliers, blocking, sequential. The following
instructions are additionally enabled: 'mpy', 'mpyu', 'mpym',
'mpymu', and 'mpy_s'.
'5'
'wlh4'
One 16x16 multiplier, blocking, sequential. The following
instructions are additionally enabled: 'mpy', 'mpyu', 'mpym',
'mpymu', and 'mpy_s'.
'6'
'wlh5'
One 32x4 multiplier, blocking, sequential. The following
instructions are additionally enabled: 'mpy', 'mpyu', 'mpym',
'mpymu', and 'mpy_s'.
'7'
'plus_dmpy'
ARC HS SIMD support.
'8'
'plus_macd'
ARC HS SIMD support.
'9'
'plus_qmacw'
ARC HS SIMD support.
This option is only available for ARCv2 cores.
'-mfpu=FPU'
Enables support for specific floating-point hardware extensions for
ARCv2 cores. Supported values for FPU are:
'fpus'
Enables support for single-precision floating-point hardware
extensions.
'fpud'
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions. The single-precision floating-point extension is
also enabled. Not available for ARC EM.
'fpuda'
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
single-precision floating-point extension is also enabled.
This option is only available for ARC EM.
'fpuda_div'
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
single-precision floating-point, square-root, and divide
extensions are also enabled. This option is only available
for ARC EM.
'fpuda_fma'
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
single-precision floating-point and fused multiply and add
hardware extensions are also enabled. This option is only
available for ARC EM.
'fpuda_all'
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions using double-precision assist instructions. All
single-precision floating-point hardware extensions are also
enabled. This option is only available for ARC EM.
'fpus_div'
Enables support for single-precision floating-point,
square-root and divide hardware extensions.
'fpud_div'
Enables support for double-precision floating-point,
square-root and divide hardware extensions. This option
includes option 'fpus_div'. Not available for ARC EM.
'fpus_fma'
Enables support for single-precision floating-point and fused
multiply and add hardware extensions.
'fpud_fma'
Enables support for double-precision floating-point and fused
multiply and add hardware extensions. This option includes
option 'fpus_fma'. Not available for ARC EM.
'fpus_all'
Enables support for all single-precision floating-point
hardware extensions.
'fpud_all'
Enables support for all single- and double-precision
floating-point hardware extensions. Not available for ARC EM.
'-mirq-ctrl-saved=REGISTER-RANGE, BLINK, LP_COUNT'
Specifies general-purposes registers that the processor
automatically saves/restores on interrupt entry and exit.
REGISTER-RANGE is specified as two registers separated by a dash.
The register range always starts with 'r0', the upper limit is 'fp'
register. BLINK and LP_COUNT are optional. This option is only
valid for ARC EM and ARC HS cores.
'-mrgf-banked-regs=NUMBER'
Specifies the number of registers replicated in second register
bank on entry to fast interrupt. Fast interrupts are interrupts
with the highest priority level P0. These interrupts save only PC
and STATUS32 registers to avoid memory transactions during
interrupt entry and exit sequences. Use this option when you are
using fast interrupts in an ARC V2 family processor. Permitted
values are 4, 8, 16, and 32.
'-mlpc-width=WIDTH'
Specify the width of the 'lp_count' register. Valid values for
WIDTH are 8, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 bits. The default width is
fixed to 32 bits. If the width is less than 32, the compiler does
not attempt to transform loops in your program to use the
zero-delay loop mechanism unless it is known that the 'lp_count'
register can hold the required loop-counter value. Depending on
the width specified, the compiler and run-time library might
continue to use the loop mechanism for various needs. This option
defines macro '__ARC_LPC_WIDTH__' with the value of WIDTH.
'-mrf16'
This option instructs the compiler to generate code for a 16-entry
register file. This option defines the '__ARC_RF16__' preprocessor
macro.
The following options are passed through to the assembler, and also
define preprocessor macro symbols.
'-mdsp-packa'
Passed down to the assembler to enable the DSP Pack A extensions.
Also sets the preprocessor symbol '__Xdsp_packa'. This option is
deprecated.
'-mdvbf'
Passed down to the assembler to enable the dual Viterbi butterfly
extension. Also sets the preprocessor symbol '__Xdvbf'. This
option is deprecated.
'-mlock'
Passed down to the assembler to enable the locked load/store
conditional extension. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
'__Xlock'.
'-mmac-d16'
Passed down to the assembler. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
'__Xxmac_d16'. This option is deprecated.
'-mmac-24'
Passed down to the assembler. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
'__Xxmac_24'. This option is deprecated.
'-mrtsc'
Passed down to the assembler to enable the 64-bit time-stamp
counter extension instruction. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
'__Xrtsc'. This option is deprecated.
'-mswape'
Passed down to the assembler to enable the swap byte ordering
extension instruction. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
'__Xswape'.
'-mtelephony'
Passed down to the assembler to enable dual- and single-operand
instructions for telephony. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
'__Xtelephony'. This option is deprecated.
'-mxy'
Passed down to the assembler to enable the XY memory extension.
Also sets the preprocessor symbol '__Xxy'.
The following options control how the assembly code is annotated:
'-misize'
Annotate assembler instructions with estimated addresses.
'-mannotate-align'
Explain what alignment considerations lead to the decision to make
an instruction short or long.
The following options are passed through to the linker:
'-marclinux'
Passed through to the linker, to specify use of the 'arclinux'
emulation. This option is enabled by default in tool chains built
for 'arc-linux-uclibc' and 'arceb-linux-uclibc' targets when
profiling is not requested.
'-marclinux_prof'
Passed through to the linker, to specify use of the 'arclinux_prof'
emulation. This option is enabled by default in tool chains built
for 'arc-linux-uclibc' and 'arceb-linux-uclibc' targets when
profiling is requested.
The following options control the semantics of generated code:
'-mlong-calls'
Generate calls as register indirect calls, thus providing access to
the full 32-bit address range.
'-mmedium-calls'
Don't use less than 25-bit addressing range for calls, which is the
offset available for an unconditional branch-and-link instruction.
Conditional execution of function calls is suppressed, to allow use
of the 25-bit range, rather than the 21-bit range with conditional
branch-and-link. This is the default for tool chains built for
'arc-linux-uclibc' and 'arceb-linux-uclibc' targets.
'-G NUM'
Put definitions of externally-visible data in a small data section
if that data is no bigger than NUM bytes. The default value of NUM
is 4 for any ARC configuration, or 8 when we have double load/store
operations.
'-mno-sdata'
Do not generate sdata references. This is the default for tool
chains built for 'arc-linux-uclibc' and 'arceb-linux-uclibc'
targets.
'-mvolatile-cache'
Use ordinarily cached memory accesses for volatile references.
This is the default.
'-mno-volatile-cache'
Enable cache bypass for volatile references.
The following options fine tune code generation:
'-malign-call'
Do alignment optimizations for call instructions.
'-mauto-modify-reg'
Enable the use of pre/post modify with register displacement.
'-mbbit-peephole'
Enable bbit peephole2.
'-mno-brcc'
This option disables a target-specific pass in 'arc_reorg' to
generate compare-and-branch ('brCC') instructions. It has no
effect on generation of these instructions driven by the combiner
pass.
'-mcase-vector-pcrel'
Use PC-relative switch case tables to enable case table shortening.
This is the default for '-Os'.
'-mcompact-casesi'
Enable compact 'casesi' pattern. This is the default for '-Os',
and only available for ARCv1 cores.
'-mno-cond-exec'
Disable the ARCompact-specific pass to generate conditional
execution instructions.
Due to delay slot scheduling and interactions between operand
numbers, literal sizes, instruction lengths, and the support for
conditional execution, the target-independent pass to generate
conditional execution is often lacking, so the ARC port has kept a
special pass around that tries to find more conditional execution
generation opportunities after register allocation, branch
shortening, and delay slot scheduling have been done. This pass
generally, but not always, improves performance and code size, at
the cost of extra compilation time, which is why there is an option
to switch it off. If you have a problem with call instructions
exceeding their allowable offset range because they are
conditionalized, you should consider using '-mmedium-calls'
instead.
'-mearly-cbranchsi'
Enable pre-reload use of the 'cbranchsi' pattern.
'-mexpand-adddi'
Expand 'adddi3' and 'subdi3' at RTL generation time into 'add.f',
'adc' etc. This option is deprecated.
'-mindexed-loads'
Enable the use of indexed loads. This can be problematic because
some optimizers then assume that indexed stores exist, which is not
the case.
'-mlra'
Enable Local Register Allocation. This is still experimental for
ARC, so by default the compiler uses standard reload (i.e.
'-mno-lra').
'-mlra-priority-none'
Don't indicate any priority for target registers.
'-mlra-priority-compact'
Indicate target register priority for r0..r3 / r12..r15.
'-mlra-priority-noncompact'
Reduce target register priority for r0..r3 / r12..r15.
'-mno-millicode'
When optimizing for size (using '-Os'), prologues and epilogues
that have to save or restore a large number of registers are often
shortened by using call to a special function in libgcc; this is
referred to as a _millicode_ call. As these calls can pose
performance issues, and/or cause linking issues when linking in a
nonstandard way, this option is provided to turn off millicode call
generation.
'-mmixed-code'
Tweak register allocation to help 16-bit instruction generation.
This generally has the effect of decreasing the average instruction
size while increasing the instruction count.
'-mq-class'
Enable 'q' instruction alternatives. This is the default for
'-Os'.
'-mRcq'
Enable 'Rcq' constraint handling. Most short code generation
depends on this. This is the default.
'-mRcw'
Enable 'Rcw' constraint handling. Most ccfsm condexec mostly
depends on this. This is the default.
'-msize-level=LEVEL'
Fine-tune size optimization with regards to instruction lengths and
alignment. The recognized values for LEVEL are:
'0'
No size optimization. This level is deprecated and treated
like '1'.
'1'
Short instructions are used opportunistically.
'2'
In addition, alignment of loops and of code after barriers are
dropped.
'3'
In addition, optional data alignment is dropped, and the
option 'Os' is enabled.
This defaults to '3' when '-Os' is in effect. Otherwise, the
behavior when this is not set is equivalent to level '1'.
'-mtune=CPU'
Set instruction scheduling parameters for CPU, overriding any
implied by '-mcpu='.
Supported values for CPU are
'ARC600'
Tune for ARC600 CPU.
'ARC601'
Tune for ARC601 CPU.
'ARC700'
Tune for ARC700 CPU with standard multiplier block.
'ARC700-xmac'
Tune for ARC700 CPU with XMAC block.
'ARC725D'
Tune for ARC725D CPU.
'ARC750D'
Tune for ARC750D CPU.
'-mmultcost=NUM'
Cost to assume for a multiply instruction, with '4' being equal to
a normal instruction.
'-munalign-prob-threshold=PROBABILITY'
Set probability threshold for unaligning branches. When tuning for
'ARC700' and optimizing for speed, branches without filled delay
slot are preferably emitted unaligned and long, unless profiling
indicates that the probability for the branch to be taken is below
PROBABILITY. *Note Cross-profiling::. The default is
(REG_BR_PROB_BASE/2), i.e. 5000.
The following options are maintained for backward compatibility, but
are now deprecated and will be removed in a future release:
'-margonaut'
Obsolete FPX.
'-mbig-endian'
'-EB'
Compile code for big-endian targets. Use of these options is now
deprecated. Big-endian code is supported by configuring GCC to
build 'arceb-elf32' and 'arceb-linux-uclibc' targets, for which big
endian is the default.
'-mlittle-endian'
'-EL'
Compile code for little-endian targets. Use of these options is
now deprecated. Little-endian code is supported by configuring GCC
to build 'arc-elf32' and 'arc-linux-uclibc' targets, for which
little endian is the default.
'-mbarrel_shifter'
Replaced by '-mbarrel-shifter'.
'-mdpfp_compact'
Replaced by '-mdpfp-compact'.
'-mdpfp_fast'
Replaced by '-mdpfp-fast'.
'-mdsp_packa'
Replaced by '-mdsp-packa'.
'-mEA'
Replaced by '-mea'.
'-mmac_24'
Replaced by '-mmac-24'.
'-mmac_d16'
Replaced by '-mmac-d16'.
'-mspfp_compact'
Replaced by '-mspfp-compact'.
'-mspfp_fast'
Replaced by '-mspfp-fast'.
'-mtune=CPU'
Values 'arc600', 'arc601', 'arc700' and 'arc700-xmac' for CPU are
replaced by 'ARC600', 'ARC601', 'ARC700' and 'ARC700-xmac'
respectively.
'-multcost=NUM'
Replaced by '-mmultcost'.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARM Options, Next: AVR Options, Prev: ARC Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.4 ARM Options
------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the ARM port:
'-mabi=NAME'
Generate code for the specified ABI. Permissible values are:
'apcs-gnu', 'atpcs', 'aapcs', 'aapcs-linux' and 'iwmmxt'.
'-mapcs-frame'
Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the ARM Procedure
Call Standard for all functions, even if this is not strictly
necessary for correct execution of the code. Specifying
'-fomit-frame-pointer' with this option causes the stack frames not
to be generated for leaf functions. The default is
'-mno-apcs-frame'. This option is deprecated.
'-mapcs'
This is a synonym for '-mapcs-frame' and is deprecated.
'-mthumb-interwork'
Generate code that supports calling between the ARM and Thumb
instruction sets. Without this option, on pre-v5 architectures,
the two instruction sets cannot be reliably used inside one
program. The default is '-mno-thumb-interwork', since slightly
larger code is generated when '-mthumb-interwork' is specified. In
AAPCS configurations this option is meaningless.
'-mno-sched-prolog'
Prevent the reordering of instructions in the function prologue, or
the merging of those instruction with the instructions in the
function's body. This means that all functions start with a
recognizable set of instructions (or in fact one of a choice from a
small set of different function prologues), and this information
can be used to locate the start of functions inside an executable
piece of code. The default is '-msched-prolog'.
'-mfloat-abi=NAME'
Specifies which floating-point ABI to use. Permissible values are:
'soft', 'softfp' and 'hard'.
Specifying 'soft' causes GCC to generate output containing library
calls for floating-point operations. 'softfp' allows the
generation of code using hardware floating-point instructions, but
still uses the soft-float calling conventions. 'hard' allows
generation of floating-point instructions and uses FPU-specific
calling conventions.
The default depends on the specific target configuration. Note
that the hard-float and soft-float ABIs are not link-compatible;
you must compile your entire program with the same ABI, and link
with a compatible set of libraries.
'-mlittle-endian'
Generate code for a processor running in little-endian mode. This
is the default for all standard configurations.
'-mbig-endian'
Generate code for a processor running in big-endian mode; the
default is to compile code for a little-endian processor.
'-mbe8'
'-mbe32'
When linking a big-endian image select between BE8 and BE32
formats. The option has no effect for little-endian images and is
ignored. The default is dependent on the selected target
architecture. For ARMv6 and later architectures the default is
BE8, for older architectures the default is BE32. BE32 format has
been deprecated by ARM.
'-march=NAME[+extension...]'
This specifies the name of the target ARM architecture. GCC uses
this name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit when
generating assembly code. This option can be used in conjunction
with or instead of the '-mcpu=' option.
Permissible names are: 'armv4t', 'armv5t', 'armv5te', 'armv6',
'armv6j', 'armv6k', 'armv6kz', 'armv6t2', 'armv6z', 'armv6zk',
'armv7', 'armv7-a', 'armv7ve', 'armv8-a', 'armv8.1-a', 'armv8.2-a',
'armv8.3-a', 'armv8.4-a', 'armv7-r', 'armv8-r', 'armv6-m',
'armv6s-m', 'armv7-m', 'armv7e-m', 'armv8-m.base', 'armv8-m.main',
'iwmmxt' and 'iwmmxt2'.
Additionally, the following architectures, which lack support for
the Thumb execution state, are recognized but support is
deprecated: 'armv2', 'armv2a', 'armv3', 'armv3m', 'armv4', 'armv5'
and 'armv5e'.
Many of the architectures support extensions. These can be added
by appending '+EXTENSION' to the architecture name. Extension
options are processed in order and capabilities accumulate. An
extension will also enable any necessary base extensions upon which
it depends. For example, the '+crypto' extension will always
enable the '+simd' extension. The exception to the additive
construction is for extensions that are prefixed with '+no...':
these extensions disable the specified option and any other
extensions that may depend on the presence of that extension.
For example, '-march=armv7-a+simd+nofp+vfpv4' is equivalent to
writing '-march=armv7-a+vfpv4' since the '+simd' option is entirely
disabled by the '+nofp' option that follows it.
Most extension names are generically named, but have an effect that
is dependent upon the architecture to which it is applied. For
example, the '+simd' option can be applied to both 'armv7-a' and
'armv8-a' architectures, but will enable the original ARMv7-A
Advanced SIMD (Neon) extensions for 'armv7-a' and the ARMv8-A
variant for 'armv8-a'.
The table below lists the supported extensions for each
architecture. Architectures not mentioned do not support any
extensions.
'armv5e'
'armv5te'
'armv6'
'armv6j'
'armv6k'
'armv6kz'
'armv6t2'
'armv6z'
'armv6zk'
'+fp'
The VFPv2 floating-point instructions. The extension
'+vfpv2' can be used as an alias for this extension.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point instructions.
'armv7'
The common subset of the ARMv7-A, ARMv7-R and ARMv7-M
architectures.
'+fp'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers. The extension '+vfpv3-d16'
can be used as an alias for this extension. Note that
floating-point is not supported by the base ARMv7-M
architecture, but is compatible with both the ARMv7-A and
ARMv7-R architectures.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point instructions.
'armv7-a'
'+mp'
The multiprocessing extension.
'+sec'
The security extension.
'+fp'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers. The extension '+vfpv3-d16'
can be used as an alias for this extension.
'+simd'
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
instructions. The extensions '+neon' and '+neon-vfpv3'
can be used as aliases for this extension.
'+vfpv3'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32
double-precision registers.
'+vfpv3-d16-fp16'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers and the half-precision
floating-point conversion operations.
'+vfpv3-fp16'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32
double-precision registers and the half-precision
floating-point conversion operations.
'+vfpv4-d16'
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers.
'+vfpv4'
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 32
double-precision registers.
'+neon-fp16'
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
instructions, with the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.
'+neon-vfpv4'
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v2 and the VFPv4 floating-point
instructions.
'+nosimd'
Disable the Advanced SIMD instructions (does not disable
floating point).
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point and Advanced SIMD
instructions.
'armv7ve'
The extended version of the ARMv7-A architecture with support
for virtualization.
'+fp'
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers. The extension '+vfpv4-d16'
can be used as an alias for this extension.
'+simd'
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v2 and the VFPv4 floating-point
instructions. The extension '+neon-vfpv4' can be used as
an alias for this extension.
'+vfpv3-d16'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers.
'+vfpv3'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32
double-precision registers.
'+vfpv3-d16-fp16'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers and the half-precision
floating-point conversion operations.
'+vfpv3-fp16'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32
double-precision registers and the half-precision
floating-point conversion operations.
'+vfpv4-d16'
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers.
'+vfpv4'
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 32
double-precision registers.
'+neon'
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
instructions. The extension '+neon-vfpv3' can be used as
an alias for this extension.
'+neon-fp16'
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
instructions, with the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.
'+nosimd'
Disable the Advanced SIMD instructions (does not disable
floating point).
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point and Advanced SIMD
instructions.
'armv8-a'
'+crc'
The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) instructions.
'+simd'
The ARMv8-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
instructions.
'+crypto'
The cryptographic instructions.
'+nocrypto'
Disable the cryptographic instructions.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and
cryptographic instructions.
'armv8.1-a'
'+simd'
The ARMv8.1-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
instructions.
'+crypto'
The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
'+nocrypto'
Disable the cryptographic instructions.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and
cryptographic instructions.
'armv8.2-a'
'armv8.3-a'
'+fp16'
The half-precision floating-point data processing
instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
floating-point instructions.
'+fp16fml'
The half-precision floating-point fmla extension. This
also enables the half-precision floating-point extension
and Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
'+simd'
The ARMv8.1-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
instructions.
'+crypto'
The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
'+dotprod'
Enable the Dot Product extension. This also enables
Advanced SIMD instructions.
'+nocrypto'
Disable the cryptographic extension.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and
cryptographic instructions.
'armv8.4-a'
'+fp16'
The half-precision floating-point data processing
instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
floating-point instructions as well as the Dot Product
extension and the half-precision floating-point fmla
extension.
'+simd'
The ARMv8.3-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
instructions as well as the Dot Product extension.
'+crypto'
The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions as well as
the Dot Product extension.
'+nocrypto'
Disable the cryptographic extension.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and
cryptographic instructions.
'armv7-r'
'+fp.sp'
The single-precision VFPv3 floating-point instructions.
The extension '+vfpv3xd' can be used as an alias for this
extension.
'+fp'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions with 16
double-precision registers. The extension +vfpv3-d16 can
be used as an alias for this extension.
'+vfpv3xd-d16-fp16'
The single-precision VFPv3 floating-point instructions
with 16 double-precision registers and the half-precision
floating-point conversion operations.
'+vfpv3-d16-fp16'
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16
double-precision registers and the half-precision
floating-point conversion operations.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point extension.
'+idiv'
The ARM-state integer division instructions.
'+noidiv'
Disable the ARM-state integer division extension.
'armv7e-m'
'+fp'
The single-precision VFPv4 floating-point instructions.
'+fpv5'
The single-precision FPv5 floating-point instructions.
'+fp.dp'
The single- and double-precision FPv5 floating-point
instructions.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point extensions.
'armv8-m.main'
'+dsp'
The DSP instructions.
'+nodsp'
Disable the DSP extension.
'+fp'
The single-precision floating-point instructions.
'+fp.dp'
The single- and double-precision floating-point
instructions.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point extension.
'armv8-r'
'+crc'
The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) instructions.
'+fp.sp'
The single-precision FPv5 floating-point instructions.
'+simd'
The ARMv8-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
instructions.
'+crypto'
The cryptographic instructions.
'+nocrypto'
Disable the cryptographic instructions.
'+nofp'
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and
cryptographic instructions.
'-march=native' causes the compiler to auto-detect the architecture
of the build computer. At present, this feature is only supported
on GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the
auto-detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.
'-mtune=NAME'
This option specifies the name of the target ARM processor for
which GCC should tune the performance of the code. For some ARM
implementations better performance can be obtained by using this
option. Permissible names are: 'arm2', 'arm250', 'arm3', 'arm6',
'arm60', 'arm600', 'arm610', 'arm620', 'arm7', 'arm7m', 'arm7d',
'arm7dm', 'arm7di', 'arm7dmi', 'arm70', 'arm700', 'arm700i',
'arm710', 'arm710c', 'arm7100', 'arm720', 'arm7500', 'arm7500fe',
'arm7tdmi', 'arm7tdmi-s', 'arm710t', 'arm720t', 'arm740t',
'strongarm', 'strongarm110', 'strongarm1100', 'strongarm1110',
'arm8', 'arm810', 'arm9', 'arm9e', 'arm920', 'arm920t', 'arm922t',
'arm946e-s', 'arm966e-s', 'arm968e-s', 'arm926ej-s', 'arm940t',
'arm9tdmi', 'arm10tdmi', 'arm1020t', 'arm1026ej-s', 'arm10e',
'arm1020e', 'arm1022e', 'arm1136j-s', 'arm1136jf-s', 'mpcore',
'mpcorenovfp', 'arm1156t2-s', 'arm1156t2f-s', 'arm1176jz-s',
'arm1176jzf-s', 'generic-armv7-a', 'cortex-a5', 'cortex-a7',
'cortex-a8', 'cortex-a9', 'cortex-a12', 'cortex-a15', 'cortex-a17',
'cortex-a32', 'cortex-a35', 'cortex-a53', 'cortex-a55',
'cortex-a57', 'cortex-a72', 'cortex-a73', 'cortex-a75',
'neoverse-v1', 'neoverse-n2', 'cortex-r4', 'cortex-r4f',
'cortex-r5', 'cortex-r7', 'cortex-r8', 'cortex-r52', 'cortex-m33',
'cortex-m23', 'cortex-m7', 'cortex-m4', 'cortex-m3', 'cortex-m1',
'cortex-m0', 'cortex-m0plus', 'cortex-m1.small-multiply',
'cortex-m0.small-multiply', 'cortex-m0plus.small-multiply',
'exynos-m1', 'marvell-pj4', 'xscale', 'iwmmxt', 'iwmmxt2',
'ep9312', 'fa526', 'fa626', 'fa606te', 'fa626te', 'fmp626',
'fa726te', 'xgene1'.
Additionally, this option can specify that GCC should tune the
performance of the code for a big.LITTLE system. Permissible names
are: 'cortex-a15.cortex-a7', 'cortex-a17.cortex-a7',
'cortex-a57.cortex-a53', 'cortex-a72.cortex-a53',
'cortex-a72.cortex-a35', 'cortex-a73.cortex-a53',
'cortex-a75.cortex-a55'.
'-mtune=generic-ARCH' specifies that GCC should tune the
performance for a blend of processors within architecture ARCH.
The aim is to generate code that run well on the current most
popular processors, balancing between optimizations that benefit
some CPUs in the range, and avoiding performance pitfalls of other
CPUs. The effects of this option may change in future GCC versions
as CPU models come and go.
'-mtune' permits the same extension options as '-mcpu', but the
extension options do not affect the tuning of the generated code.
'-mtune=native' causes the compiler to auto-detect the CPU of the
build computer. At present, this feature is only supported on
GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the
auto-detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.
'-mcpu=NAME[+extension...]'
This specifies the name of the target ARM processor. GCC uses this
name to derive the name of the target ARM architecture (as if
specified by '-march') and the ARM processor type for which to tune
for performance (as if specified by '-mtune'). Where this option
is used in conjunction with '-march' or '-mtune', those options
take precedence over the appropriate part of this option.
Many of the supported CPUs implement optional architectural
extensions. Where this is so the architectural extensions are
normally enabled by default. If implementations that lack the
extension exist, then the extension syntax can be used to disable
those extensions that have been omitted. For floating-point and
Advanced SIMD (Neon) instructions, the settings of the options
'-mfloat-abi' and '-mfpu' must also be considered: floating-point
and Advanced SIMD instructions will only be used if '-mfloat-abi'
is not set to 'soft'; and any setting of '-mfpu' other than 'auto'
will override the available floating-point and SIMD extension
instructions.
For example, 'cortex-a9' can be found in three major
configurations: integer only, with just a floating-point unit or
with floating-point and Advanced SIMD. The default is to enable all
the instructions, but the extensions '+nosimd' and '+nofp' can be
used to disable just the SIMD or both the SIMD and floating-point
instructions respectively.
Permissible names for this option are the same as those for
'-mtune'.
The following extension options are common to the listed CPUs:
'+nodsp'
Disable the DSP instructions on 'cortex-m33'.
'+nofp'
Disables the floating-point instructions on 'arm9e',
'arm946e-s', 'arm966e-s', 'arm968e-s', 'arm10e', 'arm1020e',
'arm1022e', 'arm926ej-s', 'arm1026ej-s', 'cortex-r5',
'cortex-r7', 'cortex-r8', 'cortex-m4', 'cortex-m7' and
'cortex-m33'. Disables the floating-point and SIMD
instructions on 'generic-armv7-a', 'cortex-a5', 'cortex-a7',
'cortex-a8', 'cortex-a9', 'cortex-a12', 'cortex-a15',
'cortex-a17', 'cortex-a15.cortex-a7', 'cortex-a17.cortex-a7',
'cortex-a32', 'cortex-a35', 'cortex-a53' and 'cortex-a55'.
'+nofp.dp'
Disables the double-precision component of the floating-point
instructions on 'cortex-r5', 'cortex-r7', 'cortex-r8',
'cortex-r52' and 'cortex-m7'.
'+nosimd'
Disables the SIMD (but not floating-point) instructions on
'generic-armv7-a', 'cortex-a5', 'cortex-a7' and 'cortex-a9'.
'+crypto'
Enables the cryptographic instructions on 'cortex-a32',
'cortex-a35', 'cortex-a53', 'cortex-a55', 'cortex-a57',
'cortex-a72', 'cortex-a73', 'cortex-a75', 'exynos-m1',
'xgene1', 'cortex-a57.cortex-a53', 'cortex-a72.cortex-a53',
'cortex-a73.cortex-a35', 'cortex-a73.cortex-a53' and
'cortex-a75.cortex-a55'.
Additionally the 'generic-armv7-a' pseudo target defaults to VFPv3
with 16 double-precision registers. It supports the following
extension options: 'mp', 'sec', 'vfpv3-d16', 'vfpv3',
'vfpv3-d16-fp16', 'vfpv3-fp16', 'vfpv4-d16', 'vfpv4', 'neon',
'neon-vfpv3', 'neon-fp16', 'neon-vfpv4'. The meanings are the same
as for the extensions to '-march=armv7-a'.
'-mcpu=generic-ARCH' is also permissible, and is equivalent to
'-march=ARCH -mtune=generic-ARCH'. See '-mtune' for more
information.
'-mcpu=native' causes the compiler to auto-detect the CPU of the
build computer. At present, this feature is only supported on
GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the
auto-detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.
'-mfpu=NAME'
This specifies what floating-point hardware (or hardware emulation)
is available on the target. Permissible names are: 'auto',
'vfpv2', 'vfpv3', 'vfpv3-fp16', 'vfpv3-d16', 'vfpv3-d16-fp16',
'vfpv3xd', 'vfpv3xd-fp16', 'neon-vfpv3', 'neon-fp16', 'vfpv4',
'vfpv4-d16', 'fpv4-sp-d16', 'neon-vfpv4', 'fpv5-d16',
'fpv5-sp-d16', 'fp-armv8', 'neon-fp-armv8' and
'crypto-neon-fp-armv8'. Note that 'neon' is an alias for
'neon-vfpv3' and 'vfp' is an alias for 'vfpv2'.
The setting 'auto' is the default and is special. It causes the
compiler to select the floating-point and Advanced SIMD
instructions based on the settings of '-mcpu' and '-march'.
If the selected floating-point hardware includes the NEON extension
(e.g. '-mfpu=neon'), note that floating-point operations are not
generated by GCC's auto-vectorization pass unless
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' is also specified. This is because
NEON hardware does not fully implement the IEEE 754 standard for
floating-point arithmetic (in particular denormal values are
treated as zero), so the use of NEON instructions may lead to a
loss of precision.
You can also set the fpu name at function level by using the
'target("fpu=")' function attributes (*note ARM Function
Attributes::) or pragmas (*note Function Specific Option
Pragmas::).
'-mfp16-format=NAME'
Specify the format of the '__fp16' half-precision floating-point
type. Permissible names are 'none', 'ieee', and 'alternative'; the
default is 'none', in which case the '__fp16' type is not defined.
*Note Half-Precision::, for more information.
'-mstructure-size-boundary=N'
The sizes of all structures and unions are rounded up to a multiple
of the number of bits set by this option. Permissible values are
8, 32 and 64. The default value varies for different toolchains.
For the COFF targeted toolchain the default value is 8. A value of
64 is only allowed if the underlying ABI supports it.
Specifying a larger number can produce faster, more efficient code,
but can also increase the size of the program. Different values
are potentially incompatible. Code compiled with one value cannot
necessarily expect to work with code or libraries compiled with
another value, if they exchange information using structures or
unions.
This option is deprecated.
'-mabort-on-noreturn'
Generate a call to the function 'abort' at the end of a 'noreturn'
function. It is executed if the function tries to return.
'-mlong-calls'
'-mno-long-calls'
Tells the compiler to perform function calls by first loading the
address of the function into a register and then performing a
subroutine call on this register. This switch is needed if the
target function lies outside of the 64-megabyte addressing range of
the offset-based version of subroutine call instruction.
Even if this switch is enabled, not all function calls are turned
into long calls. The heuristic is that static functions, functions
that have the 'short_call' attribute, functions that are inside the
scope of a '#pragma no_long_calls' directive, and functions whose
definitions have already been compiled within the current
compilation unit are not turned into long calls. The exceptions to
this rule are that weak function definitions, functions with the
'long_call' attribute or the 'section' attribute, and functions
that are within the scope of a '#pragma long_calls' directive are
always turned into long calls.
This feature is not enabled by default. Specifying
'-mno-long-calls' restores the default behavior, as does placing
the function calls within the scope of a '#pragma long_calls_off'
directive. Note these switches have no effect on how the compiler
generates code to handle function calls via function pointers.
'-msingle-pic-base'
Treat the register used for PIC addressing as read-only, rather
than loading it in the prologue for each function. The runtime
system is responsible for initializing this register with an
appropriate value before execution begins.
'-mpic-register=REG'
Specify the register to be used for PIC addressing. For standard
PIC base case, the default is any suitable register determined by
compiler. For single PIC base case, the default is 'R9' if target
is EABI based or stack-checking is enabled, otherwise the default
is 'R10'.
'-mpic-data-is-text-relative'
Assume that the displacement between the text and data segments is
fixed at static link time. This permits using PC-relative
addressing operations to access data known to be in the data
segment. For non-VxWorks RTP targets, this option is enabled by
default. When disabled on such targets, it will enable
'-msingle-pic-base' by default.
'-mpoke-function-name'
Write the name of each function into the text section, directly
preceding the function prologue. The generated code is similar to
this:
t0
.ascii "arm_poke_function_name", 0
.align
t1
.word 0xff000000 + (t1 - t0)
arm_poke_function_name
mov ip, sp
stmfd sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc}
sub fp, ip, #4
When performing a stack backtrace, code can inspect the value of
'pc' stored at 'fp + 0'. If the trace function then looks at
location 'pc - 12' and the top 8 bits are set, then we know that
there is a function name embedded immediately preceding this
location and has length '((pc[-3]) & 0xff000000)'.
'-mthumb'
'-marm'
Select between generating code that executes in ARM and Thumb
states. The default for most configurations is to generate code
that executes in ARM state, but the default can be changed by
configuring GCC with the '--with-mode='STATE configure option.
You can also override the ARM and Thumb mode for each function by
using the 'target("thumb")' and 'target("arm")' function attributes
(*note ARM Function Attributes::) or pragmas (*note Function
Specific Option Pragmas::).
'-mflip-thumb'
Switch ARM/Thumb modes on alternating functions. This option is
provided for regression testing of mixed Thumb/ARM code generation,
and is not intended for ordinary use in compiling code.
'-mtpcs-frame'
Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure
Call Standard for all non-leaf functions. (A leaf function is one
that does not call any other functions.) The default is
'-mno-tpcs-frame'.
'-mtpcs-leaf-frame'
Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure
Call Standard for all leaf functions. (A leaf function is one that
does not call any other functions.) The default is
'-mno-apcs-leaf-frame'.
'-mcallee-super-interworking'
Gives all externally visible functions in the file being compiled
an ARM instruction set header which switches to Thumb mode before
executing the rest of the function. This allows these functions to
be called from non-interworking code. This option is not valid in
AAPCS configurations because interworking is enabled by default.
'-mcaller-super-interworking'
Allows calls via function pointers (including virtual functions) to
execute correctly regardless of whether the target code has been
compiled for interworking or not. There is a small overhead in the
cost of executing a function pointer if this option is enabled.
This option is not valid in AAPCS configurations because
interworking is enabled by default.
'-mtp=NAME'
Specify the access model for the thread local storage pointer. The
valid models are 'soft', which generates calls to
'__aeabi_read_tp', 'cp15', which fetches the thread pointer from
'cp15' directly (supported in the arm6k architecture), and 'auto',
which uses the best available method for the selected processor.
The default setting is 'auto'.
'-mtls-dialect=DIALECT'
Specify the dialect to use for accessing thread local storage. Two
DIALECTs are supported--'gnu' and 'gnu2'. The 'gnu' dialect
selects the original GNU scheme for supporting local and global
dynamic TLS models. The 'gnu2' dialect selects the GNU descriptor
scheme, which provides better performance for shared libraries.
The GNU descriptor scheme is compatible with the original scheme,
but does require new assembler, linker and library support.
Initial and local exec TLS models are unaffected by this option and
always use the original scheme.
'-mword-relocations'
Only generate absolute relocations on word-sized values (i.e.
R_ARM_ABS32). This is enabled by default on targets (uClinux,
SymbianOS) where the runtime loader imposes this restriction, and
when '-fpic' or '-fPIC' is specified.
'-mfix-cortex-m3-ldrd'
Some Cortex-M3 cores can cause data corruption when 'ldrd'
instructions with overlapping destination and base registers are
used. This option avoids generating these instructions. This
option is enabled by default when '-mcpu=cortex-m3' is specified.
'-munaligned-access'
'-mno-unaligned-access'
Enables (or disables) reading and writing of 16- and 32- bit values
from addresses that are not 16- or 32- bit aligned. By default
unaligned access is disabled for all pre-ARMv6, all ARMv6-M and for
ARMv8-M Baseline architectures, and enabled for all other
architectures. If unaligned access is not enabled then words in
packed data structures are accessed a byte at a time.
The ARM attribute 'Tag_CPU_unaligned_access' is set in the
generated object file to either true or false, depending upon the
setting of this option. If unaligned access is enabled then the
preprocessor symbol '__ARM_FEATURE_UNALIGNED' is also defined.
'-mneon-for-64bits'
Enables using Neon to handle scalar 64-bits operations. This is
disabled by default since the cost of moving data from core
registers to Neon is high.
'-mslow-flash-data'
Assume loading data from flash is slower than fetching instruction.
Therefore literal load is minimized for better performance. This
option is only supported when compiling for ARMv7 M-profile and off
by default.
'-masm-syntax-unified'
Assume inline assembler is using unified asm syntax. The default
is currently off which implies divided syntax. This option has no
impact on Thumb2. However, this may change in future releases of
GCC. Divided syntax should be considered deprecated.
'-mrestrict-it'
Restricts generation of IT blocks to conform to the rules of
ARMv8-A. IT blocks can only contain a single 16-bit instruction
from a select set of instructions. This option is on by default
for ARMv8-A Thumb mode.
'-mprint-tune-info'
Print CPU tuning information as comment in assembler file. This is
an option used only for regression testing of the compiler and not
intended for ordinary use in compiling code. This option is
disabled by default.
'-mverbose-cost-dump'
Enable verbose cost model dumping in the debug dump files. This
option is provided for use in debugging the compiler.
'-mpure-code'
Do not allow constant data to be placed in code sections.
Additionally, when compiling for ELF object format give all text
sections the ELF processor-specific section attribute
'SHF_ARM_PURECODE'. This option is only available when generating
non-pic code for M-profile targets with the MOVT instruction.
'-mcmse'
Generate secure code as per the "ARMv8-M Security Extensions:
Requirements on Development Tools Engineering Specification", which
can be found on
<https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ecm0359818/latest/>;.
File: gcc.info, Node: AVR Options, Next: Blackfin Options, Prev: ARM Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.5 AVR Options
------------------
These options are defined for AVR implementations:
'-mmcu=MCU'
Specify Atmel AVR instruction set architectures (ISA) or MCU type.
The default for this option is 'avr2'.
GCC supports the following AVR devices and ISAs:
'avr2'
"Classic" devices with up to 8 KiB of program memory.
MCU = 'attiny22', 'attiny26', 'at90s2313', 'at90s2323',
'at90s2333', 'at90s2343', 'at90s4414', 'at90s4433',
'at90s4434', 'at90c8534', 'at90s8515', 'at90s8535'.
'avr25'
"Classic" devices with up to 8 KiB of program memory and with
the 'MOVW' instruction.
MCU = 'attiny13', 'attiny13a', 'attiny24', 'attiny24a',
'attiny25', 'attiny261', 'attiny261a', 'attiny2313',
'attiny2313a', 'attiny43u', 'attiny44', 'attiny44a',
'attiny45', 'attiny48', 'attiny441', 'attiny461',
'attiny461a', 'attiny4313', 'attiny84', 'attiny84a',
'attiny85', 'attiny87', 'attiny88', 'attiny828', 'attiny841',
'attiny861', 'attiny861a', 'ata5272', 'ata6616c', 'at86rf401'.
'avr3'
"Classic" devices with 16 KiB up to 64 KiB of program memory.
MCU = 'at76c711', 'at43usb355'.
'avr31'
"Classic" devices with 128 KiB of program memory.
MCU = 'atmega103', 'at43usb320'.
'avr35'
"Classic" devices with 16 KiB up to 64 KiB of program memory
and with the 'MOVW' instruction.
MCU = 'attiny167', 'attiny1634', 'atmega8u2', 'atmega16u2',
'atmega32u2', 'ata5505', 'ata6617c', 'ata664251', 'at90usb82',
'at90usb162'.
'avr4'
"Enhanced" devices with up to 8 KiB of program memory.
MCU = 'atmega48', 'atmega48a', 'atmega48p', 'atmega48pa',
'atmega48pb', 'atmega8', 'atmega8a', 'atmega8hva', 'atmega88',
'atmega88a', 'atmega88p', 'atmega88pa', 'atmega88pb',
'atmega8515', 'atmega8535', 'ata6285', 'ata6286', 'ata6289',
'ata6612c', 'at90pwm1', 'at90pwm2', 'at90pwm2b', 'at90pwm3',
'at90pwm3b', 'at90pwm81'.
'avr5'
"Enhanced" devices with 16 KiB up to 64 KiB of program memory.
MCU = 'atmega16', 'atmega16a', 'atmega16hva', 'atmega16hva2',
'atmega16hvb', 'atmega16hvbrevb', 'atmega16m1', 'atmega16u4',
'atmega161', 'atmega162', 'atmega163', 'atmega164a',
'atmega164p', 'atmega164pa', 'atmega165', 'atmega165a',
'atmega165p', 'atmega165pa', 'atmega168', 'atmega168a',
'atmega168p', 'atmega168pa', 'atmega168pb', 'atmega169',
'atmega169a', 'atmega169p', 'atmega169pa', 'atmega32',
'atmega32a', 'atmega32c1', 'atmega32hvb', 'atmega32hvbrevb',
'atmega32m1', 'atmega32u4', 'atmega32u6', 'atmega323',
'atmega324a', 'atmega324p', 'atmega324pa', 'atmega325',
'atmega325a', 'atmega325p', 'atmega325pa', 'atmega328',
'atmega328p', 'atmega328pb', 'atmega329', 'atmega329a',
'atmega329p', 'atmega329pa', 'atmega3250', 'atmega3250a',
'atmega3250p', 'atmega3250pa', 'atmega3290', 'atmega3290a',
'atmega3290p', 'atmega3290pa', 'atmega406', 'atmega64',
'atmega64a', 'atmega64c1', 'atmega64hve', 'atmega64hve2',
'atmega64m1', 'atmega64rfr2', 'atmega640', 'atmega644',
'atmega644a', 'atmega644p', 'atmega644pa', 'atmega644rfr2',
'atmega645', 'atmega645a', 'atmega645p', 'atmega649',
'atmega649a', 'atmega649p', 'atmega6450', 'atmega6450a',
'atmega6450p', 'atmega6490', 'atmega6490a', 'atmega6490p',
'ata5795', 'ata5790', 'ata5790n', 'ata5791', 'ata6613c',
'ata6614q', 'ata5782', 'ata5831', 'ata8210', 'ata8510',
'ata5702m322', 'at90pwm161', 'at90pwm216', 'at90pwm316',
'at90can32', 'at90can64', 'at90scr100', 'at90usb646',
'at90usb647', 'at94k', 'm3000'.
'avr51'
"Enhanced" devices with 128 KiB of program memory.
MCU = 'atmega128', 'atmega128a', 'atmega128rfa1',
'atmega128rfr2', 'atmega1280', 'atmega1281', 'atmega1284',
'atmega1284p', 'atmega1284rfr2', 'at90can128', 'at90usb1286',
'at90usb1287'.
'avr6'
"Enhanced" devices with 3-byte PC, i.e. with more than 128 KiB
of program memory.
MCU = 'atmega256rfr2', 'atmega2560', 'atmega2561',
'atmega2564rfr2'.
'avrxmega2'
"XMEGA" devices with more than 8 KiB and up to 64 KiB of
program memory.
MCU = 'atxmega8e5', 'atxmega16a4', 'atxmega16a4u',
'atxmega16c4', 'atxmega16d4', 'atxmega16e5', 'atxmega32a4',
'atxmega32a4u', 'atxmega32c3', 'atxmega32c4', 'atxmega32d3',
'atxmega32d4', 'atxmega32e5'.
'avrxmega3'
"XMEGA" devices with up to 64 KiB of combined program memory
and RAM, and with program memory visible in the RAM address
space.
MCU = 'attiny202', 'attiny204', 'attiny212', 'attiny214',
'attiny402', 'attiny404', 'attiny406', 'attiny412',
'attiny414', 'attiny416', 'attiny417', 'attiny804',
'attiny806', 'attiny807', 'attiny814', 'attiny816',
'attiny817', 'attiny1604', 'attiny1606', 'attiny1607',
'attiny1614', 'attiny1616', 'attiny1617', 'attiny3214',
'attiny3216', 'attiny3217', 'atmega808', 'atmega809',
'atmega1608', 'atmega1609', 'atmega3208', 'atmega3209',
'atmega4808', 'atmega4809'.
'avrxmega4'
"XMEGA" devices with more than 64 KiB and up to 128 KiB of
program memory.
MCU = 'atxmega64a3', 'atxmega64a3u', 'atxmega64a4u',
'atxmega64b1', 'atxmega64b3', 'atxmega64c3', 'atxmega64d3',
'atxmega64d4'.
'avrxmega5'
"XMEGA" devices with more than 64 KiB and up to 128 KiB of
program memory and more than 64 KiB of RAM.
MCU = 'atxmega64a1', 'atxmega64a1u'.
'avrxmega6'
"XMEGA" devices with more than 128 KiB of program memory.
MCU = 'atxmega128a3', 'atxmega128a3u', 'atxmega128b1',
'atxmega128b3', 'atxmega128c3', 'atxmega128d3',
'atxmega128d4', 'atxmega192a3', 'atxmega192a3u',
'atxmega192c3', 'atxmega192d3', 'atxmega256a3',
'atxmega256a3b', 'atxmega256a3bu', 'atxmega256a3u',
'atxmega256c3', 'atxmega256d3', 'atxmega384c3',
'atxmega384d3'.
'avrxmega7'
"XMEGA" devices with more than 128 KiB of program memory and
more than 64 KiB of RAM.
MCU = 'atxmega128a1', 'atxmega128a1u', 'atxmega128a4u'.
'avrtiny'
"TINY" Tiny core devices with 512 B up to 4 KiB of program
memory.
MCU = 'attiny4', 'attiny5', 'attiny9', 'attiny10', 'attiny20',
'attiny40'.
'avr1'
This ISA is implemented by the minimal AVR core and supported
for assembler only.
MCU = 'attiny11', 'attiny12', 'attiny15', 'attiny28',
'at90s1200'.
'-mabsdata'
Assume that all data in static storage can be accessed by LDS / STS
instructions. This option has only an effect on reduced Tiny
devices like ATtiny40. See also the 'absdata' *note variable
attribute: AVR Variable Attributes.
'-maccumulate-args'
Accumulate outgoing function arguments and acquire/release the
needed stack space for outgoing function arguments once in function
prologue/epilogue. Without this option, outgoing arguments are
pushed before calling a function and popped afterwards.
Popping the arguments after the function call can be expensive on
AVR so that accumulating the stack space might lead to smaller
executables because arguments need not be removed from the stack
after such a function call.
This option can lead to reduced code size for functions that
perform several calls to functions that get their arguments on the
stack like calls to printf-like functions.
'-mbranch-cost=COST'
Set the branch costs for conditional branch instructions to COST.
Reasonable values for COST are small, non-negative integers. The
default branch cost is 0.
'-mcall-prologues'
Functions prologues/epilogues are expanded as calls to appropriate
subroutines. Code size is smaller.
'-mgas-isr-prologues'
Interrupt service routines (ISRs) may use the '__gcc_isr' pseudo
instruction supported by GNU Binutils. If this option is on, the
feature can still be disabled for individual ISRs by means of the
*note 'no_gccisr': AVR Function Attributes. function attribute.
This feature is activated per default if optimization is on (but
not with '-Og', *note Optimize Options::), and if GNU Binutils
support PR21683 (https://sourceware.org/PR21683).
'-mint8'
Assume 'int' to be 8-bit integer. This affects the sizes of all
types: a 'char' is 1 byte, an 'int' is 1 byte, a 'long' is 2 bytes,
and 'long long' is 4 bytes. Please note that this option does not
conform to the C standards, but it results in smaller code size.
'-mmain-is-OS_task'
Do not save registers in 'main'. The effect is the same like
attaching attribute *note 'OS_task': AVR Function Attributes. to
'main'. It is activated per default if optimization is on.
'-mn-flash=NUM'
Assume that the flash memory has a size of NUM times 64 KiB.
'-mno-interrupts'
Generated code is not compatible with hardware interrupts. Code
size is smaller.
'-mrelax'
Try to replace 'CALL' resp. 'JMP' instruction by the shorter
'RCALL' resp. 'RJMP' instruction if applicable. Setting '-mrelax'
just adds the '--mlink-relax' option to the assembler's command
line and the '--relax' option to the linker's command line.
Jump relaxing is performed by the linker because jump offsets are
not known before code is located. Therefore, the assembler code
generated by the compiler is the same, but the instructions in the
executable may differ from instructions in the assembler code.
Relaxing must be turned on if linker stubs are needed, see the
section on 'EIND' and linker stubs below.
'-mrmw'
Assume that the device supports the Read-Modify-Write instructions
'XCH', 'LAC', 'LAS' and 'LAT'.
'-mshort-calls'
Assume that 'RJMP' and 'RCALL' can target the whole program memory.
This option is used internally for multilib selection. It is not
an optimization option, and you don't need to set it by hand.
'-msp8'
Treat the stack pointer register as an 8-bit register, i.e. assume
the high byte of the stack pointer is zero. In general, you don't
need to set this option by hand.
This option is used internally by the compiler to select and build
multilibs for architectures 'avr2' and 'avr25'. These
architectures mix devices with and without 'SPH'. For any setting
other than '-mmcu=avr2' or '-mmcu=avr25' the compiler driver adds
or removes this option from the compiler proper's command line,
because the compiler then knows if the device or architecture has
an 8-bit stack pointer and thus no 'SPH' register or not.
'-mstrict-X'
Use address register 'X' in a way proposed by the hardware. This
means that 'X' is only used in indirect, post-increment or
pre-decrement addressing.
Without this option, the 'X' register may be used in the same way
as 'Y' or 'Z' which then is emulated by additional instructions.
For example, loading a value with 'X+const' addressing with a small
non-negative 'const < 64' to a register RN is performed as
adiw r26, const ; X += const
ld RN, X ; RN = *X
sbiw r26, const ; X -= const
'-mtiny-stack'
Only change the lower 8 bits of the stack pointer.
'-mfract-convert-truncate'
Allow to use truncation instead of rounding towards zero for
fractional fixed-point types.
'-nodevicelib'
Don't link against AVR-LibC's device specific library 'lib<mcu>.a'.
'-nodevicespecs'
Don't add '-specs=device-specs/specs-<mcu>' to the compiler
driver's command line. The user takes responsibility for supplying
the sub-processes like compiler proper, assembler and linker with
appropriate command line options.
'-Waddr-space-convert'
Warn about conversions between address spaces in the case where the
resulting address space is not contained in the incoming address
space.
'-Wmisspelled-isr'
Warn if the ISR is misspelled, i.e. without __vector prefix.
Enabled by default.
3.18.5.1 'EIND' and Devices with More Than 128 Ki Bytes of Flash
................................................................
Pointers in the implementation are 16 bits wide. The address of a
function or label is represented as word address so that indirect jumps
and calls can target any code address in the range of 64 Ki words.
In order to facilitate indirect jump on devices with more than 128 Ki
bytes of program memory space, there is a special function register
called 'EIND' that serves as most significant part of the target address
when 'EICALL' or 'EIJMP' instructions are used.
Indirect jumps and calls on these devices are handled as follows by the
compiler and are subject to some limitations:
* The compiler never sets 'EIND'.
* The compiler uses 'EIND' implicitly in 'EICALL'/'EIJMP'
instructions or might read 'EIND' directly in order to emulate an
indirect call/jump by means of a 'RET' instruction.
* The compiler assumes that 'EIND' never changes during the startup
code or during the application. In particular, 'EIND' is not
saved/restored in function or interrupt service routine
prologue/epilogue.
* For indirect calls to functions and computed goto, the linker
generates _stubs_. Stubs are jump pads sometimes also called
_trampolines_. Thus, the indirect call/jump jumps to such a stub.
The stub contains a direct jump to the desired address.
* Linker relaxation must be turned on so that the linker generates
the stubs correctly in all situations. See the compiler option
'-mrelax' and the linker option '--relax'. There are corner cases
where the linker is supposed to generate stubs but aborts without
relaxation and without a helpful error message.
* The default linker script is arranged for code with 'EIND = 0'. If
code is supposed to work for a setup with 'EIND != 0', a custom
linker script has to be used in order to place the sections whose
name start with '.trampolines' into the segment where 'EIND' points
to.
* The startup code from libgcc never sets 'EIND'. Notice that
startup code is a blend of code from libgcc and AVR-LibC. For the
impact of AVR-LibC on 'EIND', see the
AVR-LibC user manual (http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/).
* It is legitimate for user-specific startup code to set up 'EIND'
early, for example by means of initialization code located in
section '.init3'. Such code runs prior to general startup code
that initializes RAM and calls constructors, but after the bit of
startup code from AVR-LibC that sets 'EIND' to the segment where
the vector table is located.
#include <avr/io.h>
static void
__attribute__((section(".init3"),naked,used,no_instrument_function))
init3_set_eind (void)
{
__asm volatile ("ldi r24,pm_hh8(__trampolines_start)\n\t"
"out %i0,r24" :: "n" (&EIND) : "r24","memory");
}
The '__trampolines_start' symbol is defined in the linker script.
* Stubs are generated automatically by the linker if the following
two conditions are met:
- The address of a label is taken by means of the 'gs' modifier
(short for _generate stubs_) like so:
LDI r24, lo8(gs(FUNC))
LDI r25, hi8(gs(FUNC))
- The final location of that label is in a code segment
_outside_ the segment where the stubs are located.
* The compiler emits such 'gs' modifiers for code labels in the
following situations:
- Taking address of a function or code label.
- Computed goto.
- If prologue-save function is used, see '-mcall-prologues'
command-line option.
- Switch/case dispatch tables. If you do not want such dispatch
tables you can specify the '-fno-jump-tables' command-line
option.
- C and C++ constructors/destructors called during
startup/shutdown.
- If the tools hit a 'gs()' modifier explained above.
* Jumping to non-symbolic addresses like so is _not_ supported:
int main (void)
{
/* Call function at word address 0x2 */
return ((int(*)(void)) 0x2)();
}
Instead, a stub has to be set up, i.e. the function has to be
called through a symbol ('func_4' in the example):
int main (void)
{
extern int func_4 (void);
/* Call function at byte address 0x4 */
return func_4();
}
and the application be linked with '-Wl,--defsym,func_4=0x4'.
Alternatively, 'func_4' can be defined in the linker script.
3.18.5.2 Handling of the 'RAMPD', 'RAMPX', 'RAMPY' and 'RAMPZ' Special Function Registers
.........................................................................................
Some AVR devices support memories larger than the 64 KiB range that can
be accessed with 16-bit pointers. To access memory locations outside
this 64 KiB range, the content of a 'RAMP' register is used as high part
of the address: The 'X', 'Y', 'Z' address register is concatenated with
the 'RAMPX', 'RAMPY', 'RAMPZ' special function register, respectively,
to get a wide address. Similarly, 'RAMPD' is used together with direct
addressing.
* The startup code initializes the 'RAMP' special function registers
with zero.
* If a *note named address space: AVR Named Address Spaces. other
than generic or '__flash' is used, then 'RAMPZ' is set as needed
before the operation.
* If the device supports RAM larger than 64 KiB and the compiler
needs to change 'RAMPZ' to accomplish an operation, 'RAMPZ' is
reset to zero after the operation.
* If the device comes with a specific 'RAMP' register, the ISR
prologue/epilogue saves/restores that SFR and initializes it with
zero in case the ISR code might (implicitly) use it.
* RAM larger than 64 KiB is not supported by GCC for AVR targets. If
you use inline assembler to read from locations outside the 16-bit
address range and change one of the 'RAMP' registers, you must
reset it to zero after the access.
3.18.5.3 AVR Built-in Macros
............................
GCC defines several built-in macros so that the user code can test for
the presence or absence of features. Almost any of the following
built-in macros are deduced from device capabilities and thus triggered
by the '-mmcu=' command-line option.
For even more AVR-specific built-in macros see *note AVR Named Address
Spaces:: and *note AVR Built-in Functions::.
'__AVR_ARCH__'
Build-in macro that resolves to a decimal number that identifies
the architecture and depends on the '-mmcu=MCU' option. Possible
values are:
'2', '25', '3', '31', '35', '4', '5', '51', '6'
for MCU='avr2', 'avr25', 'avr3', 'avr31', 'avr35', 'avr4', 'avr5',
'avr51', 'avr6',
respectively and
'100', '102', '103', '104', '105', '106', '107'
for MCU='avrtiny', 'avrxmega2', 'avrxmega3', 'avrxmega4',
'avrxmega5', 'avrxmega6', 'avrxmega7', respectively. If MCU
specifies a device, this built-in macro is set accordingly. For
example, with '-mmcu=atmega8' the macro is defined to '4'.
'__AVR_DEVICE__'
Setting '-mmcu=DEVICE' defines this built-in macro which reflects
the device's name. For example, '-mmcu=atmega8' defines the
built-in macro '__AVR_ATmega8__', '-mmcu=attiny261a' defines
'__AVR_ATtiny261A__', etc.
The built-in macros' names follow the scheme '__AVR_DEVICE__' where
DEVICE is the device name as from the AVR user manual. The
difference between DEVICE in the built-in macro and DEVICE in
'-mmcu=DEVICE' is that the latter is always lowercase.
If DEVICE is not a device but only a core architecture like
'avr51', this macro is not defined.
'__AVR_DEVICE_NAME__'
Setting '-mmcu=DEVICE' defines this built-in macro to the device's
name. For example, with '-mmcu=atmega8' the macro is defined to
'atmega8'.
If DEVICE is not a device but only a core architecture like
'avr51', this macro is not defined.
'__AVR_XMEGA__'
The device / architecture belongs to the XMEGA family of devices.
'__AVR_HAVE_ELPM__'
The device has the 'ELPM' instruction.
'__AVR_HAVE_ELPMX__'
The device has the 'ELPM RN,Z' and 'ELPM RN,Z+' instructions.
'__AVR_HAVE_MOVW__'
The device has the 'MOVW' instruction to perform 16-bit
register-register moves.
'__AVR_HAVE_LPMX__'
The device has the 'LPM RN,Z' and 'LPM RN,Z+' instructions.
'__AVR_HAVE_MUL__'
The device has a hardware multiplier.
'__AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__'
The device has the 'JMP' and 'CALL' instructions. This is the case
for devices with more than 8 KiB of program memory.
'__AVR_HAVE_EIJMP_EICALL__'
'__AVR_3_BYTE_PC__'
The device has the 'EIJMP' and 'EICALL' instructions. This is the
case for devices with more than 128 KiB of program memory. This
also means that the program counter (PC) is 3 bytes wide.
'__AVR_2_BYTE_PC__'
The program counter (PC) is 2 bytes wide. This is the case for
devices with up to 128 KiB of program memory.
'__AVR_HAVE_8BIT_SP__'
'__AVR_HAVE_16BIT_SP__'
The stack pointer (SP) register is treated as 8-bit respectively
16-bit register by the compiler. The definition of these macros is
affected by '-mtiny-stack'.
'__AVR_HAVE_SPH__'
'__AVR_SP8__'
The device has the SPH (high part of stack pointer) special
function register or has an 8-bit stack pointer, respectively. The
definition of these macros is affected by '-mmcu=' and in the cases
of '-mmcu=avr2' and '-mmcu=avr25' also by '-msp8'.
'__AVR_HAVE_RAMPD__'
'__AVR_HAVE_RAMPX__'
'__AVR_HAVE_RAMPY__'
'__AVR_HAVE_RAMPZ__'
The device has the 'RAMPD', 'RAMPX', 'RAMPY', 'RAMPZ' special
function register, respectively.
'__NO_INTERRUPTS__'
This macro reflects the '-mno-interrupts' command-line option.
'__AVR_ERRATA_SKIP__'
'__AVR_ERRATA_SKIP_JMP_CALL__'
Some AVR devices (AT90S8515, ATmega103) must not skip 32-bit
instructions because of a hardware erratum. Skip instructions are
'SBRS', 'SBRC', 'SBIS', 'SBIC' and 'CPSE'. The second macro is
only defined if '__AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__' is also set.
'__AVR_ISA_RMW__'
The device has Read-Modify-Write instructions (XCH, LAC, LAS and
LAT).
'__AVR_SFR_OFFSET__=OFFSET'
Instructions that can address I/O special function registers
directly like 'IN', 'OUT', 'SBI', etc. may use a different address
as if addressed by an instruction to access RAM like 'LD' or 'STS'.
This offset depends on the device architecture and has to be
subtracted from the RAM address in order to get the respective
I/O address.
'__AVR_SHORT_CALLS__'
The '-mshort-calls' command line option is set.
'__AVR_PM_BASE_ADDRESS__=ADDR'
Some devices support reading from flash memory by means of 'LD*'
instructions. The flash memory is seen in the data address space
at an offset of '__AVR_PM_BASE_ADDRESS__'. If this macro is not
defined, this feature is not available. If defined, the address
space is linear and there is no need to put '.rodata' into RAM.
This is handled by the default linker description file, and is
currently available for 'avrtiny' and 'avrxmega3'. Even more
convenient, there is no need to use address spaces like '__flash'
or features like attribute 'progmem' and 'pgm_read_*'.
'__WITH_AVRLIBC__'
The compiler is configured to be used together with AVR-Libc. See
the '--with-avrlibc' configure option.
File: gcc.info, Node: Blackfin Options, Next: C6X Options, Prev: AVR Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.6 Blackfin Options
-----------------------
'-mcpu=CPU[-SIREVISION]'
Specifies the name of the target Blackfin processor. Currently,
CPU can be one of 'bf512', 'bf514', 'bf516', 'bf518', 'bf522',
'bf523', 'bf524', 'bf525', 'bf526', 'bf527', 'bf531', 'bf532',
'bf533', 'bf534', 'bf536', 'bf537', 'bf538', 'bf539', 'bf542',
'bf544', 'bf547', 'bf548', 'bf549', 'bf542m', 'bf544m', 'bf547m',
'bf548m', 'bf549m', 'bf561', 'bf592'.
The optional SIREVISION specifies the silicon revision of the
target Blackfin processor. Any workarounds available for the
targeted silicon revision are enabled. If SIREVISION is 'none', no
workarounds are enabled. If SIREVISION is 'any', all workarounds
for the targeted processor are enabled. The '__SILICON_REVISION__'
macro is defined to two hexadecimal digits representing the major
and minor numbers in the silicon revision. If SIREVISION is
'none', the '__SILICON_REVISION__' is not defined. If SIREVISION
is 'any', the '__SILICON_REVISION__' is defined to be '0xffff'. If
this optional SIREVISION is not used, GCC assumes the latest known
silicon revision of the targeted Blackfin processor.
GCC defines a preprocessor macro for the specified CPU. For the
'bfin-elf' toolchain, this option causes the hardware BSP provided
by libgloss to be linked in if '-msim' is not given.
Without this option, 'bf532' is used as the processor by default.
Note that support for 'bf561' is incomplete. For 'bf561', only the
preprocessor macro is defined.
'-msim'
Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
causes the simulator BSP provided by libgloss to be linked in.
This option has effect only for 'bfin-elf' toolchain. Certain
other options, such as '-mid-shared-library' and '-mfdpic', imply
'-msim'.
'-momit-leaf-frame-pointer'
Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for leaf functions.
This avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore frame
pointers and makes an extra register available in leaf functions.
'-mspecld-anomaly'
When enabled, the compiler ensures that the generated code does not
contain speculative loads after jump instructions. If this option
is used, '__WORKAROUND_SPECULATIVE_LOADS' is defined.
'-mno-specld-anomaly'
Don't generate extra code to prevent speculative loads from
occurring.
'-mcsync-anomaly'
When enabled, the compiler ensures that the generated code does not
contain CSYNC or SSYNC instructions too soon after conditional
branches. If this option is used, '__WORKAROUND_SPECULATIVE_SYNCS'
is defined.
'-mno-csync-anomaly'
Don't generate extra code to prevent CSYNC or SSYNC instructions
from occurring too soon after a conditional branch.
'-mlow-64k'
When enabled, the compiler is free to take advantage of the
knowledge that the entire program fits into the low 64k of memory.
'-mno-low-64k'
Assume that the program is arbitrarily large. This is the default.
'-mstack-check-l1'
Do stack checking using information placed into L1 scratchpad
memory by the uClinux kernel.
'-mid-shared-library'
Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
method. This allows for execute in place and shared libraries in
an environment without virtual memory management. This option
implies '-fPIC'. With a 'bfin-elf' target, this option implies
'-msim'.
'-mno-id-shared-library'
Generate code that doesn't assume ID-based shared libraries are
being used. This is the default.
'-mleaf-id-shared-library'
Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
method, but assumes that this library or executable won't link
against any other ID shared libraries. That allows the compiler to
use faster code for jumps and calls.
'-mno-leaf-id-shared-library'
Do not assume that the code being compiled won't link against any
ID shared libraries. Slower code is generated for jump and call
insns.
'-mshared-library-id=n'
Specifies the identification number of the ID-based shared library
being compiled. Specifying a value of 0 generates more compact
code; specifying other values forces the allocation of that number
to the current library but is no more space- or time-efficient than
omitting this option.
'-msep-data'
Generate code that allows the data segment to be located in a
different area of memory from the text segment. This allows for
execute in place in an environment without virtual memory
management by eliminating relocations against the text section.
'-mno-sep-data'
Generate code that assumes that the data segment follows the text
segment. This is the default.
'-mlong-calls'
'-mno-long-calls'
Tells the compiler to perform function calls by first loading the
address of the function into a register and then performing a
subroutine call on this register. This switch is needed if the
target function lies outside of the 24-bit addressing range of the
offset-based version of subroutine call instruction.
This feature is not enabled by default. Specifying
'-mno-long-calls' restores the default behavior. Note these
switches have no effect on how the compiler generates code to
handle function calls via function pointers.
'-mfast-fp'
Link with the fast floating-point library. This library relaxes
some of the IEEE floating-point standard's rules for checking
inputs against Not-a-Number (NAN), in the interest of performance.
'-minline-plt'
Enable inlining of PLT entries in function calls to functions that
are not known to bind locally. It has no effect without '-mfdpic'.
'-mmulticore'
Build a standalone application for multicore Blackfin processors.
This option causes proper start files and link scripts supporting
multicore to be used, and defines the macro '__BFIN_MULTICORE'. It
can only be used with '-mcpu=bf561[-SIREVISION]'.
This option can be used with '-mcorea' or '-mcoreb', which selects
the one-application-per-core programming model. Without '-mcorea'
or '-mcoreb', the single-application/dual-core programming model is
used. In this model, the main function of Core B should be named
as 'coreb_main'.
If this option is not used, the single-core application programming
model is used.
'-mcorea'
Build a standalone application for Core A of BF561 when using the
one-application-per-core programming model. Proper start files and
link scripts are used to support Core A, and the macro
'__BFIN_COREA' is defined. This option can only be used in
conjunction with '-mmulticore'.
'-mcoreb'
Build a standalone application for Core B of BF561 when using the
one-application-per-core programming model. Proper start files and
link scripts are used to support Core B, and the macro
'__BFIN_COREB' is defined. When this option is used, 'coreb_main'
should be used instead of 'main'. This option can only be used in
conjunction with '-mmulticore'.
'-msdram'
Build a standalone application for SDRAM. Proper start files and
link scripts are used to put the application into SDRAM, and the
macro '__BFIN_SDRAM' is defined. The loader should initialize
SDRAM before loading the application.
'-micplb'
Assume that ICPLBs are enabled at run time. This has an effect on
certain anomaly workarounds. For Linux targets, the default is to
assume ICPLBs are enabled; for standalone applications the default
is off.
File: gcc.info, Node: C6X Options, Next: CRIS Options, Prev: Blackfin Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.7 C6X Options
------------------
'-march=NAME'
This specifies the name of the target architecture. GCC uses this
name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit when
generating assembly code. Permissible names are: 'c62x', 'c64x',
'c64x+', 'c67x', 'c67x+', 'c674x'.
'-mbig-endian'
Generate code for a big-endian target.
'-mlittle-endian'
Generate code for a little-endian target. This is the default.
'-msim'
Choose startup files and linker script suitable for the simulator.
'-msdata=default'
Put small global and static data in the '.neardata' section, which
is pointed to by register 'B14'. Put small uninitialized global
and static data in the '.bss' section, which is adjacent to the
'.neardata' section. Put small read-only data into the '.rodata'
section. The corresponding sections used for large pieces of data
are '.fardata', '.far' and '.const'.
'-msdata=all'
Put all data, not just small objects, into the sections reserved
for small data, and use addressing relative to the 'B14' register
to access them.
'-msdata=none'
Make no use of the sections reserved for small data, and use
absolute addresses to access all data. Put all initialized global
and static data in the '.fardata' section, and all uninitialized
data in the '.far' section. Put all constant data into the
'.const' section.
File: gcc.info, Node: CRIS Options, Next: CR16 Options, Prev: C6X Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.8 CRIS Options
-------------------
These options are defined specifically for the CRIS ports.
'-march=ARCHITECTURE-TYPE'
'-mcpu=ARCHITECTURE-TYPE'
Generate code for the specified architecture. The choices for
ARCHITECTURE-TYPE are 'v3', 'v8' and 'v10' for respectively
ETRAX 4, ETRAX 100, and ETRAX 100 LX. Default is 'v0' except for
cris-axis-linux-gnu, where the default is 'v10'.
'-mtune=ARCHITECTURE-TYPE'
Tune to ARCHITECTURE-TYPE everything applicable about the generated
code, except for the ABI and the set of available instructions.
The choices for ARCHITECTURE-TYPE are the same as for
'-march=ARCHITECTURE-TYPE'.
'-mmax-stack-frame=N'
Warn when the stack frame of a function exceeds N bytes.
'-metrax4'
'-metrax100'
The options '-metrax4' and '-metrax100' are synonyms for
'-march=v3' and '-march=v8' respectively.
'-mmul-bug-workaround'
'-mno-mul-bug-workaround'
Work around a bug in the 'muls' and 'mulu' instructions for CPU
models where it applies. This option is active by default.
'-mpdebug'
Enable CRIS-specific verbose debug-related information in the
assembly code. This option also has the effect of turning off the
'#NO_APP' formatted-code indicator to the assembler at the
beginning of the assembly file.
'-mcc-init'
Do not use condition-code results from previous instruction; always
emit compare and test instructions before use of condition codes.
'-mno-side-effects'
Do not emit instructions with side effects in addressing modes
other than post-increment.
'-mstack-align'
'-mno-stack-align'
'-mdata-align'
'-mno-data-align'
'-mconst-align'
'-mno-const-align'
These options ('no-' options) arrange (eliminate arrangements) for
the stack frame, individual data and constants to be aligned for
the maximum single data access size for the chosen CPU model. The
default is to arrange for 32-bit alignment. ABI details such as
structure layout are not affected by these options.
'-m32-bit'
'-m16-bit'
'-m8-bit'
Similar to the stack- data- and const-align options above, these
options arrange for stack frame, writable data and constants to all
be 32-bit, 16-bit or 8-bit aligned. The default is 32-bit
alignment.
'-mno-prologue-epilogue'
'-mprologue-epilogue'
With '-mno-prologue-epilogue', the normal function prologue and
epilogue which set up the stack frame are omitted and no return
instructions or return sequences are generated in the code. Use
this option only together with visual inspection of the compiled
code: no warnings or errors are generated when call-saved registers
must be saved, or storage for local variables needs to be
allocated.
'-mno-gotplt'
'-mgotplt'
With '-fpic' and '-fPIC', don't generate (do generate) instruction
sequences that load addresses for functions from the PLT part of
the GOT rather than (traditional on other architectures) calls to
the PLT. The default is '-mgotplt'.
'-melf'
Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-elf and
cris-axis-linux-gnu targets.
'-mlinux'
Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-linux-gnu
target.
'-sim'
This option, recognized for the cris-axis-elf, arranges to link
with input-output functions from a simulator library. Code,
initialized data and zero-initialized data are allocated
consecutively.
'-sim2'
Like '-sim', but pass linker options to locate initialized data at
0x40000000 and zero-initialized data at 0x80000000.
File: gcc.info, Node: CR16 Options, Next: Darwin Options, Prev: CRIS Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.9 CR16 Options
-------------------
These options are defined specifically for the CR16 ports.
'-mmac'
Enable the use of multiply-accumulate instructions. Disabled by
default.
'-mcr16cplus'
'-mcr16c'
Generate code for CR16C or CR16C+ architecture. CR16C+
architecture is default.
'-msim'
Links the library libsim.a which is in compatible with simulator.
Applicable to ELF compiler only.
'-mint32'
Choose integer type as 32-bit wide.
'-mbit-ops'
Generates 'sbit'/'cbit' instructions for bit manipulations.
'-mdata-model=MODEL'
Choose a data model. The choices for MODEL are 'near', 'far' or
'medium'. 'medium' is default. However, 'far' is not valid with
'-mcr16c', as the CR16C architecture does not support the far data
model.
File: gcc.info, Node: Darwin Options, Next: DEC Alpha Options, Prev: CR16 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.10 Darwin Options
----------------------
These options are defined for all architectures running the Darwin
operating system.
FSF GCC on Darwin does not create "fat" object files; it creates an
object file for the single architecture that GCC was built to target.
Apple's GCC on Darwin does create "fat" files if multiple '-arch'
options are used; it does so by running the compiler or linker multiple
times and joining the results together with 'lipo'.
The subtype of the file created (like 'ppc7400' or 'ppc970' or 'i686')
is determined by the flags that specify the ISA that GCC is targeting,
like '-mcpu' or '-march'. The '-force_cpusubtype_ALL' option can be
used to override this.
The Darwin tools vary in their behavior when presented with an ISA
mismatch. The assembler, 'as', only permits instructions to be used
that are valid for the subtype of the file it is generating, so you
cannot put 64-bit instructions in a 'ppc750' object file. The linker
for shared libraries, '/usr/bin/libtool', fails and prints an error if
asked to create a shared library with a less restrictive subtype than
its input files (for instance, trying to put a 'ppc970' object file in a
'ppc7400' library). The linker for executables, 'ld', quietly gives the
executable the most restrictive subtype of any of its input files.
'-FDIR'
Add the framework directory DIR to the head of the list of
directories to be searched for header files. These directories are
interleaved with those specified by '-I' options and are scanned in
a left-to-right order.
A framework directory is a directory with frameworks in it. A
framework is a directory with a 'Headers' and/or 'PrivateHeaders'
directory contained directly in it that ends in '.framework'. The
name of a framework is the name of this directory excluding the
'.framework'. Headers associated with the framework are found in
one of those two directories, with 'Headers' being searched first.
A subframework is a framework directory that is in a framework's
'Frameworks' directory. Includes of subframework headers can only
appear in a header of a framework that contains the subframework,
or in a sibling subframework header. Two subframeworks are
siblings if they occur in the same framework. A subframework
should not have the same name as a framework; a warning is issued
if this is violated. Currently a subframework cannot have
subframeworks; in the future, the mechanism may be extended to
support this. The standard frameworks can be found in
'/System/Library/Frameworks' and '/Library/Frameworks'. An example
include looks like '#include <Framework/header.h>', where
'Framework' denotes the name of the framework and 'header.h' is
found in the 'PrivateHeaders' or 'Headers' directory.
'-iframeworkDIR'
Like '-F' except the directory is a treated as a system directory.
The main difference between this '-iframework' and '-F' is that
with '-iframework' the compiler does not warn about constructs
contained within header files found via DIR. This option is valid
only for the C family of languages.
'-gused'
Emit debugging information for symbols that are used. For stabs
debugging format, this enables '-feliminate-unused-debug-symbols'.
This is by default ON.
'-gfull'
Emit debugging information for all symbols and types.
'-mmacosx-version-min=VERSION'
The earliest version of MacOS X that this executable will run on is
VERSION. Typical values of VERSION include '10.1', '10.2', and
'10.3.9'.
If the compiler was built to use the system's headers by default,
then the default for this option is the system version on which the
compiler is running, otherwise the default is to make choices that
are compatible with as many systems and code bases as possible.
'-mkernel'
Enable kernel development mode. The '-mkernel' option sets
'-static', '-fno-common', '-fno-use-cxa-atexit', '-fno-exceptions',
'-fno-non-call-exceptions', '-fapple-kext', '-fno-weak' and
'-fno-rtti' where applicable. This mode also sets '-mno-altivec',
'-msoft-float', '-fno-builtin' and '-mlong-branch' for PowerPC
targets.
'-mone-byte-bool'
Override the defaults for 'bool' so that 'sizeof(bool)==1'. By
default 'sizeof(bool)' is '4' when compiling for Darwin/PowerPC and
'1' when compiling for Darwin/x86, so this option has no effect on
x86.
*Warning:* The '-mone-byte-bool' switch causes GCC to generate code
that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
switch. Using this switch may require recompiling all other
modules in a program, including system libraries. Use this switch
to conform to a non-default data model.
'-mfix-and-continue'
'-ffix-and-continue'
'-findirect-data'
Generate code suitable for fast turnaround development, such as to
allow GDB to dynamically load '.o' files into already-running
programs. '-findirect-data' and '-ffix-and-continue' are provided
for backwards compatibility.
'-all_load'
Loads all members of static archive libraries. See man ld(1) for
more information.
'-arch_errors_fatal'
Cause the errors having to do with files that have the wrong
architecture to be fatal.
'-bind_at_load'
Causes the output file to be marked such that the dynamic linker
will bind all undefined references when the file is loaded or
launched.
'-bundle'
Produce a Mach-o bundle format file. See man ld(1) for more
information.
'-bundle_loader EXECUTABLE'
This option specifies the EXECUTABLE that will load the build
output file being linked. See man ld(1) for more information.
'-dynamiclib'
When passed this option, GCC produces a dynamic library instead of
an executable when linking, using the Darwin 'libtool' command.
'-force_cpusubtype_ALL'
This causes GCC's output file to have the 'ALL' subtype, instead of
one controlled by the '-mcpu' or '-march' option.
'-allowable_client CLIENT_NAME'
'-client_name'
'-compatibility_version'
'-current_version'
'-dead_strip'
'-dependency-file'
'-dylib_file'
'-dylinker_install_name'
'-dynamic'
'-exported_symbols_list'
'-filelist'
'-flat_namespace'
'-force_flat_namespace'
'-headerpad_max_install_names'
'-image_base'
'-init'
'-install_name'
'-keep_private_externs'
'-multi_module'
'-multiply_defined'
'-multiply_defined_unused'
'-noall_load'
'-no_dead_strip_inits_and_terms'
'-nofixprebinding'
'-nomultidefs'
'-noprebind'
'-noseglinkedit'
'-pagezero_size'
'-prebind'
'-prebind_all_twolevel_modules'
'-private_bundle'
'-read_only_relocs'
'-sectalign'
'-sectobjectsymbols'
'-whyload'
'-seg1addr'
'-sectcreate'
'-sectobjectsymbols'
'-sectorder'
'-segaddr'
'-segs_read_only_addr'
'-segs_read_write_addr'
'-seg_addr_table'
'-seg_addr_table_filename'
'-seglinkedit'
'-segprot'
'-segs_read_only_addr'
'-segs_read_write_addr'
'-single_module'
'-static'
'-sub_library'
'-sub_umbrella'
'-twolevel_namespace'
'-umbrella'
'-undefined'
'-unexported_symbols_list'
'-weak_reference_mismatches'
'-whatsloaded'
These options are passed to the Darwin linker. The Darwin linker
man page describes them in detail.
File: gcc.info, Node: DEC Alpha Options, Next: FR30 Options, Prev: Darwin Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.11 DEC Alpha Options
-------------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the DEC Alpha implementations:
'-mno-soft-float'
'-msoft-float'
Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions for
floating-point operations. When '-msoft-float' is specified,
functions in 'libgcc.a' are used to perform floating-point
operations. Unless they are replaced by routines that emulate the
floating-point operations, or compiled in such a way as to call
such emulations routines, these routines issue floating-point
operations. If you are compiling for an Alpha without
floating-point operations, you must ensure that the library is
built so as not to call them.
Note that Alpha implementations without floating-point operations
are required to have floating-point registers.
'-mfp-reg'
'-mno-fp-regs'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point register
set. '-mno-fp-regs' implies '-msoft-float'. If the floating-point
register set is not used, floating-point operands are passed in
integer registers as if they were integers and floating-point
results are passed in '$0' instead of '$f0'. This is a
non-standard calling sequence, so any function with a
floating-point argument or return value called by code compiled
with '-mno-fp-regs' must also be compiled with that option.
A typical use of this option is building a kernel that does not
use, and hence need not save and restore, any floating-point
registers.
'-mieee'
The Alpha architecture implements floating-point hardware optimized
for maximum performance. It is mostly compliant with the IEEE
floating-point standard. However, for full compliance, software
assistance is required. This option generates code fully
IEEE-compliant code _except_ that the INEXACT-FLAG is not
maintained (see below). If this option is turned on, the
preprocessor macro '_IEEE_FP' is defined during compilation. The
resulting code is less efficient but is able to correctly support
denormalized numbers and exceptional IEEE values such as
not-a-number and plus/minus infinity. Other Alpha compilers call
this option '-ieee_with_no_inexact'.
'-mieee-with-inexact'
This is like '-mieee' except the generated code also maintains the
IEEE INEXACT-FLAG. Turning on this option causes the generated
code to implement fully-compliant IEEE math. In addition to
'_IEEE_FP', '_IEEE_FP_EXACT' is defined as a preprocessor macro.
On some Alpha implementations the resulting code may execute
significantly slower than the code generated by default. Since
there is very little code that depends on the INEXACT-FLAG, you
should normally not specify this option. Other Alpha compilers
call this option '-ieee_with_inexact'.
'-mfp-trap-mode=TRAP-MODE'
This option controls what floating-point related traps are enabled.
Other Alpha compilers call this option '-fptm TRAP-MODE'. The trap
mode can be set to one of four values:
'n'
This is the default (normal) setting. The only traps that are
enabled are the ones that cannot be disabled in software
(e.g., division by zero trap).
'u'
In addition to the traps enabled by 'n', underflow traps are
enabled as well.
'su'
Like 'u', but the instructions are marked to be safe for
software completion (see Alpha architecture manual for
details).
'sui'
Like 'su', but inexact traps are enabled as well.
'-mfp-rounding-mode=ROUNDING-MODE'
Selects the IEEE rounding mode. Other Alpha compilers call this
option '-fprm ROUNDING-MODE'. The ROUNDING-MODE can be one of:
'n'
Normal IEEE rounding mode. Floating-point numbers are rounded
towards the nearest machine number or towards the even machine
number in case of a tie.
'm'
Round towards minus infinity.
'c'
Chopped rounding mode. Floating-point numbers are rounded
towards zero.
'd'
Dynamic rounding mode. A field in the floating-point control
register (FPCR, see Alpha architecture reference manual)
controls the rounding mode in effect. The C library
initializes this register for rounding towards plus infinity.
Thus, unless your program modifies the FPCR, 'd' corresponds
to round towards plus infinity.
'-mtrap-precision=TRAP-PRECISION'
In the Alpha architecture, floating-point traps are imprecise.
This means without software assistance it is impossible to recover
from a floating trap and program execution normally needs to be
terminated. GCC can generate code that can assist operating system
trap handlers in determining the exact location that caused a
floating-point trap. Depending on the requirements of an
application, different levels of precisions can be selected:
'p'
Program precision. This option is the default and means a
trap handler can only identify which program caused a
floating-point exception.
'f'
Function precision. The trap handler can determine the
function that caused a floating-point exception.
'i'
Instruction precision. The trap handler can determine the
exact instruction that caused a floating-point exception.
Other Alpha compilers provide the equivalent options called
'-scope_safe' and '-resumption_safe'.
'-mieee-conformant'
This option marks the generated code as IEEE conformant. You must
not use this option unless you also specify '-mtrap-precision=i'
and either '-mfp-trap-mode=su' or '-mfp-trap-mode=sui'. Its only
effect is to emit the line '.eflag 48' in the function prologue of
the generated assembly file.
'-mbuild-constants'
Normally GCC examines a 32- or 64-bit integer constant to see if it
can construct it from smaller constants in two or three
instructions. If it cannot, it outputs the constant as a literal
and generates code to load it from the data segment at run time.
Use this option to require GCC to construct _all_ integer constants
using code, even if it takes more instructions (the maximum is
six).
You typically use this option to build a shared library dynamic
loader. Itself a shared library, it must relocate itself in memory
before it can find the variables and constants in its own data
segment.
'-mbwx'
'-mno-bwx'
'-mcix'
'-mno-cix'
'-mfix'
'-mno-fix'
'-mmax'
'-mno-max'
Indicate whether GCC should generate code to use the optional BWX,
CIX, FIX and MAX instruction sets. The default is to use the
instruction sets supported by the CPU type specified via '-mcpu='
option or that of the CPU on which GCC was built if none is
specified.
'-mfloat-vax'
'-mfloat-ieee'
Generate code that uses (does not use) VAX F and G floating-point
arithmetic instead of IEEE single and double precision.
'-mexplicit-relocs'
'-mno-explicit-relocs'
Older Alpha assemblers provided no way to generate symbol
relocations except via assembler macros. Use of these macros does
not allow optimal instruction scheduling. GNU binutils as of
version 2.12 supports a new syntax that allows the compiler to
explicitly mark which relocations should apply to which
instructions. This option is mostly useful for debugging, as GCC
detects the capabilities of the assembler when it is built and sets
the default accordingly.
'-msmall-data'
'-mlarge-data'
When '-mexplicit-relocs' is in effect, static data is accessed via
"gp-relative" relocations. When '-msmall-data' is used, objects 8
bytes long or smaller are placed in a "small data area" (the
'.sdata' and '.sbss' sections) and are accessed via 16-bit
relocations off of the '$gp' register. This limits the size of the
small data area to 64KB, but allows the variables to be directly
accessed via a single instruction.
The default is '-mlarge-data'. With this option the data area is
limited to just below 2GB. Programs that require more than 2GB of
data must use 'malloc' or 'mmap' to allocate the data in the heap
instead of in the program's data segment.
When generating code for shared libraries, '-fpic' implies
'-msmall-data' and '-fPIC' implies '-mlarge-data'.
'-msmall-text'
'-mlarge-text'
When '-msmall-text' is used, the compiler assumes that the code of
the entire program (or shared library) fits in 4MB, and is thus
reachable with a branch instruction. When '-msmall-data' is used,
the compiler can assume that all local symbols share the same '$gp'
value, and thus reduce the number of instructions required for a
function call from 4 to 1.
The default is '-mlarge-text'.
'-mcpu=CPU_TYPE'
Set the instruction set and instruction scheduling parameters for
machine type CPU_TYPE. You can specify either the 'EV' style name
or the corresponding chip number. GCC supports scheduling
parameters for the EV4, EV5 and EV6 family of processors and
chooses the default values for the instruction set from the
processor you specify. If you do not specify a processor type, GCC
defaults to the processor on which the compiler was built.
Supported values for CPU_TYPE are
'ev4'
'ev45'
'21064'
Schedules as an EV4 and has no instruction set extensions.
'ev5'
'21164'
Schedules as an EV5 and has no instruction set extensions.
'ev56'
'21164a'
Schedules as an EV5 and supports the BWX extension.
'pca56'
'21164pc'
'21164PC'
Schedules as an EV5 and supports the BWX and MAX extensions.
'ev6'
'21264'
Schedules as an EV6 and supports the BWX, FIX, and MAX
extensions.
'ev67'
'21264a'
Schedules as an EV6 and supports the BWX, CIX, FIX, and MAX
extensions.
Native toolchains also support the value 'native', which selects
the best architecture option for the host processor.
'-mcpu=native' has no effect if GCC does not recognize the
processor.
'-mtune=CPU_TYPE'
Set only the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
CPU_TYPE. The instruction set is not changed.
Native toolchains also support the value 'native', which selects
the best architecture option for the host processor.
'-mtune=native' has no effect if GCC does not recognize the
processor.
'-mmemory-latency=TIME'
Sets the latency the scheduler should assume for typical memory
references as seen by the application. This number is highly
dependent on the memory access patterns used by the application and
the size of the external cache on the machine.
Valid options for TIME are
'NUMBER'
A decimal number representing clock cycles.
'L1'
'L2'
'L3'
'main'
The compiler contains estimates of the number of clock cycles
for "typical" EV4 & EV5 hardware for the Level 1, 2 & 3 caches
(also called Dcache, Scache, and Bcache), as well as to main
memory. Note that L3 is only valid for EV5.
File: gcc.info, Node: FR30 Options, Next: FT32 Options, Prev: DEC Alpha Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.12 FR30 Options
--------------------
These options are defined specifically for the FR30 port.
'-msmall-model'
Use the small address space model. This can produce smaller code,
but it does assume that all symbolic values and addresses fit into
a 20-bit range.
'-mno-lsim'
Assume that runtime support has been provided and so there is no
need to include the simulator library ('libsim.a') on the linker
command line.
File: gcc.info, Node: FT32 Options, Next: FRV Options, Prev: FR30 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.13 FT32 Options
--------------------
These options are defined specifically for the FT32 port.
'-msim'
Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
causes an alternate runtime startup and library to be linked. You
must not use this option when generating programs that will run on
real hardware; you must provide your own runtime library for
whatever I/O functions are needed.
'-mlra'
Enable Local Register Allocation. This is still experimental for
FT32, so by default the compiler uses standard reload.
'-mnodiv'
Do not use div and mod instructions.
'-mft32b'
Enable use of the extended instructions of the FT32B processor.
'-mcompress'
Compress all code using the Ft32B code compression scheme.
'-mnopm'
Do not generate code that reads program memory.
File: gcc.info, Node: FRV Options, Next: GNU/Linux Options, Prev: FT32 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.14 FRV Options
-------------------
'-mgpr-32'
Only use the first 32 general-purpose registers.
'-mgpr-64'
Use all 64 general-purpose registers.
'-mfpr-32'
Use only the first 32 floating-point registers.
'-mfpr-64'
Use all 64 floating-point registers.
'-mhard-float'
Use hardware instructions for floating-point operations.
'-msoft-float'
Use library routines for floating-point operations.
'-malloc-cc'
Dynamically allocate condition code registers.
'-mfixed-cc'
Do not try to dynamically allocate condition code registers, only
use 'icc0' and 'fcc0'.
'-mdword'
Change ABI to use double word insns.
'-mno-dword'
Do not use double word instructions.
'-mdouble'
Use floating-point double instructions.
'-mno-double'
Do not use floating-point double instructions.
'-mmedia'
Use media instructions.
'-mno-media'
Do not use media instructions.
'-mmuladd'
Use multiply and add/subtract instructions.
'-mno-muladd'
Do not use multiply and add/subtract instructions.
'-mfdpic'
Select the FDPIC ABI, which uses function descriptors to represent
pointers to functions. Without any PIC/PIE-related options, it
implies '-fPIE'. With '-fpic' or '-fpie', it assumes GOT entries
and small data are within a 12-bit range from the GOT base address;
with '-fPIC' or '-fPIE', GOT offsets are computed with 32 bits.
With a 'bfin-elf' target, this option implies '-msim'.
'-minline-plt'
Enable inlining of PLT entries in function calls to functions that
are not known to bind locally. It has no effect without '-mfdpic'.
It's enabled by default if optimizing for speed and compiling for
shared libraries (i.e., '-fPIC' or '-fpic'), or when an
optimization option such as '-O3' or above is present in the
command line.
'-mTLS'
Assume a large TLS segment when generating thread-local code.
'-mtls'
Do not assume a large TLS segment when generating thread-local
code.
'-mgprel-ro'
Enable the use of 'GPREL' relocations in the FDPIC ABI for data
that is known to be in read-only sections. It's enabled by
default, except for '-fpic' or '-fpie': even though it may help
make the global offset table smaller, it trades 1 instruction for
4. With '-fPIC' or '-fPIE', it trades 3 instructions for 4, one of
which may be shared by multiple symbols, and it avoids the need for
a GOT entry for the referenced symbol, so it's more likely to be a
win. If it is not, '-mno-gprel-ro' can be used to disable it.
'-multilib-library-pic'
Link with the (library, not FD) pic libraries. It's implied by
'-mlibrary-pic', as well as by '-fPIC' and '-fpic' without
'-mfdpic'. You should never have to use it explicitly.
'-mlinked-fp'
Follow the EABI requirement of always creating a frame pointer
whenever a stack frame is allocated. This option is enabled by
default and can be disabled with '-mno-linked-fp'.
'-mlong-calls'
Use indirect addressing to call functions outside the current
compilation unit. This allows the functions to be placed anywhere
within the 32-bit address space.
'-malign-labels'
Try to align labels to an 8-byte boundary by inserting NOPs into
the previous packet. This option only has an effect when VLIW
packing is enabled. It doesn't create new packets; it merely adds
NOPs to existing ones.
'-mlibrary-pic'
Generate position-independent EABI code.
'-macc-4'
Use only the first four media accumulator registers.
'-macc-8'
Use all eight media accumulator registers.
'-mpack'
Pack VLIW instructions.
'-mno-pack'
Do not pack VLIW instructions.
'-mno-eflags'
Do not mark ABI switches in e_flags.
'-mcond-move'
Enable the use of conditional-move instructions (default).
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mno-cond-move'
Disable the use of conditional-move instructions.
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mscc'
Enable the use of conditional set instructions (default).
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mno-scc'
Disable the use of conditional set instructions.
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mcond-exec'
Enable the use of conditional execution (default).
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mno-cond-exec'
Disable the use of conditional execution.
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mvliw-branch'
Run a pass to pack branches into VLIW instructions (default).
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mno-vliw-branch'
Do not run a pass to pack branches into VLIW instructions.
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mmulti-cond-exec'
Enable optimization of '&&' and '||' in conditional execution
(default).
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mno-multi-cond-exec'
Disable optimization of '&&' and '||' in conditional execution.
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mnested-cond-exec'
Enable nested conditional execution optimizations (default).
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-mno-nested-cond-exec'
Disable nested conditional execution optimizations.
This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.
'-moptimize-membar'
This switch removes redundant 'membar' instructions from the
compiler-generated code. It is enabled by default.
'-mno-optimize-membar'
This switch disables the automatic removal of redundant 'membar'
instructions from the generated code.
'-mtomcat-stats'
Cause gas to print out tomcat statistics.
'-mcpu=CPU'
Select the processor type for which to generate code. Possible
values are 'frv', 'fr550', 'tomcat', 'fr500', 'fr450', 'fr405',
'fr400', 'fr300' and 'simple'.
File: gcc.info, Node: GNU/Linux Options, Next: H8/300 Options, Prev: FRV Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.15 GNU/Linux Options
-------------------------
These '-m' options are defined for GNU/Linux targets:
'-mglibc'
Use the GNU C library. This is the default except on
'*-*-linux-*uclibc*', '*-*-linux-*musl*' and '*-*-linux-*android*'
targets.
'-muclibc'
Use uClibc C library. This is the default on '*-*-linux-*uclibc*'
targets.
'-mmusl'
Use the musl C library. This is the default on '*-*-linux-*musl*'
targets.
'-mbionic'
Use Bionic C library. This is the default on '*-*-linux-*android*'
targets.
'-mandroid'
Compile code compatible with Android platform. This is the default
on '*-*-linux-*android*' targets.
When compiling, this option enables '-mbionic', '-fPIC',
'-fno-exceptions' and '-fno-rtti' by default. When linking, this
option makes the GCC driver pass Android-specific options to the
linker. Finally, this option causes the preprocessor macro
'__ANDROID__' to be defined.
'-tno-android-cc'
Disable compilation effects of '-mandroid', i.e., do not enable
'-mbionic', '-fPIC', '-fno-exceptions' and '-fno-rtti' by default.
'-tno-android-ld'
Disable linking effects of '-mandroid', i.e., pass standard Linux
linking options to the linker.
File: gcc.info, Node: H8/300 Options, Next: HPPA Options, Prev: GNU/Linux Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.16 H8/300 Options
----------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the H8/300 implementations:
'-mrelax'
Shorten some address references at link time, when possible; uses
the linker option '-relax'. *Note 'ld' and the H8/300: (ld)H8/300,
for a fuller description.
'-mh'
Generate code for the H8/300H.
'-ms'
Generate code for the H8S.
'-mn'
Generate code for the H8S and H8/300H in the normal mode. This
switch must be used either with '-mh' or '-ms'.
'-ms2600'
Generate code for the H8S/2600. This switch must be used with
'-ms'.
'-mexr'
Extended registers are stored on stack before execution of function
with monitor attribute. Default option is '-mexr'. This option is
valid only for H8S targets.
'-mno-exr'
Extended registers are not stored on stack before execution of
function with monitor attribute. Default option is '-mno-exr'.
This option is valid only for H8S targets.
'-mint32'
Make 'int' data 32 bits by default.
'-malign-300'
On the H8/300H and H8S, use the same alignment rules as for the
H8/300. The default for the H8/300H and H8S is to align longs and
floats on 4-byte boundaries. '-malign-300' causes them to be
aligned on 2-byte boundaries. This option has no effect on the
H8/300.
File: gcc.info, Node: HPPA Options, Next: IA-64 Options, Prev: H8/300 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.17 HPPA Options
--------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the HPPA family of computers:
'-march=ARCHITECTURE-TYPE'
Generate code for the specified architecture. The choices for
ARCHITECTURE-TYPE are '1.0' for PA 1.0, '1.1' for PA 1.1, and '2.0'
for PA 2.0 processors. Refer to '/usr/lib/sched.models' on an
HP-UX system to determine the proper architecture option for your
machine. Code compiled for lower numbered architectures runs on
higher numbered architectures, but not the other way around.
'-mpa-risc-1-0'
'-mpa-risc-1-1'
'-mpa-risc-2-0'
Synonyms for '-march=1.0', '-march=1.1', and '-march=2.0'
respectively.
'-mcaller-copies'
The caller copies function arguments passed by hidden reference.
This option should be used with care as it is not compatible with
the default 32-bit runtime. However, only aggregates larger than
eight bytes are passed by hidden reference and the option provides
better compatibility with OpenMP.
'-mjump-in-delay'
This option is ignored and provided for compatibility purposes
only.
'-mdisable-fpregs'
Prevent floating-point registers from being used in any manner.
This is necessary for compiling kernels that perform lazy context
switching of floating-point registers. If you use this option and
attempt to perform floating-point operations, the compiler aborts.
'-mdisable-indexing'
Prevent the compiler from using indexing address modes. This
avoids some rather obscure problems when compiling MIG generated
code under MACH.
'-mno-space-regs'
Generate code that assumes the target has no space registers. This
allows GCC to generate faster indirect calls and use unscaled index
address modes.
Such code is suitable for level 0 PA systems and kernels.
'-mfast-indirect-calls'
Generate code that assumes calls never cross space boundaries.
This allows GCC to emit code that performs faster indirect calls.
This option does not work in the presence of shared libraries or
nested functions.
'-mfixed-range=REGISTER-RANGE'
Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
A fixed register is one that the register allocator cannot use.
This is useful when compiling kernel code. A register range is
specified as two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register
ranges can be specified separated by a comma.
'-mlong-load-store'
Generate 3-instruction load and store sequences as sometimes
required by the HP-UX 10 linker. This is equivalent to the '+k'
option to the HP compilers.
'-mportable-runtime'
Use the portable calling conventions proposed by HP for ELF
systems.
'-mgas'
Enable the use of assembler directives only GAS understands.
'-mschedule=CPU-TYPE'
Schedule code according to the constraints for the machine type
CPU-TYPE. The choices for CPU-TYPE are '700' '7100', '7100LC',
'7200', '7300' and '8000'. Refer to '/usr/lib/sched.models' on an
HP-UX system to determine the proper scheduling option for your
machine. The default scheduling is '8000'.
'-mlinker-opt'
Enable the optimization pass in the HP-UX linker. Note this makes
symbolic debugging impossible. It also triggers a bug in the HP-UX
8 and HP-UX 9 linkers in which they give bogus error messages when
linking some programs.
'-msoft-float'
Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
*Warning:* the requisite libraries are not available for all HPPA
targets. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler
are used, but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.
You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library
functions for cross-compilation.
'-msoft-float' changes the calling convention in the output file;
therefore, it is only useful if you compile _all_ of a program with
this option. In particular, you need to compile 'libgcc.a', the
library that comes with GCC, with '-msoft-float' in order for this
to work.
'-msio'
Generate the predefine, '_SIO', for server IO. The default is
'-mwsio'. This generates the predefines, '__hp9000s700',
'__hp9000s700__' and '_WSIO', for workstation IO. These options
are available under HP-UX and HI-UX.
'-mgnu-ld'
Use options specific to GNU 'ld'. This passes '-shared' to 'ld'
when building a shared library. It is the default when GCC is
configured, explicitly or implicitly, with the GNU linker. This
option does not affect which 'ld' is called; it only changes what
parameters are passed to that 'ld'. The 'ld' that is called is
determined by the '--with-ld' configure option, GCC's program
search path, and finally by the user's 'PATH'. The linker used by
GCC can be printed using 'which `gcc -print-prog-name=ld`'. This
option is only available on the 64-bit HP-UX GCC, i.e. configured
with 'hppa*64*-*-hpux*'.
'-mhp-ld'
Use options specific to HP 'ld'. This passes '-b' to 'ld' when
building a shared library and passes '+Accept TypeMismatch' to 'ld'
on all links. It is the default when GCC is configured, explicitly
or implicitly, with the HP linker. This option does not affect
which 'ld' is called; it only changes what parameters are passed to
that 'ld'. The 'ld' that is called is determined by the
'--with-ld' configure option, GCC's program search path, and
finally by the user's 'PATH'. The linker used by GCC can be
printed using 'which `gcc -print-prog-name=ld`'. This option is
only available on the 64-bit HP-UX GCC, i.e. configured with
'hppa*64*-*-hpux*'.
'-mlong-calls'
Generate code that uses long call sequences. This ensures that a
call is always able to reach linker generated stubs. The default
is to generate long calls only when the distance from the call site
to the beginning of the function or translation unit, as the case
may be, exceeds a predefined limit set by the branch type being
used. The limits for normal calls are 7,600,000 and 240,000 bytes,
respectively for the PA 2.0 and PA 1.X architectures. Sibcalls are
always limited at 240,000 bytes.
Distances are measured from the beginning of functions when using
the '-ffunction-sections' option, or when using the '-mgas' and
'-mno-portable-runtime' options together under HP-UX with the SOM
linker.
It is normally not desirable to use this option as it degrades
performance. However, it may be useful in large applications,
particularly when partial linking is used to build the application.
The types of long calls used depends on the capabilities of the
assembler and linker, and the type of code being generated. The
impact on systems that support long absolute calls, and long pic
symbol-difference or pc-relative calls should be relatively small.
However, an indirect call is used on 32-bit ELF systems in pic code
and it is quite long.
'-munix=UNIX-STD'
Generate compiler predefines and select a startfile for the
specified UNIX standard. The choices for UNIX-STD are '93', '95'
and '98'. '93' is supported on all HP-UX versions. '95' is
available on HP-UX 10.10 and later. '98' is available on HP-UX
11.11 and later. The default values are '93' for HP-UX 10.00, '95'
for HP-UX 10.10 though to 11.00, and '98' for HP-UX 11.11 and
later.
'-munix=93' provides the same predefines as GCC 3.3 and 3.4.
'-munix=95' provides additional predefines for 'XOPEN_UNIX' and
'_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED', and the startfile 'unix95.o'.
'-munix=98' provides additional predefines for '_XOPEN_UNIX',
'_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED', '_INCLUDE__STDC_A1_SOURCE' and
'_INCLUDE_XOPEN_SOURCE_500', and the startfile 'unix98.o'.
It is _important_ to note that this option changes the interfaces
for various library routines. It also affects the operational
behavior of the C library. Thus, _extreme_ care is needed in using
this option.
Library code that is intended to operate with more than one UNIX
standard must test, set and restore the variable
'__xpg4_extended_mask' as appropriate. Most GNU software doesn't
provide this capability.
'-nolibdld'
Suppress the generation of link options to search libdld.sl when
the '-static' option is specified on HP-UX 10 and later.
'-static'
The HP-UX implementation of setlocale in libc has a dependency on
libdld.sl. There isn't an archive version of libdld.sl. Thus,
when the '-static' option is specified, special link options are
needed to resolve this dependency.
On HP-UX 10 and later, the GCC driver adds the necessary options to
link with libdld.sl when the '-static' option is specified. This
causes the resulting binary to be dynamic. On the 64-bit port, the
linkers generate dynamic binaries by default in any case. The
'-nolibdld' option can be used to prevent the GCC driver from
adding these link options.
'-threads'
Add support for multithreading with the "dce thread" library under
HP-UX. This option sets flags for both the preprocessor and
linker.
File: gcc.info, Node: IA-64 Options, Next: LM32 Options, Prev: HPPA Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.18 IA-64 Options
---------------------
These are the '-m' options defined for the Intel IA-64 architecture.
'-mbig-endian'
Generate code for a big-endian target. This is the default for
HP-UX.
'-mlittle-endian'
Generate code for a little-endian target. This is the default for
AIX5 and GNU/Linux.
'-mgnu-as'
'-mno-gnu-as'
Generate (or don't) code for the GNU assembler. This is the
default.
'-mgnu-ld'
'-mno-gnu-ld'
Generate (or don't) code for the GNU linker. This is the default.
'-mno-pic'
Generate code that does not use a global pointer register. The
result is not position independent code, and violates the IA-64
ABI.
'-mvolatile-asm-stop'
'-mno-volatile-asm-stop'
Generate (or don't) a stop bit immediately before and after
volatile asm statements.
'-mregister-names'
'-mno-register-names'
Generate (or don't) 'in', 'loc', and 'out' register names for the
stacked registers. This may make assembler output more readable.
'-mno-sdata'
'-msdata'
Disable (or enable) optimizations that use the small data section.
This may be useful for working around optimizer bugs.
'-mconstant-gp'
Generate code that uses a single constant global pointer value.
This is useful when compiling kernel code.
'-mauto-pic'
Generate code that is self-relocatable. This implies
'-mconstant-gp'. This is useful when compiling firmware code.
'-minline-float-divide-min-latency'
Generate code for inline divides of floating-point values using the
minimum latency algorithm.
'-minline-float-divide-max-throughput'
Generate code for inline divides of floating-point values using the
maximum throughput algorithm.
'-mno-inline-float-divide'
Do not generate inline code for divides of floating-point values.
'-minline-int-divide-min-latency'
Generate code for inline divides of integer values using the
minimum latency algorithm.
'-minline-int-divide-max-throughput'
Generate code for inline divides of integer values using the
maximum throughput algorithm.
'-mno-inline-int-divide'
Do not generate inline code for divides of integer values.
'-minline-sqrt-min-latency'
Generate code for inline square roots using the minimum latency
algorithm.
'-minline-sqrt-max-throughput'
Generate code for inline square roots using the maximum throughput
algorithm.
'-mno-inline-sqrt'
Do not generate inline code for 'sqrt'.
'-mfused-madd'
'-mno-fused-madd'
Do (don't) generate code that uses the fused multiply/add or
multiply/subtract instructions. The default is to use these
instructions.
'-mno-dwarf2-asm'
'-mdwarf2-asm'
Don't (or do) generate assembler code for the DWARF line number
debugging info. This may be useful when not using the GNU
assembler.
'-mearly-stop-bits'
'-mno-early-stop-bits'
Allow stop bits to be placed earlier than immediately preceding the
instruction that triggered the stop bit. This can improve
instruction scheduling, but does not always do so.
'-mfixed-range=REGISTER-RANGE'
Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
A fixed register is one that the register allocator cannot use.
This is useful when compiling kernel code. A register range is
specified as two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register
ranges can be specified separated by a comma.
'-mtls-size=TLS-SIZE'
Specify bit size of immediate TLS offsets. Valid values are 14,
22, and 64.
'-mtune=CPU-TYPE'
Tune the instruction scheduling for a particular CPU, Valid values
are 'itanium', 'itanium1', 'merced', 'itanium2', and 'mckinley'.
'-milp32'
'-mlp64'
Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The 32-bit
environment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits. The 64-bit
environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits.
These are HP-UX specific flags.
'-mno-sched-br-data-spec'
'-msched-br-data-spec'
(Dis/En)able data speculative scheduling before reload. This
results in generation of 'ld.a' instructions and the corresponding
check instructions ('ld.c' / 'chk.a'). The default setting is
disabled.
'-msched-ar-data-spec'
'-mno-sched-ar-data-spec'
(En/Dis)able data speculative scheduling after reload. This
results in generation of 'ld.a' instructions and the corresponding
check instructions ('ld.c' / 'chk.a'). The default setting is
enabled.
'-mno-sched-control-spec'
'-msched-control-spec'
(Dis/En)able control speculative scheduling. This feature is
available only during region scheduling (i.e. before reload). This
results in generation of the 'ld.s' instructions and the
corresponding check instructions 'chk.s'. The default setting is
disabled.
'-msched-br-in-data-spec'
'-mno-sched-br-in-data-spec'
(En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
dependent on the data speculative loads before reload. This is
effective only with '-msched-br-data-spec' enabled. The default
setting is enabled.
'-msched-ar-in-data-spec'
'-mno-sched-ar-in-data-spec'
(En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
dependent on the data speculative loads after reload. This is
effective only with '-msched-ar-data-spec' enabled. The default
setting is enabled.
'-msched-in-control-spec'
'-mno-sched-in-control-spec'
(En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
dependent on the control speculative loads. This is effective only
with '-msched-control-spec' enabled. The default setting is
enabled.
'-mno-sched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns'
'-msched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns'
If enabled, data-speculative instructions are chosen for schedule
only if there are no other choices at the moment. This makes the
use of the data speculation much more conservative. The default
setting is disabled.
'-mno-sched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns'
'-msched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns'
If enabled, control-speculative instructions are chosen for
schedule only if there are no other choices at the moment. This
makes the use of the control speculation much more conservative.
The default setting is disabled.
'-mno-sched-count-spec-in-critical-path'
'-msched-count-spec-in-critical-path'
If enabled, speculative dependencies are considered during
computation of the instructions priorities. This makes the use of
the speculation a bit more conservative. The default setting is
disabled.
'-msched-spec-ldc'
Use a simple data speculation check. This option is on by default.
'-msched-control-spec-ldc'
Use a simple check for control speculation. This option is on by
default.
'-msched-stop-bits-after-every-cycle'
Place a stop bit after every cycle when scheduling. This option is
on by default.
'-msched-fp-mem-deps-zero-cost'
Assume that floating-point stores and loads are not likely to cause
a conflict when placed into the same instruction group. This
option is disabled by default.
'-msel-sched-dont-check-control-spec'
Generate checks for control speculation in selective scheduling.
This flag is disabled by default.
'-msched-max-memory-insns=MAX-INSNS'
Limit on the number of memory insns per instruction group, giving
lower priority to subsequent memory insns attempting to schedule in
the same instruction group. Frequently useful to prevent cache
bank conflicts. The default value is 1.
'-msched-max-memory-insns-hard-limit'
Makes the limit specified by 'msched-max-memory-insns' a hard
limit, disallowing more than that number in an instruction group.
Otherwise, the limit is "soft", meaning that non-memory operations
are preferred when the limit is reached, but memory operations may
still be scheduled.
File: gcc.info, Node: LM32 Options, Next: M32C Options, Prev: IA-64 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.19 LM32 Options
--------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the LatticeMico32 architecture:
'-mbarrel-shift-enabled'
Enable barrel-shift instructions.
'-mdivide-enabled'
Enable divide and modulus instructions.
'-mmultiply-enabled'
Enable multiply instructions.
'-msign-extend-enabled'
Enable sign extend instructions.
'-muser-enabled'
Enable user-defined instructions.
File: gcc.info, Node: M32C Options, Next: M32R/D Options, Prev: LM32 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.20 M32C Options
--------------------
'-mcpu=NAME'
Select the CPU for which code is generated. NAME may be one of
'r8c' for the R8C/Tiny series, 'm16c' for the M16C (up to /60)
series, 'm32cm' for the M16C/80 series, or 'm32c' for the M32C/80
series.
'-msim'
Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
causes an alternate runtime library to be linked in which supports,
for example, file I/O. You must not use this option when
generating programs that will run on real hardware; you must
provide your own runtime library for whatever I/O functions are
needed.
'-memregs=NUMBER'
Specifies the number of memory-based pseudo-registers GCC uses
during code generation. These pseudo-registers are used like real
registers, so there is a tradeoff between GCC's ability to fit the
code into available registers, and the performance penalty of using
memory instead of registers. Note that all modules in a program
must be compiled with the same value for this option. Because of
that, you must not use this option with GCC's default runtime
libraries.
File: gcc.info, Node: M32R/D Options, Next: M680x0 Options, Prev: M32C Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.21 M32R/D Options
----------------------
These '-m' options are defined for Renesas M32R/D architectures:
'-m32r2'
Generate code for the M32R/2.
'-m32rx'
Generate code for the M32R/X.
'-m32r'
Generate code for the M32R. This is the default.
'-mmodel=small'
Assume all objects live in the lower 16MB of memory (so that their
addresses can be loaded with the 'ld24' instruction), and assume
all subroutines are reachable with the 'bl' instruction. This is
the default.
The addressability of a particular object can be set with the
'model' attribute.
'-mmodel=medium'
Assume objects may be anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the
compiler generates 'seth/add3' instructions to load their
addresses), and assume all subroutines are reachable with the 'bl'
instruction.
'-mmodel=large'
Assume objects may be anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the
compiler generates 'seth/add3' instructions to load their
addresses), and assume subroutines may not be reachable with the
'bl' instruction (the compiler generates the much slower
'seth/add3/jl' instruction sequence).
'-msdata=none'
Disable use of the small data area. Variables are put into one of
'.data', '.bss', or '.rodata' (unless the 'section' attribute has
been specified). This is the default.
The small data area consists of sections '.sdata' and '.sbss'.
Objects may be explicitly put in the small data area with the
'section' attribute using one of these sections.
'-msdata=sdata'
Put small global and static data in the small data area, but do not
generate special code to reference them.
'-msdata=use'
Put small global and static data in the small data area, and
generate special instructions to reference them.
'-G NUM'
Put global and static objects less than or equal to NUM bytes into
the small data or BSS sections instead of the normal data or BSS
sections. The default value of NUM is 8. The '-msdata' option
must be set to one of 'sdata' or 'use' for this option to have any
effect.
All modules should be compiled with the same '-G NUM' value.
Compiling with different values of NUM may or may not work; if it
doesn't the linker gives an error message--incorrect code is not
generated.
'-mdebug'
Makes the M32R-specific code in the compiler display some
statistics that might help in debugging programs.
'-malign-loops'
Align all loops to a 32-byte boundary.
'-mno-align-loops'
Do not enforce a 32-byte alignment for loops. This is the default.
'-missue-rate=NUMBER'
Issue NUMBER instructions per cycle. NUMBER can only be 1 or 2.
'-mbranch-cost=NUMBER'
NUMBER can only be 1 or 2. If it is 1 then branches are preferred
over conditional code, if it is 2, then the opposite applies.
'-mflush-trap=NUMBER'
Specifies the trap number to use to flush the cache. The default
is 12. Valid numbers are between 0 and 15 inclusive.
'-mno-flush-trap'
Specifies that the cache cannot be flushed by using a trap.
'-mflush-func=NAME'
Specifies the name of the operating system function to call to
flush the cache. The default is '_flush_cache', but a function
call is only used if a trap is not available.
'-mno-flush-func'
Indicates that there is no OS function for flushing the cache.
File: gcc.info, Node: M680x0 Options, Next: MCore Options, Prev: M32R/D Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.22 M680x0 Options
----------------------
These are the '-m' options defined for M680x0 and ColdFire processors.
The default settings depend on which architecture was selected when the
compiler was configured; the defaults for the most common choices are
given below.
'-march=ARCH'
Generate code for a specific M680x0 or ColdFire instruction set
architecture. Permissible values of ARCH for M680x0 architectures
are: '68000', '68010', '68020', '68030', '68040', '68060' and
'cpu32'. ColdFire architectures are selected according to
Freescale's ISA classification and the permissible values are:
'isaa', 'isaaplus', 'isab' and 'isac'.
GCC defines a macro '__mcfARCH__' whenever it is generating code
for a ColdFire target. The ARCH in this macro is one of the
'-march' arguments given above.
When used together, '-march' and '-mtune' select code that runs on
a family of similar processors but that is optimized for a
particular microarchitecture.
'-mcpu=CPU'
Generate code for a specific M680x0 or ColdFire processor. The
M680x0 CPUs are: '68000', '68010', '68020', '68030', '68040',
'68060', '68302', '68332' and 'cpu32'. The ColdFire CPUs are given
by the table below, which also classifies the CPUs into families:
*Family* *'-mcpu' arguments*
'51' '51' '51ac' '51ag' '51cn' '51em' '51je' '51jf' '51jg'
'51jm' '51mm' '51qe' '51qm'
'5206' '5202' '5204' '5206'
'5206e' '5206e'
'5208' '5207' '5208'
'5211a' '5210a' '5211a'
'5213' '5211' '5212' '5213'
'5216' '5214' '5216'
'52235' '52230' '52231' '52232' '52233' '52234' '52235'
'5225' '5224' '5225'
'52259' '52252' '52254' '52255' '52256' '52258' '52259'
'5235' '5232' '5233' '5234' '5235' '523x'
'5249' '5249'
'5250' '5250'
'5271' '5270' '5271'
'5272' '5272'
'5275' '5274' '5275'
'5282' '5280' '5281' '5282' '528x'
'53017' '53011' '53012' '53013' '53014' '53015' '53016' '53017'
'5307' '5307'
'5329' '5327' '5328' '5329' '532x'
'5373' '5372' '5373' '537x'
'5407' '5407'
'5475' '5470' '5471' '5472' '5473' '5474' '5475' '547x' '5480'
'5481' '5482' '5483' '5484' '5485'
'-mcpu=CPU' overrides '-march=ARCH' if ARCH is compatible with CPU.
Other combinations of '-mcpu' and '-march' are rejected.
GCC defines the macro '__mcf_cpu_CPU' when ColdFire target CPU is
selected. It also defines '__mcf_family_FAMILY', where the value
of FAMILY is given by the table above.
'-mtune=TUNE'
Tune the code for a particular microarchitecture within the
constraints set by '-march' and '-mcpu'. The M680x0
microarchitectures are: '68000', '68010', '68020', '68030',
'68040', '68060' and 'cpu32'. The ColdFire microarchitectures are:
'cfv1', 'cfv2', 'cfv3', 'cfv4' and 'cfv4e'.
You can also use '-mtune=68020-40' for code that needs to run
relatively well on 68020, 68030 and 68040 targets.
'-mtune=68020-60' is similar but includes 68060 targets as well.
These two options select the same tuning decisions as '-m68020-40'
and '-m68020-60' respectively.
GCC defines the macros '__mcARCH' and '__mcARCH__' when tuning for
680x0 architecture ARCH. It also defines 'mcARCH' unless either
'-ansi' or a non-GNU '-std' option is used. If GCC is tuning for a
range of architectures, as selected by '-mtune=68020-40' or
'-mtune=68020-60', it defines the macros for every architecture in
the range.
GCC also defines the macro '__mUARCH__' when tuning for ColdFire
microarchitecture UARCH, where UARCH is one of the arguments given
above.
'-m68000'
'-mc68000'
Generate output for a 68000. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68000-based systems. It is equivalent to
'-march=68000'.
Use this option for microcontrollers with a 68000 or EC000 core,
including the 68008, 68302, 68306, 68307, 68322, 68328 and 68356.
'-m68010'
Generate output for a 68010. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68010-based systems. It is equivalent to
'-march=68010'.
'-m68020'
'-mc68020'
Generate output for a 68020. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68020-based systems. It is equivalent to
'-march=68020'.
'-m68030'
Generate output for a 68030. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68030-based systems. It is equivalent to
'-march=68030'.
'-m68040'
Generate output for a 68040. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68040-based systems. It is equivalent to
'-march=68040'.
This option inhibits the use of 68881/68882 instructions that have
to be emulated by software on the 68040. Use this option if your
68040 does not have code to emulate those instructions.
'-m68060'
Generate output for a 68060. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68060-based systems. It is equivalent to
'-march=68060'.
This option inhibits the use of 68020 and 68881/68882 instructions
that have to be emulated by software on the 68060. Use this option
if your 68060 does not have code to emulate those instructions.
'-mcpu32'
Generate output for a CPU32. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for CPU32-based systems. It is equivalent to
'-march=cpu32'.
Use this option for microcontrollers with a CPU32 or CPU32+ core,
including the 68330, 68331, 68332, 68333, 68334, 68336, 68340,
68341, 68349 and 68360.
'-m5200'
Generate output for a 520X ColdFire CPU. This is the default when
the compiler is configured for 520X-based systems. It is
equivalent to '-mcpu=5206', and is now deprecated in favor of that
option.
Use this option for microcontroller with a 5200 core, including the
MCF5202, MCF5203, MCF5204 and MCF5206.
'-m5206e'
Generate output for a 5206e ColdFire CPU. The option is now
deprecated in favor of the equivalent '-mcpu=5206e'.
'-m528x'
Generate output for a member of the ColdFire 528X family. The
option is now deprecated in favor of the equivalent '-mcpu=528x'.
'-m5307'
Generate output for a ColdFire 5307 CPU. The option is now
deprecated in favor of the equivalent '-mcpu=5307'.
'-m5407'
Generate output for a ColdFire 5407 CPU. The option is now
deprecated in favor of the equivalent '-mcpu=5407'.
'-mcfv4e'
Generate output for a ColdFire V4e family CPU (e.g. 547x/548x).
This includes use of hardware floating-point instructions. The
option is equivalent to '-mcpu=547x', and is now deprecated in
favor of that option.
'-m68020-40'
Generate output for a 68040, without using any of the new
instructions. This results in code that can run relatively
efficiently on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040. The
generated code does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated on
the 68040.
The option is equivalent to '-march=68020' '-mtune=68020-40'.
'-m68020-60'
Generate output for a 68060, without using any of the new
instructions. This results in code that can run relatively
efficiently on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040. The
generated code does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated on
the 68060.
The option is equivalent to '-march=68020' '-mtune=68020-60'.
'-mhard-float'
'-m68881'
Generate floating-point instructions. This is the default for
68020 and above, and for ColdFire devices that have an FPU. It
defines the macro '__HAVE_68881__' on M680x0 targets and
'__mcffpu__' on ColdFire targets.
'-msoft-float'
Do not generate floating-point instructions; use library calls
instead. This is the default for 68000, 68010, and 68832 targets.
It is also the default for ColdFire devices that have no FPU.
'-mdiv'
'-mno-div'
Generate (do not generate) ColdFire hardware divide and remainder
instructions. If '-march' is used without '-mcpu', the default is
"on" for ColdFire architectures and "off" for M680x0 architectures.
Otherwise, the default is taken from the target CPU (either the
default CPU, or the one specified by '-mcpu'). For example, the
default is "off" for '-mcpu=5206' and "on" for '-mcpu=5206e'.
GCC defines the macro '__mcfhwdiv__' when this option is enabled.
'-mshort'
Consider type 'int' to be 16 bits wide, like 'short int'.
Additionally, parameters passed on the stack are also aligned to a
16-bit boundary even on targets whose API mandates promotion to
32-bit.
'-mno-short'
Do not consider type 'int' to be 16 bits wide. This is the
default.
'-mnobitfield'
'-mno-bitfield'
Do not use the bit-field instructions. The '-m68000', '-mcpu32'
and '-m5200' options imply '-mnobitfield'.
'-mbitfield'
Do use the bit-field instructions. The '-m68020' option implies
'-mbitfield'. This is the default if you use a configuration
designed for a 68020.
'-mrtd'
Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
that take a fixed number of arguments return with the 'rtd'
instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This
saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop
the arguments there.
This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used
on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries
compiled with the Unix compiler.
Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
take variable numbers of arguments (including 'printf'); otherwise
incorrect code is generated for calls to those functions.
In addition, seriously incorrect code results if you call a
function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are
harmlessly ignored.)
The 'rtd' instruction is supported by the 68010, 68020, 68030,
68040, 68060 and CPU32 processors, but not by the 68000 or 5200.
'-mno-rtd'
Do not use the calling conventions selected by '-mrtd'. This is
the default.
'-malign-int'
'-mno-align-int'
Control whether GCC aligns 'int', 'long', 'long long', 'float',
'double', and 'long double' variables on a 32-bit boundary
('-malign-int') or a 16-bit boundary ('-mno-align-int'). Aligning
variables on 32-bit boundaries produces code that runs somewhat
faster on processors with 32-bit busses at the expense of more
memory.
*Warning:* if you use the '-malign-int' switch, GCC aligns
structures containing the above types differently than most
published application binary interface specifications for the m68k.
'-mpcrel'
Use the pc-relative addressing mode of the 68000 directly, instead
of using a global offset table. At present, this option implies
'-fpic', allowing at most a 16-bit offset for pc-relative
addressing. '-fPIC' is not presently supported with '-mpcrel',
though this could be supported for 68020 and higher processors.
'-mno-strict-align'
'-mstrict-align'
Do not (do) assume that unaligned memory references are handled by
the system.
'-msep-data'
Generate code that allows the data segment to be located in a
different area of memory from the text segment. This allows for
execute-in-place in an environment without virtual memory
management. This option implies '-fPIC'.
'-mno-sep-data'
Generate code that assumes that the data segment follows the text
segment. This is the default.
'-mid-shared-library'
Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
method. This allows for execute-in-place and shared libraries in
an environment without virtual memory management. This option
implies '-fPIC'.
'-mno-id-shared-library'
Generate code that doesn't assume ID-based shared libraries are
being used. This is the default.
'-mshared-library-id=n'
Specifies the identification number of the ID-based shared library
being compiled. Specifying a value of 0 generates more compact
code; specifying other values forces the allocation of that number
to the current library, but is no more space- or time-efficient
than omitting this option.
'-mxgot'
'-mno-xgot'
When generating position-independent code for ColdFire, generate
code that works if the GOT has more than 8192 entries. This code
is larger and slower than code generated without this option. On
M680x0 processors, this option is not needed; '-fPIC' suffices.
GCC normally uses a single instruction to load values from the GOT.
While this is relatively efficient, it only works if the GOT is
smaller than about 64k. Anything larger causes the linker to
report an error such as:
relocation truncated to fit: R_68K_GOT16O foobar
If this happens, you should recompile your code with '-mxgot'. It
should then work with very large GOTs. However, code generated
with '-mxgot' is less efficient, since it takes 4 instructions to
fetch the value of a global symbol.
Note that some linkers, including newer versions of the GNU linker,
can create multiple GOTs and sort GOT entries. If you have such a
linker, you should only need to use '-mxgot' when compiling a
single object file that accesses more than 8192 GOT entries. Very
few do.
These options have no effect unless GCC is generating
position-independent code.
'-mlong-jump-table-offsets'
Use 32-bit offsets in 'switch' tables. The default is to use
16-bit offsets.
File: gcc.info, Node: MCore Options, Next: MeP Options, Prev: M680x0 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.23 MCore Options
---------------------
These are the '-m' options defined for the Motorola M*Core processors.
'-mhardlit'
'-mno-hardlit'
Inline constants into the code stream if it can be done in two
instructions or less.
'-mdiv'
'-mno-div'
Use the divide instruction. (Enabled by default).
'-mrelax-immediate'
'-mno-relax-immediate'
Allow arbitrary-sized immediates in bit operations.
'-mwide-bitfields'
'-mno-wide-bitfields'
Always treat bit-fields as 'int'-sized.
'-m4byte-functions'
'-mno-4byte-functions'
Force all functions to be aligned to a 4-byte boundary.
'-mcallgraph-data'
'-mno-callgraph-data'
Emit callgraph information.
'-mslow-bytes'
'-mno-slow-bytes'
Prefer word access when reading byte quantities.
'-mlittle-endian'
'-mbig-endian'
Generate code for a little-endian target.
'-m210'
'-m340'
Generate code for the 210 processor.
'-mno-lsim'
Assume that runtime support has been provided and so omit the
simulator library ('libsim.a)' from the linker command line.
'-mstack-increment=SIZE'
Set the maximum amount for a single stack increment operation.
Large values can increase the speed of programs that contain
functions that need a large amount of stack space, but they can
also trigger a segmentation fault if the stack is extended too
much. The default value is 0x1000.
File: gcc.info, Node: MeP Options, Next: MicroBlaze Options, Prev: MCore Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.24 MeP Options
-------------------
'-mabsdiff'
Enables the 'abs' instruction, which is the absolute difference
between two registers.
'-mall-opts'
Enables all the optional instructions--average, multiply, divide,
bit operations, leading zero, absolute difference, min/max, clip,
and saturation.
'-maverage'
Enables the 'ave' instruction, which computes the average of two
registers.
'-mbased=N'
Variables of size N bytes or smaller are placed in the '.based'
section by default. Based variables use the '$tp' register as a
base register, and there is a 128-byte limit to the '.based'
section.
'-mbitops'
Enables the bit operation instructions--bit test ('btstm'), set
('bsetm'), clear ('bclrm'), invert ('bnotm'), and test-and-set
('tas').
'-mc=NAME'
Selects which section constant data is placed in. NAME may be
'tiny', 'near', or 'far'.
'-mclip'
Enables the 'clip' instruction. Note that '-mclip' is not useful
unless you also provide '-mminmax'.
'-mconfig=NAME'
Selects one of the built-in core configurations. Each MeP chip has
one or more modules in it; each module has a core CPU and a variety
of coprocessors, optional instructions, and peripherals. The
'MeP-Integrator' tool, not part of GCC, provides these
configurations through this option; using this option is the same
as using all the corresponding command-line options. The default
configuration is 'default'.
'-mcop'
Enables the coprocessor instructions. By default, this is a 32-bit
coprocessor. Note that the coprocessor is normally enabled via the
'-mconfig=' option.
'-mcop32'
Enables the 32-bit coprocessor's instructions.
'-mcop64'
Enables the 64-bit coprocessor's instructions.
'-mivc2'
Enables IVC2 scheduling. IVC2 is a 64-bit VLIW coprocessor.
'-mdc'
Causes constant variables to be placed in the '.near' section.
'-mdiv'
Enables the 'div' and 'divu' instructions.
'-meb'
Generate big-endian code.
'-mel'
Generate little-endian code.
'-mio-volatile'
Tells the compiler that any variable marked with the 'io' attribute
is to be considered volatile.
'-ml'
Causes variables to be assigned to the '.far' section by default.
'-mleadz'
Enables the 'leadz' (leading zero) instruction.
'-mm'
Causes variables to be assigned to the '.near' section by default.
'-mminmax'
Enables the 'min' and 'max' instructions.
'-mmult'
Enables the multiplication and multiply-accumulate instructions.
'-mno-opts'
Disables all the optional instructions enabled by '-mall-opts'.
'-mrepeat'
Enables the 'repeat' and 'erepeat' instructions, used for
low-overhead looping.
'-ms'
Causes all variables to default to the '.tiny' section. Note that
there is a 65536-byte limit to this section. Accesses to these
variables use the '%gp' base register.
'-msatur'
Enables the saturation instructions. Note that the compiler does
not currently generate these itself, but this option is included
for compatibility with other tools, like 'as'.
'-msdram'
Link the SDRAM-based runtime instead of the default ROM-based
runtime.
'-msim'
Link the simulator run-time libraries.
'-msimnovec'
Link the simulator runtime libraries, excluding built-in support
for reset and exception vectors and tables.
'-mtf'
Causes all functions to default to the '.far' section. Without
this option, functions default to the '.near' section.
'-mtiny=N'
Variables that are N bytes or smaller are allocated to the '.tiny'
section. These variables use the '$gp' base register. The default
for this option is 4, but note that there's a 65536-byte limit to
the '.tiny' section.
File: gcc.info, Node: MicroBlaze Options, Next: MIPS Options, Prev: MeP Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.25 MicroBlaze Options
--------------------------
'-msoft-float'
Use software emulation for floating point (default).
'-mhard-float'
Use hardware floating-point instructions.
'-mmemcpy'
Do not optimize block moves, use 'memcpy'.
'-mno-clearbss'
This option is deprecated. Use '-fno-zero-initialized-in-bss'
instead.
'-mcpu=CPU-TYPE'
Use features of, and schedule code for, the given CPU. Supported
values are in the format 'vX.YY.Z', where X is a major version, YY
is the minor version, and Z is compatibility code. Example values
are 'v3.00.a', 'v4.00.b', 'v5.00.a', 'v5.00.b', 'v6.00.a'.
'-mxl-soft-mul'
Use software multiply emulation (default).
'-mxl-soft-div'
Use software emulation for divides (default).
'-mxl-barrel-shift'
Use the hardware barrel shifter.
'-mxl-pattern-compare'
Use pattern compare instructions.
'-msmall-divides'
Use table lookup optimization for small signed integer divisions.
'-mxl-stack-check'
This option is deprecated. Use '-fstack-check' instead.
'-mxl-gp-opt'
Use GP-relative '.sdata'/'.sbss' sections.
'-mxl-multiply-high'
Use multiply high instructions for high part of 32x32 multiply.
'-mxl-float-convert'
Use hardware floating-point conversion instructions.
'-mxl-float-sqrt'
Use hardware floating-point square root instruction.
'-mbig-endian'
Generate code for a big-endian target.
'-mlittle-endian'
Generate code for a little-endian target.
'-mxl-reorder'
Use reorder instructions (swap and byte reversed load/store).
'-mxl-mode-APP-MODEL'
Select application model APP-MODEL. Valid models are
'executable'
normal executable (default), uses startup code 'crt0.o'.
'xmdstub'
for use with Xilinx Microprocessor Debugger (XMD) based
software intrusive debug agent called xmdstub. This uses
startup file 'crt1.o' and sets the start address of the
program to 0x800.
'bootstrap'
for applications that are loaded using a bootloader. This
model uses startup file 'crt2.o' which does not contain a
processor reset vector handler. This is suitable for
transferring control on a processor reset to the bootloader
rather than the application.
'novectors'
for applications that do not require any of the MicroBlaze
vectors. This option may be useful for applications running
within a monitoring application. This model uses 'crt3.o' as
a startup file.
Option '-xl-mode-APP-MODEL' is a deprecated alias for
'-mxl-mode-APP-MODEL'.
File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS Options, Next: MMIX Options, Prev: MicroBlaze Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.26 MIPS Options
--------------------
'-EB'
Generate big-endian code.
'-EL'
Generate little-endian code. This is the default for 'mips*el-*-*'
configurations.
'-march=ARCH'
Generate code that runs on ARCH, which can be the name of a generic
MIPS ISA, or the name of a particular processor. The ISA names
are: 'mips1', 'mips2', 'mips3', 'mips4', 'mips32', 'mips32r2',
'mips32r3', 'mips32r5', 'mips32r6', 'mips64', 'mips64r2',
'mips64r3', 'mips64r5' and 'mips64r6'. The processor names are:
'4kc', '4km', '4kp', '4ksc', '4kec', '4kem', '4kep', '4ksd', '5kc',
'5kf', '20kc', '24kc', '24kf2_1', '24kf1_1', '24kec', '24kef2_1',
'24kef1_1', '34kc', '34kf2_1', '34kf1_1', '34kn', '74kc',
'74kf2_1', '74kf1_1', '74kf3_2', '1004kc', '1004kf2_1',
'1004kf1_1', 'i6400', 'interaptiv', 'loongson2e', 'loongson2f',
'loongson3a', 'm4k', 'm14k', 'm14kc', 'm14ke', 'm14kec', 'm5100',
'm5101', 'octeon', 'octeon+', 'octeon2', 'octeon3', 'orion',
'p5600', 'r2000', 'r3000', 'r3900', 'r4000', 'r4400', 'r4600',
'r4650', 'r4700', 'r6000', 'r8000', 'rm7000', 'rm9000', 'r10000',
'r12000', 'r14000', 'r16000', 'sb1', 'sr71000', 'vr4100', 'vr4111',
'vr4120', 'vr4130', 'vr4300', 'vr5000', 'vr5400', 'vr5500', 'xlr'
and 'xlp'. The special value 'from-abi' selects the most
compatible architecture for the selected ABI (that is, 'mips1' for
32-bit ABIs and 'mips3' for 64-bit ABIs).
The native Linux/GNU toolchain also supports the value 'native',
which selects the best architecture option for the host processor.
'-march=native' has no effect if GCC does not recognize the
processor.
In processor names, a final '000' can be abbreviated as 'k' (for
example, '-march=r2k'). Prefixes are optional, and 'vr' may be
written 'r'.
Names of the form 'Nf2_1' refer to processors with FPUs clocked at
half the rate of the core, names of the form 'Nf1_1' refer to
processors with FPUs clocked at the same rate as the core, and
names of the form 'Nf3_2' refer to processors with FPUs clocked a
ratio of 3:2 with respect to the core. For compatibility reasons,
'Nf' is accepted as a synonym for 'Nf2_1' while 'Nx' and 'Bfx' are
accepted as synonyms for 'Nf1_1'.
GCC defines two macros based on the value of this option. The
first is '_MIPS_ARCH', which gives the name of target architecture,
as a string. The second has the form '_MIPS_ARCH_FOO', where FOO
is the capitalized value of '_MIPS_ARCH'. For example,
'-march=r2000' sets '_MIPS_ARCH' to '"r2000"' and defines the macro
'_MIPS_ARCH_R2000'.
Note that the '_MIPS_ARCH' macro uses the processor names given
above. In other words, it has the full prefix and does not
abbreviate '000' as 'k'. In the case of 'from-abi', the macro
names the resolved architecture (either '"mips1"' or '"mips3"').
It names the default architecture when no '-march' option is given.
'-mtune=ARCH'
Optimize for ARCH. Among other things, this option controls the
way instructions are scheduled, and the perceived cost of
arithmetic operations. The list of ARCH values is the same as for
'-march'.
When this option is not used, GCC optimizes for the processor
specified by '-march'. By using '-march' and '-mtune' together, it
is possible to generate code that runs on a family of processors,
but optimize the code for one particular member of that family.
'-mtune' defines the macros '_MIPS_TUNE' and '_MIPS_TUNE_FOO',
which work in the same way as the '-march' ones described above.
'-mips1'
Equivalent to '-march=mips1'.
'-mips2'
Equivalent to '-march=mips2'.
'-mips3'
Equivalent to '-march=mips3'.
'-mips4'
Equivalent to '-march=mips4'.
'-mips32'
Equivalent to '-march=mips32'.
'-mips32r3'
Equivalent to '-march=mips32r3'.
'-mips32r5'
Equivalent to '-march=mips32r5'.
'-mips32r6'
Equivalent to '-march=mips32r6'.
'-mips64'
Equivalent to '-march=mips64'.
'-mips64r2'
Equivalent to '-march=mips64r2'.
'-mips64r3'
Equivalent to '-march=mips64r3'.
'-mips64r5'
Equivalent to '-march=mips64r5'.
'-mips64r6'
Equivalent to '-march=mips64r6'.
'-mips16'
'-mno-mips16'
Generate (do not generate) MIPS16 code. If GCC is targeting a
MIPS32 or MIPS64 architecture, it makes use of the MIPS16e ASE.
MIPS16 code generation can also be controlled on a per-function
basis by means of 'mips16' and 'nomips16' attributes. *Note
Function Attributes::, for more information.
'-mflip-mips16'
Generate MIPS16 code on alternating functions. This option is
provided for regression testing of mixed MIPS16/non-MIPS16 code
generation, and is not intended for ordinary use in compiling user
code.
'-minterlink-compressed'
'-mno-interlink-compressed'
Require (do not require) that code using the standard
(uncompressed) MIPS ISA be link-compatible with MIPS16 and
microMIPS code, and vice versa.
For example, code using the standard ISA encoding cannot jump
directly to MIPS16 or microMIPS code; it must either use a call or
an indirect jump. '-minterlink-compressed' therefore disables
direct jumps unless GCC knows that the target of the jump is not
compressed.
'-minterlink-mips16'
'-mno-interlink-mips16'
Aliases of '-minterlink-compressed' and
'-mno-interlink-compressed'. These options predate the microMIPS
ASE and are retained for backwards compatibility.
'-mabi=32'
'-mabi=o64'
'-mabi=n32'
'-mabi=64'
'-mabi=eabi'
Generate code for the given ABI.
Note that the EABI has a 32-bit and a 64-bit variant. GCC normally
generates 64-bit code when you select a 64-bit architecture, but
you can use '-mgp32' to get 32-bit code instead.
For information about the O64 ABI, see
<http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/mipso64-abi.html>;.
GCC supports a variant of the o32 ABI in which floating-point
registers are 64 rather than 32 bits wide. You can select this
combination with '-mabi=32' '-mfp64'. This ABI relies on the
'mthc1' and 'mfhc1' instructions and is therefore only supported
for MIPS32R2, MIPS32R3 and MIPS32R5 processors.
The register assignments for arguments and return values remain the
same, but each scalar value is passed in a single 64-bit register
rather than a pair of 32-bit registers. For example, scalar
floating-point values are returned in '$f0' only, not a '$f0'/'$f1'
pair. The set of call-saved registers also remains the same in
that the even-numbered double-precision registers are saved.
Two additional variants of the o32 ABI are supported to enable a
transition from 32-bit to 64-bit registers. These are FPXX
('-mfpxx') and FP64A ('-mfp64' '-mno-odd-spreg'). The FPXX
extension mandates that all code must execute correctly when run
using 32-bit or 64-bit registers. The code can be interlinked with
either FP32 or FP64, but not both. The FP64A extension is similar
to the FP64 extension but forbids the use of odd-numbered
single-precision registers. This can be used in conjunction with
the 'FRE' mode of FPUs in MIPS32R5 processors and allows both FP32
and FP64A code to interlink and run in the same process without
changing FPU modes.
'-mabicalls'
'-mno-abicalls'
Generate (do not generate) code that is suitable for SVR4-style
dynamic objects. '-mabicalls' is the default for SVR4-based
systems.
'-mshared'
'-mno-shared'
Generate (do not generate) code that is fully position-independent,
and that can therefore be linked into shared libraries. This
option only affects '-mabicalls'.
All '-mabicalls' code has traditionally been position-independent,
regardless of options like '-fPIC' and '-fpic'. However, as an
extension, the GNU toolchain allows executables to use absolute
accesses for locally-binding symbols. It can also use shorter GP
initialization sequences and generate direct calls to
locally-defined functions. This mode is selected by '-mno-shared'.
'-mno-shared' depends on binutils 2.16 or higher and generates
objects that can only be linked by the GNU linker. However, the
option does not affect the ABI of the final executable; it only
affects the ABI of relocatable objects. Using '-mno-shared'
generally makes executables both smaller and quicker.
'-mshared' is the default.
'-mplt'
'-mno-plt'
Assume (do not assume) that the static and dynamic linkers support
PLTs and copy relocations. This option only affects '-mno-shared
-mabicalls'. For the n64 ABI, this option has no effect without
'-msym32'.
You can make '-mplt' the default by configuring GCC with
'--with-mips-plt'. The default is '-mno-plt' otherwise.
'-mxgot'
'-mno-xgot'
Lift (do not lift) the usual restrictions on the size of the global
offset table.
GCC normally uses a single instruction to load values from the GOT.
While this is relatively efficient, it only works if the GOT is
smaller than about 64k. Anything larger causes the linker to
report an error such as:
relocation truncated to fit: R_MIPS_GOT16 foobar
If this happens, you should recompile your code with '-mxgot'.
This works with very large GOTs, although the code is also less
efficient, since it takes three instructions to fetch the value of
a global symbol.
Note that some linkers can create multiple GOTs. If you have such
a linker, you should only need to use '-mxgot' when a single object
file accesses more than 64k's worth of GOT entries. Very few do.
These options have no effect unless GCC is generating position
independent code.
'-mgp32'
Assume that general-purpose registers are 32 bits wide.
'-mgp64'
Assume that general-purpose registers are 64 bits wide.
'-mfp32'
Assume that floating-point registers are 32 bits wide.
'-mfp64'
Assume that floating-point registers are 64 bits wide.
'-mfpxx'
Do not assume the width of floating-point registers.
'-mhard-float'
Use floating-point coprocessor instructions.
'-msoft-float'
Do not use floating-point coprocessor instructions. Implement
floating-point calculations using library calls instead.
'-mno-float'
Equivalent to '-msoft-float', but additionally asserts that the
program being compiled does not perform any floating-point
operations. This option is presently supported only by some
bare-metal MIPS configurations, where it may select a special set
of libraries that lack all floating-point support (including, for
example, the floating-point 'printf' formats). If code compiled
with '-mno-float' accidentally contains floating-point operations,
it is likely to suffer a link-time or run-time failure.
'-msingle-float'
Assume that the floating-point coprocessor only supports
single-precision operations.
'-mdouble-float'
Assume that the floating-point coprocessor supports
double-precision operations. This is the default.
'-modd-spreg'
'-mno-odd-spreg'
Enable the use of odd-numbered single-precision floating-point
registers for the o32 ABI. This is the default for processors that
are known to support these registers. When using the o32 FPXX ABI,
'-mno-odd-spreg' is set by default.
'-mabs=2008'
'-mabs=legacy'
These options control the treatment of the special not-a-number
(NaN) IEEE 754 floating-point data with the 'abs.fmt' and 'neg.fmt'
machine instructions.
By default or when '-mabs=legacy' is used the legacy treatment is
selected. In this case these instructions are considered
arithmetic and avoided where correct operation is required and the
input operand might be a NaN. A longer sequence of instructions
that manipulate the sign bit of floating-point datum manually is
used instead unless the '-ffinite-math-only' option has also been
specified.
The '-mabs=2008' option selects the IEEE 754-2008 treatment. In
this case these instructions are considered non-arithmetic and
therefore operating correctly in all cases, including in particular
where the input operand is a NaN. These instructions are therefore
always used for the respective operations.
'-mnan=2008'
'-mnan=legacy'
These options control the encoding of the special not-a-number
(NaN) IEEE 754 floating-point data.
The '-mnan=legacy' option selects the legacy encoding. In this
case quiet NaNs (qNaNs) are denoted by the first bit of their
trailing significand field being 0, whereas signaling NaNs (sNaNs)
are denoted by the first bit of their trailing significand field
being 1.
The '-mnan=2008' option selects the IEEE 754-2008 encoding. In
this case qNaNs are denoted by the first bit of their trailing
significand field being 1, whereas sNaNs are denoted by the first
bit of their trailing significand field being 0.
The default is '-mnan=legacy' unless GCC has been configured with
'--with-nan=2008'.
'-mllsc'
'-mno-llsc'
Use (do not use) 'll', 'sc', and 'sync' instructions to implement
atomic memory built-in functions. When neither option is
specified, GCC uses the instructions if the target architecture
supports them.
'-mllsc' is useful if the runtime environment can emulate the
instructions and '-mno-llsc' can be useful when compiling for
nonstandard ISAs. You can make either option the default by
configuring GCC with '--with-llsc' and '--without-llsc'
respectively. '--with-llsc' is the default for some
configurations; see the installation documentation for details.
'-mdsp'
'-mno-dsp'
Use (do not use) revision 1 of the MIPS DSP ASE. *Note MIPS DSP
Built-in Functions::. This option defines the preprocessor macro
'__mips_dsp'. It also defines '__mips_dsp_rev' to 1.
'-mdspr2'
'-mno-dspr2'
Use (do not use) revision 2 of the MIPS DSP ASE. *Note MIPS DSP
Built-in Functions::. This option defines the preprocessor macros
'__mips_dsp' and '__mips_dspr2'. It also defines '__mips_dsp_rev'
to 2.
'-msmartmips'
'-mno-smartmips'
Use (do not use) the MIPS SmartMIPS ASE.
'-mpaired-single'
'-mno-paired-single'
Use (do not use) paired-single floating-point instructions. *Note
MIPS Paired-Single Support::. This option requires hardware
floating-point support to be enabled.
'-mdmx'
'-mno-mdmx'
Use (do not use) MIPS Digital Media Extension instructions. This
option can only be used when generating 64-bit code and requires
hardware floating-point support to be enabled.
'-mips3d'
'-mno-mips3d'
Use (do not use) the MIPS-3D ASE. *Note MIPS-3D Built-in
Functions::. The option '-mips3d' implies '-mpaired-single'.
'-mmicromips'
'-mno-micromips'
Generate (do not generate) microMIPS code.
MicroMIPS code generation can also be controlled on a per-function
basis by means of 'micromips' and 'nomicromips' attributes. *Note
Function Attributes::, for more information.
'-mmt'
'-mno-mt'
Use (do not use) MT Multithreading instructions.
'-mmcu'
'-mno-mcu'
Use (do not use) the MIPS MCU ASE instructions.
'-meva'
'-mno-eva'
Use (do not use) the MIPS Enhanced Virtual Addressing instructions.
'-mvirt'
'-mno-virt'
Use (do not use) the MIPS Virtualization (VZ) instructions.
'-mxpa'
'-mno-xpa'
Use (do not use) the MIPS eXtended Physical Address (XPA)
instructions.
'-mlong64'
Force 'long' types to be 64 bits wide. See '-mlong32' for an
explanation of the default and the way that the pointer size is
determined.
'-mlong32'
Force 'long', 'int', and pointer types to be 32 bits wide.
The default size of 'int's, 'long's and pointers depends on the
ABI. All the supported ABIs use 32-bit 'int's. The n64 ABI uses
64-bit 'long's, as does the 64-bit EABI; the others use 32-bit
'long's. Pointers are the same size as 'long's, or the same size
as integer registers, whichever is smaller.
'-msym32'
'-mno-sym32'
Assume (do not assume) that all symbols have 32-bit values,
regardless of the selected ABI. This option is useful in
combination with '-mabi=64' and '-mno-abicalls' because it allows
GCC to generate shorter and faster references to symbolic
addresses.
'-G NUM'
Put definitions of externally-visible data in a small data section
if that data is no bigger than NUM bytes. GCC can then generate
more efficient accesses to the data; see '-mgpopt' for details.
The default '-G' option depends on the configuration.
'-mlocal-sdata'
'-mno-local-sdata'
Extend (do not extend) the '-G' behavior to local data too, such as
to static variables in C. '-mlocal-sdata' is the default for all
configurations.
If the linker complains that an application is using too much small
data, you might want to try rebuilding the less
performance-critical parts with '-mno-local-sdata'. You might also
want to build large libraries with '-mno-local-sdata', so that the
libraries leave more room for the main program.
'-mextern-sdata'
'-mno-extern-sdata'
Assume (do not assume) that externally-defined data is in a small
data section if the size of that data is within the '-G' limit.
'-mextern-sdata' is the default for all configurations.
If you compile a module MOD with '-mextern-sdata' '-G NUM'
'-mgpopt', and MOD references a variable VAR that is no bigger than
NUM bytes, you must make sure that VAR is placed in a small data
section. If VAR is defined by another module, you must either
compile that module with a high-enough '-G' setting or attach a
'section' attribute to VAR's definition. If VAR is common, you
must link the application with a high-enough '-G' setting.
The easiest way of satisfying these restrictions is to compile and
link every module with the same '-G' option. However, you may wish
to build a library that supports several different small data
limits. You can do this by compiling the library with the highest
supported '-G' setting and additionally using '-mno-extern-sdata'
to stop the library from making assumptions about
externally-defined data.
'-mgpopt'
'-mno-gpopt'
Use (do not use) GP-relative accesses for symbols that are known to
be in a small data section; see '-G', '-mlocal-sdata' and
'-mextern-sdata'. '-mgpopt' is the default for all configurations.
'-mno-gpopt' is useful for cases where the '$gp' register might not
hold the value of '_gp'. For example, if the code is part of a
library that might be used in a boot monitor, programs that call
boot monitor routines pass an unknown value in '$gp'. (In such
situations, the boot monitor itself is usually compiled with
'-G0'.)
'-mno-gpopt' implies '-mno-local-sdata' and '-mno-extern-sdata'.
'-membedded-data'
'-mno-embedded-data'
Allocate variables to the read-only data section first if possible,
then next in the small data section if possible, otherwise in data.
This gives slightly slower code than the default, but reduces the
amount of RAM required when executing, and thus may be preferred
for some embedded systems.
'-muninit-const-in-rodata'
'-mno-uninit-const-in-rodata'
Put uninitialized 'const' variables in the read-only data section.
This option is only meaningful in conjunction with
'-membedded-data'.
'-mcode-readable=SETTING'
Specify whether GCC may generate code that reads from executable
sections. There are three possible settings:
'-mcode-readable=yes'
Instructions may freely access executable sections. This is
the default setting.
'-mcode-readable=pcrel'
MIPS16 PC-relative load instructions can access executable
sections, but other instructions must not do so. This option
is useful on 4KSc and 4KSd processors when the code TLBs have
the Read Inhibit bit set. It is also useful on processors
that can be configured to have a dual instruction/data SRAM
interface and that, like the M4K, automatically redirect
PC-relative loads to the instruction RAM.
'-mcode-readable=no'
Instructions must not access executable sections. This option
can be useful on targets that are configured to have a dual
instruction/data SRAM interface but that (unlike the M4K) do
not automatically redirect PC-relative loads to the
instruction RAM.
'-msplit-addresses'
'-mno-split-addresses'
Enable (disable) use of the '%hi()' and '%lo()' assembler
relocation operators. This option has been superseded by
'-mexplicit-relocs' but is retained for backwards compatibility.
'-mexplicit-relocs'
'-mno-explicit-relocs'
Use (do not use) assembler relocation operators when dealing with
symbolic addresses. The alternative, selected by
'-mno-explicit-relocs', is to use assembler macros instead.
'-mexplicit-relocs' is the default if GCC was configured to use an
assembler that supports relocation operators.
'-mcheck-zero-division'
'-mno-check-zero-division'
Trap (do not trap) on integer division by zero.
The default is '-mcheck-zero-division'.
'-mdivide-traps'
'-mdivide-breaks'
MIPS systems check for division by zero by generating either a
conditional trap or a break instruction. Using traps results in
smaller code, but is only supported on MIPS II and later. Also,
some versions of the Linux kernel have a bug that prevents trap
from generating the proper signal ('SIGFPE'). Use '-mdivide-traps'
to allow conditional traps on architectures that support them and
'-mdivide-breaks' to force the use of breaks.
The default is usually '-mdivide-traps', but this can be overridden
at configure time using '--with-divide=breaks'. Divide-by-zero
checks can be completely disabled using '-mno-check-zero-division'.
'-mload-store-pairs'
'-mno-load-store-pairs'
Enable (disable) an optimization that pairs consecutive load or
store instructions to enable load/store bonding. This option is
enabled by default but only takes effect when the selected
architecture is known to support bonding.
'-mmemcpy'
'-mno-memcpy'
Force (do not force) the use of 'memcpy' for non-trivial block
moves. The default is '-mno-memcpy', which allows GCC to inline
most constant-sized copies.
'-mlong-calls'
'-mno-long-calls'
Disable (do not disable) use of the 'jal' instruction. Calling
functions using 'jal' is more efficient but requires the caller and
callee to be in the same 256 megabyte segment.
This option has no effect on abicalls code. The default is
'-mno-long-calls'.
'-mmad'
'-mno-mad'
Enable (disable) use of the 'mad', 'madu' and 'mul' instructions,
as provided by the R4650 ISA.
'-mimadd'
'-mno-imadd'
Enable (disable) use of the 'madd' and 'msub' integer instructions.
The default is '-mimadd' on architectures that support 'madd' and
'msub' except for the 74k architecture where it was found to
generate slower code.
'-mfused-madd'
'-mno-fused-madd'
Enable (disable) use of the floating-point multiply-accumulate
instructions, when they are available. The default is
'-mfused-madd'.
On the R8000 CPU when multiply-accumulate instructions are used,
the intermediate product is calculated to infinite precision and is
not subject to the FCSR Flush to Zero bit. This may be undesirable
in some circumstances. On other processors the result is
numerically identical to the equivalent computation using separate
multiply, add, subtract and negate instructions.
'-nocpp'
Tell the MIPS assembler to not run its preprocessor over user
assembler files (with a '.s' suffix) when assembling them.
'-mfix-24k'
'-mno-fix-24k'
Work around the 24K E48 (lost data on stores during refill) errata.
The workarounds are implemented by the assembler rather than by
GCC.
'-mfix-r4000'
'-mno-fix-r4000'
Work around certain R4000 CPU errata:
- A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
if executed immediately after starting an integer division.
- A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
if executed while an integer multiplication is in progress.
- An integer division may give an incorrect result if started in
a delay slot of a taken branch or a jump.
'-mfix-r4400'
'-mno-fix-r4400'
Work around certain R4400 CPU errata:
- A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
if executed immediately after starting an integer division.
'-mfix-r10000'
'-mno-fix-r10000'
Work around certain R10000 errata:
- 'll'/'sc' sequences may not behave atomically on revisions
prior to 3.0. They may deadlock on revisions 2.6 and earlier.
This option can only be used if the target architecture supports
branch-likely instructions. '-mfix-r10000' is the default when
'-march=r10000' is used; '-mno-fix-r10000' is the default
otherwise.
'-mfix-rm7000'
'-mno-fix-rm7000'
Work around the RM7000 'dmult'/'dmultu' errata. The workarounds
are implemented by the assembler rather than by GCC.
'-mfix-vr4120'
'-mno-fix-vr4120'
Work around certain VR4120 errata:
- 'dmultu' does not always produce the correct result.
- 'div' and 'ddiv' do not always produce the correct result if
one of the operands is negative.
The workarounds for the division errata rely on special functions
in 'libgcc.a'. At present, these functions are only provided by
the 'mips64vr*-elf' configurations.
Other VR4120 errata require a NOP to be inserted between certain
pairs of instructions. These errata are handled by the assembler,
not by GCC itself.
'-mfix-vr4130'
Work around the VR4130 'mflo'/'mfhi' errata. The workarounds are
implemented by the assembler rather than by GCC, although GCC
avoids using 'mflo' and 'mfhi' if the VR4130 'macc', 'macchi',
'dmacc' and 'dmacchi' instructions are available instead.
'-mfix-sb1'
'-mno-fix-sb1'
Work around certain SB-1 CPU core errata. (This flag currently
works around the SB-1 revision 2 "F1" and "F2" floating-point
errata.)
'-mr10k-cache-barrier=SETTING'
Specify whether GCC should insert cache barriers to avoid the side
effects of speculation on R10K processors.
In common with many processors, the R10K tries to predict the
outcome of a conditional branch and speculatively executes
instructions from the "taken" branch. It later aborts these
instructions if the predicted outcome is wrong. However, on the
R10K, even aborted instructions can have side effects.
This problem only affects kernel stores and, depending on the
system, kernel loads. As an example, a speculatively-executed
store may load the target memory into cache and mark the cache line
as dirty, even if the store itself is later aborted. If a DMA
operation writes to the same area of memory before the "dirty" line
is flushed, the cached data overwrites the DMA-ed data. See the
R10K processor manual for a full description, including other
potential problems.
One workaround is to insert cache barrier instructions before every
memory access that might be speculatively executed and that might
have side effects even if aborted. '-mr10k-cache-barrier=SETTING'
controls GCC's implementation of this workaround. It assumes that
aborted accesses to any byte in the following regions does not have
side effects:
1. the memory occupied by the current function's stack frame;
2. the memory occupied by an incoming stack argument;
3. the memory occupied by an object with a link-time-constant
address.
It is the kernel's responsibility to ensure that speculative
accesses to these regions are indeed safe.
If the input program contains a function declaration such as:
void foo (void);
then the implementation of 'foo' must allow 'j foo' and 'jal foo'
to be executed speculatively. GCC honors this restriction for
functions it compiles itself. It expects non-GCC functions (such
as hand-written assembly code) to do the same.
The option has three forms:
'-mr10k-cache-barrier=load-store'
Insert a cache barrier before a load or store that might be
speculatively executed and that might have side effects even
if aborted.
'-mr10k-cache-barrier=store'
Insert a cache barrier before a store that might be
speculatively executed and that might have side effects even
if aborted.
'-mr10k-cache-barrier=none'
Disable the insertion of cache barriers. This is the default
setting.
'-mflush-func=FUNC'
'-mno-flush-func'
Specifies the function to call to flush the I and D caches, or to
not call any such function. If called, the function must take the
same arguments as the common '_flush_func', that is, the address of
the memory range for which the cache is being flushed, the size of
the memory range, and the number 3 (to flush both caches). The
default depends on the target GCC was configured for, but commonly
is either '_flush_func' or '__cpu_flush'.
'mbranch-cost=NUM'
Set the cost of branches to roughly NUM "simple" instructions.
This cost is only a heuristic and is not guaranteed to produce
consistent results across releases. A zero cost redundantly
selects the default, which is based on the '-mtune' setting.
'-mbranch-likely'
'-mno-branch-likely'
Enable or disable use of Branch Likely instructions, regardless of
the default for the selected architecture. By default, Branch
Likely instructions may be generated if they are supported by the
selected architecture. An exception is for the MIPS32 and MIPS64
architectures and processors that implement those architectures;
for those, Branch Likely instructions are not be generated by
default because the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures specifically
deprecate their use.
'-mcompact-branches=never'
'-mcompact-branches=optimal'
'-mcompact-branches=always'
These options control which form of branches will be generated.
The default is '-mcompact-branches=optimal'.
The '-mcompact-branches=never' option ensures that compact branch
instructions will never be generated.
The '-mcompact-branches=always' option ensures that a compact
branch instruction will be generated if available. If a compact
branch instruction is not available, a delay slot form of the
branch will be used instead.
This option is supported from MIPS Release 6 onwards.
The '-mcompact-branches=optimal' option will cause a delay slot
branch to be used if one is available in the current ISA and the
delay slot is successfully filled. If the delay slot is not
filled, a compact branch will be chosen if one is available.
'-mfp-exceptions'
'-mno-fp-exceptions'
Specifies whether FP exceptions are enabled. This affects how FP
instructions are scheduled for some processors. The default is
that FP exceptions are enabled.
For instance, on the SB-1, if FP exceptions are disabled, and we
are emitting 64-bit code, then we can use both FP pipes.
Otherwise, we can only use one FP pipe.
'-mvr4130-align'
'-mno-vr4130-align'
The VR4130 pipeline is two-way superscalar, but can only issue two
instructions together if the first one is 8-byte aligned. When
this option is enabled, GCC aligns pairs of instructions that it
thinks should execute in parallel.
This option only has an effect when optimizing for the VR4130. It
normally makes code faster, but at the expense of making it bigger.
It is enabled by default at optimization level '-O3'.
'-msynci'
'-mno-synci'
Enable (disable) generation of 'synci' instructions on
architectures that support it. The 'synci' instructions (if
enabled) are generated when '__builtin___clear_cache' is compiled.
This option defaults to '-mno-synci', but the default can be
overridden by configuring GCC with '--with-synci'.
When compiling code for single processor systems, it is generally
safe to use 'synci'. However, on many multi-core (SMP) systems, it
does not invalidate the instruction caches on all cores and may
lead to undefined behavior.
'-mrelax-pic-calls'
'-mno-relax-pic-calls'
Try to turn PIC calls that are normally dispatched via register
'$25' into direct calls. This is only possible if the linker can
resolve the destination at link time and if the destination is
within range for a direct call.
'-mrelax-pic-calls' is the default if GCC was configured to use an
assembler and a linker that support the '.reloc' assembly directive
and '-mexplicit-relocs' is in effect. With '-mno-explicit-relocs',
this optimization can be performed by the assembler and the linker
alone without help from the compiler.
'-mmcount-ra-address'
'-mno-mcount-ra-address'
Emit (do not emit) code that allows '_mcount' to modify the calling
function's return address. When enabled, this option extends the
usual '_mcount' interface with a new RA-ADDRESS parameter, which
has type 'intptr_t *' and is passed in register '$12'. '_mcount'
can then modify the return address by doing both of the following:
* Returning the new address in register '$31'.
* Storing the new address in '*RA-ADDRESS', if RA-ADDRESS is
nonnull.
The default is '-mno-mcount-ra-address'.
'-mframe-header-opt'
'-mno-frame-header-opt'
Enable (disable) frame header optimization in the o32 ABI. When
using the o32 ABI, calling functions will allocate 16 bytes on the
stack for the called function to write out register arguments.
When enabled, this optimization will suppress the allocation of the
frame header if it can be determined that it is unused.
This optimization is off by default at all optimization levels.
'-mlxc1-sxc1'
'-mno-lxc1-sxc1'
When applicable, enable (disable) the generation of 'lwxc1',
'swxc1', 'ldxc1', 'sdxc1' instructions. Enabled by default.
'-mmadd4'
'-mno-madd4'
When applicable, enable (disable) the generation of 4-operand
'madd.s', 'madd.d' and related instructions. Enabled by default.
File: gcc.info, Node: MMIX Options, Next: MN10300 Options, Prev: MIPS Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.27 MMIX Options
--------------------
These options are defined for the MMIX:
'-mlibfuncs'
'-mno-libfuncs'
Specify that intrinsic library functions are being compiled,
passing all values in registers, no matter the size.
'-mepsilon'
'-mno-epsilon'
Generate floating-point comparison instructions that compare with
respect to the 'rE' epsilon register.
'-mabi=mmixware'
'-mabi=gnu'
Generate code that passes function parameters and return values
that (in the called function) are seen as registers '$0' and up, as
opposed to the GNU ABI which uses global registers '$231' and up.
'-mzero-extend'
'-mno-zero-extend'
When reading data from memory in sizes shorter than 64 bits, use
(do not use) zero-extending load instructions by default, rather
than sign-extending ones.
'-mknuthdiv'
'-mno-knuthdiv'
Make the result of a division yielding a remainder have the same
sign as the divisor. With the default, '-mno-knuthdiv', the sign
of the remainder follows the sign of the dividend. Both methods
are arithmetically valid, the latter being almost exclusively used.
'-mtoplevel-symbols'
'-mno-toplevel-symbols'
Prepend (do not prepend) a ':' to all global symbols, so the
assembly code can be used with the 'PREFIX' assembly directive.
'-melf'
Generate an executable in the ELF format, rather than the default
'mmo' format used by the 'mmix' simulator.
'-mbranch-predict'
'-mno-branch-predict'
Use (do not use) the probable-branch instructions, when static
branch prediction indicates a probable branch.
'-mbase-addresses'
'-mno-base-addresses'
Generate (do not generate) code that uses _base addresses_. Using
a base address automatically generates a request (handled by the
assembler and the linker) for a constant to be set up in a global
register. The register is used for one or more base address
requests within the range 0 to 255 from the value held in the
register. The generally leads to short and fast code, but the
number of different data items that can be addressed is limited.
This means that a program that uses lots of static data may require
'-mno-base-addresses'.
'-msingle-exit'
'-mno-single-exit'
Force (do not force) generated code to have a single exit point in
each function.
File: gcc.info, Node: MN10300 Options, Next: Moxie Options, Prev: MMIX Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.28 MN10300 Options
-----------------------
These '-m' options are defined for Matsushita MN10300 architectures:
'-mmult-bug'
Generate code to avoid bugs in the multiply instructions for the
MN10300 processors. This is the default.
'-mno-mult-bug'
Do not generate code to avoid bugs in the multiply instructions for
the MN10300 processors.
'-mam33'
Generate code using features specific to the AM33 processor.
'-mno-am33'
Do not generate code using features specific to the AM33 processor.
This is the default.
'-mam33-2'
Generate code using features specific to the AM33/2.0 processor.
'-mam34'
Generate code using features specific to the AM34 processor.
'-mtune=CPU-TYPE'
Use the timing characteristics of the indicated CPU type when
scheduling instructions. This does not change the targeted
processor type. The CPU type must be one of 'mn10300', 'am33',
'am33-2' or 'am34'.
'-mreturn-pointer-on-d0'
When generating a function that returns a pointer, return the
pointer in both 'a0' and 'd0'. Otherwise, the pointer is returned
only in 'a0', and attempts to call such functions without a
prototype result in errors. Note that this option is on by
default; use '-mno-return-pointer-on-d0' to disable it.
'-mno-crt0'
Do not link in the C run-time initialization object file.
'-mrelax'
Indicate to the linker that it should perform a relaxation
optimization pass to shorten branches, calls and absolute memory
addresses. This option only has an effect when used on the command
line for the final link step.
This option makes symbolic debugging impossible.
'-mliw'
Allow the compiler to generate _Long Instruction Word_ instructions
if the target is the 'AM33' or later. This is the default. This
option defines the preprocessor macro '__LIW__'.
'-mnoliw'
Do not allow the compiler to generate _Long Instruction Word_
instructions. This option defines the preprocessor macro
'__NO_LIW__'.
'-msetlb'
Allow the compiler to generate the _SETLB_ and _Lcc_ instructions
if the target is the 'AM33' or later. This is the default. This
option defines the preprocessor macro '__SETLB__'.
'-mnosetlb'
Do not allow the compiler to generate _SETLB_ or _Lcc_
instructions. This option defines the preprocessor macro
'__NO_SETLB__'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Moxie Options, Next: MSP430 Options, Prev: MN10300 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.29 Moxie Options
---------------------
'-meb'
Generate big-endian code. This is the default for 'moxie-*-*'
configurations.
'-mel'
Generate little-endian code.
'-mmul.x'
Generate mul.x and umul.x instructions. This is the default for
'moxiebox-*-*' configurations.
'-mno-crt0'
Do not link in the C run-time initialization object file.
File: gcc.info, Node: MSP430 Options, Next: NDS32 Options, Prev: Moxie Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.30 MSP430 Options
----------------------
These options are defined for the MSP430:
'-masm-hex'
Force assembly output to always use hex constants. Normally such
constants are signed decimals, but this option is available for
testsuite and/or aesthetic purposes.
'-mmcu='
Select the MCU to target. This is used to create a C preprocessor
symbol based upon the MCU name, converted to upper case and pre-
and post-fixed with '__'. This in turn is used by the 'msp430.h'
header file to select an MCU-specific supplementary header file.
The option also sets the ISA to use. If the MCU name is one that
is known to only support the 430 ISA then that is selected,
otherwise the 430X ISA is selected. A generic MCU name of 'msp430'
can also be used to select the 430 ISA. Similarly the generic
'msp430x' MCU name selects the 430X ISA.
In addition an MCU-specific linker script is added to the linker
command line. The script's name is the name of the MCU with '.ld'
appended. Thus specifying '-mmcu=xxx' on the 'gcc' command line
defines the C preprocessor symbol '__XXX__' and cause the linker to
search for a script called 'xxx.ld'.
This option is also passed on to the assembler.
'-mwarn-mcu'
'-mno-warn-mcu'
This option enables or disables warnings about conflicts between
the MCU name specified by the '-mmcu' option and the ISA set by the
'-mcpu' option and/or the hardware multiply support set by the
'-mhwmult' option. It also toggles warnings about unrecognized MCU
names. This option is on by default.
'-mcpu='
Specifies the ISA to use. Accepted values are 'msp430', 'msp430x'
and 'msp430xv2'. This option is deprecated. The '-mmcu=' option
should be used to select the ISA.
'-msim'
Link to the simulator runtime libraries and linker script.
Overrides any scripts that would be selected by the '-mmcu='
option.
'-mlarge'
Use large-model addressing (20-bit pointers, 32-bit 'size_t').
'-msmall'
Use small-model addressing (16-bit pointers, 16-bit 'size_t').
'-mrelax'
This option is passed to the assembler and linker, and allows the
linker to perform certain optimizations that cannot be done until
the final link.
'mhwmult='
Describes the type of hardware multiply supported by the target.
Accepted values are 'none' for no hardware multiply, '16bit' for
the original 16-bit-only multiply supported by early MCUs. '32bit'
for the 16/32-bit multiply supported by later MCUs and 'f5series'
for the 16/32-bit multiply supported by F5-series MCUs. A value of
'auto' can also be given. This tells GCC to deduce the hardware
multiply support based upon the MCU name provided by the '-mmcu'
option. If no '-mmcu' option is specified or if the MCU name is
not recognized then no hardware multiply support is assumed.
'auto' is the default setting.
Hardware multiplies are normally performed by calling a library
routine. This saves space in the generated code. When compiling
at '-O3' or higher however the hardware multiplier is invoked
inline. This makes for bigger, but faster code.
The hardware multiply routines disable interrupts whilst running
and restore the previous interrupt state when they finish. This
makes them safe to use inside interrupt handlers as well as in
normal code.
'-minrt'
Enable the use of a minimum runtime environment - no static
initializers or constructors. This is intended for
memory-constrained devices. The compiler includes special symbols
in some objects that tell the linker and runtime which code
fragments are required.
'-mcode-region='
'-mdata-region='
These options tell the compiler where to place functions and data
that do not have one of the 'lower', 'upper', 'either' or 'section'
attributes. Possible values are 'lower', 'upper', 'either' or
'any'. The first three behave like the corresponding attribute.
The fourth possible value - 'any' - is the default. It leaves
placement entirely up to the linker script and how it assigns the
standard sections ('.text', '.data', etc) to the memory regions.
'-msilicon-errata='
This option passes on a request to assembler to enable the fixes
for the named silicon errata.
'-msilicon-errata-warn='
This option passes on a request to the assembler to enable warning
messages when a silicon errata might need to be applied.
File: gcc.info, Node: NDS32 Options, Next: Nios II Options, Prev: MSP430 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.31 NDS32 Options
---------------------
These options are defined for NDS32 implementations:
'-mbig-endian'
Generate code in big-endian mode.
'-mlittle-endian'
Generate code in little-endian mode.
'-mreduced-regs'
Use reduced-set registers for register allocation.
'-mfull-regs'
Use full-set registers for register allocation.
'-mcmov'
Generate conditional move instructions.
'-mno-cmov'
Do not generate conditional move instructions.
'-mext-perf'
Generate performance extension instructions.
'-mno-ext-perf'
Do not generate performance extension instructions.
'-mext-perf2'
Generate performance extension 2 instructions.
'-mno-ext-perf2'
Do not generate performance extension 2 instructions.
'-mext-string'
Generate string extension instructions.
'-mno-ext-string'
Do not generate string extension instructions.
'-mv3push'
Generate v3 push25/pop25 instructions.
'-mno-v3push'
Do not generate v3 push25/pop25 instructions.
'-m16-bit'
Generate 16-bit instructions.
'-mno-16-bit'
Do not generate 16-bit instructions.
'-misr-vector-size=NUM'
Specify the size of each interrupt vector, which must be 4 or 16.
'-mcache-block-size=NUM'
Specify the size of each cache block, which must be a power of 2
between 4 and 512.
'-march=ARCH'
Specify the name of the target architecture.
'-mcmodel=CODE-MODEL'
Set the code model to one of
'small'
All the data and read-only data segments must be within 512KB
addressing space. The text segment must be within 16MB
addressing space.
'medium'
The data segment must be within 512KB while the read-only data
segment can be within 4GB addressing space. The text segment
should be still within 16MB addressing space.
'large'
All the text and data segments can be within 4GB addressing
space.
'-mctor-dtor'
Enable constructor/destructor feature.
'-mrelax'
Guide linker to relax instructions.
File: gcc.info, Node: Nios II Options, Next: Nvidia PTX Options, Prev: NDS32 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.32 Nios II Options
-----------------------
These are the options defined for the Altera Nios II processor.
'-G NUM'
Put global and static objects less than or equal to NUM bytes into
the small data or BSS sections instead of the normal data or BSS
sections. The default value of NUM is 8.
'-mgpopt=OPTION'
'-mgpopt'
'-mno-gpopt'
Generate (do not generate) GP-relative accesses. The following
OPTION names are recognized:
'none'
Do not generate GP-relative accesses.
'local'
Generate GP-relative accesses for small data objects that are
not external, weak, or uninitialized common symbols. Also use
GP-relative addressing for objects that have been explicitly
placed in a small data section via a 'section' attribute.
'global'
As for 'local', but also generate GP-relative accesses for
small data objects that are external, weak, or common. If you
use this option, you must ensure that all parts of your
program (including libraries) are compiled with the same '-G'
setting.
'data'
Generate GP-relative accesses for all data objects in the
program. If you use this option, the entire data and BSS
segments of your program must fit in 64K of memory and you
must use an appropriate linker script to allocate them within
the addressable range of the global pointer.
'all'
Generate GP-relative addresses for function pointers as well
as data pointers. If you use this option, the entire text,
data, and BSS segments of your program must fit in 64K of
memory and you must use an appropriate linker script to
allocate them within the addressable range of the global
pointer.
'-mgpopt' is equivalent to '-mgpopt=local', and '-mno-gpopt' is
equivalent to '-mgpopt=none'.
The default is '-mgpopt' except when '-fpic' or '-fPIC' is
specified to generate position-independent code. Note that the
Nios II ABI does not permit GP-relative accesses from shared
libraries.
You may need to specify '-mno-gpopt' explicitly when building
programs that include large amounts of small data, including large
GOT data sections. In this case, the 16-bit offset for GP-relative
addressing may not be large enough to allow access to the entire
small data section.
'-mgprel-sec=REGEXP'
This option specifies additional section names that can be accessed
via GP-relative addressing. It is most useful in conjunction with
'section' attributes on variable declarations (*note Common
Variable Attributes::) and a custom linker script. The REGEXP is a
POSIX Extended Regular Expression.
This option does not affect the behavior of the '-G' option, and
the specified sections are in addition to the standard '.sdata' and
'.sbss' small-data sections that are recognized by '-mgpopt'.
'-mr0rel-sec=REGEXP'
This option specifies names of sections that can be accessed via a
16-bit offset from 'r0'; that is, in the low 32K or high 32K of the
32-bit address space. It is most useful in conjunction with
'section' attributes on variable declarations (*note Common
Variable Attributes::) and a custom linker script. The REGEXP is a
POSIX Extended Regular Expression.
In contrast to the use of GP-relative addressing for small data,
zero-based addressing is never generated by default and there are
no conventional section names used in standard linker scripts for
sections in the low or high areas of memory.
'-mel'
'-meb'
Generate little-endian (default) or big-endian (experimental) code,
respectively.
'-march=ARCH'
This specifies the name of the target Nios II architecture. GCC
uses this name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
when generating assembly code. Permissible names are: 'r1', 'r2'.
The preprocessor macro '__nios2_arch__' is available to programs,
with value 1 or 2, indicating the targeted ISA level.
'-mbypass-cache'
'-mno-bypass-cache'
Force all load and store instructions to always bypass cache by
using I/O variants of the instructions. The default is not to
bypass the cache.
'-mno-cache-volatile'
'-mcache-volatile'
Volatile memory access bypass the cache using the I/O variants of
the load and store instructions. The default is not to bypass the
cache.
'-mno-fast-sw-div'
'-mfast-sw-div'
Do not use table-based fast divide for small numbers. The default
is to use the fast divide at '-O3' and above.
'-mno-hw-mul'
'-mhw-mul'
'-mno-hw-mulx'
'-mhw-mulx'
'-mno-hw-div'
'-mhw-div'
Enable or disable emitting 'mul', 'mulx' and 'div' family of
instructions by the compiler. The default is to emit 'mul' and not
emit 'div' and 'mulx'.
'-mbmx'
'-mno-bmx'
'-mcdx'
'-mno-cdx'
Enable or disable generation of Nios II R2 BMX (bit manipulation)
and CDX (code density) instructions. Enabling these instructions
also requires '-march=r2'. Since these instructions are optional
extensions to the R2 architecture, the default is not to emit them.
'-mcustom-INSN=N'
'-mno-custom-INSN'
Each '-mcustom-INSN=N' option enables use of a custom instruction
with encoding N when generating code that uses INSN. For example,
'-mcustom-fadds=253' generates custom instruction 253 for
single-precision floating-point add operations instead of the
default behavior of using a library call.
The following values of INSN are supported. Except as otherwise
noted, floating-point operations are expected to be implemented
with normal IEEE 754 semantics and correspond directly to the C
operators or the equivalent GCC built-in functions (*note Other
Builtins::).
Single-precision floating point:
'fadds', 'fsubs', 'fdivs', 'fmuls'
Binary arithmetic operations.
'fnegs'
Unary negation.
'fabss'
Unary absolute value.
'fcmpeqs', 'fcmpges', 'fcmpgts', 'fcmples', 'fcmplts', 'fcmpnes'
Comparison operations.
'fmins', 'fmaxs'
Floating-point minimum and maximum. These instructions are
only generated if '-ffinite-math-only' is specified.
'fsqrts'
Unary square root operation.
'fcoss', 'fsins', 'ftans', 'fatans', 'fexps', 'flogs'
Floating-point trigonometric and exponential functions. These
instructions are only generated if
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' is also specified.
Double-precision floating point:
'faddd', 'fsubd', 'fdivd', 'fmuld'
Binary arithmetic operations.
'fnegd'
Unary negation.
'fabsd'
Unary absolute value.
'fcmpeqd', 'fcmpged', 'fcmpgtd', 'fcmpled', 'fcmpltd', 'fcmpned'
Comparison operations.
'fmind', 'fmaxd'
Double-precision minimum and maximum. These instructions are
only generated if '-ffinite-math-only' is specified.
'fsqrtd'
Unary square root operation.
'fcosd', 'fsind', 'ftand', 'fatand', 'fexpd', 'flogd'
Double-precision trigonometric and exponential functions.
These instructions are only generated if
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' is also specified.
Conversions:
'fextsd'
Conversion from single precision to double precision.
'ftruncds'
Conversion from double precision to single precision.
'fixsi', 'fixsu', 'fixdi', 'fixdu'
Conversion from floating point to signed or unsigned integer
types, with truncation towards zero.
'round'
Conversion from single-precision floating point to signed
integer, rounding to the nearest integer and ties away from
zero. This corresponds to the '__builtin_lroundf' function
when '-fno-math-errno' is used.
'floatis', 'floatus', 'floatid', 'floatud'
Conversion from signed or unsigned integer types to
floating-point types.
In addition, all of the following transfer instructions for
internal registers X and Y must be provided to use any of the
double-precision floating-point instructions. Custom instructions
taking two double-precision source operands expect the first
operand in the 64-bit register X. The other operand (or only
operand of a unary operation) is given to the custom arithmetic
instruction with the least significant half in source register SRC1
and the most significant half in SRC2. A custom instruction that
returns a double-precision result returns the most significant 32
bits in the destination register and the other half in 32-bit
register Y. GCC automatically generates the necessary code
sequences to write register X and/or read register Y when
double-precision floating-point instructions are used.
'fwrx'
Write SRC1 into the least significant half of X and SRC2 into
the most significant half of X.
'fwry'
Write SRC1 into Y.
'frdxhi', 'frdxlo'
Read the most or least (respectively) significant half of X
and store it in DEST.
'frdy'
Read the value of Y and store it into DEST.
Note that you can gain more local control over generation of Nios
II custom instructions by using the 'target("custom-INSN=N")' and
'target("no-custom-INSN")' function attributes (*note Function
Attributes::) or pragmas (*note Function Specific Option
Pragmas::).
'-mcustom-fpu-cfg=NAME'
This option enables a predefined, named set of custom instruction
encodings (see '-mcustom-INSN' above). Currently, the following
sets are defined:
'-mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-1' is equivalent to:
-mcustom-fmuls=252
-mcustom-fadds=253
-mcustom-fsubs=254
-fsingle-precision-constant
'-mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-2' is equivalent to:
-mcustom-fmuls=252
-mcustom-fadds=253
-mcustom-fsubs=254
-mcustom-fdivs=255
-fsingle-precision-constant
'-mcustom-fpu-cfg=72-3' is equivalent to:
-mcustom-floatus=243
-mcustom-fixsi=244
-mcustom-floatis=245
-mcustom-fcmpgts=246
-mcustom-fcmples=249
-mcustom-fcmpeqs=250
-mcustom-fcmpnes=251
-mcustom-fmuls=252
-mcustom-fadds=253
-mcustom-fsubs=254
-mcustom-fdivs=255
-fsingle-precision-constant
Custom instruction assignments given by individual '-mcustom-INSN='
options override those given by '-mcustom-fpu-cfg=', regardless of
the order of the options on the command line.
Note that you can gain more local control over selection of a FPU
configuration by using the 'target("custom-fpu-cfg=NAME")' function
attribute (*note Function Attributes::) or pragma (*note Function
Specific Option Pragmas::).
These additional '-m' options are available for the Altera Nios II ELF
(bare-metal) target:
'-mhal'
Link with HAL BSP. This suppresses linking with the GCC-provided C
runtime startup and termination code, and is typically used in
conjunction with '-msys-crt0=' to specify the location of the
alternate startup code provided by the HAL BSP.
'-msmallc'
Link with a limited version of the C library, '-lsmallc', rather
than Newlib.
'-msys-crt0=STARTFILE'
STARTFILE is the file name of the startfile (crt0) to use when
linking. This option is only useful in conjunction with '-mhal'.
'-msys-lib=SYSTEMLIB'
SYSTEMLIB is the library name of the library that provides
low-level system calls required by the C library, e.g. 'read' and
'write'. This option is typically used to link with a library
provided by a HAL BSP.
File: gcc.info, Node: Nvidia PTX Options, Next: PDP-11 Options, Prev: Nios II Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.33 Nvidia PTX Options
--------------------------
These options are defined for Nvidia PTX:
'-m32'
'-m64'
Generate code for 32-bit or 64-bit ABI.
'-mmainkernel'
Link in code for a __main kernel. This is for stand-alone instead
of offloading execution.
'-moptimize'
Apply partitioned execution optimizations. This is the default
when any level of optimization is selected.
'-msoft-stack'
Generate code that does not use '.local' memory directly for stack
storage. Instead, a per-warp stack pointer is maintained
explicitly. This enables variable-length stack allocation (with
variable-length arrays or 'alloca'), and when global memory is used
for underlying storage, makes it possible to access automatic
variables from other threads, or with atomic instructions. This
code generation variant is used for OpenMP offloading, but the
option is exposed on its own for the purpose of testing the
compiler; to generate code suitable for linking into programs using
OpenMP offloading, use option '-mgomp'.
'-muniform-simt'
Switch to code generation variant that allows to execute all
threads in each warp, while maintaining memory state and side
effects as if only one thread in each warp was active outside of
OpenMP SIMD regions. All atomic operations and calls to runtime
(malloc, free, vprintf) are conditionally executed (iff current
lane index equals the master lane index), and the register being
assigned is copied via a shuffle instruction from the master lane.
Outside of SIMD regions lane 0 is the master; inside, each thread
sees itself as the master. Shared memory array 'int __nvptx_uni[]'
stores all-zeros or all-ones bitmasks for each warp, indicating
current mode (0 outside of SIMD regions). Each thread can
bitwise-and the bitmask at position 'tid.y' with current lane index
to compute the master lane index.
'-mgomp'
Generate code for use in OpenMP offloading: enables '-msoft-stack'
and '-muniform-simt' options, and selects corresponding multilib
variant.
File: gcc.info, Node: PDP-11 Options, Next: picoChip Options, Prev: Nvidia PTX Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.34 PDP-11 Options
----------------------
These options are defined for the PDP-11:
'-mfpu'
Use hardware FPP floating point. This is the default. (FIS
floating point on the PDP-11/40 is not supported.)
'-msoft-float'
Do not use hardware floating point.
'-mac0'
Return floating-point results in ac0 (fr0 in Unix assembler
syntax).
'-mno-ac0'
Return floating-point results in memory. This is the default.
'-m40'
Generate code for a PDP-11/40.
'-m45'
Generate code for a PDP-11/45. This is the default.
'-m10'
Generate code for a PDP-11/10.
'-mbcopy-builtin'
Use inline 'movmemhi' patterns for copying memory. This is the
default.
'-mbcopy'
Do not use inline 'movmemhi' patterns for copying memory.
'-mint16'
'-mno-int32'
Use 16-bit 'int'. This is the default.
'-mint32'
'-mno-int16'
Use 32-bit 'int'.
'-mfloat64'
'-mno-float32'
Use 64-bit 'float'. This is the default.
'-mfloat32'
'-mno-float64'
Use 32-bit 'float'.
'-mabshi'
Use 'abshi2' pattern. This is the default.
'-mno-abshi'
Do not use 'abshi2' pattern.
'-mbranch-expensive'
Pretend that branches are expensive. This is for experimenting
with code generation only.
'-mbranch-cheap'
Do not pretend that branches are expensive. This is the default.
'-munix-asm'
Use Unix assembler syntax. This is the default when configured for
'pdp11-*-bsd'.
'-mdec-asm'
Use DEC assembler syntax. This is the default when configured for
any PDP-11 target other than 'pdp11-*-bsd'.
File: gcc.info, Node: picoChip Options, Next: PowerPC Options, Prev: PDP-11 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.35 picoChip Options
------------------------
These '-m' options are defined for picoChip implementations:
'-mae=AE_TYPE'
Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
parameters for array element type AE_TYPE. Supported values for
AE_TYPE are 'ANY', 'MUL', and 'MAC'.
'-mae=ANY' selects a completely generic AE type. Code generated
with this option runs on any of the other AE types. The code is
not as efficient as it would be if compiled for a specific AE type,
and some types of operation (e.g., multiplication) do not work
properly on all types of AE.
'-mae=MUL' selects a MUL AE type. This is the most useful AE type
for compiled code, and is the default.
'-mae=MAC' selects a DSP-style MAC AE. Code compiled with this
option may suffer from poor performance of byte (char)
manipulation, since the DSP AE does not provide hardware support
for byte load/stores.
'-msymbol-as-address'
Enable the compiler to directly use a symbol name as an address in
a load/store instruction, without first loading it into a register.
Typically, the use of this option generates larger programs, which
run faster than when the option isn't used. However, the results
vary from program to program, so it is left as a user option,
rather than being permanently enabled.
'-mno-inefficient-warnings'
Disables warnings about the generation of inefficient code. These
warnings can be generated, for example, when compiling code that
performs byte-level memory operations on the MAC AE type. The MAC
AE has no hardware support for byte-level memory operations, so all
byte load/stores must be synthesized from word load/store
operations. This is inefficient and a warning is generated to
indicate that you should rewrite the code to avoid byte operations,
or to target an AE type that has the necessary hardware support.
This option disables these warnings.
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC Options, Next: PowerPC SPE Options, Prev: picoChip Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.36 PowerPC Options
-----------------------
These are listed under *Note RS/6000 and PowerPC Options::.
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC SPE Options, Next: RISC-V Options, Prev: PowerPC Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.37 PowerPC SPE Options
---------------------------
These '-m' options are defined for PowerPC SPE:
'-mmfcrf'
'-mno-mfcrf'
'-mpopcntb'
'-mno-popcntb'
You use these options to specify which instructions are available
on the processor you are using. The default value of these options
is determined when configuring GCC. Specifying the
'-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' overrides the specification of these options. We
recommend you use the '-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' option rather than the
options listed above.
The '-mmfcrf' option allows GCC to generate the move from condition
register field instruction implemented on the POWER4 processor and
other processors that support the PowerPC V2.01 architecture. The
'-mpopcntb' option allows GCC to generate the popcount and
double-precision FP reciprocal estimate instruction implemented on
the POWER5 processor and other processors that support the PowerPC
V2.02 architecture.
'-mcpu=CPU_TYPE'
Set architecture type, register usage, and instruction scheduling
parameters for machine type CPU_TYPE. Supported values for
CPU_TYPE are '8540', '8548', and 'native'.
'-mcpu=powerpc' specifies pure 32-bit PowerPC (either endian), with
an appropriate, generic processor model assumed for scheduling
purposes.
Specifying 'native' as cpu type detects and selects the
architecture option that corresponds to the host processor of the
system performing the compilation. '-mcpu=native' has no effect if
GCC does not recognize the processor.
The other options specify a specific processor. Code generated
under those options runs best on that processor, and may not run at
all on others.
The '-mcpu' options automatically enable or disable the following
options:
-mhard-float -mmfcrf -mmultiple
-mpopcntb -mpopcntd
-msingle-float -mdouble-float
-mfloat128
The particular options set for any particular CPU varies between
compiler versions, depending on what setting seems to produce
optimal code for that CPU; it doesn't necessarily reflect the
actual hardware's capabilities. If you wish to set an individual
option to a particular value, you may specify it after the '-mcpu'
option, like '-mcpu=8548'.
'-mtune=CPU_TYPE'
Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
CPU_TYPE, but do not set the architecture type or register usage,
as '-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' does. The same values for CPU_TYPE are used
for '-mtune' as for '-mcpu'. If both are specified, the code
generated uses the architecture and registers set by '-mcpu', but
the scheduling parameters set by '-mtune'.
'-msecure-plt'
Generate code that allows 'ld' and 'ld.so' to build executables and
shared libraries with non-executable '.plt' and '.got' sections.
This is a PowerPC 32-bit SYSV ABI option.
'-mbss-plt'
Generate code that uses a BSS '.plt' section that 'ld.so' fills in,
and requires '.plt' and '.got' sections that are both writable and
executable. This is a PowerPC 32-bit SYSV ABI option.
'-misel'
'-mno-isel'
This switch enables or disables the generation of ISEL
instructions.
'-misel=YES/NO'
This switch has been deprecated. Use '-misel' and '-mno-isel'
instead.
'-mspe'
'-mno-spe'
This switch enables or disables the generation of SPE simd
instructions.
'-mspe=YES/NO'
This option has been deprecated. Use '-mspe' and '-mno-spe'
instead.
'-mfloat128'
'-mno-float128'
Enable/disable the __FLOAT128 keyword for IEEE 128-bit floating
point and use either software emulation for IEEE 128-bit floating
point or hardware instructions.
'-mfloat-gprs=YES/SINGLE/DOUBLE/NO'
'-mfloat-gprs'
This switch enables or disables the generation of floating-point
operations on the general-purpose registers for architectures that
support it.
The argument 'yes' or 'single' enables the use of single-precision
floating-point operations.
The argument 'double' enables the use of single and
double-precision floating-point operations.
The argument 'no' disables floating-point operations on the
general-purpose registers.
This option is currently only available on the MPC854x.
'-mfull-toc'
'-mno-fp-in-toc'
'-mno-sum-in-toc'
'-mminimal-toc'
Modify generation of the TOC (Table Of Contents), which is created
for every executable file. The '-mfull-toc' option is selected by
default. In that case, GCC allocates at least one TOC entry for
each unique non-automatic variable reference in your program. GCC
also places floating-point constants in the TOC. However, only
16,384 entries are available in the TOC.
If you receive a linker error message that saying you have
overflowed the available TOC space, you can reduce the amount of
TOC space used with the '-mno-fp-in-toc' and '-mno-sum-in-toc'
options. '-mno-fp-in-toc' prevents GCC from putting floating-point
constants in the TOC and '-mno-sum-in-toc' forces GCC to generate
code to calculate the sum of an address and a constant at run time
instead of putting that sum into the TOC. You may specify one or
both of these options. Each causes GCC to produce very slightly
slower and larger code at the expense of conserving TOC space.
If you still run out of space in the TOC even when you specify both
of these options, specify '-mminimal-toc' instead. This option
causes GCC to make only one TOC entry for every file. When you
specify this option, GCC produces code that is slower and larger
but which uses extremely little TOC space. You may wish to use
this option only on files that contain less frequently-executed
code.
'-maix32'
Disables the 64-bit ABI. GCC defaults to '-maix32'.
'-mxl-compat'
'-mno-xl-compat'
Produce code that conforms more closely to IBM XL compiler
semantics when using AIX-compatible ABI. Pass floating-point
arguments to prototyped functions beyond the register save area
(RSA) on the stack in addition to argument FPRs. Do not assume
that most significant double in 128-bit long double value is
properly rounded when comparing values and converting to double.
Use XL symbol names for long double support routines.
The AIX calling convention was extended but not initially
documented to handle an obscure K&R C case of calling a function
that takes the address of its arguments with fewer arguments than
declared. IBM XL compilers access floating-point arguments that do
not fit in the RSA from the stack when a subroutine is compiled
without optimization. Because always storing floating-point
arguments on the stack is inefficient and rarely needed, this
option is not enabled by default and only is necessary when calling
subroutines compiled by IBM XL compilers without optimization.
'-malign-natural'
'-malign-power'
On AIX, 32-bit Darwin, and 64-bit PowerPC GNU/Linux, the option
'-malign-natural' overrides the ABI-defined alignment of larger
types, such as floating-point doubles, on their natural size-based
boundary. The option '-malign-power' instructs GCC to follow the
ABI-specified alignment rules. GCC defaults to the standard
alignment defined in the ABI.
On 64-bit Darwin, natural alignment is the default, and
'-malign-power' is not supported.
'-msoft-float'
'-mhard-float'
Generate code that does not use (uses) the floating-point register
set. Software floating-point emulation is provided if you use the
'-msoft-float' option, and pass the option to GCC when linking.
'-msingle-float'
'-mdouble-float'
Generate code for single- or double-precision floating-point
operations. '-mdouble-float' implies '-msingle-float'.
'-mmultiple'
'-mno-multiple'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load multiple word
instructions and the store multiple word instructions. These
instructions are generated by default on POWER systems, and not
generated on PowerPC systems. Do not use '-mmultiple' on
little-endian PowerPC systems, since those instructions do not work
when the processor is in little-endian mode. The exceptions are
PPC740 and PPC750 which permit these instructions in little-endian
mode.
'-mupdate'
'-mno-update'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load or store
instructions that update the base register to the address of the
calculated memory location. These instructions are generated by
default. If you use '-mno-update', there is a small window between
the time that the stack pointer is updated and the address of the
previous frame is stored, which means code that walks the stack
frame across interrupts or signals may get corrupted data.
'-mavoid-indexed-addresses'
'-mno-avoid-indexed-addresses'
Generate code that tries to avoid (not avoid) the use of indexed
load or store instructions. These instructions can incur a
performance penalty on Power6 processors in certain situations,
such as when stepping through large arrays that cross a 16M
boundary. This option is enabled by default when targeting Power6
and disabled otherwise.
'-mfused-madd'
'-mno-fused-madd'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point multiply
and accumulate instructions. These instructions are generated by
default if hardware floating point is used. The machine-dependent
'-mfused-madd' option is now mapped to the machine-independent
'-ffp-contract=fast' option, and '-mno-fused-madd' is mapped to
'-ffp-contract=off'.
'-mno-strict-align'
'-mstrict-align'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
unaligned memory references are handled by the system.
'-mrelocatable'
'-mno-relocatable'
Generate code that allows (does not allow) a static executable to
be relocated to a different address at run time. A simple embedded
PowerPC system loader should relocate the entire contents of
'.got2' and 4-byte locations listed in the '.fixup' section, a
table of 32-bit addresses generated by this option. For this to
work, all objects linked together must be compiled with
'-mrelocatable' or '-mrelocatable-lib'. '-mrelocatable' code
aligns the stack to an 8-byte boundary.
'-mrelocatable-lib'
'-mno-relocatable-lib'
Like '-mrelocatable', '-mrelocatable-lib' generates a '.fixup'
section to allow static executables to be relocated at run time,
but '-mrelocatable-lib' does not use the smaller stack alignment of
'-mrelocatable'. Objects compiled with '-mrelocatable-lib' may be
linked with objects compiled with any combination of the
'-mrelocatable' options.
'-mno-toc'
'-mtoc'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
register 2 contains a pointer to a global area pointing to the
addresses used in the program.
'-mlittle'
'-mlittle-endian'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
processor in little-endian mode. The '-mlittle-endian' option is
the same as '-mlittle'.
'-mbig'
'-mbig-endian'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
processor in big-endian mode. The '-mbig-endian' option is the
same as '-mbig'.
'-mdynamic-no-pic'
On Darwin and Mac OS X systems, compile code so that it is not
relocatable, but that its external references are relocatable. The
resulting code is suitable for applications, but not shared
libraries.
'-msingle-pic-base'
Treat the register used for PIC addressing as read-only, rather
than loading it in the prologue for each function. The runtime
system is responsible for initializing this register with an
appropriate value before execution begins.
'-mprioritize-restricted-insns=PRIORITY'
This option controls the priority that is assigned to dispatch-slot
restricted instructions during the second scheduling pass. The
argument PRIORITY takes the value '0', '1', or '2' to assign no,
highest, or second-highest (respectively) priority to dispatch-slot
restricted instructions.
'-msched-costly-dep=DEPENDENCE_TYPE'
This option controls which dependences are considered costly by the
target during instruction scheduling. The argument DEPENDENCE_TYPE
takes one of the following values:
'no'
No dependence is costly.
'all'
All dependences are costly.
'true_store_to_load'
A true dependence from store to load is costly.
'store_to_load'
Any dependence from store to load is costly.
NUMBER
Any dependence for which the latency is greater than or equal
to NUMBER is costly.
'-minsert-sched-nops=SCHEME'
This option controls which NOP insertion scheme is used during the
second scheduling pass. The argument SCHEME takes one of the
following values:
'no'
Don't insert NOPs.
'pad'
Pad with NOPs any dispatch group that has vacant issue slots,
according to the scheduler's grouping.
'regroup_exact'
Insert NOPs to force costly dependent insns into separate
groups. Insert exactly as many NOPs as needed to force an
insn to a new group, according to the estimated processor
grouping.
NUMBER
Insert NOPs to force costly dependent insns into separate
groups. Insert NUMBER NOPs to force an insn to a new group.
'-mcall-sysv'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code using
calling conventions that adhere to the March 1995 draft of the
System V Application Binary Interface, PowerPC processor
supplement. This is the default unless you configured GCC using
'powerpc-*-eabiaix'.
'-mcall-sysv-eabi'
'-mcall-eabi'
Specify both '-mcall-sysv' and '-meabi' options.
'-mcall-sysv-noeabi'
Specify both '-mcall-sysv' and '-mno-eabi' options.
'-mcall-aixdesc'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the AIX
operating system.
'-mcall-linux'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
Linux-based GNU system.
'-mcall-freebsd'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
FreeBSD operating system.
'-mcall-netbsd'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
NetBSD operating system.
'-mcall-openbsd'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
OpenBSD operating system.
'-maix-struct-return'
Return all structures in memory (as specified by the AIX ABI).
'-msvr4-struct-return'
Return structures smaller than 8 bytes in registers (as specified
by the SVR4 ABI).
'-mabi=ABI-TYPE'
Extend the current ABI with a particular extension, or remove such
extension. Valid values are 'altivec', 'no-altivec', 'spe',
'no-spe', 'ibmlongdouble', 'ieeelongdouble', 'elfv1', 'elfv2'.
'-mabi=spe'
Extend the current ABI with SPE ABI extensions. This does not
change the default ABI, instead it adds the SPE ABI extensions to
the current ABI.
'-mabi=no-spe'
Disable Book-E SPE ABI extensions for the current ABI.
'-mabi=ibmlongdouble'
Change the current ABI to use IBM extended-precision long double.
This is not likely to work if your system defaults to using IEEE
extended-precision long double. If you change the long double type
from IEEE extended-precision, the compiler will issue a warning
unless you use the '-Wno-psabi' option. Requires
'-mlong-double-128' to be enabled.
'-mabi=ieeelongdouble'
Change the current ABI to use IEEE extended-precision long double.
This is not likely to work if your system defaults to using IBM
extended-precision long double. If you change the long double type
from IBM extended-precision, the compiler will issue a warning
unless you use the '-Wno-psabi' option. Requires
'-mlong-double-128' to be enabled.
'-mabi=elfv1'
Change the current ABI to use the ELFv1 ABI. This is the default
ABI for big-endian PowerPC 64-bit Linux. Overriding the default
ABI requires special system support and is likely to fail in
spectacular ways.
'-mabi=elfv2'
Change the current ABI to use the ELFv2 ABI. This is the default
ABI for little-endian PowerPC 64-bit Linux. Overriding the default
ABI requires special system support and is likely to fail in
spectacular ways.
'-mgnu-attribute'
'-mno-gnu-attribute'
Emit .gnu_attribute assembly directives to set tag/value pairs in a
.gnu.attributes section that specify ABI variations in function
parameters or return values.
'-mprototype'
'-mno-prototype'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems assume that all calls to
variable argument functions are properly prototyped. Otherwise,
the compiler must insert an instruction before every non-prototyped
call to set or clear bit 6 of the condition code register ('CR') to
indicate whether floating-point values are passed in the
floating-point registers in case the function takes variable
arguments. With '-mprototype', only calls to prototyped variable
argument functions set or clear the bit.
'-msim'
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called 'sim-crt0.o' and that the standard C libraries are
'libsim.a' and 'libc.a'. This is the default for
'powerpc-*-eabisim' configurations.
'-mmvme'
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called 'crt0.o' and the standard C libraries are 'libmvme.a' and
'libc.a'.
'-mads'
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called 'crt0.o' and the standard C libraries are 'libads.a' and
'libc.a'.
'-myellowknife'
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called 'crt0.o' and the standard C libraries are 'libyk.a' and
'libc.a'.
'-mvxworks'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, specify that you are
compiling for a VxWorks system.
'-memb'
On embedded PowerPC systems, set the 'PPC_EMB' bit in the ELF flags
header to indicate that 'eabi' extended relocations are used.
'-meabi'
'-mno-eabi'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) adhere to
the Embedded Applications Binary Interface (EABI), which is a set
of modifications to the System V.4 specifications. Selecting
'-meabi' means that the stack is aligned to an 8-byte boundary, a
function '__eabi' is called from 'main' to set up the EABI
environment, and the '-msdata' option can use both 'r2' and 'r13'
to point to two separate small data areas. Selecting '-mno-eabi'
means that the stack is aligned to a 16-byte boundary, no EABI
initialization function is called from 'main', and the '-msdata'
option only uses 'r13' to point to a single small data area. The
'-meabi' option is on by default if you configured GCC using one of
the 'powerpc*-*-eabi*' options.
'-msdata=eabi'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small initialized
'const' global and static data in the '.sdata2' section, which is
pointed to by register 'r2'. Put small initialized non-'const'
global and static data in the '.sdata' section, which is pointed to
by register 'r13'. Put small uninitialized global and static data
in the '.sbss' section, which is adjacent to the '.sdata' section.
The '-msdata=eabi' option is incompatible with the '-mrelocatable'
option. The '-msdata=eabi' option also sets the '-memb' option.
'-msdata=sysv'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global and
static data in the '.sdata' section, which is pointed to by
register 'r13'. Put small uninitialized global and static data in
the '.sbss' section, which is adjacent to the '.sdata' section.
The '-msdata=sysv' option is incompatible with the '-mrelocatable'
option.
'-msdata=default'
'-msdata'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, if '-meabi' is used,
compile code the same as '-msdata=eabi', otherwise compile code the
same as '-msdata=sysv'.
'-msdata=data'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global data
in the '.sdata' section. Put small uninitialized global data in
the '.sbss' section. Do not use register 'r13' to address small
data however. This is the default behavior unless other '-msdata'
options are used.
'-msdata=none'
'-mno-sdata'
On embedded PowerPC systems, put all initialized global and static
data in the '.data' section, and all uninitialized data in the
'.bss' section.
'-mblock-move-inline-limit=NUM'
Inline all block moves (such as calls to 'memcpy' or structure
copies) less than or equal to NUM bytes. The minimum value for NUM
is 32 bytes on 32-bit targets and 64 bytes on 64-bit targets. The
default value is target-specific.
'-G NUM'
On embedded PowerPC systems, put global and static items less than
or equal to NUM bytes into the small data or BSS sections instead
of the normal data or BSS section. By default, NUM is 8. The '-G
NUM' switch is also passed to the linker. All modules should be
compiled with the same '-G NUM' value.
'-mregnames'
'-mno-regnames'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) emit
register names in the assembly language output using symbolic
forms.
'-mlongcall'
'-mno-longcall'
By default assume that all calls are far away so that a longer and
more expensive calling sequence is required. This is required for
calls farther than 32 megabytes (33,554,432 bytes) from the current
location. A short call is generated if the compiler knows the call
cannot be that far away. This setting can be overridden by the
'shortcall' function attribute, or by '#pragma longcall(0)'.
Some linkers are capable of detecting out-of-range calls and
generating glue code on the fly. On these systems, long calls are
unnecessary and generate slower code. As of this writing, the AIX
linker can do this, as can the GNU linker for PowerPC/64. It is
planned to add this feature to the GNU linker for 32-bit PowerPC
systems as well.
In the future, GCC may ignore all longcall specifications when the
linker is known to generate glue.
'-mtls-markers'
'-mno-tls-markers'
Mark (do not mark) calls to '__tls_get_addr' with a relocation
specifying the function argument. The relocation allows the linker
to reliably associate function call with argument setup
instructions for TLS optimization, which in turn allows GCC to
better schedule the sequence.
'-mrecip'
'-mno-recip'
This option enables use of the reciprocal estimate and reciprocal
square root estimate instructions with additional Newton-Raphson
steps to increase precision instead of doing a divide or square
root and divide for floating-point arguments. You should use the
'-ffast-math' option when using '-mrecip' (or at least
'-funsafe-math-optimizations', '-ffinite-math-only',
'-freciprocal-math' and '-fno-trapping-math'). Note that while the
throughput of the sequence is generally higher than the throughput
of the non-reciprocal instruction, the precision of the sequence
can be decreased by up to 2 ulp (i.e. the inverse of 1.0 equals
0.99999994) for reciprocal square roots.
'-mrecip=OPT'
This option controls which reciprocal estimate instructions may be
used. OPT is a comma-separated list of options, which may be
preceded by a '!' to invert the option:
'all'
Enable all estimate instructions.
'default'
Enable the default instructions, equivalent to '-mrecip'.
'none'
Disable all estimate instructions, equivalent to '-mno-recip'.
'div'
Enable the reciprocal approximation instructions for both
single and double precision.
'divf'
Enable the single-precision reciprocal approximation
instructions.
'divd'
Enable the double-precision reciprocal approximation
instructions.
'rsqrt'
Enable the reciprocal square root approximation instructions
for both single and double precision.
'rsqrtf'
Enable the single-precision reciprocal square root
approximation instructions.
'rsqrtd'
Enable the double-precision reciprocal square root
approximation instructions.
So, for example, '-mrecip=all,!rsqrtd' enables all of the
reciprocal estimate instructions, except for the 'FRSQRTE',
'XSRSQRTEDP', and 'XVRSQRTEDP' instructions which handle the
double-precision reciprocal square root calculations.
'-mrecip-precision'
'-mno-recip-precision'
Assume (do not assume) that the reciprocal estimate instructions
provide higher-precision estimates than is mandated by the PowerPC
ABI. Selecting '-mcpu=power6', '-mcpu=power7' or '-mcpu=power8'
automatically selects '-mrecip-precision'. The double-precision
square root estimate instructions are not generated by default on
low-precision machines, since they do not provide an estimate that
converges after three steps.
'-mpointers-to-nested-functions'
'-mno-pointers-to-nested-functions'
Generate (do not generate) code to load up the static chain
register ('r11') when calling through a pointer on AIX and 64-bit
Linux systems where a function pointer points to a 3-word
descriptor giving the function address, TOC value to be loaded in
register 'r2', and static chain value to be loaded in register
'r11'. The '-mpointers-to-nested-functions' is on by default. You
cannot call through pointers to nested functions or pointers to
functions compiled in other languages that use the static chain if
you use '-mno-pointers-to-nested-functions'.
'-msave-toc-indirect'
'-mno-save-toc-indirect'
Generate (do not generate) code to save the TOC value in the
reserved stack location in the function prologue if the function
calls through a pointer on AIX and 64-bit Linux systems. If the
TOC value is not saved in the prologue, it is saved just before the
call through the pointer. The '-mno-save-toc-indirect' option is
the default.
'-mcompat-align-parm'
'-mno-compat-align-parm'
Generate (do not generate) code to pass structure parameters with a
maximum alignment of 64 bits, for compatibility with older versions
of GCC.
Older versions of GCC (prior to 4.9.0) incorrectly did not align a
structure parameter on a 128-bit boundary when that structure
contained a member requiring 128-bit alignment. This is corrected
in more recent versions of GCC. This option may be used to generate
code that is compatible with functions compiled with older versions
of GCC.
The '-mno-compat-align-parm' option is the default.
'-mstack-protector-guard=GUARD'
'-mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG'
'-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET'
'-mstack-protector-guard-symbol=SYMBOL'
Generate stack protection code using canary at GUARD. Supported
locations are 'global' for global canary or 'tls' for per-thread
canary in the TLS block (the default with GNU libc version 2.4 or
later).
With the latter choice the options
'-mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG' and
'-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET' furthermore specify which
register to use as base register for reading the canary, and from
what offset from that base register. The default for those is as
specified in the relevant ABI.
'-mstack-protector-guard-symbol=SYMBOL' overrides the offset with a
symbol reference to a canary in the TLS block.
File: gcc.info, Node: RISC-V Options, Next: RL78 Options, Prev: PowerPC SPE Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.38 RISC-V Options
----------------------
These command-line options are defined for RISC-V targets:
'-mbranch-cost=N'
Set the cost of branches to roughly N instructions.
'-mplt'
'-mno-plt'
When generating PIC code, do or don't allow the use of PLTs.
Ignored for non-PIC. The default is '-mplt'.
'-mabi=ABI-STRING'
Specify integer and floating-point calling convention. ABI-STRING
contains two parts: the size of integer types and the registers
used for floating-point types. For example '-march=rv64ifd
-mabi=lp64d' means that 'long' and pointers are 64-bit (implicitly
defining 'int' to be 32-bit), and that floating-point values up to
64 bits wide are passed in F registers. Contrast this with
'-march=rv64ifd -mabi=lp64f', which still allows the compiler to
generate code that uses the F and D extensions but only allows
floating-point values up to 32 bits long to be passed in registers;
or '-march=rv64ifd -mabi=lp64', in which no floating-point
arguments will be passed in registers.
The default for this argument is system dependent, users who want a
specific calling convention should specify one explicitly. The
valid calling conventions are: 'ilp32', 'ilp32f', 'ilp32d', 'lp64',
'lp64f', and 'lp64d'. Some calling conventions are impossible to
implement on some ISAs: for example, '-march=rv32if -mabi=ilp32d'
is invalid because the ABI requires 64-bit values be passed in F
registers, but F registers are only 32 bits wide.
'-mfdiv'
'-mno-fdiv'
Do or don't use hardware floating-point divide and square root
instructions. This requires the F or D extensions for
floating-point registers. The default is to use them if the
specified architecture has these instructions.
'-mdiv'
'-mno-div'
Do or don't use hardware instructions for integer division. This
requires the M extension. The default is to use them if the
specified architecture has these instructions.
'-march=ISA-STRING'
Generate code for given RISC-V ISA (e.g. 'rv64im'). ISA strings
must be lower-case. Examples include 'rv64i', 'rv32g', and
'rv32imaf'.
'-mtune=PROCESSOR-STRING'
Optimize the output for the given processor, specified by
microarchitecture name.
'-mpreferred-stack-boundary=NUM'
Attempt to keep the stack boundary aligned to a 2 raised to NUM
byte boundary. If '-mpreferred-stack-boundary' is not specified,
the default is 4 (16 bytes or 128-bits).
*Warning:* If you use this switch, then you must build all modules
with the same value, including any libraries. This includes the
system libraries and startup modules.
'-msmall-data-limit=N'
Put global and static data smaller than N bytes into a special
section (on some targets).
'-msave-restore'
'-mno-save-restore'
Do or don't use smaller but slower prologue and epilogue code that
uses library function calls. The default is to use fast inline
prologues and epilogues.
'-mstrict-align'
'-mno-strict-align'
Do not or do generate unaligned memory accesses. The default is
set depending on whether the processor we are optimizing for
supports fast unaligned access or not.
'-mcmodel=medlow'
Generate code for the medium-low code model. The program and its
statically defined symbols must lie within a single 2 GiB address
range and must lie between absolute addresses -2 GiB and +2 GiB.
Programs can be statically or dynamically linked. This is the
default code model.
'-mcmodel=medany'
Generate code for the medium-any code model. The program and its
statically defined symbols must be within any single 2 GiB address
range. Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
'-mexplicit-relocs'
'-mno-exlicit-relocs'
Use or do not use assembler relocation operators when dealing with
symbolic addresses. The alternative is to use assembler macros
instead, which may limit optimization.
'-mrelax'
'-mno-relax'
Take advantage of linker relaxations to reduce the number of
instructions required to materialize symbol addresses. The default
is to take advantage of linker relaxations.
File: gcc.info, Node: RL78 Options, Next: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options, Prev: RISC-V Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.39 RL78 Options
--------------------
'-msim'
Links in additional target libraries to support operation within a
simulator.
'-mmul=none'
'-mmul=g10'
'-mmul=g13'
'-mmul=g14'
'-mmul=rl78'
Specifies the type of hardware multiplication and division support
to be used. The simplest is 'none', which uses software for both
multiplication and division. This is the default. The 'g13' value
is for the hardware multiply/divide peripheral found on the
RL78/G13 (S2 core) targets. The 'g14' value selects the use of the
multiplication and division instructions supported by the RL78/G14
(S3 core) parts. The value 'rl78' is an alias for 'g14' and the
value 'mg10' is an alias for 'none'.
In addition a C preprocessor macro is defined, based upon the
setting of this option. Possible values are: '__RL78_MUL_NONE__',
'__RL78_MUL_G13__' or '__RL78_MUL_G14__'.
'-mcpu=g10'
'-mcpu=g13'
'-mcpu=g14'
'-mcpu=rl78'
Specifies the RL78 core to target. The default is the G14 core,
also known as an S3 core or just RL78. The G13 or S2 core does not
have multiply or divide instructions, instead it uses a hardware
peripheral for these operations. The G10 or S1 core does not have
register banks, so it uses a different calling convention.
If this option is set it also selects the type of hardware multiply
support to use, unless this is overridden by an explicit
'-mmul=none' option on the command line. Thus specifying
'-mcpu=g13' enables the use of the G13 hardware multiply peripheral
and specifying '-mcpu=g10' disables the use of hardware
multiplications altogether.
Note, although the RL78/G14 core is the default target, specifying
'-mcpu=g14' or '-mcpu=rl78' on the command line does change the
behavior of the toolchain since it also enables G14 hardware
multiply support. If these options are not specified on the
command line then software multiplication routines will be used
even though the code targets the RL78 core. This is for backwards
compatibility with older toolchains which did not have hardware
multiply and divide support.
In addition a C preprocessor macro is defined, based upon the
setting of this option. Possible values are: '__RL78_G10__',
'__RL78_G13__' or '__RL78_G14__'.
'-mg10'
'-mg13'
'-mg14'
'-mrl78'
These are aliases for the corresponding '-mcpu=' option. They are
provided for backwards compatibility.
'-mallregs'
Allow the compiler to use all of the available registers. By
default registers 'r24..r31' are reserved for use in interrupt
handlers. With this option enabled these registers can be used in
ordinary functions as well.
'-m64bit-doubles'
'-m32bit-doubles'
Make the 'double' data type be 64 bits ('-m64bit-doubles') or 32
bits ('-m32bit-doubles') in size. The default is
'-m32bit-doubles'.
'-msave-mduc-in-interrupts'
'-mno-save-mduc-in-interrupts'
Specifies that interrupt handler functions should preserve the MDUC
registers. This is only necessary if normal code might use the
MDUC registers, for example because it performs multiplication and
division operations. The default is to ignore the MDUC registers
as this makes the interrupt handlers faster. The target option
-mg13 needs to be passed for this to work as this feature is only
available on the G13 target (S2 core). The MDUC registers will
only be saved if the interrupt handler performs a multiplication or
division operation or it calls another function.
File: gcc.info, Node: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options, Next: RX Options, Prev: RL78 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.40 IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options
---------------------------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC:
'-mpowerpc-gpopt'
'-mno-powerpc-gpopt'
'-mpowerpc-gfxopt'
'-mno-powerpc-gfxopt'
'-mpowerpc64'
'-mno-powerpc64'
'-mmfcrf'
'-mno-mfcrf'
'-mpopcntb'
'-mno-popcntb'
'-mpopcntd'
'-mno-popcntd'
'-mfprnd'
'-mno-fprnd'
'-mcmpb'
'-mno-cmpb'
'-mmfpgpr'
'-mno-mfpgpr'
'-mhard-dfp'
'-mno-hard-dfp'
You use these options to specify which instructions are available
on the processor you are using. The default value of these options
is determined when configuring GCC. Specifying the
'-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' overrides the specification of these options. We
recommend you use the '-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' option rather than the
options listed above.
Specifying '-mpowerpc-gpopt' allows GCC to use the optional PowerPC
architecture instructions in the General Purpose group, including
floating-point square root. Specifying '-mpowerpc-gfxopt' allows
GCC to use the optional PowerPC architecture instructions in the
Graphics group, including floating-point select.
The '-mmfcrf' option allows GCC to generate the move from condition
register field instruction implemented on the POWER4 processor and
other processors that support the PowerPC V2.01 architecture. The
'-mpopcntb' option allows GCC to generate the popcount and
double-precision FP reciprocal estimate instruction implemented on
the POWER5 processor and other processors that support the PowerPC
V2.02 architecture. The '-mpopcntd' option allows GCC to generate
the popcount instruction implemented on the POWER7 processor and
other processors that support the PowerPC V2.06 architecture. The
'-mfprnd' option allows GCC to generate the FP round to integer
instructions implemented on the POWER5+ processor and other
processors that support the PowerPC V2.03 architecture. The
'-mcmpb' option allows GCC to generate the compare bytes
instruction implemented on the POWER6 processor and other
processors that support the PowerPC V2.05 architecture. The
'-mmfpgpr' option allows GCC to generate the FP move to/from
general-purpose register instructions implemented on the POWER6X
processor and other processors that support the extended PowerPC
V2.05 architecture. The '-mhard-dfp' option allows GCC to generate
the decimal floating-point instructions implemented on some POWER
processors.
The '-mpowerpc64' option allows GCC to generate the additional
64-bit instructions that are found in the full PowerPC64
architecture and to treat GPRs as 64-bit, doubleword quantities.
GCC defaults to '-mno-powerpc64'.
'-mcpu=CPU_TYPE'
Set architecture type, register usage, and instruction scheduling
parameters for machine type CPU_TYPE. Supported values for
CPU_TYPE are '401', '403', '405', '405fp', '440', '440fp', '464',
'464fp', '476', '476fp', '505', '601', '602', '603', '603e', '604',
'604e', '620', '630', '740', '7400', '7450', '750', '801', '821',
'823', '860', '970', '8540', 'a2', 'e300c2', 'e300c3', 'e500mc',
'e500mc64', 'e5500', 'e6500', 'ec603e', 'G3', 'G4', 'G5', 'titan',
'power3', 'power4', 'power5', 'power5+', 'power6', 'power6x',
'power7', 'power8', 'power9', 'powerpc', 'powerpc64',
'powerpc64le', 'rs64', and 'native'.
'-mcpu=powerpc', '-mcpu=powerpc64', and '-mcpu=powerpc64le' specify
pure 32-bit PowerPC (either endian), 64-bit big endian PowerPC and
64-bit little endian PowerPC architecture machine types, with an
appropriate, generic processor model assumed for scheduling
purposes.
Specifying 'native' as cpu type detects and selects the
architecture option that corresponds to the host processor of the
system performing the compilation. '-mcpu=native' has no effect if
GCC does not recognize the processor.
The other options specify a specific processor. Code generated
under those options runs best on that processor, and may not run at
all on others.
The '-mcpu' options automatically enable or disable the following
options:
-maltivec -mfprnd -mhard-float -mmfcrf -mmultiple
-mpopcntb -mpopcntd -mpowerpc64
-mpowerpc-gpopt -mpowerpc-gfxopt -msingle-float -mdouble-float
-msimple-fpu -mmulhw -mdlmzb -mmfpgpr -mvsx
-mcrypto -mhtm -mpower8-fusion -mpower8-vector
-mquad-memory -mquad-memory-atomic -mfloat128 -mfloat128-hardware
The particular options set for any particular CPU varies between
compiler versions, depending on what setting seems to produce
optimal code for that CPU; it doesn't necessarily reflect the
actual hardware's capabilities. If you wish to set an individual
option to a particular value, you may specify it after the '-mcpu'
option, like '-mcpu=970 -mno-altivec'.
On AIX, the '-maltivec' and '-mpowerpc64' options are not enabled
or disabled by the '-mcpu' option at present because AIX does not
have full support for these options. You may still enable or
disable them individually if you're sure it'll work in your
environment.
'-mtune=CPU_TYPE'
Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
CPU_TYPE, but do not set the architecture type or register usage,
as '-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' does. The same values for CPU_TYPE are used
for '-mtune' as for '-mcpu'. If both are specified, the code
generated uses the architecture and registers set by '-mcpu', but
the scheduling parameters set by '-mtune'.
'-mcmodel=small'
Generate PowerPC64 code for the small model: The TOC is limited to
64k.
'-mcmodel=medium'
Generate PowerPC64 code for the medium model: The TOC and other
static data may be up to a total of 4G in size. This is the
default for 64-bit Linux.
'-mcmodel=large'
Generate PowerPC64 code for the large model: The TOC may be up to
4G in size. Other data and code is only limited by the 64-bit
address space.
'-maltivec'
'-mno-altivec'
Generate code that uses (does not use) AltiVec instructions, and
also enable the use of built-in functions that allow more direct
access to the AltiVec instruction set. You may also need to set
'-mabi=altivec' to adjust the current ABI with AltiVec ABI
enhancements.
When '-maltivec' is used, rather than '-maltivec=le' or
'-maltivec=be', the element order for AltiVec intrinsics such as
'vec_splat', 'vec_extract', and 'vec_insert' match array element
order corresponding to the endianness of the target. That is,
element zero identifies the leftmost element in a vector register
when targeting a big-endian platform, and identifies the rightmost
element in a vector register when targeting a little-endian
platform.
'-maltivec=be'
Generate AltiVec instructions using big-endian element order,
regardless of whether the target is big- or little-endian. This is
the default when targeting a big-endian platform. Using this
option is currently deprecated. Support for this feature will be
removed in GCC 9.
The element order is used to interpret element numbers in AltiVec
intrinsics such as 'vec_splat', 'vec_extract', and 'vec_insert'.
By default, these match array element order corresponding to the
endianness for the target.
'-maltivec=le'
Generate AltiVec instructions using little-endian element order,
regardless of whether the target is big- or little-endian. This is
the default when targeting a little-endian platform. This option
is currently ignored when targeting a big-endian platform.
The element order is used to interpret element numbers in AltiVec
intrinsics such as 'vec_splat', 'vec_extract', and 'vec_insert'.
By default, these match array element order corresponding to the
endianness for the target.
'-mvrsave'
'-mno-vrsave'
Generate VRSAVE instructions when generating AltiVec code.
'-msecure-plt'
Generate code that allows 'ld' and 'ld.so' to build executables and
shared libraries with non-executable '.plt' and '.got' sections.
This is a PowerPC 32-bit SYSV ABI option.
'-mbss-plt'
Generate code that uses a BSS '.plt' section that 'ld.so' fills in,
and requires '.plt' and '.got' sections that are both writable and
executable. This is a PowerPC 32-bit SYSV ABI option.
'-misel'
'-mno-isel'
This switch enables or disables the generation of ISEL
instructions.
'-misel=YES/NO'
This switch has been deprecated. Use '-misel' and '-mno-isel'
instead.
'-mpaired'
'-mno-paired'
This switch enables or disables the generation of PAIRED simd
instructions.
'-mvsx'
'-mno-vsx'
Generate code that uses (does not use) vector/scalar (VSX)
instructions, and also enable the use of built-in functions that
allow more direct access to the VSX instruction set.
'-mcrypto'
'-mno-crypto'
Enable the use (disable) of the built-in functions that allow
direct access to the cryptographic instructions that were added in
version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.
'-mhtm'
'-mno-htm'
Enable (disable) the use of the built-in functions that allow
direct access to the Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM)
instructions that were added in version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.
'-mpower8-fusion'
'-mno-power8-fusion'
Generate code that keeps (does not keeps) some integer operations
adjacent so that the instructions can be fused together on power8
and later processors.
'-mpower8-vector'
'-mno-power8-vector'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the vector and scalar
instructions that were added in version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.
Also enable the use of built-in functions that allow more direct
access to the vector instructions.
'-mquad-memory'
'-mno-quad-memory'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the non-atomic quad word
memory instructions. The '-mquad-memory' option requires use of
64-bit mode.
'-mquad-memory-atomic'
'-mno-quad-memory-atomic'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the atomic quad word memory
instructions. The '-mquad-memory-atomic' option requires use of
64-bit mode.
'-mfloat128'
'-mno-float128'
Enable/disable the __FLOAT128 keyword for IEEE 128-bit floating
point and use either software emulation for IEEE 128-bit floating
point or hardware instructions.
The VSX instruction set ('-mvsx', '-mcpu=power7', '-mcpu=power8'),
or '-mcpu=power9' must be enabled to use the IEEE 128-bit floating
point support. The IEEE 128-bit floating point support only works
on PowerPC Linux systems.
The default for '-mfloat128' is enabled on PowerPC Linux systems
using the VSX instruction set, and disabled on other systems.
If you use the ISA 3.0 instruction set ('-mpower9-vector' or
'-mcpu=power9') on a 64-bit system, the IEEE 128-bit floating point
support will also enable the generation of ISA 3.0 IEEE 128-bit
floating point instructions. Otherwise, if you do not specify to
generate ISA 3.0 instructions or you are targeting a 32-bit big
endian system, IEEE 128-bit floating point will be done with
software emulation.
'-mfloat128-hardware'
'-mno-float128-hardware'
Enable/disable using ISA 3.0 hardware instructions to support the
__FLOAT128 data type.
The default for '-mfloat128-hardware' is enabled on PowerPC Linux
systems using the ISA 3.0 instruction set, and disabled on other
systems.
'-m32'
'-m64'
Generate code for 32-bit or 64-bit environments of Darwin and SVR4
targets (including GNU/Linux). The 32-bit environment sets int,
long and pointer to 32 bits and generates code that runs on any
PowerPC variant. The 64-bit environment sets int to 32 bits and
long and pointer to 64 bits, and generates code for PowerPC64, as
for '-mpowerpc64'.
'-mfull-toc'
'-mno-fp-in-toc'
'-mno-sum-in-toc'
'-mminimal-toc'
Modify generation of the TOC (Table Of Contents), which is created
for every executable file. The '-mfull-toc' option is selected by
default. In that case, GCC allocates at least one TOC entry for
each unique non-automatic variable reference in your program. GCC
also places floating-point constants in the TOC. However, only
16,384 entries are available in the TOC.
If you receive a linker error message that saying you have
overflowed the available TOC space, you can reduce the amount of
TOC space used with the '-mno-fp-in-toc' and '-mno-sum-in-toc'
options. '-mno-fp-in-toc' prevents GCC from putting floating-point
constants in the TOC and '-mno-sum-in-toc' forces GCC to generate
code to calculate the sum of an address and a constant at run time
instead of putting that sum into the TOC. You may specify one or
both of these options. Each causes GCC to produce very slightly
slower and larger code at the expense of conserving TOC space.
If you still run out of space in the TOC even when you specify both
of these options, specify '-mminimal-toc' instead. This option
causes GCC to make only one TOC entry for every file. When you
specify this option, GCC produces code that is slower and larger
but which uses extremely little TOC space. You may wish to use
this option only on files that contain less frequently-executed
code.
'-maix64'
'-maix32'
Enable 64-bit AIX ABI and calling convention: 64-bit pointers,
64-bit 'long' type, and the infrastructure needed to support them.
Specifying '-maix64' implies '-mpowerpc64', while '-maix32'
disables the 64-bit ABI and implies '-mno-powerpc64'. GCC defaults
to '-maix32'.
'-mxl-compat'
'-mno-xl-compat'
Produce code that conforms more closely to IBM XL compiler
semantics when using AIX-compatible ABI. Pass floating-point
arguments to prototyped functions beyond the register save area
(RSA) on the stack in addition to argument FPRs. Do not assume
that most significant double in 128-bit long double value is
properly rounded when comparing values and converting to double.
Use XL symbol names for long double support routines.
The AIX calling convention was extended but not initially
documented to handle an obscure K&R C case of calling a function
that takes the address of its arguments with fewer arguments than
declared. IBM XL compilers access floating-point arguments that do
not fit in the RSA from the stack when a subroutine is compiled
without optimization. Because always storing floating-point
arguments on the stack is inefficient and rarely needed, this
option is not enabled by default and only is necessary when calling
subroutines compiled by IBM XL compilers without optimization.
'-mpe'
Support "IBM RS/6000 SP" "Parallel Environment" (PE). Link an
application written to use message passing with special startup
code to enable the application to run. The system must have PE
installed in the standard location ('/usr/lpp/ppe.poe/'), or the
'specs' file must be overridden with the '-specs=' option to
specify the appropriate directory location. The Parallel
Environment does not support threads, so the '-mpe' option and the
'-pthread' option are incompatible.
'-malign-natural'
'-malign-power'
On AIX, 32-bit Darwin, and 64-bit PowerPC GNU/Linux, the option
'-malign-natural' overrides the ABI-defined alignment of larger
types, such as floating-point doubles, on their natural size-based
boundary. The option '-malign-power' instructs GCC to follow the
ABI-specified alignment rules. GCC defaults to the standard
alignment defined in the ABI.
On 64-bit Darwin, natural alignment is the default, and
'-malign-power' is not supported.
'-msoft-float'
'-mhard-float'
Generate code that does not use (uses) the floating-point register
set. Software floating-point emulation is provided if you use the
'-msoft-float' option, and pass the option to GCC when linking.
'-msingle-float'
'-mdouble-float'
Generate code for single- or double-precision floating-point
operations. '-mdouble-float' implies '-msingle-float'.
'-msimple-fpu'
Do not generate 'sqrt' and 'div' instructions for hardware
floating-point unit.
'-mfpu=NAME'
Specify type of floating-point unit. Valid values for NAME are
'sp_lite' (equivalent to '-msingle-float -msimple-fpu'), 'dp_lite'
(equivalent to '-mdouble-float -msimple-fpu'), 'sp_full'
(equivalent to '-msingle-float'), and 'dp_full' (equivalent to
'-mdouble-float').
'-mxilinx-fpu'
Perform optimizations for the floating-point unit on Xilinx PPC
405/440.
'-mmultiple'
'-mno-multiple'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load multiple word
instructions and the store multiple word instructions. These
instructions are generated by default on POWER systems, and not
generated on PowerPC systems. Do not use '-mmultiple' on
little-endian PowerPC systems, since those instructions do not work
when the processor is in little-endian mode. The exceptions are
PPC740 and PPC750 which permit these instructions in little-endian
mode.
'-mupdate'
'-mno-update'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load or store
instructions that update the base register to the address of the
calculated memory location. These instructions are generated by
default. If you use '-mno-update', there is a small window between
the time that the stack pointer is updated and the address of the
previous frame is stored, which means code that walks the stack
frame across interrupts or signals may get corrupted data.
'-mavoid-indexed-addresses'
'-mno-avoid-indexed-addresses'
Generate code that tries to avoid (not avoid) the use of indexed
load or store instructions. These instructions can incur a
performance penalty on Power6 processors in certain situations,
such as when stepping through large arrays that cross a 16M
boundary. This option is enabled by default when targeting Power6
and disabled otherwise.
'-mfused-madd'
'-mno-fused-madd'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point multiply
and accumulate instructions. These instructions are generated by
default if hardware floating point is used. The machine-dependent
'-mfused-madd' option is now mapped to the machine-independent
'-ffp-contract=fast' option, and '-mno-fused-madd' is mapped to
'-ffp-contract=off'.
'-mmulhw'
'-mno-mulhw'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the half-word multiply and
multiply-accumulate instructions on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476
processors. These instructions are generated by default when
targeting those processors.
'-mdlmzb'
'-mno-dlmzb'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the string-search 'dlmzb'
instruction on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476 processors. This
instruction is generated by default when targeting those
processors.
'-mno-bit-align'
'-mbit-align'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) force
structures and unions that contain bit-fields to be aligned to the
base type of the bit-field.
For example, by default a structure containing nothing but 8
'unsigned' bit-fields of length 1 is aligned to a 4-byte boundary
and has a size of 4 bytes. By using '-mno-bit-align', the
structure is aligned to a 1-byte boundary and is 1 byte in size.
'-mno-strict-align'
'-mstrict-align'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
unaligned memory references are handled by the system.
'-mrelocatable'
'-mno-relocatable'
Generate code that allows (does not allow) a static executable to
be relocated to a different address at run time. A simple embedded
PowerPC system loader should relocate the entire contents of
'.got2' and 4-byte locations listed in the '.fixup' section, a
table of 32-bit addresses generated by this option. For this to
work, all objects linked together must be compiled with
'-mrelocatable' or '-mrelocatable-lib'. '-mrelocatable' code
aligns the stack to an 8-byte boundary.
'-mrelocatable-lib'
'-mno-relocatable-lib'
Like '-mrelocatable', '-mrelocatable-lib' generates a '.fixup'
section to allow static executables to be relocated at run time,
but '-mrelocatable-lib' does not use the smaller stack alignment of
'-mrelocatable'. Objects compiled with '-mrelocatable-lib' may be
linked with objects compiled with any combination of the
'-mrelocatable' options.
'-mno-toc'
'-mtoc'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
register 2 contains a pointer to a global area pointing to the
addresses used in the program.
'-mlittle'
'-mlittle-endian'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
processor in little-endian mode. The '-mlittle-endian' option is
the same as '-mlittle'.
'-mbig'
'-mbig-endian'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
processor in big-endian mode. The '-mbig-endian' option is the
same as '-mbig'.
'-mdynamic-no-pic'
On Darwin and Mac OS X systems, compile code so that it is not
relocatable, but that its external references are relocatable. The
resulting code is suitable for applications, but not shared
libraries.
'-msingle-pic-base'
Treat the register used for PIC addressing as read-only, rather
than loading it in the prologue for each function. The runtime
system is responsible for initializing this register with an
appropriate value before execution begins.
'-mprioritize-restricted-insns=PRIORITY'
This option controls the priority that is assigned to dispatch-slot
restricted instructions during the second scheduling pass. The
argument PRIORITY takes the value '0', '1', or '2' to assign no,
highest, or second-highest (respectively) priority to dispatch-slot
restricted instructions.
'-msched-costly-dep=DEPENDENCE_TYPE'
This option controls which dependences are considered costly by the
target during instruction scheduling. The argument DEPENDENCE_TYPE
takes one of the following values:
'no'
No dependence is costly.
'all'
All dependences are costly.
'true_store_to_load'
A true dependence from store to load is costly.
'store_to_load'
Any dependence from store to load is costly.
NUMBER
Any dependence for which the latency is greater than or equal
to NUMBER is costly.
'-minsert-sched-nops=SCHEME'
This option controls which NOP insertion scheme is used during the
second scheduling pass. The argument SCHEME takes one of the
following values:
'no'
Don't insert NOPs.
'pad'
Pad with NOPs any dispatch group that has vacant issue slots,
according to the scheduler's grouping.
'regroup_exact'
Insert NOPs to force costly dependent insns into separate
groups. Insert exactly as many NOPs as needed to force an
insn to a new group, according to the estimated processor
grouping.
NUMBER
Insert NOPs to force costly dependent insns into separate
groups. Insert NUMBER NOPs to force an insn to a new group.
'-mcall-sysv'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code using
calling conventions that adhere to the March 1995 draft of the
System V Application Binary Interface, PowerPC processor
supplement. This is the default unless you configured GCC using
'powerpc-*-eabiaix'.
'-mcall-sysv-eabi'
'-mcall-eabi'
Specify both '-mcall-sysv' and '-meabi' options.
'-mcall-sysv-noeabi'
Specify both '-mcall-sysv' and '-mno-eabi' options.
'-mcall-aixdesc'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the AIX
operating system.
'-mcall-linux'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
Linux-based GNU system.
'-mcall-freebsd'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
FreeBSD operating system.
'-mcall-netbsd'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
NetBSD operating system.
'-mcall-openbsd'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
OpenBSD operating system.
'-mtraceback=TRACEBACK_TYPE'
Select the type of traceback table. Valid values for
TRACEBACK_TYPE are 'full', 'part', and 'no'.
'-maix-struct-return'
Return all structures in memory (as specified by the AIX ABI).
'-msvr4-struct-return'
Return structures smaller than 8 bytes in registers (as specified
by the SVR4 ABI).
'-mabi=ABI-TYPE'
Extend the current ABI with a particular extension, or remove such
extension. Valid values are 'altivec', 'no-altivec', 'spe',
'no-spe', 'ibmlongdouble', 'ieeelongdouble', 'elfv1', 'elfv2'.
'-mabi=ibmlongdouble'
Change the current ABI to use IBM extended-precision long double.
This is not likely to work if your system defaults to using IEEE
extended-precision long double. If you change the long double type
from IEEE extended-precision, the compiler will issue a warning
unless you use the '-Wno-psabi' option. Requires
'-mlong-double-128' to be enabled.
'-mabi=ieeelongdouble'
Change the current ABI to use IEEE extended-precision long double.
This is not likely to work if your system defaults to using IBM
extended-precision long double. If you change the long double type
from IBM extended-precision, the compiler will issue a warning
unless you use the '-Wno-psabi' option. Requires
'-mlong-double-128' to be enabled.
'-mabi=elfv1'
Change the current ABI to use the ELFv1 ABI. This is the default
ABI for big-endian PowerPC 64-bit Linux. Overriding the default
ABI requires special system support and is likely to fail in
spectacular ways.
'-mabi=elfv2'
Change the current ABI to use the ELFv2 ABI. This is the default
ABI for little-endian PowerPC 64-bit Linux. Overriding the default
ABI requires special system support and is likely to fail in
spectacular ways.
'-mgnu-attribute'
'-mno-gnu-attribute'
Emit .gnu_attribute assembly directives to set tag/value pairs in a
.gnu.attributes section that specify ABI variations in function
parameters or return values.
'-mprototype'
'-mno-prototype'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems assume that all calls to
variable argument functions are properly prototyped. Otherwise,
the compiler must insert an instruction before every non-prototyped
call to set or clear bit 6 of the condition code register ('CR') to
indicate whether floating-point values are passed in the
floating-point registers in case the function takes variable
arguments. With '-mprototype', only calls to prototyped variable
argument functions set or clear the bit.
'-msim'
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called 'sim-crt0.o' and that the standard C libraries are
'libsim.a' and 'libc.a'. This is the default for
'powerpc-*-eabisim' configurations.
'-mmvme'
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called 'crt0.o' and the standard C libraries are 'libmvme.a' and
'libc.a'.
'-mads'
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called 'crt0.o' and the standard C libraries are 'libads.a' and
'libc.a'.
'-myellowknife'
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called 'crt0.o' and the standard C libraries are 'libyk.a' and
'libc.a'.
'-mvxworks'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, specify that you are
compiling for a VxWorks system.
'-memb'
On embedded PowerPC systems, set the 'PPC_EMB' bit in the ELF flags
header to indicate that 'eabi' extended relocations are used.
'-meabi'
'-mno-eabi'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) adhere to
the Embedded Applications Binary Interface (EABI), which is a set
of modifications to the System V.4 specifications. Selecting
'-meabi' means that the stack is aligned to an 8-byte boundary, a
function '__eabi' is called from 'main' to set up the EABI
environment, and the '-msdata' option can use both 'r2' and 'r13'
to point to two separate small data areas. Selecting '-mno-eabi'
means that the stack is aligned to a 16-byte boundary, no EABI
initialization function is called from 'main', and the '-msdata'
option only uses 'r13' to point to a single small data area. The
'-meabi' option is on by default if you configured GCC using one of
the 'powerpc*-*-eabi*' options.
'-msdata=eabi'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small initialized
'const' global and static data in the '.sdata2' section, which is
pointed to by register 'r2'. Put small initialized non-'const'
global and static data in the '.sdata' section, which is pointed to
by register 'r13'. Put small uninitialized global and static data
in the '.sbss' section, which is adjacent to the '.sdata' section.
The '-msdata=eabi' option is incompatible with the '-mrelocatable'
option. The '-msdata=eabi' option also sets the '-memb' option.
'-msdata=sysv'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global and
static data in the '.sdata' section, which is pointed to by
register 'r13'. Put small uninitialized global and static data in
the '.sbss' section, which is adjacent to the '.sdata' section.
The '-msdata=sysv' option is incompatible with the '-mrelocatable'
option.
'-msdata=default'
'-msdata'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, if '-meabi' is used,
compile code the same as '-msdata=eabi', otherwise compile code the
same as '-msdata=sysv'.
'-msdata=data'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global data
in the '.sdata' section. Put small uninitialized global data in
the '.sbss' section. Do not use register 'r13' to address small
data however. This is the default behavior unless other '-msdata'
options are used.
'-msdata=none'
'-mno-sdata'
On embedded PowerPC systems, put all initialized global and static
data in the '.data' section, and all uninitialized data in the
'.bss' section.
'-mreadonly-in-sdata'
'-mreadonly-in-sdata'
Put read-only objects in the '.sdata' section as well. This is the
default.
'-mblock-move-inline-limit=NUM'
Inline all block moves (such as calls to 'memcpy' or structure
copies) less than or equal to NUM bytes. The minimum value for NUM
is 32 bytes on 32-bit targets and 64 bytes on 64-bit targets. The
default value is target-specific.
'-mblock-compare-inline-limit=NUM'
Generate non-looping inline code for all block compares (such as
calls to 'memcmp' or structure compares) less than or equal to NUM
bytes. If NUM is 0, all inline expansion (non-loop and loop) of
block compare is disabled. The default value is target-specific.
'-mblock-compare-inline-loop-limit=NUM'
Generate an inline expansion using loop code for all block compares
that are less than or equal to NUM bytes, but greater than the
limit for non-loop inline block compare expansion. If the block
length is not constant, at most NUM bytes will be compared before
'memcmp' is called to compare the remainder of the block. The
default value is target-specific.
'-mstring-compare-inline-limit=NUM'
Generate at most NUM pairs of load instructions to compare the
string inline. If the difference or end of string is not found at
the end of the inline compare a call to 'strcmp' or 'strncmp' will
take care of the rest of the comparison. The default is 8 pairs of
loads, which will compare 64 bytes on a 64-bit target and 32 bytes
on a 32-bit target.
'-G NUM'
On embedded PowerPC systems, put global and static items less than
or equal to NUM bytes into the small data or BSS sections instead
of the normal data or BSS section. By default, NUM is 8. The '-G
NUM' switch is also passed to the linker. All modules should be
compiled with the same '-G NUM' value.
'-mregnames'
'-mno-regnames'
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) emit
register names in the assembly language output using symbolic
forms.
'-mlongcall'
'-mno-longcall'
By default assume that all calls are far away so that a longer and
more expensive calling sequence is required. This is required for
calls farther than 32 megabytes (33,554,432 bytes) from the current
location. A short call is generated if the compiler knows the call
cannot be that far away. This setting can be overridden by the
'shortcall' function attribute, or by '#pragma longcall(0)'.
Some linkers are capable of detecting out-of-range calls and
generating glue code on the fly. On these systems, long calls are
unnecessary and generate slower code. As of this writing, the AIX
linker can do this, as can the GNU linker for PowerPC/64. It is
planned to add this feature to the GNU linker for 32-bit PowerPC
systems as well.
On Darwin/PPC systems, '#pragma longcall' generates 'jbsr callee,
L42', plus a "branch island" (glue code). The two target addresses
represent the callee and the branch island. The Darwin/PPC linker
prefers the first address and generates a 'bl callee' if the PPC
'bl' instruction reaches the callee directly; otherwise, the linker
generates 'bl L42' to call the branch island. The branch island is
appended to the body of the calling function; it computes the full
32-bit address of the callee and jumps to it.
On Mach-O (Darwin) systems, this option directs the compiler emit
to the glue for every direct call, and the Darwin linker decides
whether to use or discard it.
In the future, GCC may ignore all longcall specifications when the
linker is known to generate glue.
'-mtls-markers'
'-mno-tls-markers'
Mark (do not mark) calls to '__tls_get_addr' with a relocation
specifying the function argument. The relocation allows the linker
to reliably associate function call with argument setup
instructions for TLS optimization, which in turn allows GCC to
better schedule the sequence.
'-mrecip'
'-mno-recip'
This option enables use of the reciprocal estimate and reciprocal
square root estimate instructions with additional Newton-Raphson
steps to increase precision instead of doing a divide or square
root and divide for floating-point arguments. You should use the
'-ffast-math' option when using '-mrecip' (or at least
'-funsafe-math-optimizations', '-ffinite-math-only',
'-freciprocal-math' and '-fno-trapping-math'). Note that while the
throughput of the sequence is generally higher than the throughput
of the non-reciprocal instruction, the precision of the sequence
can be decreased by up to 2 ulp (i.e. the inverse of 1.0 equals
0.99999994) for reciprocal square roots.
'-mrecip=OPT'
This option controls which reciprocal estimate instructions may be
used. OPT is a comma-separated list of options, which may be
preceded by a '!' to invert the option:
'all'
Enable all estimate instructions.
'default'
Enable the default instructions, equivalent to '-mrecip'.
'none'
Disable all estimate instructions, equivalent to '-mno-recip'.
'div'
Enable the reciprocal approximation instructions for both
single and double precision.
'divf'
Enable the single-precision reciprocal approximation
instructions.
'divd'
Enable the double-precision reciprocal approximation
instructions.
'rsqrt'
Enable the reciprocal square root approximation instructions
for both single and double precision.
'rsqrtf'
Enable the single-precision reciprocal square root
approximation instructions.
'rsqrtd'
Enable the double-precision reciprocal square root
approximation instructions.
So, for example, '-mrecip=all,!rsqrtd' enables all of the
reciprocal estimate instructions, except for the 'FRSQRTE',
'XSRSQRTEDP', and 'XVRSQRTEDP' instructions which handle the
double-precision reciprocal square root calculations.
'-mrecip-precision'
'-mno-recip-precision'
Assume (do not assume) that the reciprocal estimate instructions
provide higher-precision estimates than is mandated by the PowerPC
ABI. Selecting '-mcpu=power6', '-mcpu=power7' or '-mcpu=power8'
automatically selects '-mrecip-precision'. The double-precision
square root estimate instructions are not generated by default on
low-precision machines, since they do not provide an estimate that
converges after three steps.
'-mveclibabi=TYPE'
Specifies the ABI type to use for vectorizing intrinsics using an
external library. The only type supported at present is 'mass',
which specifies to use IBM's Mathematical Acceleration Subsystem
(MASS) libraries for vectorizing intrinsics using external
libraries. GCC currently emits calls to 'acosd2', 'acosf4',
'acoshd2', 'acoshf4', 'asind2', 'asinf4', 'asinhd2', 'asinhf4',
'atan2d2', 'atan2f4', 'atand2', 'atanf4', 'atanhd2', 'atanhf4',
'cbrtd2', 'cbrtf4', 'cosd2', 'cosf4', 'coshd2', 'coshf4', 'erfcd2',
'erfcf4', 'erfd2', 'erff4', 'exp2d2', 'exp2f4', 'expd2', 'expf4',
'expm1d2', 'expm1f4', 'hypotd2', 'hypotf4', 'lgammad2', 'lgammaf4',
'log10d2', 'log10f4', 'log1pd2', 'log1pf4', 'log2d2', 'log2f4',
'logd2', 'logf4', 'powd2', 'powf4', 'sind2', 'sinf4', 'sinhd2',
'sinhf4', 'sqrtd2', 'sqrtf4', 'tand2', 'tanf4', 'tanhd2', and
'tanhf4' when generating code for power7. Both '-ftree-vectorize'
and '-funsafe-math-optimizations' must also be enabled. The MASS
libraries must be specified at link time.
'-mfriz'
'-mno-friz'
Generate (do not generate) the 'friz' instruction when the
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' option is used to optimize rounding
of floating-point values to 64-bit integer and back to floating
point. The 'friz' instruction does not return the same value if
the floating-point number is too large to fit in an integer.
'-mpointers-to-nested-functions'
'-mno-pointers-to-nested-functions'
Generate (do not generate) code to load up the static chain
register ('r11') when calling through a pointer on AIX and 64-bit
Linux systems where a function pointer points to a 3-word
descriptor giving the function address, TOC value to be loaded in
register 'r2', and static chain value to be loaded in register
'r11'. The '-mpointers-to-nested-functions' is on by default. You
cannot call through pointers to nested functions or pointers to
functions compiled in other languages that use the static chain if
you use '-mno-pointers-to-nested-functions'.
'-msave-toc-indirect'
'-mno-save-toc-indirect'
Generate (do not generate) code to save the TOC value in the
reserved stack location in the function prologue if the function
calls through a pointer on AIX and 64-bit Linux systems. If the
TOC value is not saved in the prologue, it is saved just before the
call through the pointer. The '-mno-save-toc-indirect' option is
the default.
'-mcompat-align-parm'
'-mno-compat-align-parm'
Generate (do not generate) code to pass structure parameters with a
maximum alignment of 64 bits, for compatibility with older versions
of GCC.
Older versions of GCC (prior to 4.9.0) incorrectly did not align a
structure parameter on a 128-bit boundary when that structure
contained a member requiring 128-bit alignment. This is corrected
in more recent versions of GCC. This option may be used to generate
code that is compatible with functions compiled with older versions
of GCC.
The '-mno-compat-align-parm' option is the default.
'-mstack-protector-guard=GUARD'
'-mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG'
'-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET'
'-mstack-protector-guard-symbol=SYMBOL'
Generate stack protection code using canary at GUARD. Supported
locations are 'global' for global canary or 'tls' for per-thread
canary in the TLS block (the default with GNU libc version 2.4 or
later).
With the latter choice the options
'-mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG' and
'-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET' furthermore specify which
register to use as base register for reading the canary, and from
what offset from that base register. The default for those is as
specified in the relevant ABI.
'-mstack-protector-guard-symbol=SYMBOL' overrides the offset with a
symbol reference to a canary in the TLS block.
File: gcc.info, Node: RX Options, Next: S/390 and zSeries Options, Prev: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.41 RX Options
------------------
These command-line options are defined for RX targets:
'-m64bit-doubles'
'-m32bit-doubles'
Make the 'double' data type be 64 bits ('-m64bit-doubles') or 32
bits ('-m32bit-doubles') in size. The default is
'-m32bit-doubles'. _Note_ RX floating-point hardware only works on
32-bit values, which is why the default is '-m32bit-doubles'.
'-fpu'
'-nofpu'
Enables ('-fpu') or disables ('-nofpu') the use of RX
floating-point hardware. The default is enabled for the RX600
series and disabled for the RX200 series.
Floating-point instructions are only generated for 32-bit
floating-point values, however, so the FPU hardware is not used for
doubles if the '-m64bit-doubles' option is used.
_Note_ If the '-fpu' option is enabled then
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' is also enabled automatically. This
is because the RX FPU instructions are themselves unsafe.
'-mcpu=NAME'
Selects the type of RX CPU to be targeted. Currently three types
are supported, the generic 'RX600' and 'RX200' series hardware and
the specific 'RX610' CPU. The default is 'RX600'.
The only difference between 'RX600' and 'RX610' is that the 'RX610'
does not support the 'MVTIPL' instruction.
The 'RX200' series does not have a hardware floating-point unit and
so '-nofpu' is enabled by default when this type is selected.
'-mbig-endian-data'
'-mlittle-endian-data'
Store data (but not code) in the big-endian format. The default is
'-mlittle-endian-data', i.e. to store data in the little-endian
format.
'-msmall-data-limit=N'
Specifies the maximum size in bytes of global and static variables
which can be placed into the small data area. Using the small data
area can lead to smaller and faster code, but the size of area is
limited and it is up to the programmer to ensure that the area does
not overflow. Also when the small data area is used one of the
RX's registers (usually 'r13') is reserved for use pointing to this
area, so it is no longer available for use by the compiler. This
could result in slower and/or larger code if variables are pushed
onto the stack instead of being held in this register.
Note, common variables (variables that have not been initialized)
and constants are not placed into the small data area as they are
assigned to other sections in the output executable.
The default value is zero, which disables this feature. Note, this
feature is not enabled by default with higher optimization levels
('-O2' etc) because of the potentially detrimental effects of
reserving a register. It is up to the programmer to experiment and
discover whether this feature is of benefit to their program. See
the description of the '-mpid' option for a description of how the
actual register to hold the small data area pointer is chosen.
'-msim'
'-mno-sim'
Use the simulator runtime. The default is to use the libgloss
board-specific runtime.
'-mas100-syntax'
'-mno-as100-syntax'
When generating assembler output use a syntax that is compatible
with Renesas's AS100 assembler. This syntax can also be handled by
the GAS assembler, but it has some restrictions so it is not
generated by default.
'-mmax-constant-size=N'
Specifies the maximum size, in bytes, of a constant that can be
used as an operand in a RX instruction. Although the RX
instruction set does allow constants of up to 4 bytes in length to
be used in instructions, a longer value equates to a longer
instruction. Thus in some circumstances it can be beneficial to
restrict the size of constants that are used in instructions.
Constants that are too big are instead placed into a constant pool
and referenced via register indirection.
The value N can be between 0 and 4. A value of 0 (the default) or
4 means that constants of any size are allowed.
'-mrelax'
Enable linker relaxation. Linker relaxation is a process whereby
the linker attempts to reduce the size of a program by finding
shorter versions of various instructions. Disabled by default.
'-mint-register=N'
Specify the number of registers to reserve for fast interrupt
handler functions. The value N can be between 0 and 4. A value of
1 means that register 'r13' is reserved for the exclusive use of
fast interrupt handlers. A value of 2 reserves 'r13' and 'r12'. A
value of 3 reserves 'r13', 'r12' and 'r11', and a value of 4
reserves 'r13' through 'r10'. A value of 0, the default, does not
reserve any registers.
'-msave-acc-in-interrupts'
Specifies that interrupt handler functions should preserve the
accumulator register. This is only necessary if normal code might
use the accumulator register, for example because it performs
64-bit multiplications. The default is to ignore the accumulator
as this makes the interrupt handlers faster.
'-mpid'
'-mno-pid'
Enables the generation of position independent data. When enabled
any access to constant data is done via an offset from a base
address held in a register. This allows the location of constant
data to be determined at run time without requiring the executable
to be relocated, which is a benefit to embedded applications with
tight memory constraints. Data that can be modified is not
affected by this option.
Note, using this feature reserves a register, usually 'r13', for
the constant data base address. This can result in slower and/or
larger code, especially in complicated functions.
The actual register chosen to hold the constant data base address
depends upon whether the '-msmall-data-limit' and/or the
'-mint-register' command-line options are enabled. Starting with
register 'r13' and proceeding downwards, registers are allocated
first to satisfy the requirements of '-mint-register', then '-mpid'
and finally '-msmall-data-limit'. Thus it is possible for the
small data area register to be 'r8' if both '-mint-register=4' and
'-mpid' are specified on the command line.
By default this feature is not enabled. The default can be
restored via the '-mno-pid' command-line option.
'-mno-warn-multiple-fast-interrupts'
'-mwarn-multiple-fast-interrupts'
Prevents GCC from issuing a warning message if it finds more than
one fast interrupt handler when it is compiling a file. The
default is to issue a warning for each extra fast interrupt handler
found, as the RX only supports one such interrupt.
'-mallow-string-insns'
'-mno-allow-string-insns'
Enables or disables the use of the string manipulation instructions
'SMOVF', 'SCMPU', 'SMOVB', 'SMOVU', 'SUNTIL' 'SWHILE' and also the
'RMPA' instruction. These instructions may prefetch data, which is
not safe to do if accessing an I/O register. (See section 12.2.7
of the RX62N Group User's Manual for more information).
The default is to allow these instructions, but it is not possible
for GCC to reliably detect all circumstances where a string
instruction might be used to access an I/O register, so their use
cannot be disabled automatically. Instead it is reliant upon the
programmer to use the '-mno-allow-string-insns' option if their
program accesses I/O space.
When the instructions are enabled GCC defines the C preprocessor
symbol '__RX_ALLOW_STRING_INSNS__', otherwise it defines the symbol
'__RX_DISALLOW_STRING_INSNS__'.
'-mjsr'
'-mno-jsr'
Use only (or not only) 'JSR' instructions to access functions.
This option can be used when code size exceeds the range of 'BSR'
instructions. Note that '-mno-jsr' does not mean to not use 'JSR'
but instead means that any type of branch may be used.
_Note:_ The generic GCC command-line option '-ffixed-REG' has special
significance to the RX port when used with the 'interrupt' function
attribute. This attribute indicates a function intended to process fast
interrupts. GCC ensures that it only uses the registers 'r10', 'r11',
'r12' and/or 'r13' and only provided that the normal use of the
corresponding registers have been restricted via the '-ffixed-REG' or
'-mint-register' command-line options.
File: gcc.info, Node: S/390 and zSeries Options, Next: Score Options, Prev: RX Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.42 S/390 and zSeries Options
---------------------------------
These are the '-m' options defined for the S/390 and zSeries
architecture.
'-mhard-float'
'-msoft-float'
Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions and
registers for floating-point operations. When '-msoft-float' is
specified, functions in 'libgcc.a' are used to perform
floating-point operations. When '-mhard-float' is specified, the
compiler generates IEEE floating-point instructions. This is the
default.
'-mhard-dfp'
'-mno-hard-dfp'
Use (do not use) the hardware decimal-floating-point instructions
for decimal-floating-point operations. When '-mno-hard-dfp' is
specified, functions in 'libgcc.a' are used to perform
decimal-floating-point operations. When '-mhard-dfp' is specified,
the compiler generates decimal-floating-point hardware
instructions. This is the default for '-march=z9-ec' or higher.
'-mlong-double-64'
'-mlong-double-128'
These switches control the size of 'long double' type. A size of
64 bits makes the 'long double' type equivalent to the 'double'
type. This is the default.
'-mbackchain'
'-mno-backchain'
Store (do not store) the address of the caller's frame as backchain
pointer into the callee's stack frame. A backchain may be needed
to allow debugging using tools that do not understand DWARF call
frame information. When '-mno-packed-stack' is in effect, the
backchain pointer is stored at the bottom of the stack frame; when
'-mpacked-stack' is in effect, the backchain is placed into the
topmost word of the 96/160 byte register save area.
In general, code compiled with '-mbackchain' is call-compatible
with code compiled with '-mmo-backchain'; however, use of the
backchain for debugging purposes usually requires that the whole
binary is built with '-mbackchain'. Note that the combination of
'-mbackchain', '-mpacked-stack' and '-mhard-float' is not
supported. In order to build a linux kernel use '-msoft-float'.
The default is to not maintain the backchain.
'-mpacked-stack'
'-mno-packed-stack'
Use (do not use) the packed stack layout. When '-mno-packed-stack'
is specified, the compiler uses the all fields of the 96/160 byte
register save area only for their default purpose; unused fields
still take up stack space. When '-mpacked-stack' is specified,
register save slots are densely packed at the top of the register
save area; unused space is reused for other purposes, allowing for
more efficient use of the available stack space. However, when
'-mbackchain' is also in effect, the topmost word of the save area
is always used to store the backchain, and the return address
register is always saved two words below the backchain.
As long as the stack frame backchain is not used, code generated
with '-mpacked-stack' is call-compatible with code generated with
'-mno-packed-stack'. Note that some non-FSF releases of GCC 2.95
for S/390 or zSeries generated code that uses the stack frame
backchain at run time, not just for debugging purposes. Such code
is not call-compatible with code compiled with '-mpacked-stack'.
Also, note that the combination of '-mbackchain', '-mpacked-stack'
and '-mhard-float' is not supported. In order to build a linux
kernel use '-msoft-float'.
The default is to not use the packed stack layout.
'-msmall-exec'
'-mno-small-exec'
Generate (or do not generate) code using the 'bras' instruction to
do subroutine calls. This only works reliably if the total
executable size does not exceed 64k. The default is to use the
'basr' instruction instead, which does not have this limitation.
'-m64'
'-m31'
When '-m31' is specified, generate code compliant to the GNU/Linux
for S/390 ABI. When '-m64' is specified, generate code compliant
to the GNU/Linux for zSeries ABI. This allows GCC in particular to
generate 64-bit instructions. For the 's390' targets, the default
is '-m31', while the 's390x' targets default to '-m64'.
'-mzarch'
'-mesa'
When '-mzarch' is specified, generate code using the instructions
available on z/Architecture. When '-mesa' is specified, generate
code using the instructions available on ESA/390. Note that
'-mesa' is not possible with '-m64'. When generating code
compliant to the GNU/Linux for S/390 ABI, the default is '-mesa'.
When generating code compliant to the GNU/Linux for zSeries ABI,
the default is '-mzarch'.
'-mhtm'
'-mno-htm'
The '-mhtm' option enables a set of builtins making use of
instructions available with the transactional execution facility
introduced with the IBM zEnterprise EC12 machine generation *note
S/390 System z Built-in Functions::. '-mhtm' is enabled by default
when using '-march=zEC12'.
'-mvx'
'-mno-vx'
When '-mvx' is specified, generate code using the instructions
available with the vector extension facility introduced with the
IBM z13 machine generation. This option changes the ABI for some
vector type values with regard to alignment and calling
conventions. In case vector type values are being used in an
ABI-relevant context a GAS '.gnu_attribute' command will be added
to mark the resulting binary with the ABI used. '-mvx' is enabled
by default when using '-march=z13'.
'-mzvector'
'-mno-zvector'
The '-mzvector' option enables vector language extensions and
builtins using instructions available with the vector extension
facility introduced with the IBM z13 machine generation. This
option adds support for 'vector' to be used as a keyword to define
vector type variables and arguments. 'vector' is only available
when GNU extensions are enabled. It will not be expanded when
requesting strict standard compliance e.g. with '-std=c99'. In
addition to the GCC low-level builtins '-mzvector' enables a set of
builtins added for compatibility with AltiVec-style implementations
like Power and Cell. In order to make use of these builtins the
header file 'vecintrin.h' needs to be included. '-mzvector' is
disabled by default.
'-mmvcle'
'-mno-mvcle'
Generate (or do not generate) code using the 'mvcle' instruction to
perform block moves. When '-mno-mvcle' is specified, use a 'mvc'
loop instead. This is the default unless optimizing for size.
'-mdebug'
'-mno-debug'
Print (or do not print) additional debug information when
compiling. The default is to not print debug information.
'-march=CPU-TYPE'
Generate code that runs on CPU-TYPE, which is the name of a system
representing a certain processor type. Possible values for
CPU-TYPE are 'z900'/'arch5', 'z990'/'arch6', 'z9-109',
'z9-ec'/'arch7', 'z10'/'arch8', 'z196'/'arch9', 'zEC12',
'z13'/'arch11', 'z14'/'arch12', and 'native'.
The default is '-march=z900'. 'g5'/'arch3' and 'g6' are deprecated
and will be removed with future releases.
Specifying 'native' as cpu type can be used to select the best
architecture option for the host processor. '-march=native' has no
effect if GCC does not recognize the processor.
'-mtune=CPU-TYPE'
Tune to CPU-TYPE everything applicable about the generated code,
except for the ABI and the set of available instructions. The list
of CPU-TYPE values is the same as for '-march'. The default is the
value used for '-march'.
'-mtpf-trace'
'-mno-tpf-trace'
Generate code that adds (does not add) in TPF OS specific branches
to trace routines in the operating system. This option is off by
default, even when compiling for the TPF OS.
'-mfused-madd'
'-mno-fused-madd'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point multiply
and accumulate instructions. These instructions are generated by
default if hardware floating point is used.
'-mwarn-framesize=FRAMESIZE'
Emit a warning if the current function exceeds the given frame
size. Because this is a compile-time check it doesn't need to be a
real problem when the program runs. It is intended to identify
functions that most probably cause a stack overflow. It is useful
to be used in an environment with limited stack size e.g. the linux
kernel.
'-mwarn-dynamicstack'
Emit a warning if the function calls 'alloca' or uses
dynamically-sized arrays. This is generally a bad idea with a
limited stack size.
'-mstack-guard=STACK-GUARD'
'-mstack-size=STACK-SIZE'
If these options are provided the S/390 back end emits additional
instructions in the function prologue that trigger a trap if the
stack size is STACK-GUARD bytes above the STACK-SIZE (remember that
the stack on S/390 grows downward). If the STACK-GUARD option is
omitted the smallest power of 2 larger than the frame size of the
compiled function is chosen. These options are intended to be used
to help debugging stack overflow problems. The additionally
emitted code causes only little overhead and hence can also be used
in production-like systems without greater performance degradation.
The given values have to be exact powers of 2 and STACK-SIZE has to
be greater than STACK-GUARD without exceeding 64k. In order to be
efficient the extra code makes the assumption that the stack starts
at an address aligned to the value given by STACK-SIZE. The
STACK-GUARD option can only be used in conjunction with STACK-SIZE.
'-mhotpatch=PRE-HALFWORDS,POST-HALFWORDS'
If the hotpatch option is enabled, a "hot-patching" function
prologue is generated for all functions in the compilation unit.
The funtion label is prepended with the given number of two-byte
NOP instructions (PRE-HALFWORDS, maximum 1000000). After the
label, 2 * POST-HALFWORDS bytes are appended, using the largest NOP
like instructions the architecture allows (maximum 1000000).
If both arguments are zero, hotpatching is disabled.
This option can be overridden for individual functions with the
'hotpatch' attribute.
File: gcc.info, Node: Score Options, Next: SH Options, Prev: S/390 and zSeries Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.43 Score Options
---------------------
These options are defined for Score implementations:
'-meb'
Compile code for big-endian mode. This is the default.
'-mel'
Compile code for little-endian mode.
'-mnhwloop'
Disable generation of 'bcnz' instructions.
'-muls'
Enable generation of unaligned load and store instructions.
'-mmac'
Enable the use of multiply-accumulate instructions. Disabled by
default.
'-mscore5'
Specify the SCORE5 as the target architecture.
'-mscore5u'
Specify the SCORE5U of the target architecture.
'-mscore7'
Specify the SCORE7 as the target architecture. This is the
default.
'-mscore7d'
Specify the SCORE7D as the target architecture.
File: gcc.info, Node: SH Options, Next: Solaris 2 Options, Prev: Score Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.44 SH Options
------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the SH implementations:
'-m1'
Generate code for the SH1.
'-m2'
Generate code for the SH2.
'-m2e'
Generate code for the SH2e.
'-m2a-nofpu'
Generate code for the SH2a without FPU, or for a SH2a-FPU in such a
way that the floating-point unit is not used.
'-m2a-single-only'
Generate code for the SH2a-FPU, in such a way that no
double-precision floating-point operations are used.
'-m2a-single'
Generate code for the SH2a-FPU assuming the floating-point unit is
in single-precision mode by default.
'-m2a'
Generate code for the SH2a-FPU assuming the floating-point unit is
in double-precision mode by default.
'-m3'
Generate code for the SH3.
'-m3e'
Generate code for the SH3e.
'-m4-nofpu'
Generate code for the SH4 without a floating-point unit.
'-m4-single-only'
Generate code for the SH4 with a floating-point unit that only
supports single-precision arithmetic.
'-m4-single'
Generate code for the SH4 assuming the floating-point unit is in
single-precision mode by default.
'-m4'
Generate code for the SH4.
'-m4-100'
Generate code for SH4-100.
'-m4-100-nofpu'
Generate code for SH4-100 in such a way that the floating-point
unit is not used.
'-m4-100-single'
Generate code for SH4-100 assuming the floating-point unit is in
single-precision mode by default.
'-m4-100-single-only'
Generate code for SH4-100 in such a way that no double-precision
floating-point operations are used.
'-m4-200'
Generate code for SH4-200.
'-m4-200-nofpu'
Generate code for SH4-200 without in such a way that the
floating-point unit is not used.
'-m4-200-single'
Generate code for SH4-200 assuming the floating-point unit is in
single-precision mode by default.
'-m4-200-single-only'
Generate code for SH4-200 in such a way that no double-precision
floating-point operations are used.
'-m4-300'
Generate code for SH4-300.
'-m4-300-nofpu'
Generate code for SH4-300 without in such a way that the
floating-point unit is not used.
'-m4-300-single'
Generate code for SH4-300 in such a way that no double-precision
floating-point operations are used.
'-m4-300-single-only'
Generate code for SH4-300 in such a way that no double-precision
floating-point operations are used.
'-m4-340'
Generate code for SH4-340 (no MMU, no FPU).
'-m4-500'
Generate code for SH4-500 (no FPU). Passes '-isa=sh4-nofpu' to the
assembler.
'-m4a-nofpu'
Generate code for the SH4al-dsp, or for a SH4a in such a way that
the floating-point unit is not used.
'-m4a-single-only'
Generate code for the SH4a, in such a way that no double-precision
floating-point operations are used.
'-m4a-single'
Generate code for the SH4a assuming the floating-point unit is in
single-precision mode by default.
'-m4a'
Generate code for the SH4a.
'-m4al'
Same as '-m4a-nofpu', except that it implicitly passes '-dsp' to
the assembler. GCC doesn't generate any DSP instructions at the
moment.
'-mb'
Compile code for the processor in big-endian mode.
'-ml'
Compile code for the processor in little-endian mode.
'-mdalign'
Align doubles at 64-bit boundaries. Note that this changes the
calling conventions, and thus some functions from the standard C
library do not work unless you recompile it first with '-mdalign'.
'-mrelax'
Shorten some address references at link time, when possible; uses
the linker option '-relax'.
'-mbigtable'
Use 32-bit offsets in 'switch' tables. The default is to use
16-bit offsets.
'-mbitops'
Enable the use of bit manipulation instructions on SH2A.
'-mfmovd'
Enable the use of the instruction 'fmovd'. Check '-mdalign' for
alignment constraints.
'-mrenesas'
Comply with the calling conventions defined by Renesas.
'-mno-renesas'
Comply with the calling conventions defined for GCC before the
Renesas conventions were available. This option is the default for
all targets of the SH toolchain.
'-mnomacsave'
Mark the 'MAC' register as call-clobbered, even if '-mrenesas' is
given.
'-mieee'
'-mno-ieee'
Control the IEEE compliance of floating-point comparisons, which
affects the handling of cases where the result of a comparison is
unordered. By default '-mieee' is implicitly enabled. If
'-ffinite-math-only' is enabled '-mno-ieee' is implicitly set,
which results in faster floating-point greater-equal and less-equal
comparisons. The implicit settings can be overridden by specifying
either '-mieee' or '-mno-ieee'.
'-minline-ic_invalidate'
Inline code to invalidate instruction cache entries after setting
up nested function trampolines. This option has no effect if
'-musermode' is in effect and the selected code generation option
(e.g. '-m4') does not allow the use of the 'icbi' instruction. If
the selected code generation option does not allow the use of the
'icbi' instruction, and '-musermode' is not in effect, the inlined
code manipulates the instruction cache address array directly with
an associative write. This not only requires privileged mode at
run time, but it also fails if the cache line had been mapped via
the TLB and has become unmapped.
'-misize'
Dump instruction size and location in the assembly code.
'-mpadstruct'
This option is deprecated. It pads structures to multiple of 4
bytes, which is incompatible with the SH ABI.
'-matomic-model=MODEL'
Sets the model of atomic operations and additional parameters as a
comma separated list. For details on the atomic built-in functions
see *note __atomic Builtins::. The following models and parameters
are supported:
'none'
Disable compiler generated atomic sequences and emit library
calls for atomic operations. This is the default if the
target is not 'sh*-*-linux*'.
'soft-gusa'
Generate GNU/Linux compatible gUSA software atomic sequences
for the atomic built-in functions. The generated atomic
sequences require additional support from the
interrupt/exception handling code of the system and are only
suitable for SH3* and SH4* single-core systems. This option
is enabled by default when the target is 'sh*-*-linux*' and
SH3* or SH4*. When the target is SH4A, this option also
partially utilizes the hardware atomic instructions 'movli.l'
and 'movco.l' to create more efficient code, unless 'strict'
is specified.
'soft-tcb'
Generate software atomic sequences that use a variable in the
thread control block. This is a variation of the gUSA
sequences which can also be used on SH1* and SH2* targets.
The generated atomic sequences require additional support from
the interrupt/exception handling code of the system and are
only suitable for single-core systems. When using this model,
the 'gbr-offset=' parameter has to be specified as well.
'soft-imask'
Generate software atomic sequences that temporarily disable
interrupts by setting 'SR.IMASK = 1111'. This model works
only when the program runs in privileged mode and is only
suitable for single-core systems. Additional support from the
interrupt/exception handling code of the system is not
required. This model is enabled by default when the target is
'sh*-*-linux*' and SH1* or SH2*.
'hard-llcs'
Generate hardware atomic sequences using the 'movli.l' and
'movco.l' instructions only. This is only available on SH4A
and is suitable for multi-core systems. Since the hardware
instructions support only 32 bit atomic variables access to 8
or 16 bit variables is emulated with 32 bit accesses. Code
compiled with this option is also compatible with other
software atomic model interrupt/exception handling systems if
executed on an SH4A system. Additional support from the
interrupt/exception handling code of the system is not
required for this model.
'gbr-offset='
This parameter specifies the offset in bytes of the variable
in the thread control block structure that should be used by
the generated atomic sequences when the 'soft-tcb' model has
been selected. For other models this parameter is ignored.
The specified value must be an integer multiple of four and in
the range 0-1020.
'strict'
This parameter prevents mixed usage of multiple atomic models,
even if they are compatible, and makes the compiler generate
atomic sequences of the specified model only.
'-mtas'
Generate the 'tas.b' opcode for '__atomic_test_and_set'. Notice
that depending on the particular hardware and software
configuration this can degrade overall performance due to the
operand cache line flushes that are implied by the 'tas.b'
instruction. On multi-core SH4A processors the 'tas.b' instruction
must be used with caution since it can result in data corruption
for certain cache configurations.
'-mprefergot'
When generating position-independent code, emit function calls
using the Global Offset Table instead of the Procedure Linkage
Table.
'-musermode'
'-mno-usermode'
Don't allow (allow) the compiler generating privileged mode code.
Specifying '-musermode' also implies '-mno-inline-ic_invalidate' if
the inlined code would not work in user mode. '-musermode' is the
default when the target is 'sh*-*-linux*'. If the target is SH1*
or SH2* '-musermode' has no effect, since there is no user mode.
'-multcost=NUMBER'
Set the cost to assume for a multiply insn.
'-mdiv=STRATEGY'
Set the division strategy to be used for integer division
operations. STRATEGY can be one of:
'call-div1'
Calls a library function that uses the single-step division
instruction 'div1' to perform the operation. Division by zero
calculates an unspecified result and does not trap. This is
the default except for SH4, SH2A and SHcompact.
'call-fp'
Calls a library function that performs the operation in double
precision floating point. Division by zero causes a
floating-point exception. This is the default for SHcompact
with FPU. Specifying this for targets that do not have a
double precision FPU defaults to 'call-div1'.
'call-table'
Calls a library function that uses a lookup table for small
divisors and the 'div1' instruction with case distinction for
larger divisors. Division by zero calculates an unspecified
result and does not trap. This is the default for SH4.
Specifying this for targets that do not have dynamic shift
instructions defaults to 'call-div1'.
When a division strategy has not been specified the default
strategy is selected based on the current target. For SH2A the
default strategy is to use the 'divs' and 'divu' instructions
instead of library function calls.
'-maccumulate-outgoing-args'
Reserve space once for outgoing arguments in the function prologue
rather than around each call. Generally beneficial for performance
and size. Also needed for unwinding to avoid changing the stack
frame around conditional code.
'-mdivsi3_libfunc=NAME'
Set the name of the library function used for 32-bit signed
division to NAME. This only affects the name used in the 'call'
division strategies, and the compiler still expects the same sets
of input/output/clobbered registers as if this option were not
present.
'-mfixed-range=REGISTER-RANGE'
Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
A fixed register is one that the register allocator can not use.
This is useful when compiling kernel code. A register range is
specified as two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register
ranges can be specified separated by a comma.
'-mbranch-cost=NUM'
Assume NUM to be the cost for a branch instruction. Higher numbers
make the compiler try to generate more branch-free code if
possible. If not specified the value is selected depending on the
processor type that is being compiled for.
'-mzdcbranch'
'-mno-zdcbranch'
Assume (do not assume) that zero displacement conditional branch
instructions 'bt' and 'bf' are fast. If '-mzdcbranch' is
specified, the compiler prefers zero displacement branch code
sequences. This is enabled by default when generating code for SH4
and SH4A. It can be explicitly disabled by specifying
'-mno-zdcbranch'.
'-mcbranch-force-delay-slot'
Force the usage of delay slots for conditional branches, which
stuffs the delay slot with a 'nop' if a suitable instruction cannot
be found. By default this option is disabled. It can be enabled
to work around hardware bugs as found in the original SH7055.
'-mfused-madd'
'-mno-fused-madd'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point multiply
and accumulate instructions. These instructions are generated by
default if hardware floating point is used. The machine-dependent
'-mfused-madd' option is now mapped to the machine-independent
'-ffp-contract=fast' option, and '-mno-fused-madd' is mapped to
'-ffp-contract=off'.
'-mfsca'
'-mno-fsca'
Allow or disallow the compiler to emit the 'fsca' instruction for
sine and cosine approximations. The option '-mfsca' must be used
in combination with '-funsafe-math-optimizations'. It is enabled
by default when generating code for SH4A. Using '-mno-fsca'
disables sine and cosine approximations even if
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' is in effect.
'-mfsrra'
'-mno-fsrra'
Allow or disallow the compiler to emit the 'fsrra' instruction for
reciprocal square root approximations. The option '-mfsrra' must
be used in combination with '-funsafe-math-optimizations' and
'-ffinite-math-only'. It is enabled by default when generating
code for SH4A. Using '-mno-fsrra' disables reciprocal square root
approximations even if '-funsafe-math-optimizations' and
'-ffinite-math-only' are in effect.
'-mpretend-cmove'
Prefer zero-displacement conditional branches for conditional move
instruction patterns. This can result in faster code on the SH4
processor.
'-mfdpic'
Generate code using the FDPIC ABI.
File: gcc.info, Node: Solaris 2 Options, Next: SPARC Options, Prev: SH Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.45 Solaris 2 Options
-------------------------
These '-m' options are supported on Solaris 2:
'-mclear-hwcap'
'-mclear-hwcap' tells the compiler to remove the hardware
capabilities generated by the Solaris assembler. This is only
necessary when object files use ISA extensions not supported by the
current machine, but check at runtime whether or not to use them.
'-mimpure-text'
'-mimpure-text', used in addition to '-shared', tells the compiler
to not pass '-z text' to the linker when linking a shared object.
Using this option, you can link position-dependent code into a
shared object.
'-mimpure-text' suppresses the "relocations remain against
allocatable but non-writable sections" linker error message.
However, the necessary relocations trigger copy-on-write, and the
shared object is not actually shared across processes. Instead of
using '-mimpure-text', you should compile all source code with
'-fpic' or '-fPIC'.
These switches are supported in addition to the above on Solaris 2:
'-pthreads'
This is a synonym for '-pthread'.
File: gcc.info, Node: SPARC Options, Next: SPU Options, Prev: Solaris 2 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.46 SPARC Options
---------------------
These '-m' options are supported on the SPARC:
'-mno-app-regs'
'-mapp-regs'
Specify '-mapp-regs' to generate output using the global registers
2 through 4, which the SPARC SVR4 ABI reserves for applications.
Like the global register 1, each global register 2 through 4 is
then treated as an allocable register that is clobbered by function
calls. This is the default.
To be fully SVR4 ABI-compliant at the cost of some performance
loss, specify '-mno-app-regs'. You should compile libraries and
system software with this option.
'-mflat'
'-mno-flat'
With '-mflat', the compiler does not generate save/restore
instructions and uses a "flat" or single register window model.
This model is compatible with the regular register window model.
The local registers and the input registers (0-5) are still treated
as "call-saved" registers and are saved on the stack as needed.
With '-mno-flat' (the default), the compiler generates save/restore
instructions (except for leaf functions). This is the normal
operating mode.
'-mfpu'
'-mhard-float'
Generate output containing floating-point instructions. This is
the default.
'-mno-fpu'
'-msoft-float'
Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
*Warning:* the requisite libraries are not available for all SPARC
targets. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler
are used, but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.
You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library
functions for cross-compilation. The embedded targets
'sparc-*-aout' and 'sparclite-*-*' do provide software
floating-point support.
'-msoft-float' changes the calling convention in the output file;
therefore, it is only useful if you compile _all_ of a program with
this option. In particular, you need to compile 'libgcc.a', the
library that comes with GCC, with '-msoft-float' in order for this
to work.
'-mhard-quad-float'
Generate output containing quad-word (long double) floating-point
instructions.
'-msoft-quad-float'
Generate output containing library calls for quad-word (long
double) floating-point instructions. The functions called are
those specified in the SPARC ABI. This is the default.
As of this writing, there are no SPARC implementations that have
hardware support for the quad-word floating-point instructions.
They all invoke a trap handler for one of these instructions, and
then the trap handler emulates the effect of the instruction.
Because of the trap handler overhead, this is much slower than
calling the ABI library routines. Thus the '-msoft-quad-float'
option is the default.
'-mno-unaligned-doubles'
'-munaligned-doubles'
Assume that doubles have 8-byte alignment. This is the default.
With '-munaligned-doubles', GCC assumes that doubles have 8-byte
alignment only if they are contained in another type, or if they
have an absolute address. Otherwise, it assumes they have 4-byte
alignment. Specifying this option avoids some rare compatibility
problems with code generated by other compilers. It is not the
default because it results in a performance loss, especially for
floating-point code.
'-muser-mode'
'-mno-user-mode'
Do not generate code that can only run in supervisor mode. This is
relevant only for the 'casa' instruction emitted for the LEON3
processor. This is the default.
'-mfaster-structs'
'-mno-faster-structs'
With '-mfaster-structs', the compiler assumes that structures
should have 8-byte alignment. This enables the use of pairs of
'ldd' and 'std' instructions for copies in structure assignment, in
place of twice as many 'ld' and 'st' pairs. However, the use of
this changed alignment directly violates the SPARC ABI. Thus, it's
intended only for use on targets where the developer acknowledges
that their resulting code is not directly in line with the rules of
the ABI.
'-mstd-struct-return'
'-mno-std-struct-return'
With '-mstd-struct-return', the compiler generates checking code in
functions returning structures or unions to detect size mismatches
between the two sides of function calls, as per the 32-bit ABI.
The default is '-mno-std-struct-return'. This option has no effect
in 64-bit mode.
'-mlra'
'-mno-lra'
Enable Local Register Allocation. This is the default for SPARC
since GCC 7 so '-mno-lra' needs to be passed to get old Reload.
'-mcpu=CPU_TYPE'
Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
parameters for machine type CPU_TYPE. Supported values for
CPU_TYPE are 'v7', 'cypress', 'v8', 'supersparc', 'hypersparc',
'leon', 'leon3', 'leon3v7', 'sparclite', 'f930', 'f934',
'sparclite86x', 'sparclet', 'tsc701', 'v9', 'ultrasparc',
'ultrasparc3', 'niagara', 'niagara2', 'niagara3', 'niagara4',
'niagara7' and 'm8'.
Native Solaris and GNU/Linux toolchains also support the value
'native', which selects the best architecture option for the host
processor. '-mcpu=native' has no effect if GCC does not recognize
the processor.
Default instruction scheduling parameters are used for values that
select an architecture and not an implementation. These are 'v7',
'v8', 'sparclite', 'sparclet', 'v9'.
Here is a list of each supported architecture and their supported
implementations.
v7
cypress, leon3v7
v8
supersparc, hypersparc, leon, leon3
sparclite
f930, f934, sparclite86x
sparclet
tsc701
v9
ultrasparc, ultrasparc3, niagara, niagara2, niagara3,
niagara4, niagara7, m8
By default (unless configured otherwise), GCC generates code for
the V7 variant of the SPARC architecture. With '-mcpu=cypress',
the compiler additionally optimizes it for the Cypress CY7C602
chip, as used in the SPARCStation/SPARCServer 3xx series. This is
also appropriate for the older SPARCStation 1, 2, IPX etc.
With '-mcpu=v8', GCC generates code for the V8 variant of the SPARC
architecture. The only difference from V7 code is that the
compiler emits the integer multiply and integer divide instructions
which exist in SPARC-V8 but not in SPARC-V7. With
'-mcpu=supersparc', the compiler additionally optimizes it for the
SuperSPARC chip, as used in the SPARCStation 10, 1000 and 2000
series.
With '-mcpu=sparclite', GCC generates code for the SPARClite
variant of the SPARC architecture. This adds the integer multiply,
integer divide step and scan ('ffs') instructions which exist in
SPARClite but not in SPARC-V7. With '-mcpu=f930', the compiler
additionally optimizes it for the Fujitsu MB86930 chip, which is
the original SPARClite, with no FPU. With '-mcpu=f934', the
compiler additionally optimizes it for the Fujitsu MB86934 chip,
which is the more recent SPARClite with FPU.
With '-mcpu=sparclet', GCC generates code for the SPARClet variant
of the SPARC architecture. This adds the integer multiply,
multiply/accumulate, integer divide step and scan ('ffs')
instructions which exist in SPARClet but not in SPARC-V7. With
'-mcpu=tsc701', the compiler additionally optimizes it for the
TEMIC SPARClet chip.
With '-mcpu=v9', GCC generates code for the V9 variant of the SPARC
architecture. This adds 64-bit integer and floating-point move
instructions, 3 additional floating-point condition code registers
and conditional move instructions. With '-mcpu=ultrasparc', the
compiler additionally optimizes it for the Sun UltraSPARC I/II/IIi
chips. With '-mcpu=ultrasparc3', the compiler additionally
optimizes it for the Sun UltraSPARC III/III+/IIIi/IIIi+/IV/IV+
chips. With '-mcpu=niagara', the compiler additionally optimizes
it for Sun UltraSPARC T1 chips. With '-mcpu=niagara2', the
compiler additionally optimizes it for Sun UltraSPARC T2 chips.
With '-mcpu=niagara3', the compiler additionally optimizes it for
Sun UltraSPARC T3 chips. With '-mcpu=niagara4', the compiler
additionally optimizes it for Sun UltraSPARC T4 chips. With
'-mcpu=niagara7', the compiler additionally optimizes it for Oracle
SPARC M7 chips. With '-mcpu=m8', the compiler additionally
optimizes it for Oracle M8 chips.
'-mtune=CPU_TYPE'
Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
CPU_TYPE, but do not set the instruction set or register set that
the option '-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' does.
The same values for '-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' can be used for
'-mtune=CPU_TYPE', but the only useful values are those that select
a particular CPU implementation. Those are 'cypress',
'supersparc', 'hypersparc', 'leon', 'leon3', 'leon3v7', 'f930',
'f934', 'sparclite86x', 'tsc701', 'ultrasparc', 'ultrasparc3',
'niagara', 'niagara2', 'niagara3', 'niagara4', 'niagara7' and 'm8'.
With native Solaris and GNU/Linux toolchains, 'native' can also be
used.
'-mv8plus'
'-mno-v8plus'
With '-mv8plus', GCC generates code for the SPARC-V8+ ABI. The
difference from the V8 ABI is that the global and out registers are
considered 64 bits wide. This is enabled by default on Solaris in
32-bit mode for all SPARC-V9 processors.
'-mvis'
'-mno-vis'
With '-mvis', GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions. The default is
'-mno-vis'.
'-mvis2'
'-mno-vis2'
With '-mvis2', GCC generates code that takes advantage of version
2.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions. The
default is '-mvis2' when targeting a cpu that supports such
instructions, such as UltraSPARC-III and later. Setting '-mvis2'
also sets '-mvis'.
'-mvis3'
'-mno-vis3'
With '-mvis3', GCC generates code that takes advantage of version
3.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions. The
default is '-mvis3' when targeting a cpu that supports such
instructions, such as niagara-3 and later. Setting '-mvis3' also
sets '-mvis2' and '-mvis'.
'-mvis4'
'-mno-vis4'
With '-mvis4', GCC generates code that takes advantage of version
4.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions. The
default is '-mvis4' when targeting a cpu that supports such
instructions, such as niagara-7 and later. Setting '-mvis4' also
sets '-mvis3', '-mvis2' and '-mvis'.
'-mvis4b'
'-mno-vis4b'
With '-mvis4b', GCC generates code that takes advantage of version
4.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions, plus the
additional VIS instructions introduced in the Oracle SPARC
Architecture 2017. The default is '-mvis4b' when targeting a cpu
that supports such instructions, such as m8 and later. Setting
'-mvis4b' also sets '-mvis4', '-mvis3', '-mvis2' and '-mvis'.
'-mcbcond'
'-mno-cbcond'
With '-mcbcond', GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
UltraSPARC Compare-and-Branch-on-Condition instructions. The
default is '-mcbcond' when targeting a CPU that supports such
instructions, such as Niagara-4 and later.
'-mfmaf'
'-mno-fmaf'
With '-mfmaf', GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
UltraSPARC Fused Multiply-Add Floating-point instructions. The
default is '-mfmaf' when targeting a CPU that supports such
instructions, such as Niagara-3 and later.
'-mfsmuld'
'-mno-fsmuld'
With '-mfsmuld', GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
Floating-point Multiply Single to Double (FsMULd) instruction. The
default is '-mfsmuld' when targeting a CPU supporting the
architecture versions V8 or V9 with FPU except '-mcpu=leon'.
'-mpopc'
'-mno-popc'
With '-mpopc', GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
UltraSPARC Population Count instruction. The default is '-mpopc'
when targeting a CPU that supports such an instruction, such as
Niagara-2 and later.
'-msubxc'
'-mno-subxc'
With '-msubxc', GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
UltraSPARC Subtract-Extended-with-Carry instruction. The default
is '-msubxc' when targeting a CPU that supports such an
instruction, such as Niagara-7 and later.
'-mfix-at697f'
Enable the documented workaround for the single erratum of the
Atmel AT697F processor (which corresponds to erratum #13 of the
AT697E processor).
'-mfix-ut699'
Enable the documented workarounds for the floating-point errata and
the data cache nullify errata of the UT699 processor.
'-mfix-ut700'
Enable the documented workaround for the back-to-back store errata
of the UT699E/UT700 processor.
'-mfix-gr712rc'
Enable the documented workaround for the back-to-back store errata
of the GR712RC processor.
These '-m' options are supported in addition to the above on SPARC-V9
processors in 64-bit environments:
'-m32'
'-m64'
Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The 32-bit
environment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits. The 64-bit
environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits.
'-mcmodel=WHICH'
Set the code model to one of
'medlow'
The Medium/Low code model: 64-bit addresses, programs must be
linked in the low 32 bits of memory. Programs can be
statically or dynamically linked.
'medmid'
The Medium/Middle code model: 64-bit addresses, programs must
be linked in the low 44 bits of memory, the text and data
segments must be less than 2GB in size and the data segment
must be located within 2GB of the text segment.
'medany'
The Medium/Anywhere code model: 64-bit addresses, programs may
be linked anywhere in memory, the text and data segments must
be less than 2GB in size and the data segment must be located
within 2GB of the text segment.
'embmedany'
The Medium/Anywhere code model for embedded systems: 64-bit
addresses, the text and data segments must be less than 2GB in
size, both starting anywhere in memory (determined at link
time). The global register %g4 points to the base of the data
segment. Programs are statically linked and PIC is not
supported.
'-mmemory-model=MEM-MODEL'
Set the memory model in force on the processor to one of
'default'
The default memory model for the processor and operating
system.
'rmo'
Relaxed Memory Order
'pso'
Partial Store Order
'tso'
Total Store Order
'sc'
Sequential Consistency
These memory models are formally defined in Appendix D of the
SPARC-V9 architecture manual, as set in the processor's 'PSTATE.MM'
field.
'-mstack-bias'
'-mno-stack-bias'
With '-mstack-bias', GCC assumes that the stack pointer, and frame
pointer if present, are offset by -2047 which must be added back
when making stack frame references. This is the default in 64-bit
mode. Otherwise, assume no such offset is present.
File: gcc.info, Node: SPU Options, Next: System V Options, Prev: SPARC Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.47 SPU Options
-------------------
These '-m' options are supported on the SPU:
'-mwarn-reloc'
'-merror-reloc'
The loader for SPU does not handle dynamic relocations. By
default, GCC gives an error when it generates code that requires a
dynamic relocation. '-mno-error-reloc' disables the error,
'-mwarn-reloc' generates a warning instead.
'-msafe-dma'
'-munsafe-dma'
Instructions that initiate or test completion of DMA must not be
reordered with respect to loads and stores of the memory that is
being accessed. With '-munsafe-dma' you must use the 'volatile'
keyword to protect memory accesses, but that can lead to
inefficient code in places where the memory is known to not change.
Rather than mark the memory as volatile, you can use '-msafe-dma'
to tell the compiler to treat the DMA instructions as potentially
affecting all memory.
'-mbranch-hints'
By default, GCC generates a branch hint instruction to avoid
pipeline stalls for always-taken or probably-taken branches. A
hint is not generated closer than 8 instructions away from its
branch. There is little reason to disable them, except for
debugging purposes, or to make an object a little bit smaller.
'-msmall-mem'
'-mlarge-mem'
By default, GCC generates code assuming that addresses are never
larger than 18 bits. With '-mlarge-mem' code is generated that
assumes a full 32-bit address.
'-mstdmain'
By default, GCC links against startup code that assumes the
SPU-style main function interface (which has an unconventional
parameter list). With '-mstdmain', GCC links your program against
startup code that assumes a C99-style interface to 'main',
including a local copy of 'argv' strings.
'-mfixed-range=REGISTER-RANGE'
Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
A fixed register is one that the register allocator cannot use.
This is useful when compiling kernel code. A register range is
specified as two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register
ranges can be specified separated by a comma.
'-mea32'
'-mea64'
Compile code assuming that pointers to the PPU address space
accessed via the '__ea' named address space qualifier are either 32
or 64 bits wide. The default is 32 bits. As this is an
ABI-changing option, all object code in an executable must be
compiled with the same setting.
'-maddress-space-conversion'
'-mno-address-space-conversion'
Allow/disallow treating the '__ea' address space as superset of the
generic address space. This enables explicit type casts between
'__ea' and generic pointer as well as implicit conversions of
generic pointers to '__ea' pointers. The default is to allow
address space pointer conversions.
'-mcache-size=CACHE-SIZE'
This option controls the version of libgcc that the compiler links
to an executable and selects a software-managed cache for accessing
variables in the '__ea' address space with a particular cache size.
Possible options for CACHE-SIZE are '8', '16', '32', '64' and
'128'. The default cache size is 64KB.
'-matomic-updates'
'-mno-atomic-updates'
This option controls the version of libgcc that the compiler links
to an executable and selects whether atomic updates to the
software-managed cache of PPU-side variables are used. If you use
atomic updates, changes to a PPU variable from SPU code using the
'__ea' named address space qualifier do not interfere with changes
to other PPU variables residing in the same cache line from PPU
code. If you do not use atomic updates, such interference may
occur; however, writing back cache lines is more efficient. The
default behavior is to use atomic updates.
'-mdual-nops'
'-mdual-nops=N'
By default, GCC inserts NOPs to increase dual issue when it expects
it to increase performance. N can be a value from 0 to 10. A
smaller N inserts fewer NOPs. 10 is the default, 0 is the same as
'-mno-dual-nops'. Disabled with '-Os'.
'-mhint-max-nops=N'
Maximum number of NOPs to insert for a branch hint. A branch hint
must be at least 8 instructions away from the branch it is
affecting. GCC inserts up to N NOPs to enforce this, otherwise it
does not generate the branch hint.
'-mhint-max-distance=N'
The encoding of the branch hint instruction limits the hint to be
within 256 instructions of the branch it is affecting. By default,
GCC makes sure it is within 125.
'-msafe-hints'
Work around a hardware bug that causes the SPU to stall
indefinitely. By default, GCC inserts the 'hbrp' instruction to
make sure this stall won't happen.
File: gcc.info, Node: System V Options, Next: TILE-Gx Options, Prev: SPU Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.48 Options for System V
----------------------------
These additional options are available on System V Release 4 for
compatibility with other compilers on those systems:
'-G'
Create a shared object. It is recommended that '-symbolic' or
'-shared' be used instead.
'-Qy'
Identify the versions of each tool used by the compiler, in a
'.ident' assembler directive in the output.
'-Qn'
Refrain from adding '.ident' directives to the output file (this is
the default).
'-YP,DIRS'
Search the directories DIRS, and no others, for libraries specified
with '-l'.
'-Ym,DIR'
Look in the directory DIR to find the M4 preprocessor. The
assembler uses this option.
File: gcc.info, Node: TILE-Gx Options, Next: TILEPro Options, Prev: System V Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.49 TILE-Gx Options
-----------------------
These '-m' options are supported on the TILE-Gx:
'-mcmodel=small'
Generate code for the small model. The distance for direct calls
is limited to 500M in either direction. PC-relative addresses are
32 bits. Absolute addresses support the full address range.
'-mcmodel=large'
Generate code for the large model. There is no limitation on call
distance, pc-relative addresses, or absolute addresses.
'-mcpu=NAME'
Selects the type of CPU to be targeted. Currently the only
supported type is 'tilegx'.
'-m32'
'-m64'
Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The 32-bit
environment sets int, long, and pointer to 32 bits. The 64-bit
environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits.
'-mbig-endian'
'-mlittle-endian'
Generate code in big/little endian mode, respectively.
File: gcc.info, Node: TILEPro Options, Next: V850 Options, Prev: TILE-Gx Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.50 TILEPro Options
-----------------------
These '-m' options are supported on the TILEPro:
'-mcpu=NAME'
Selects the type of CPU to be targeted. Currently the only
supported type is 'tilepro'.
'-m32'
Generate code for a 32-bit environment, which sets int, long, and
pointer to 32 bits. This is the only supported behavior so the
flag is essentially ignored.
File: gcc.info, Node: V850 Options, Next: VAX Options, Prev: TILEPro Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.51 V850 Options
--------------------
These '-m' options are defined for V850 implementations:
'-mlong-calls'
'-mno-long-calls'
Treat all calls as being far away (near). If calls are assumed to
be far away, the compiler always loads the function's address into
a register, and calls indirect through the pointer.
'-mno-ep'
'-mep'
Do not optimize (do optimize) basic blocks that use the same index
pointer 4 or more times to copy pointer into the 'ep' register, and
use the shorter 'sld' and 'sst' instructions. The '-mep' option is
on by default if you optimize.
'-mno-prolog-function'
'-mprolog-function'
Do not use (do use) external functions to save and restore
registers at the prologue and epilogue of a function. The external
functions are slower, but use less code space if more than one
function saves the same number of registers. The
'-mprolog-function' option is on by default if you optimize.
'-mspace'
Try to make the code as small as possible. At present, this just
turns on the '-mep' and '-mprolog-function' options.
'-mtda=N'
Put static or global variables whose size is N bytes or less into
the tiny data area that register 'ep' points to. The tiny data
area can hold up to 256 bytes in total (128 bytes for byte
references).
'-msda=N'
Put static or global variables whose size is N bytes or less into
the small data area that register 'gp' points to. The small data
area can hold up to 64 kilobytes.
'-mzda=N'
Put static or global variables whose size is N bytes or less into
the first 32 kilobytes of memory.
'-mv850'
Specify that the target processor is the V850.
'-mv850e3v5'
Specify that the target processor is the V850E3V5. The
preprocessor constant '__v850e3v5__' is defined if this option is
used.
'-mv850e2v4'
Specify that the target processor is the V850E3V5. This is an
alias for the '-mv850e3v5' option.
'-mv850e2v3'
Specify that the target processor is the V850E2V3. The
preprocessor constant '__v850e2v3__' is defined if this option is
used.
'-mv850e2'
Specify that the target processor is the V850E2. The preprocessor
constant '__v850e2__' is defined if this option is used.
'-mv850e1'
Specify that the target processor is the V850E1. The preprocessor
constants '__v850e1__' and '__v850e__' are defined if this option
is used.
'-mv850es'
Specify that the target processor is the V850ES. This is an alias
for the '-mv850e1' option.
'-mv850e'
Specify that the target processor is the V850E. The preprocessor
constant '__v850e__' is defined if this option is used.
If neither '-mv850' nor '-mv850e' nor '-mv850e1' nor '-mv850e2' nor
'-mv850e2v3' nor '-mv850e3v5' are defined then a default target
processor is chosen and the relevant '__v850*__' preprocessor
constant is defined.
The preprocessor constants '__v850' and '__v851__' are always
defined, regardless of which processor variant is the target.
'-mdisable-callt'
'-mno-disable-callt'
This option suppresses generation of the 'CALLT' instruction for
the v850e, v850e1, v850e2, v850e2v3 and v850e3v5 flavors of the
v850 architecture.
This option is enabled by default when the RH850 ABI is in use (see
'-mrh850-abi'), and disabled by default when the GCC ABI is in use.
If 'CALLT' instructions are being generated then the C preprocessor
symbol '__V850_CALLT__' is defined.
'-mrelax'
'-mno-relax'
Pass on (or do not pass on) the '-mrelax' command-line option to
the assembler.
'-mlong-jumps'
'-mno-long-jumps'
Disable (or re-enable) the generation of PC-relative jump
instructions.
'-msoft-float'
'-mhard-float'
Disable (or re-enable) the generation of hardware floating point
instructions. This option is only significant when the target
architecture is 'V850E2V3' or higher. If hardware floating point
instructions are being generated then the C preprocessor symbol
'__FPU_OK__' is defined, otherwise the symbol '__NO_FPU__' is
defined.
'-mloop'
Enables the use of the e3v5 LOOP instruction. The use of this
instruction is not enabled by default when the e3v5 architecture is
selected because its use is still experimental.
'-mrh850-abi'
'-mghs'
Enables support for the RH850 version of the V850 ABI. This is the
default. With this version of the ABI the following rules apply:
* Integer sized structures and unions are returned via a memory
pointer rather than a register.
* Large structures and unions (more than 8 bytes in size) are
passed by value.
* Functions are aligned to 16-bit boundaries.
* The '-m8byte-align' command-line option is supported.
* The '-mdisable-callt' command-line option is enabled by
default. The '-mno-disable-callt' command-line option is not
supported.
When this version of the ABI is enabled the C preprocessor symbol
'__V850_RH850_ABI__' is defined.
'-mgcc-abi'
Enables support for the old GCC version of the V850 ABI. With this
version of the ABI the following rules apply:
* Integer sized structures and unions are returned in register
'r10'.
* Large structures and unions (more than 8 bytes in size) are
passed by reference.
* Functions are aligned to 32-bit boundaries, unless optimizing
for size.
* The '-m8byte-align' command-line option is not supported.
* The '-mdisable-callt' command-line option is supported but not
enabled by default.
When this version of the ABI is enabled the C preprocessor symbol
'__V850_GCC_ABI__' is defined.
'-m8byte-align'
'-mno-8byte-align'
Enables support for 'double' and 'long long' types to be aligned on
8-byte boundaries. The default is to restrict the alignment of all
objects to at most 4-bytes. When '-m8byte-align' is in effect the
C preprocessor symbol '__V850_8BYTE_ALIGN__' is defined.
'-mbig-switch'
Generate code suitable for big switch tables. Use this option only
if the assembler/linker complain about out of range branches within
a switch table.
'-mapp-regs'
This option causes r2 and r5 to be used in the code generated by
the compiler. This setting is the default.
'-mno-app-regs'
This option causes r2 and r5 to be treated as fixed registers.
File: gcc.info, Node: VAX Options, Next: Visium Options, Prev: V850 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.52 VAX Options
-------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the VAX:
'-munix'
Do not output certain jump instructions ('aobleq' and so on) that
the Unix assembler for the VAX cannot handle across long ranges.
'-mgnu'
Do output those jump instructions, on the assumption that the GNU
assembler is being used.
'-mg'
Output code for G-format floating-point numbers instead of
D-format.
File: gcc.info, Node: Visium Options, Next: VMS Options, Prev: VAX Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.53 Visium Options
----------------------
'-mdebug'
A program which performs file I/O and is destined to run on an MCM
target should be linked with this option. It causes the libraries
libc.a and libdebug.a to be linked. The program should be run on
the target under the control of the GDB remote debugging stub.
'-msim'
A program which performs file I/O and is destined to run on the
simulator should be linked with option. This causes libraries
libc.a and libsim.a to be linked.
'-mfpu'
'-mhard-float'
Generate code containing floating-point instructions. This is the
default.
'-mno-fpu'
'-msoft-float'
Generate code containing library calls for floating-point.
'-msoft-float' changes the calling convention in the output file;
therefore, it is only useful if you compile _all_ of a program with
this option. In particular, you need to compile 'libgcc.a', the
library that comes with GCC, with '-msoft-float' in order for this
to work.
'-mcpu=CPU_TYPE'
Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
parameters for machine type CPU_TYPE. Supported values for
CPU_TYPE are 'mcm', 'gr5' and 'gr6'.
'mcm' is a synonym of 'gr5' present for backward compatibility.
By default (unless configured otherwise), GCC generates code for
the GR5 variant of the Visium architecture.
With '-mcpu=gr6', GCC generates code for the GR6 variant of the
Visium architecture. The only difference from GR5 code is that the
compiler will generate block move instructions.
'-mtune=CPU_TYPE'
Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
CPU_TYPE, but do not set the instruction set or register set that
the option '-mcpu=CPU_TYPE' would.
'-msv-mode'
Generate code for the supervisor mode, where there are no
restrictions on the access to general registers. This is the
default.
'-muser-mode'
Generate code for the user mode, where the access to some general
registers is forbidden: on the GR5, registers r24 to r31 cannot be
accessed in this mode; on the GR6, only registers r29 to r31 are
affected.
File: gcc.info, Node: VMS Options, Next: VxWorks Options, Prev: Visium Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.54 VMS Options
-------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the VMS implementations:
'-mvms-return-codes'
Return VMS condition codes from 'main'. The default is to return
POSIX-style condition (e.g. error) codes.
'-mdebug-main=PREFIX'
Flag the first routine whose name starts with PREFIX as the main
routine for the debugger.
'-mmalloc64'
Default to 64-bit memory allocation routines.
'-mpointer-size=SIZE'
Set the default size of pointers. Possible options for SIZE are
'32' or 'short' for 32 bit pointers, '64' or 'long' for 64 bit
pointers, and 'no' for supporting only 32 bit pointers. The later
option disables 'pragma pointer_size'.
File: gcc.info, Node: VxWorks Options, Next: x86 Options, Prev: VMS Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.55 VxWorks Options
-----------------------
The options in this section are defined for all VxWorks targets.
Options specific to the target hardware are listed with the other
options for that target.
'-mrtp'
GCC can generate code for both VxWorks kernels and real time
processes (RTPs). This option switches from the former to the
latter. It also defines the preprocessor macro '__RTP__'.
'-non-static'
Link an RTP executable against shared libraries rather than static
libraries. The options '-static' and '-shared' can also be used
for RTPs (*note Link Options::); '-static' is the default.
'-Bstatic'
'-Bdynamic'
These options are passed down to the linker. They are defined for
compatibility with Diab.
'-Xbind-lazy'
Enable lazy binding of function calls. This option is equivalent
to '-Wl,-z,now' and is defined for compatibility with Diab.
'-Xbind-now'
Disable lazy binding of function calls. This option is the default
and is defined for compatibility with Diab.
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 Options, Next: x86 Windows Options, Prev: VxWorks Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.56 x86 Options
-------------------
These '-m' options are defined for the x86 family of computers.
'-march=CPU-TYPE'
Generate instructions for the machine type CPU-TYPE. In contrast
to '-mtune=CPU-TYPE', which merely tunes the generated code for the
specified CPU-TYPE, '-march=CPU-TYPE' allows GCC to generate code
that may not run at all on processors other than the one indicated.
Specifying '-march=CPU-TYPE' implies '-mtune=CPU-TYPE'.
The choices for CPU-TYPE are:
'native'
This selects the CPU to generate code for at compilation time
by determining the processor type of the compiling machine.
Using '-march=native' enables all instruction subsets
supported by the local machine (hence the result might not run
on different machines). Using '-mtune=native' produces code
optimized for the local machine under the constraints of the
selected instruction set.
'x86-64'
A generic CPU with 64-bit extensions.
'i386'
Original Intel i386 CPU.
'i486'
Intel i486 CPU. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
'i586'
'pentium'
Intel Pentium CPU with no MMX support.
'lakemont'
Intel Lakemont MCU, based on Intel Pentium CPU.
'pentium-mmx'
Intel Pentium MMX CPU, based on Pentium core with MMX
instruction set support.
'pentiumpro'
Intel Pentium Pro CPU.
'i686'
When used with '-march', the Pentium Pro instruction set is
used, so the code runs on all i686 family chips. When used
with '-mtune', it has the same meaning as 'generic'.
'pentium2'
Intel Pentium II CPU, based on Pentium Pro core with MMX
instruction set support.
'pentium3'
'pentium3m'
Intel Pentium III CPU, based on Pentium Pro core with MMX and
SSE instruction set support.
'pentium-m'
Intel Pentium M; low-power version of Intel Pentium III CPU
with MMX, SSE and SSE2 instruction set support. Used by
Centrino notebooks.
'pentium4'
'pentium4m'
Intel Pentium 4 CPU with MMX, SSE and SSE2 instruction set
support.
'prescott'
Improved version of Intel Pentium 4 CPU with MMX, SSE, SSE2
and SSE3 instruction set support.
'nocona'
Improved version of Intel Pentium 4 CPU with 64-bit
extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction set support.
'core2'
Intel Core 2 CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3
and SSSE3 instruction set support.
'nehalem'
Intel Nehalem CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2,
SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2 and POPCNT instruction set
support.
'westmere'
Intel Westmere CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2,
SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AES and PCLMUL
instruction set support.
'sandybridge'
Intel Sandy Bridge CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2,
SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AES and PCLMUL
instruction set support.
'ivybridge'
Intel Ivy Bridge CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2,
SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AES, PCLMUL,
FSGSBASE, RDRND and F16C instruction set support.
'haswell'
Intel Haswell CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES,
PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2 and F16C instruction
set support.
'broadwell'
Intel Broadwell CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES,
PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX
and PREFETCHW instruction set support.
'skylake'
Intel Skylake CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES,
PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX,
PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC and XSAVES instruction set
support.
'bonnell'
Intel Bonnell CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
SSE2, SSE3 and SSSE3 instruction set support.
'silvermont'
Intel Silvermont CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AES, PCLMUL and
RDRND instruction set support.
'knl'
Intel Knight's Landing CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2,
AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED,
ADCX, PREFETCHW, AVX512F, AVX512PF, AVX512ER and AVX512CD
instruction set support.
'knm'
Intel Knights Mill CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2,
AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED,
ADCX, PREFETCHW, AVX512F, AVX512PF, AVX512ER, AVX512CD,
AVX5124VNNIW, AVX5124FMAPS and AVX512VPOPCNTDQ instruction set
support.
'skylake-avx512'
Intel Skylake Server CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX,
AVX2, AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C,
RDSEED, ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F,
CLWB, AVX512VL, AVX512BW, AVX512DQ and AVX512CD instruction
set support.
'cannonlake'
Intel Cannonlake Server CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE,
MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX,
AVX2, AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C,
RDSEED, ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F,
AVX512VL, AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD, AVX512VBMI,
AVX512IFMA, SHA and UMIP instruction set support.
'icelake-client'
Intel Icelake Client CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX,
AVX2, AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C,
RDSEED, ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F,
AVX512VL, AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD, AVX512VBMI,
AVX512IFMA, SHA, CLWB, UMIP, RDPID, GFNI, AVX512VBMI2,
AVX512VPOPCNTDQ, AVX512BITALG, AVX512VNNI, VPCLMULQDQ, VAES
instruction set support.
'icelake-server'
Intel Icelake Server CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX,
AVX2, AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C,
RDSEED, ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F,
AVX512VL, AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD, AVX512VBMI,
AVX512IFMA, SHA, CLWB, UMIP, RDPID, GFNI, AVX512VBMI2,
AVX512VPOPCNTDQ, AVX512BITALG, AVX512VNNI, VPCLMULQDQ, VAES,
PCONFIG and WBNOINVD instruction set support.
'k6'
AMD K6 CPU with MMX instruction set support.
'k6-2'
'k6-3'
Improved versions of AMD K6 CPU with MMX and 3DNow!
instruction set support.
'athlon'
'athlon-tbird'
AMD Athlon CPU with MMX, 3dNOW!, enhanced 3DNow! and SSE
prefetch instructions support.
'athlon-4'
'athlon-xp'
'athlon-mp'
Improved AMD Athlon CPU with MMX, 3DNow!, enhanced 3DNow! and
full SSE instruction set support.
'k8'
'opteron'
'athlon64'
'athlon-fx'
Processors based on the AMD K8 core with x86-64 instruction
set support, including the AMD Opteron, Athlon 64, and Athlon
64 FX processors. (This supersets MMX, SSE, SSE2, 3DNow!,
enhanced 3DNow! and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
'k8-sse3'
'opteron-sse3'
'athlon64-sse3'
Improved versions of AMD K8 cores with SSE3 instruction set
support.
'amdfam10'
'barcelona'
CPUs based on AMD Family 10h cores with x86-64 instruction set
support. (This supersets MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, 3DNow!,
enhanced 3DNow!, ABM and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
'bdver1'
CPUs based on AMD Family 15h cores with x86-64 instruction set
support. (This supersets FMA4, AVX, XOP, LWP, AES, PCL_MUL,
CX16, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM
and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
'bdver2'
AMD Family 15h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
support. (This supersets BMI, TBM, F16C, FMA, FMA4, AVX, XOP,
LWP, AES, PCL_MUL, CX16, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3,
SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
'bdver3'
AMD Family 15h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
support. (This supersets BMI, TBM, F16C, FMA, FMA4, FSGSBASE,
AVX, XOP, LWP, AES, PCL_MUL, CX16, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3,
SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM and 64-bit instruction set
extensions.
'bdver4'
AMD Family 15h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
support. (This supersets BMI, BMI2, TBM, F16C, FMA, FMA4,
FSGSBASE, AVX, AVX2, XOP, LWP, AES, PCL_MUL, CX16, MOVBE, MMX,
SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM and 64-bit
instruction set extensions.
'znver1'
AMD Family 17h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
support. (This supersets BMI, BMI2, F16C, FMA, FSGSBASE, AVX,
AVX2, ADCX, RDSEED, MWAITX, SHA, CLZERO, AES, PCL_MUL, CX16,
MOVBE, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2,
ABM, XSAVEC, XSAVES, CLFLUSHOPT, POPCNT, and 64-bit
instruction set extensions.
'btver1'
CPUs based on AMD Family 14h cores with x86-64 instruction set
support. (This supersets MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4A,
CX16, ABM and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
'btver2'
CPUs based on AMD Family 16h cores with x86-64 instruction set
support. This includes MOVBE, F16C, BMI, AVX, PCL_MUL, AES,
SSE4.2, SSE4.1, CX16, ABM, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE3, SSE2, SSE, MMX
and 64-bit instruction set extensions.
'winchip-c6'
IDT WinChip C6 CPU, dealt in same way as i486 with additional
MMX instruction set support.
'winchip2'
IDT WinChip 2 CPU, dealt in same way as i486 with additional
MMX and 3DNow! instruction set support.
'c3'
VIA C3 CPU with MMX and 3DNow! instruction set support. (No
scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
'c3-2'
VIA C3-2 (Nehemiah/C5XL) CPU with MMX and SSE instruction set
support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
'c7'
VIA C7 (Esther) CPU with MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction
set support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
'samuel-2'
VIA Eden Samuel 2 CPU with MMX and 3DNow! instruction set
support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
'nehemiah'
VIA Eden Nehemiah CPU with MMX and SSE instruction set
support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
'esther'
VIA Eden Esther CPU with MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction
set support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
'eden-x2'
VIA Eden X2 CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3
instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented for
this chip.)
'eden-x4'
VIA Eden X4 CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3,
SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX and AVX2 instruction set support. (No
scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
'nano'
Generic VIA Nano CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 and
SSSE3 instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented
for this chip.)
'nano-1000'
VIA Nano 1xxx CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 and SSSE3
instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented for
this chip.)
'nano-2000'
VIA Nano 2xxx CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 and SSSE3
instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented for
this chip.)
'nano-3000'
VIA Nano 3xxx CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3 and
SSE4.1 instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented
for this chip.)
'nano-x2'
VIA Nano Dual Core CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3,
SSSE3 and SSE4.1 instruction set support. (No scheduling is
implemented for this chip.)
'nano-x4'
VIA Nano Quad Core CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3,
SSSE3 and SSE4.1 instruction set support. (No scheduling is
implemented for this chip.)
'geode'
AMD Geode embedded processor with MMX and 3DNow! instruction
set support.
'-mtune=CPU-TYPE'
Tune to CPU-TYPE everything applicable about the generated code,
except for the ABI and the set of available instructions. While
picking a specific CPU-TYPE schedules things appropriately for that
particular chip, the compiler does not generate any code that
cannot run on the default machine type unless you use a
'-march=CPU-TYPE' option. For example, if GCC is configured for
i686-pc-linux-gnu then '-mtune=pentium4' generates code that is
tuned for Pentium 4 but still runs on i686 machines.
The choices for CPU-TYPE are the same as for '-march'. In
addition, '-mtune' supports 2 extra choices for CPU-TYPE:
'generic'
Produce code optimized for the most common IA32/AMD64/EM64T
processors. If you know the CPU on which your code will run,
then you should use the corresponding '-mtune' or '-march'
option instead of '-mtune=generic'. But, if you do not know
exactly what CPU users of your application will have, then you
should use this option.
As new processors are deployed in the marketplace, the
behavior of this option will change. Therefore, if you
upgrade to a newer version of GCC, code generation controlled
by this option will change to reflect the processors that are
most common at the time that version of GCC is released.
There is no '-march=generic' option because '-march' indicates
the instruction set the compiler can use, and there is no
generic instruction set applicable to all processors. In
contrast, '-mtune' indicates the processor (or, in this case,
collection of processors) for which the code is optimized.
'intel'
Produce code optimized for the most current Intel processors,
which are Haswell and Silvermont for this version of GCC. If
you know the CPU on which your code will run, then you should
use the corresponding '-mtune' or '-march' option instead of
'-mtune=intel'. But, if you want your application performs
better on both Haswell and Silvermont, then you should use
this option.
As new Intel processors are deployed in the marketplace, the
behavior of this option will change. Therefore, if you
upgrade to a newer version of GCC, code generation controlled
by this option will change to reflect the most current Intel
processors at the time that version of GCC is released.
There is no '-march=intel' option because '-march' indicates
the instruction set the compiler can use, and there is no
common instruction set applicable to all processors. In
contrast, '-mtune' indicates the processor (or, in this case,
collection of processors) for which the code is optimized.
'-mcpu=CPU-TYPE'
A deprecated synonym for '-mtune'.
'-mfpmath=UNIT'
Generate floating-point arithmetic for selected unit UNIT. The
choices for UNIT are:
'387'
Use the standard 387 floating-point coprocessor present on the
majority of chips and emulated otherwise. Code compiled with
this option runs almost everywhere. The temporary results are
computed in 80-bit precision instead of the precision
specified by the type, resulting in slightly different results
compared to most of other chips. See '-ffloat-store' for more
detailed description.
This is the default choice for non-Darwin x86-32 targets.
'sse'
Use scalar floating-point instructions present in the SSE
instruction set. This instruction set is supported by Pentium
III and newer chips, and in the AMD line by Athlon-4, Athlon
XP and Athlon MP chips. The earlier version of the SSE
instruction set supports only single-precision arithmetic,
thus the double and extended-precision arithmetic are still
done using 387. A later version, present only in Pentium 4
and AMD x86-64 chips, supports double-precision arithmetic
too.
For the x86-32 compiler, you must use '-march=CPU-TYPE',
'-msse' or '-msse2' switches to enable SSE extensions and make
this option effective. For the x86-64 compiler, these
extensions are enabled by default.
The resulting code should be considerably faster in the
majority of cases and avoid the numerical instability problems
of 387 code, but may break some existing code that expects
temporaries to be 80 bits.
This is the default choice for the x86-64 compiler, Darwin
x86-32 targets, and the default choice for x86-32 targets with
the SSE2 instruction set when '-ffast-math' is enabled.
'sse,387'
'sse+387'
'both'
Attempt to utilize both instruction sets at once. This
effectively doubles the amount of available registers, and on
chips with separate execution units for 387 and SSE the
execution resources too. Use this option with care, as it is
still experimental, because the GCC register allocator does
not model separate functional units well, resulting in
unstable performance.
'-masm=DIALECT'
Output assembly instructions using selected DIALECT. Also affects
which dialect is used for basic 'asm' (*note Basic Asm::) and
extended 'asm' (*note Extended Asm::). Supported choices (in
dialect order) are 'att' or 'intel'. The default is 'att'. Darwin
does not support 'intel'.
'-mieee-fp'
'-mno-ieee-fp'
Control whether or not the compiler uses IEEE floating-point
comparisons. These correctly handle the case where the result of a
comparison is unordered.
'-m80387'
'-mhard-float'
Generate output containing 80387 instructions for floating point.
'-mno-80387'
'-msoft-float'
Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
*Warning:* the requisite libraries are not part of GCC. Normally
the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler are used, but this
cannot be done directly in cross-compilation. You must make your
own arrangements to provide suitable library functions for
cross-compilation.
On machines where a function returns floating-point results in the
80387 register stack, some floating-point opcodes may be emitted
even if '-msoft-float' is used.
'-mno-fp-ret-in-387'
Do not use the FPU registers for return values of functions.
The usual calling convention has functions return values of types
'float' and 'double' in an FPU register, even if there is no FPU.
The idea is that the operating system should emulate an FPU.
The option '-mno-fp-ret-in-387' causes such values to be returned
in ordinary CPU registers instead.
'-mno-fancy-math-387'
Some 387 emulators do not support the 'sin', 'cos' and 'sqrt'
instructions for the 387. Specify this option to avoid generating
those instructions. This option is the default on OpenBSD and
NetBSD. This option is overridden when '-march' indicates that the
target CPU always has an FPU and so the instruction does not need
emulation. These instructions are not generated unless you also
use the '-funsafe-math-optimizations' switch.
'-malign-double'
'-mno-align-double'
Control whether GCC aligns 'double', 'long double', and 'long long'
variables on a two-word boundary or a one-word boundary. Aligning
'double' variables on a two-word boundary produces code that runs
somewhat faster on a Pentium at the expense of more memory.
On x86-64, '-malign-double' is enabled by default.
*Warning:* if you use the '-malign-double' switch, structures
containing the above types are aligned differently than the
published application binary interface specifications for the
x86-32 and are not binary compatible with structures in code
compiled without that switch.
'-m96bit-long-double'
'-m128bit-long-double'
These switches control the size of 'long double' type. The x86-32
application binary interface specifies the size to be 96 bits, so
'-m96bit-long-double' is the default in 32-bit mode.
Modern architectures (Pentium and newer) prefer 'long double' to be
aligned to an 8- or 16-byte boundary. In arrays or structures
conforming to the ABI, this is not possible. So specifying
'-m128bit-long-double' aligns 'long double' to a 16-byte boundary
by padding the 'long double' with an additional 32-bit zero.
In the x86-64 compiler, '-m128bit-long-double' is the default
choice as its ABI specifies that 'long double' is aligned on
16-byte boundary.
Notice that neither of these options enable any extra precision
over the x87 standard of 80 bits for a 'long double'.
*Warning:* if you override the default value for your target ABI,
this changes the size of structures and arrays containing 'long
double' variables, as well as modifying the function calling
convention for functions taking 'long double'. Hence they are not
binary-compatible with code compiled without that switch.
'-mlong-double-64'
'-mlong-double-80'
'-mlong-double-128'
These switches control the size of 'long double' type. A size of
64 bits makes the 'long double' type equivalent to the 'double'
type. This is the default for 32-bit Bionic C library. A size of
128 bits makes the 'long double' type equivalent to the
'__float128' type. This is the default for 64-bit Bionic C
library.
*Warning:* if you override the default value for your target ABI,
this changes the size of structures and arrays containing 'long
double' variables, as well as modifying the function calling
convention for functions taking 'long double'. Hence they are not
binary-compatible with code compiled without that switch.
'-malign-data=TYPE'
Control how GCC aligns variables. Supported values for TYPE are
'compat' uses increased alignment value compatible uses GCC 4.8 and
earlier, 'abi' uses alignment value as specified by the psABI, and
'cacheline' uses increased alignment value to match the cache line
size. 'compat' is the default.
'-mlarge-data-threshold=THRESHOLD'
When '-mcmodel=medium' is specified, data objects larger than
THRESHOLD are placed in the large data section. This value must be
the same across all objects linked into the binary, and defaults to
65535.
'-mrtd'
Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
that take a fixed number of arguments return with the 'ret NUM'
instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This
saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop
the arguments there.
You can specify that an individual function is called with this
calling sequence with the function attribute 'stdcall'. You can
also override the '-mrtd' option by using the function attribute
'cdecl'. *Note Function Attributes::.
*Warning:* this calling convention is incompatible with the one
normally used on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call
libraries compiled with the Unix compiler.
Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
take variable numbers of arguments (including 'printf'); otherwise
incorrect code is generated for calls to those functions.
In addition, seriously incorrect code results if you call a
function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are
harmlessly ignored.)
'-mregparm=NUM'
Control how many registers are used to pass integer arguments. By
default, no registers are used to pass arguments, and at most 3
registers can be used. You can control this behavior for a
specific function by using the function attribute 'regparm'. *Note
Function Attributes::.
*Warning:* if you use this switch, and NUM is nonzero, then you
must build all modules with the same value, including any
libraries. This includes the system libraries and startup modules.
'-msseregparm'
Use SSE register passing conventions for float and double arguments
and return values. You can control this behavior for a specific
function by using the function attribute 'sseregparm'. *Note
Function Attributes::.
*Warning:* if you use this switch then you must build all modules
with the same value, including any libraries. This includes the
system libraries and startup modules.
'-mvect8-ret-in-mem'
Return 8-byte vectors in memory instead of MMX registers. This is
the default on Solaris 8 and 9 and VxWorks to match the ABI of the
Sun Studio compilers until version 12. Later compiler versions
(starting with Studio 12 Update 1) follow the ABI used by other x86
targets, which is the default on Solaris 10 and later. _Only_ use
this option if you need to remain compatible with existing code
produced by those previous compiler versions or older versions of
GCC.
'-mpc32'
'-mpc64'
'-mpc80'
Set 80387 floating-point precision to 32, 64 or 80 bits. When
'-mpc32' is specified, the significands of results of
floating-point operations are rounded to 24 bits (single
precision); '-mpc64' rounds the significands of results of
floating-point operations to 53 bits (double precision) and
'-mpc80' rounds the significands of results of floating-point
operations to 64 bits (extended double precision), which is the
default. When this option is used, floating-point operations in
higher precisions are not available to the programmer without
setting the FPU control word explicitly.
Setting the rounding of floating-point operations to less than the
default 80 bits can speed some programs by 2% or more. Note that
some mathematical libraries assume that extended-precision (80-bit)
floating-point operations are enabled by default; routines in such
libraries could suffer significant loss of accuracy, typically
through so-called "catastrophic cancellation", when this option is
used to set the precision to less than extended precision.
'-mstackrealign'
Realign the stack at entry. On the x86, the '-mstackrealign'
option generates an alternate prologue and epilogue that realigns
the run-time stack if necessary. This supports mixing legacy codes
that keep 4-byte stack alignment with modern codes that keep
16-byte stack alignment for SSE compatibility. See also the
attribute 'force_align_arg_pointer', applicable to individual
functions.
'-mpreferred-stack-boundary=NUM'
Attempt to keep the stack boundary aligned to a 2 raised to NUM
byte boundary. If '-mpreferred-stack-boundary' is not specified,
the default is 4 (16 bytes or 128 bits).
*Warning:* When generating code for the x86-64 architecture with
SSE extensions disabled, '-mpreferred-stack-boundary=3' can be used
to keep the stack boundary aligned to 8 byte boundary. Since
x86-64 ABI require 16 byte stack alignment, this is ABI
incompatible and intended to be used in controlled environment
where stack space is important limitation. This option leads to
wrong code when functions compiled with 16 byte stack alignment
(such as functions from a standard library) are called with
misaligned stack. In this case, SSE instructions may lead to
misaligned memory access traps. In addition, variable arguments
are handled incorrectly for 16 byte aligned objects (including x87
long double and __int128), leading to wrong results. You must
build all modules with '-mpreferred-stack-boundary=3', including
any libraries. This includes the system libraries and startup
modules.
'-mincoming-stack-boundary=NUM'
Assume the incoming stack is aligned to a 2 raised to NUM byte
boundary. If '-mincoming-stack-boundary' is not specified, the one
specified by '-mpreferred-stack-boundary' is used.
On Pentium and Pentium Pro, 'double' and 'long double' values
should be aligned to an 8-byte boundary (see '-malign-double') or
suffer significant run time performance penalties. On Pentium III,
the Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) data type '__m128' may not work
properly if it is not 16-byte aligned.
To ensure proper alignment of this values on the stack, the stack
boundary must be as aligned as that required by any value stored on
the stack. Further, every function must be generated such that it
keeps the stack aligned. Thus calling a function compiled with a
higher preferred stack boundary from a function compiled with a
lower preferred stack boundary most likely misaligns the stack. It
is recommended that libraries that use callbacks always use the
default setting.
This extra alignment does consume extra stack space, and generally
increases code size. Code that is sensitive to stack space usage,
such as embedded systems and operating system kernels, may want to
reduce the preferred alignment to '-mpreferred-stack-boundary=2'.
'-mmmx'
'-msse'
'-msse2'
'-msse3'
'-mssse3'
'-msse4'
'-msse4a'
'-msse4.1'
'-msse4.2'
'-mavx'
'-mavx2'
'-mavx512f'
'-mavx512pf'
'-mavx512er'
'-mavx512cd'
'-mavx512vl'
'-mavx512bw'
'-mavx512dq'
'-mavx512ifma'
'-mavx512vbmi'
'-msha'
'-maes'
'-mpclmul'
'-mclflushopt'
'-mclwb'
'-mfsgsbase'
'-mrdrnd'
'-mf16c'
'-mfma'
'-mpconfig'
'-mwbnoinvd'
'-mfma4'
'-mprfchw'
'-mrdpid'
'-mprefetchwt1'
'-mrdseed'
'-msgx'
'-mxop'
'-mlwp'
'-m3dnow'
'-m3dnowa'
'-mpopcnt'
'-mabm'
'-madx'
'-mbmi'
'-mbmi2'
'-mlzcnt'
'-mfxsr'
'-mxsave'
'-mxsaveopt'
'-mxsavec'
'-mxsaves'
'-mrtm'
'-mhle'
'-mtbm'
'-mmpx'
'-mmwaitx'
'-mclzero'
'-mpku'
'-mavx512vbmi2'
'-mgfni'
'-mvaes'
'-mvpclmulqdq'
'-mavx512bitalg'
'-mmovdiri'
'-mmovdir64b'
'-mavx512vpopcntdq'
'-mavx5124fmaps'
'-mavx512vnni'
'-mavx5124vnniw'
These switches enable the use of instructions in the MMX, SSE,
SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4A, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, AVX512F,
AVX512PF, AVX512ER, AVX512CD, AVX512VL, AVX512BW, AVX512DQ,
AVX512IFMA, AVX512VBMI, SHA, AES, PCLMUL, CLFLUSHOPT, CLWB,
FSGSBASE, RDRND, F16C, FMA, PCONFIG, WBNOINVD, FMA4, PREFETCHW,
RDPID, PREFETCHWT1, RDSEED, SGX, XOP, LWP, 3DNow!, enhanced 3DNow!,
POPCNT, ABM, ADX, BMI, BMI2, LZCNT, FXSR, XSAVE, XSAVEOPT, XSAVEC,
XSAVES, RTM, HLE, TBM, MPX, MWAITX, CLZERO, PKU, AVX512VBMI2, GFNI,
VAES, VPCLMULQDQ, AVX512BITALG, MOVDIRI, MOVDIR64B,
AVX512VPOPCNTDQ, AVX5124FMAPS, AVX512VNNI, or AVX5124VNNIW extended
instruction sets. Each has a corresponding '-mno-' option to
disable use of these instructions.
These extensions are also available as built-in functions: see
*note x86 Built-in Functions::, for details of the functions
enabled and disabled by these switches.
To generate SSE/SSE2 instructions automatically from floating-point
code (as opposed to 387 instructions), see '-mfpmath=sse'.
GCC depresses SSEx instructions when '-mavx' is used. Instead, it
generates new AVX instructions or AVX equivalence for all SSEx
instructions when needed.
These options enable GCC to use these extended instructions in
generated code, even without '-mfpmath=sse'. Applications that
perform run-time CPU detection must compile separate files for each
supported architecture, using the appropriate flags. In
particular, the file containing the CPU detection code should be
compiled without these options.
'-mdump-tune-features'
This option instructs GCC to dump the names of the x86 performance
tuning features and default settings. The names can be used in
'-mtune-ctrl=FEATURE-LIST'.
'-mtune-ctrl=FEATURE-LIST'
This option is used to do fine grain control of x86 code generation
features. FEATURE-LIST is a comma separated list of FEATURE names.
See also '-mdump-tune-features'. When specified, the FEATURE is
turned on if it is not preceded with '^', otherwise, it is turned
off. '-mtune-ctrl=FEATURE-LIST' is intended to be used by GCC
developers. Using it may lead to code paths not covered by testing
and can potentially result in compiler ICEs or runtime errors.
'-mno-default'
This option instructs GCC to turn off all tunable features. See
also '-mtune-ctrl=FEATURE-LIST' and '-mdump-tune-features'.
'-mcld'
This option instructs GCC to emit a 'cld' instruction in the
prologue of functions that use string instructions. String
instructions depend on the DF flag to select between autoincrement
or autodecrement mode. While the ABI specifies the DF flag to be
cleared on function entry, some operating systems violate this
specification by not clearing the DF flag in their exception
dispatchers. The exception handler can be invoked with the DF flag
set, which leads to wrong direction mode when string instructions
are used. This option can be enabled by default on 32-bit x86
targets by configuring GCC with the '--enable-cld' configure
option. Generation of 'cld' instructions can be suppressed with
the '-mno-cld' compiler option in this case.
'-mvzeroupper'
This option instructs GCC to emit a 'vzeroupper' instruction before
a transfer of control flow out of the function to minimize the AVX
to SSE transition penalty as well as remove unnecessary 'zeroupper'
intrinsics.
'-mprefer-avx128'
This option instructs GCC to use 128-bit AVX instructions instead
of 256-bit AVX instructions in the auto-vectorizer.
'-mprefer-vector-width=OPT'
This option instructs GCC to use OPT-bit vector width in
instructions instead of default on the selected platform.
'none'
No extra limitations applied to GCC other than defined by the
selected platform.
'128'
Prefer 128-bit vector width for instructions.
'256'
Prefer 256-bit vector width for instructions.
'512'
Prefer 512-bit vector width for instructions.
'-mcx16'
This option enables GCC to generate 'CMPXCHG16B' instructions in
64-bit code to implement compare-and-exchange operations on 16-byte
aligned 128-bit objects. This is useful for atomic updates of data
structures exceeding one machine word in size. The compiler uses
this instruction to implement *note __sync Builtins::. However,
for *note __atomic Builtins:: operating on 128-bit integers, a
library call is always used.
'-msahf'
This option enables generation of 'SAHF' instructions in 64-bit
code. Early Intel Pentium 4 CPUs with Intel 64 support, prior to
the introduction of Pentium 4 G1 step in December 2005, lacked the
'LAHF' and 'SAHF' instructions which are supported by AMD64. These
are load and store instructions, respectively, for certain status
flags. In 64-bit mode, the 'SAHF' instruction is used to optimize
'fmod', 'drem', and 'remainder' built-in functions; see *note Other
Builtins:: for details.
'-mmovbe'
This option enables use of the 'movbe' instruction to implement
'__builtin_bswap32' and '__builtin_bswap64'.
'-mshstk'
The '-mshstk' option enables shadow stack built-in functions from
x86 Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET).
'-mcrc32'
This option enables built-in functions '__builtin_ia32_crc32qi',
'__builtin_ia32_crc32hi', '__builtin_ia32_crc32si' and
'__builtin_ia32_crc32di' to generate the 'crc32' machine
instruction.
'-mrecip'
This option enables use of 'RCPSS' and 'RSQRTSS' instructions (and
their vectorized variants 'RCPPS' and 'RSQRTPS') with an additional
Newton-Raphson step to increase precision instead of 'DIVSS' and
'SQRTSS' (and their vectorized variants) for single-precision
floating-point arguments. These instructions are generated only
when '-funsafe-math-optimizations' is enabled together with
'-ffinite-math-only' and '-fno-trapping-math'. Note that while the
throughput of the sequence is higher than the throughput of the
non-reciprocal instruction, the precision of the sequence can be
decreased by up to 2 ulp (i.e. the inverse of 1.0 equals
0.99999994).
Note that GCC implements '1.0f/sqrtf(X)' in terms of 'RSQRTSS' (or
'RSQRTPS') already with '-ffast-math' (or the above option
combination), and doesn't need '-mrecip'.
Also note that GCC emits the above sequence with additional
Newton-Raphson step for vectorized single-float division and
vectorized 'sqrtf(X)' already with '-ffast-math' (or the above
option combination), and doesn't need '-mrecip'.
'-mrecip=OPT'
This option controls which reciprocal estimate instructions may be
used. OPT is a comma-separated list of options, which may be
preceded by a '!' to invert the option:
'all'
Enable all estimate instructions.
'default'
Enable the default instructions, equivalent to '-mrecip'.
'none'
Disable all estimate instructions, equivalent to '-mno-recip'.
'div'
Enable the approximation for scalar division.
'vec-div'
Enable the approximation for vectorized division.
'sqrt'
Enable the approximation for scalar square root.
'vec-sqrt'
Enable the approximation for vectorized square root.
So, for example, '-mrecip=all,!sqrt' enables all of the reciprocal
approximations, except for square root.
'-mveclibabi=TYPE'
Specifies the ABI type to use for vectorizing intrinsics using an
external library. Supported values for TYPE are 'svml' for the
Intel short vector math library and 'acml' for the AMD math core
library. To use this option, both '-ftree-vectorize' and
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' have to be enabled, and an SVML or
ACML ABI-compatible library must be specified at link time.
GCC currently emits calls to 'vmldExp2', 'vmldLn2', 'vmldLog102',
'vmldPow2', 'vmldTanh2', 'vmldTan2', 'vmldAtan2', 'vmldAtanh2',
'vmldCbrt2', 'vmldSinh2', 'vmldSin2', 'vmldAsinh2', 'vmldAsin2',
'vmldCosh2', 'vmldCos2', 'vmldAcosh2', 'vmldAcos2', 'vmlsExp4',
'vmlsLn4', 'vmlsLog104', 'vmlsPow4', 'vmlsTanh4', 'vmlsTan4',
'vmlsAtan4', 'vmlsAtanh4', 'vmlsCbrt4', 'vmlsSinh4', 'vmlsSin4',
'vmlsAsinh4', 'vmlsAsin4', 'vmlsCosh4', 'vmlsCos4', 'vmlsAcosh4'
and 'vmlsAcos4' for corresponding function type when
'-mveclibabi=svml' is used, and '__vrd2_sin', '__vrd2_cos',
'__vrd2_exp', '__vrd2_log', '__vrd2_log2', '__vrd2_log10',
'__vrs4_sinf', '__vrs4_cosf', '__vrs4_expf', '__vrs4_logf',
'__vrs4_log2f', '__vrs4_log10f' and '__vrs4_powf' for the
corresponding function type when '-mveclibabi=acml' is used.
'-mabi=NAME'
Generate code for the specified calling convention. Permissible
values are 'sysv' for the ABI used on GNU/Linux and other systems,
and 'ms' for the Microsoft ABI. The default is to use the Microsoft
ABI when targeting Microsoft Windows and the SysV ABI on all other
systems. You can control this behavior for specific functions by
using the function attributes 'ms_abi' and 'sysv_abi'. *Note
Function Attributes::.
'-mforce-indirect-call'
Force all calls to functions to be indirect. This is useful when
using Intel Processor Trace where it generates more precise timing
information for function calls.
'-mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues'
Due to differences in 64-bit ABIs, any Microsoft ABI function that
calls a System V ABI function must consider RSI, RDI and XMM6-15 as
clobbered. By default, the code for saving and restoring these
registers is emitted inline, resulting in fairly lengthy prologues
and epilogues. Using '-mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues' emits prologues and
epilogues that use stubs in the static portion of libgcc to perform
these saves and restores, thus reducing function size at the cost
of a few extra instructions.
'-mtls-dialect=TYPE'
Generate code to access thread-local storage using the 'gnu' or
'gnu2' conventions. 'gnu' is the conservative default; 'gnu2' is
more efficient, but it may add compile- and run-time requirements
that cannot be satisfied on all systems.
'-mpush-args'
'-mno-push-args'
Use PUSH operations to store outgoing parameters. This method is
shorter and usually equally fast as method using SUB/MOV operations
and is enabled by default. In some cases disabling it may improve
performance because of improved scheduling and reduced
dependencies.
'-maccumulate-outgoing-args'
If enabled, the maximum amount of space required for outgoing
arguments is computed in the function prologue. This is faster on
most modern CPUs because of reduced dependencies, improved
scheduling and reduced stack usage when the preferred stack
boundary is not equal to 2. The drawback is a notable increase in
code size. This switch implies '-mno-push-args'.
'-mthreads'
Support thread-safe exception handling on MinGW. Programs that rely
on thread-safe exception handling must compile and link all code
with the '-mthreads' option. When compiling, '-mthreads' defines
'-D_MT'; when linking, it links in a special thread helper library
'-lmingwthrd' which cleans up per-thread exception-handling data.
'-mms-bitfields'
'-mno-ms-bitfields'
Enable/disable bit-field layout compatible with the native
Microsoft Windows compiler.
If 'packed' is used on a structure, or if bit-fields are used, it
may be that the Microsoft ABI lays out the structure differently
than the way GCC normally does. Particularly when moving packed
data between functions compiled with GCC and the native Microsoft
compiler (either via function call or as data in a file), it may be
necessary to access either format.
This option is enabled by default for Microsoft Windows targets.
This behavior can also be controlled locally by use of variable or
type attributes. For more information, see *note x86 Variable
Attributes:: and *note x86 Type Attributes::.
The Microsoft structure layout algorithm is fairly simple with the
exception of the bit-field packing. The padding and alignment of
members of structures and whether a bit-field can straddle a
storage-unit boundary are determine by these rules:
1. Structure members are stored sequentially in the order in
which they are declared: the first member has the lowest
memory address and the last member the highest.
2. Every data object has an alignment requirement. The alignment
requirement for all data except structures, unions, and arrays
is either the size of the object or the current packing size
(specified with either the 'aligned' attribute or the 'pack'
pragma), whichever is less. For structures, unions, and
arrays, the alignment requirement is the largest alignment
requirement of its members. Every object is allocated an
offset so that:
offset % alignment_requirement == 0
3. Adjacent bit-fields are packed into the same 1-, 2-, or 4-byte
allocation unit if the integral types are the same size and if
the next bit-field fits into the current allocation unit
without crossing the boundary imposed by the common alignment
requirements of the bit-fields.
MSVC interprets zero-length bit-fields in the following ways:
1. If a zero-length bit-field is inserted between two bit-fields
that are normally coalesced, the bit-fields are not coalesced.
For example:
struct
{
unsigned long bf_1 : 12;
unsigned long : 0;
unsigned long bf_2 : 12;
} t1;
The size of 't1' is 8 bytes with the zero-length bit-field.
If the zero-length bit-field were removed, 't1''s size would
be 4 bytes.
2. If a zero-length bit-field is inserted after a bit-field,
'foo', and the alignment of the zero-length bit-field is
greater than the member that follows it, 'bar', 'bar' is
aligned as the type of the zero-length bit-field.
For example:
struct
{
char foo : 4;
short : 0;
char bar;
} t2;
struct
{
char foo : 4;
short : 0;
double bar;
} t3;
For 't2', 'bar' is placed at offset 2, rather than offset 1.
Accordingly, the size of 't2' is 4. For 't3', the zero-length
bit-field does not affect the alignment of 'bar' or, as a
result, the size of the structure.
Taking this into account, it is important to note the
following:
1. If a zero-length bit-field follows a normal bit-field,
the type of the zero-length bit-field may affect the
alignment of the structure as whole. For example, 't2'
has a size of 4 bytes, since the zero-length bit-field
follows a normal bit-field, and is of type short.
2. Even if a zero-length bit-field is not followed by a
normal bit-field, it may still affect the alignment of
the structure:
struct
{
char foo : 6;
long : 0;
} t4;
Here, 't4' takes up 4 bytes.
3. Zero-length bit-fields following non-bit-field members are
ignored:
struct
{
char foo;
long : 0;
char bar;
} t5;
Here, 't5' takes up 2 bytes.
'-mno-align-stringops'
Do not align the destination of inlined string operations. This
switch reduces code size and improves performance in case the
destination is already aligned, but GCC doesn't know about it.
'-minline-all-stringops'
By default GCC inlines string operations only when the destination
is known to be aligned to least a 4-byte boundary. This enables
more inlining and increases code size, but may improve performance
of code that depends on fast 'memcpy', 'strlen', and 'memset' for
short lengths.
'-minline-stringops-dynamically'
For string operations of unknown size, use run-time checks with
inline code for small blocks and a library call for large blocks.
'-mstringop-strategy=ALG'
Override the internal decision heuristic for the particular
algorithm to use for inlining string operations. The allowed
values for ALG are:
'rep_byte'
'rep_4byte'
'rep_8byte'
Expand using i386 'rep' prefix of the specified size.
'byte_loop'
'loop'
'unrolled_loop'
Expand into an inline loop.
'libcall'
Always use a library call.
'-mmemcpy-strategy=STRATEGY'
Override the internal decision heuristic to decide if
'__builtin_memcpy' should be inlined and what inline algorithm to
use when the expected size of the copy operation is known.
STRATEGY is a comma-separated list of ALG:MAX_SIZE:DEST_ALIGN
triplets. ALG is specified in '-mstringop-strategy', MAX_SIZE
specifies the max byte size with which inline algorithm ALG is
allowed. For the last triplet, the MAX_SIZE must be '-1'. The
MAX_SIZE of the triplets in the list must be specified in
increasing order. The minimal byte size for ALG is '0' for the
first triplet and 'MAX_SIZE + 1' of the preceding range.
'-mmemset-strategy=STRATEGY'
The option is similar to '-mmemcpy-strategy=' except that it is to
control '__builtin_memset' expansion.
'-momit-leaf-frame-pointer'
Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for leaf functions.
This avoids the instructions to save, set up, and restore frame
pointers and makes an extra register available in leaf functions.
The option '-fomit-leaf-frame-pointer' removes the frame pointer
for leaf functions, which might make debugging harder.
'-mtls-direct-seg-refs'
'-mno-tls-direct-seg-refs'
Controls whether TLS variables may be accessed with offsets from
the TLS segment register ('%gs' for 32-bit, '%fs' for 64-bit), or
whether the thread base pointer must be added. Whether or not this
is valid depends on the operating system, and whether it maps the
segment to cover the entire TLS area.
For systems that use the GNU C Library, the default is on.
'-msse2avx'
'-mno-sse2avx'
Specify that the assembler should encode SSE instructions with VEX
prefix. The option '-mavx' turns this on by default.
'-mfentry'
'-mno-fentry'
If profiling is active ('-pg'), put the profiling counter call
before the prologue. Note: On x86 architectures the attribute
'ms_hook_prologue' isn't possible at the moment for '-mfentry' and
'-pg'.
'-mrecord-mcount'
'-mno-record-mcount'
If profiling is active ('-pg'), generate a __mcount_loc section
that contains pointers to each profiling call. This is useful for
automatically patching and out calls.
'-mnop-mcount'
'-mno-nop-mcount'
If profiling is active ('-pg'), generate the calls to the profiling
functions as NOPs. This is useful when they should be patched in
later dynamically. This is likely only useful together with
'-mrecord-mcount'.
'-mskip-rax-setup'
'-mno-skip-rax-setup'
When generating code for the x86-64 architecture with SSE
extensions disabled, '-mskip-rax-setup' can be used to skip setting
up RAX register when there are no variable arguments passed in
vector registers.
*Warning:* Since RAX register is used to avoid unnecessarily saving
vector registers on stack when passing variable arguments, the
impacts of this option are callees may waste some stack space,
misbehave or jump to a random location. GCC 4.4 or newer don't
have those issues, regardless the RAX register value.
'-m8bit-idiv'
'-mno-8bit-idiv'
On some processors, like Intel Atom, 8-bit unsigned integer divide
is much faster than 32-bit/64-bit integer divide. This option
generates a run-time check. If both dividend and divisor are
within range of 0 to 255, 8-bit unsigned integer divide is used
instead of 32-bit/64-bit integer divide.
'-mavx256-split-unaligned-load'
'-mavx256-split-unaligned-store'
Split 32-byte AVX unaligned load and store.
'-mstack-protector-guard=GUARD'
'-mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG'
'-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET'
Generate stack protection code using canary at GUARD. Supported
locations are 'global' for global canary or 'tls' for per-thread
canary in the TLS block (the default). This option has effect only
when '-fstack-protector' or '-fstack-protector-all' is specified.
With the latter choice the options
'-mstack-protector-guard-reg=REG' and
'-mstack-protector-guard-offset=OFFSET' furthermore specify which
segment register ('%fs' or '%gs') to use as base register for
reading the canary, and from what offset from that base register.
The default for those is as specified in the relevant ABI.
'-mmitigate-rop'
Try to avoid generating code sequences that contain unintended
return opcodes, to mitigate against certain forms of attack. At
the moment, this option is limited in what it can do and should not
be relied on to provide serious protection.
'-mgeneral-regs-only'
Generate code that uses only the general-purpose registers. This
prevents the compiler from using floating-point, vector, mask and
bound registers.
'-mindirect-branch=CHOICE'
Convert indirect call and jump with CHOICE. The default is 'keep',
which keeps indirect call and jump unmodified. 'thunk' converts
indirect call and jump to call and return thunk. 'thunk-inline'
converts indirect call and jump to inlined call and return thunk.
'thunk-extern' converts indirect call and jump to external call and
return thunk provided in a separate object file. You can control
this behavior for a specific function by using the function
attribute 'indirect_branch'. *Note Function Attributes::.
Note that '-mcmodel=large' is incompatible with
'-mindirect-branch=thunk' and '-mindirect-branch=thunk-extern'
since the thunk function may not be reachable in the large code
model.
Note that '-mindirect-branch=thunk-extern' is incompatible with
'-fcf-protection=branch' and '-fcheck-pointer-bounds' since the
external thunk can not be modified to disable control-flow check.
'-mfunction-return=CHOICE'
Convert function return with CHOICE. The default is 'keep', which
keeps function return unmodified. 'thunk' converts function return
to call and return thunk. 'thunk-inline' converts function return
to inlined call and return thunk. 'thunk-extern' converts function
return to external call and return thunk provided in a separate
object file. You can control this behavior for a specific function
by using the function attribute 'function_return'. *Note Function
Attributes::.
Note that '-mcmodel=large' is incompatible with
'-mfunction-return=thunk' and '-mfunction-return=thunk-extern'
since the thunk function may not be reachable in the large code
model.
'-mindirect-branch-register'
Force indirect call and jump via register.
'-mharden-sls=CHOICE'
Generate code to mitigate against straight line speculation (SLS)
with CHOICE. The default is 'none' which disables all SLS
hardening. 'return' enables SLS hardening for function returns.
'indirect-jmp' enables SLS hardening for indirect jumps. 'all'
enables all SLS hardening.
'-mindirect-branch-cs-prefix'
Add CS prefix to call and jmp to indirect thunk with branch target
in r8-r15 registers so that the call and jmp instruction length is
6 bytes to allow them to be replaced with 'lfence; call *%r8-r15'
or 'lfence; jmp *%r8-r15' at run-time.
These '-m' switches are supported in addition to the above on x86-64
processors in 64-bit environments.
'-m32'
'-m64'
'-mx32'
'-m16'
'-miamcu'
Generate code for a 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The
'-m32' option sets 'int', 'long', and pointer types to 32 bits, and
generates code that runs on any i386 system.
The '-m64' option sets 'int' to 32 bits and 'long' and pointer
types to 64 bits, and generates code for the x86-64 architecture.
For Darwin only the '-m64' option also turns off the '-fno-pic' and
'-mdynamic-no-pic' options.
The '-mx32' option sets 'int', 'long', and pointer types to 32
bits, and generates code for the x86-64 architecture.
The '-m16' option is the same as '-m32', except for that it outputs
the '.code16gcc' assembly directive at the beginning of the
assembly output so that the binary can run in 16-bit mode.
The '-miamcu' option generates code which conforms to Intel MCU
psABI. It requires the '-m32' option to be turned on.
'-mno-red-zone'
Do not use a so-called "red zone" for x86-64 code. The red zone is
mandated by the x86-64 ABI; it is a 128-byte area beyond the
location of the stack pointer that is not modified by signal or
interrupt handlers and therefore can be used for temporary data
without adjusting the stack pointer. The flag '-mno-red-zone'
disables this red zone.
'-mcmodel=small'
Generate code for the small code model: the program and its symbols
must be linked in the lower 2 GB of the address space. Pointers
are 64 bits. Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
This is the default code model.
'-mcmodel=kernel'
Generate code for the kernel code model. The kernel runs in the
negative 2 GB of the address space. This model has to be used for
Linux kernel code.
'-mcmodel=medium'
Generate code for the medium model: the program is linked in the
lower 2 GB of the address space. Small symbols are also placed
there. Symbols with sizes larger than '-mlarge-data-threshold' are
put into large data or BSS sections and can be located above 2GB.
Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
'-mcmodel=large'
Generate code for the large model. This model makes no assumptions
about addresses and sizes of sections.
'-maddress-mode=long'
Generate code for long address mode. This is only supported for
64-bit and x32 environments. It is the default address mode for
64-bit environments.
'-maddress-mode=short'
Generate code for short address mode. This is only supported for
32-bit and x32 environments. It is the default address mode for
32-bit and x32 environments.
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 Windows Options, Next: Xstormy16 Options, Prev: x86 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.57 x86 Windows Options
---------------------------
These additional options are available for Microsoft Windows targets:
'-mconsole'
This option specifies that a console application is to be
generated, by instructing the linker to set the PE header subsystem
type required for console applications. This option is available
for Cygwin and MinGW targets and is enabled by default on those
targets.
'-mdll'
This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
specifies that a DLL--a dynamic link library--is to be generated,
enabling the selection of the required runtime startup object and
entry point.
'-mnop-fun-dllimport'
This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
specifies that the 'dllimport' attribute should be ignored.
'-mthread'
This option is available for MinGW targets. It specifies that
MinGW-specific thread support is to be used.
'-municode'
This option is available for MinGW-w64 targets. It causes the
'UNICODE' preprocessor macro to be predefined, and chooses
Unicode-capable runtime startup code.
'-mwin32'
This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
specifies that the typical Microsoft Windows predefined macros are
to be set in the pre-processor, but does not influence the choice
of runtime library/startup code.
'-mwindows'
This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
specifies that a GUI application is to be generated by instructing
the linker to set the PE header subsystem type appropriately.
'-fno-set-stack-executable'
This option is available for MinGW targets. It specifies that the
executable flag for the stack used by nested functions isn't set.
This is necessary for binaries running in kernel mode of Microsoft
Windows, as there the User32 API, which is used to set executable
privileges, isn't available.
'-fwritable-relocated-rdata'
This option is available for MinGW and Cygwin targets. It
specifies that relocated-data in read-only section is put into the
'.data' section. This is a necessary for older runtimes not
supporting modification of '.rdata' sections for pseudo-relocation.
'-mpe-aligned-commons'
This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
specifies that the GNU extension to the PE file format that permits
the correct alignment of COMMON variables should be used when
generating code. It is enabled by default if GCC detects that the
target assembler found during configuration supports the feature.
See also under *note x86 Options:: for standard options.
File: gcc.info, Node: Xstormy16 Options, Next: Xtensa Options, Prev: x86 Windows Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.58 Xstormy16 Options
-------------------------
These options are defined for Xstormy16:
'-msim'
Choose startup files and linker script suitable for the simulator.
File: gcc.info, Node: Xtensa Options, Next: zSeries Options, Prev: Xstormy16 Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.59 Xtensa Options
----------------------
These options are supported for Xtensa targets:
'-mconst16'
'-mno-const16'
Enable or disable use of 'CONST16' instructions for loading
constant values. The 'CONST16' instruction is currently not a
standard option from Tensilica. When enabled, 'CONST16'
instructions are always used in place of the standard 'L32R'
instructions. The use of 'CONST16' is enabled by default only if
the 'L32R' instruction is not available.
'-mfused-madd'
'-mno-fused-madd'
Enable or disable use of fused multiply/add and multiply/subtract
instructions in the floating-point option. This has no effect if
the floating-point option is not also enabled. Disabling fused
multiply/add and multiply/subtract instructions forces the compiler
to use separate instructions for the multiply and add/subtract
operations. This may be desirable in some cases where strict IEEE
754-compliant results are required: the fused multiply add/subtract
instructions do not round the intermediate result, thereby
producing results with _more_ bits of precision than specified by
the IEEE standard. Disabling fused multiply add/subtract
instructions also ensures that the program output is not sensitive
to the compiler's ability to combine multiply and add/subtract
operations.
'-mserialize-volatile'
'-mno-serialize-volatile'
When this option is enabled, GCC inserts 'MEMW' instructions before
'volatile' memory references to guarantee sequential consistency.
The default is '-mserialize-volatile'. Use
'-mno-serialize-volatile' to omit the 'MEMW' instructions.
'-mforce-no-pic'
For targets, like GNU/Linux, where all user-mode Xtensa code must
be position-independent code (PIC), this option disables PIC for
compiling kernel code.
'-mtext-section-literals'
'-mno-text-section-literals'
These options control the treatment of literal pools. The default
is '-mno-text-section-literals', which places literals in a
separate section in the output file. This allows the literal pool
to be placed in a data RAM/ROM, and it also allows the linker to
combine literal pools from separate object files to remove
redundant literals and improve code size. With
'-mtext-section-literals', the literals are interspersed in the
text section in order to keep them as close as possible to their
references. This may be necessary for large assembly files.
Literals for each function are placed right before that function.
'-mauto-litpools'
'-mno-auto-litpools'
These options control the treatment of literal pools. The default
is '-mno-auto-litpools', which places literals in a separate
section in the output file unless '-mtext-section-literals' is
used. With '-mauto-litpools' the literals are interspersed in the
text section by the assembler. Compiler does not produce explicit
'.literal' directives and loads literals into registers with 'MOVI'
instructions instead of 'L32R' to let the assembler do relaxation
and place literals as necessary. This option allows assembler to
create several literal pools per function and assemble very big
functions, which may not be possible with
'-mtext-section-literals'.
'-mtarget-align'
'-mno-target-align'
When this option is enabled, GCC instructs the assembler to
automatically align instructions to reduce branch penalties at the
expense of some code density. The assembler attempts to widen
density instructions to align branch targets and the instructions
following call instructions. If there are not enough preceding
safe density instructions to align a target, no widening is
performed. The default is '-mtarget-align'. These options do not
affect the treatment of auto-aligned instructions like 'LOOP',
which the assembler always aligns, either by widening density
instructions or by inserting NOP instructions.
'-mlongcalls'
'-mno-longcalls'
When this option is enabled, GCC instructs the assembler to
translate direct calls to indirect calls unless it can determine
that the target of a direct call is in the range allowed by the
call instruction. This translation typically occurs for calls to
functions in other source files. Specifically, the assembler
translates a direct 'CALL' instruction into an 'L32R' followed by a
'CALLX' instruction. The default is '-mno-longcalls'. This option
should be used in programs where the call target can potentially be
out of range. This option is implemented in the assembler, not the
compiler, so the assembly code generated by GCC still shows direct
call instructions--look at the disassembled object code to see the
actual instructions. Note that the assembler uses an indirect call
for every cross-file call, not just those that really are out of
range.
File: gcc.info, Node: zSeries Options, Prev: Xtensa Options, Up: Submodel Options
3.18.60 zSeries Options
-----------------------
These are listed under *Note S/390 and zSeries Options::.
File: gcc.info, Node: Spec Files, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Submodel Options, Up: Invoking GCC
3.19 Specifying Subprocesses and the Switches to Pass to Them
=============================================================
'gcc' is a driver program. It performs its job by invoking a sequence
of other programs to do the work of compiling, assembling and linking.
GCC interprets its command-line parameters and uses these to deduce
which programs it should invoke, and which command-line options it ought
to place on their command lines. This behavior is controlled by "spec
strings". In most cases there is one spec string for each program that
GCC can invoke, but a few programs have multiple spec strings to control
their behavior. The spec strings built into GCC can be overridden by
using the '-specs=' command-line switch to specify a spec file.
"Spec files" are plain-text files that are used to construct spec
strings. They consist of a sequence of directives separated by blank
lines. The type of directive is determined by the first non-whitespace
character on the line, which can be one of the following:
'%COMMAND'
Issues a COMMAND to the spec file processor. The commands that can
appear here are:
'%include <FILE>'
Search for FILE and insert its text at the current point in
the specs file.
'%include_noerr <FILE>'
Just like '%include', but do not generate an error message if
the include file cannot be found.
'%rename OLD_NAME NEW_NAME'
Rename the spec string OLD_NAME to NEW_NAME.
'*[SPEC_NAME]:'
This tells the compiler to create, override or delete the named
spec string. All lines after this directive up to the next
directive or blank line are considered to be the text for the spec
string. If this results in an empty string then the spec is
deleted. (Or, if the spec did not exist, then nothing happens.)
Otherwise, if the spec does not currently exist a new spec is
created. If the spec does exist then its contents are overridden
by the text of this directive, unless the first character of that
text is the '+' character, in which case the text is appended to
the spec.
'[SUFFIX]:'
Creates a new '[SUFFIX] spec' pair. All lines after this directive
and up to the next directive or blank line are considered to make
up the spec string for the indicated suffix. When the compiler
encounters an input file with the named suffix, it processes the
spec string in order to work out how to compile that file. For
example:
.ZZ:
z-compile -input %i
This says that any input file whose name ends in '.ZZ' should be
passed to the program 'z-compile', which should be invoked with the
command-line switch '-input' and with the result of performing the
'%i' substitution. (See below.)
As an alternative to providing a spec string, the text following a
suffix directive can be one of the following:
'@LANGUAGE'
This says that the suffix is an alias for a known LANGUAGE.
This is similar to using the '-x' command-line switch to GCC
to specify a language explicitly. For example:
.ZZ:
@c++
Says that .ZZ files are, in fact, C++ source files.
'#NAME'
This causes an error messages saying:
NAME compiler not installed on this system.
GCC already has an extensive list of suffixes built into it. This
directive adds an entry to the end of the list of suffixes, but
since the list is searched from the end backwards, it is
effectively possible to override earlier entries using this
technique.
GCC has the following spec strings built into it. Spec files can
override these strings or create their own. Note that individual
targets can also add their own spec strings to this list.
asm Options to pass to the assembler
asm_final Options to pass to the assembler post-processor
cpp Options to pass to the C preprocessor
cc1 Options to pass to the C compiler
cc1plus Options to pass to the C++ compiler
endfile Object files to include at the end of the link
link Options to pass to the linker
lib Libraries to include on the command line to the linker
libgcc Decides which GCC support library to pass to the linker
linker Sets the name of the linker
predefines Defines to be passed to the C preprocessor
signed_char Defines to pass to CPP to say whether char is signed
by default
startfile Object files to include at the start of the link
Here is a small example of a spec file:
%rename lib old_lib
*lib:
--start-group -lgcc -lc -leval1 --end-group %(old_lib)
This example renames the spec called 'lib' to 'old_lib' and then
overrides the previous definition of 'lib' with a new one. The new
definition adds in some extra command-line options before including the
text of the old definition.
"Spec strings" are a list of command-line options to be passed to their
corresponding program. In addition, the spec strings can contain
'%'-prefixed sequences to substitute variable text or to conditionally
insert text into the command line. Using these constructs it is
possible to generate quite complex command lines.
Here is a table of all defined '%'-sequences for spec strings. Note
that spaces are not generated automatically around the results of
expanding these sequences. Therefore you can concatenate them together
or combine them with constant text in a single argument.
'%%'
Substitute one '%' into the program name or argument.
'%i'
Substitute the name of the input file being processed.
'%b'
Substitute the basename of the input file being processed. This is
the substring up to (and not including) the last period and not
including the directory.
'%B'
This is the same as '%b', but include the file suffix (text after
the last period).
'%d'
Marks the argument containing or following the '%d' as a temporary
file name, so that that file is deleted if GCC exits successfully.
Unlike '%g', this contributes no text to the argument.
'%gSUFFIX'
Substitute a file name that has suffix SUFFIX and is chosen once
per compilation, and mark the argument in the same way as '%d'. To
reduce exposure to denial-of-service attacks, the file name is now
chosen in a way that is hard to predict even when previously chosen
file names are known. For example, '%g.s ... %g.o ... %g.s' might
turn into 'ccUVUUAU.s ccXYAXZ12.o ccUVUUAU.s'. SUFFIX matches the
regexp '[.A-Za-z]*' or the special string '%O', which is treated
exactly as if '%O' had been preprocessed. Previously, '%g' was
simply substituted with a file name chosen once per compilation,
without regard to any appended suffix (which was therefore treated
just like ordinary text), making such attacks more likely to
succeed.
'%uSUFFIX'
Like '%g', but generates a new temporary file name each time it
appears instead of once per compilation.
'%USUFFIX'
Substitutes the last file name generated with '%uSUFFIX',
generating a new one if there is no such last file name. In the
absence of any '%uSUFFIX', this is just like '%gSUFFIX', except
they don't share the same suffix _space_, so '%g.s ... %U.s ...
%g.s ... %U.s' involves the generation of two distinct file names,
one for each '%g.s' and another for each '%U.s'. Previously, '%U'
was simply substituted with a file name chosen for the previous
'%u', without regard to any appended suffix.
'%jSUFFIX'
Substitutes the name of the 'HOST_BIT_BUCKET', if any, and if it is
writable, and if '-save-temps' is not used; otherwise, substitute
the name of a temporary file, just like '%u'. This temporary file
is not meant for communication between processes, but rather as a
junk disposal mechanism.
'%|SUFFIX'
'%mSUFFIX'
Like '%g', except if '-pipe' is in effect. In that case '%|'
substitutes a single dash and '%m' substitutes nothing at all.
These are the two most common ways to instruct a program that it
should read from standard input or write to standard output. If
you need something more elaborate you can use an '%{pipe:'X'}'
construct: see for example 'f/lang-specs.h'.
'%.SUFFIX'
Substitutes .SUFFIX for the suffixes of a matched switch's args
when it is subsequently output with '%*'. SUFFIX is terminated by
the next space or %.
'%w'
Marks the argument containing or following the '%w' as the
designated output file of this compilation. This puts the argument
into the sequence of arguments that '%o' substitutes.
'%o'
Substitutes the names of all the output files, with spaces
automatically placed around them. You should write spaces around
the '%o' as well or the results are undefined. '%o' is for use in
the specs for running the linker. Input files whose names have no
recognized suffix are not compiled at all, but they are included
among the output files, so they are linked.
'%O'
Substitutes the suffix for object files. Note that this is handled
specially when it immediately follows '%g, %u, or %U', because of
the need for those to form complete file names. The handling is
such that '%O' is treated exactly as if it had already been
substituted, except that '%g, %u, and %U' do not currently support
additional SUFFIX characters following '%O' as they do following,
for example, '.o'.
'%p'
Substitutes the standard macro predefinitions for the current
target machine. Use this when running 'cpp'.
'%P'
Like '%p', but puts '__' before and after the name of each
predefined macro, except for macros that start with '__' or with
'_L', where L is an uppercase letter. This is for ISO C.
'%I'
Substitute any of '-iprefix' (made from 'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'),
'-isysroot' (made from 'TARGET_SYSTEM_ROOT'), '-isystem' (made from
'COMPILER_PATH' and '-B' options) and '-imultilib' as necessary.
'%s'
Current argument is the name of a library or startup file of some
sort. Search for that file in a standard list of directories and
substitute the full name found. The current working directory is
included in the list of directories scanned.
'%T'
Current argument is the name of a linker script. Search for that
file in the current list of directories to scan for libraries. If
the file is located insert a '--script' option into the command
line followed by the full path name found. If the file is not
found then generate an error message. Note: the current working
directory is not searched.
'%eSTR'
Print STR as an error message. STR is terminated by a newline.
Use this when inconsistent options are detected.
'%(NAME)'
Substitute the contents of spec string NAME at this point.
'%x{OPTION}'
Accumulate an option for '%X'.
'%X'
Output the accumulated linker options specified by '-Wl' or a '%x'
spec string.
'%Y'
Output the accumulated assembler options specified by '-Wa'.
'%Z'
Output the accumulated preprocessor options specified by '-Wp'.
'%a'
Process the 'asm' spec. This is used to compute the switches to be
passed to the assembler.
'%A'
Process the 'asm_final' spec. This is a spec string for passing
switches to an assembler post-processor, if such a program is
needed.
'%l'
Process the 'link' spec. This is the spec for computing the
command line passed to the linker. Typically it makes use of the
'%L %G %S %D and %E' sequences.
'%D'
Dump out a '-L' option for each directory that GCC believes might
contain startup files. If the target supports multilibs then the
current multilib directory is prepended to each of these paths.
'%L'
Process the 'lib' spec. This is a spec string for deciding which
libraries are included on the command line to the linker.
'%G'
Process the 'libgcc' spec. This is a spec string for deciding
which GCC support library is included on the command line to the
linker.
'%S'
Process the 'startfile' spec. This is a spec for deciding which
object files are the first ones passed to the linker. Typically
this might be a file named 'crt0.o'.
'%E'
Process the 'endfile' spec. This is a spec string that specifies
the last object files that are passed to the linker.
'%C'
Process the 'cpp' spec. This is used to construct the arguments to
be passed to the C preprocessor.
'%1'
Process the 'cc1' spec. This is used to construct the options to
be passed to the actual C compiler ('cc1').
'%2'
Process the 'cc1plus' spec. This is used to construct the options
to be passed to the actual C++ compiler ('cc1plus').
'%*'
Substitute the variable part of a matched option. See below. Note
that each comma in the substituted string is replaced by a single
space.
'%<S'
Remove all occurrences of '-S' from the command line. Note--this
command is position dependent. '%' commands in the spec string
before this one see '-S', '%' commands in the spec string after
this one do not.
'%:FUNCTION(ARGS)'
Call the named function FUNCTION, passing it ARGS. ARGS is first
processed as a nested spec string, then split into an argument
vector in the usual fashion. The function returns a string which
is processed as if it had appeared literally as part of the current
spec.
The following built-in spec functions are provided:
'getenv'
The 'getenv' spec function takes two arguments: an environment
variable name and a string. If the environment variable is
not defined, a fatal error is issued. Otherwise, the return
value is the value of the environment variable concatenated
with the string. For example, if 'TOPDIR' is defined as
'/path/to/top', then:
%:getenv(TOPDIR /include)
expands to '/path/to/top/include'.
'if-exists'
The 'if-exists' spec function takes one argument, an absolute
pathname to a file. If the file exists, 'if-exists' returns
the pathname. Here is a small example of its usage:
*startfile:
crt0%O%s %:if-exists(crti%O%s) crtbegin%O%s
'if-exists-else'
The 'if-exists-else' spec function is similar to the
'if-exists' spec function, except that it takes two arguments.
The first argument is an absolute pathname to a file. If the
file exists, 'if-exists-else' returns the pathname. If it
does not exist, it returns the second argument. This way,
'if-exists-else' can be used to select one file or another,
based on the existence of the first. Here is a small example
of its usage:
*startfile:
crt0%O%s %:if-exists(crti%O%s) \
%:if-exists-else(crtbeginT%O%s crtbegin%O%s)
'replace-outfile'
The 'replace-outfile' spec function takes two arguments. It
looks for the first argument in the outfiles array and
replaces it with the second argument. Here is a small example
of its usage:
%{fgnu-runtime:%:replace-outfile(-lobjc -lobjc-gnu)}
'remove-outfile'
The 'remove-outfile' spec function takes one argument. It
looks for the first argument in the outfiles array and removes
it. Here is a small example its usage:
%:remove-outfile(-lm)
'pass-through-libs'
The 'pass-through-libs' spec function takes any number of
arguments. It finds any '-l' options and any non-options
ending in '.a' (which it assumes are the names of linker input
library archive files) and returns a result containing all the
found arguments each prepended by '-plugin-opt=-pass-through='
and joined by spaces. This list is intended to be passed to
the LTO linker plugin.
%:pass-through-libs(%G %L %G)
'print-asm-header'
The 'print-asm-header' function takes no arguments and simply
prints a banner like:
Assembler options
=================
Use "-Wa,OPTION" to pass "OPTION" to the assembler.
It is used to separate compiler options from assembler options
in the '--target-help' output.
'%{S}'
Substitutes the '-S' switch, if that switch is given to GCC. If
that switch is not specified, this substitutes nothing. Note that
the leading dash is omitted when specifying this option, and it is
automatically inserted if the substitution is performed. Thus the
spec string '%{foo}' matches the command-line option '-foo' and
outputs the command-line option '-foo'.
'%W{S}'
Like %{'S'} but mark last argument supplied within as a file to be
deleted on failure.
'%{S*}'
Substitutes all the switches specified to GCC whose names start
with '-S', but which also take an argument. This is used for
switches like '-o', '-D', '-I', etc. GCC considers '-o foo' as
being one switch whose name starts with 'o'. %{o*} substitutes
this text, including the space. Thus two arguments are generated.
'%{S*&T*}'
Like %{'S'*}, but preserve order of 'S' and 'T' options (the order
of 'S' and 'T' in the spec is not significant). There can be any
number of ampersand-separated variables; for each the wild card is
optional. Useful for CPP as '%{D*&U*&A*}'.
'%{S:X}'
Substitutes 'X', if the '-S' switch is given to GCC.
'%{!S:X}'
Substitutes 'X', if the '-S' switch is _not_ given to GCC.
'%{S*:X}'
Substitutes 'X' if one or more switches whose names start with '-S'
are specified to GCC. Normally 'X' is substituted only once, no
matter how many such switches appeared. However, if '%*' appears
somewhere in 'X', then 'X' is substituted once for each matching
switch, with the '%*' replaced by the part of that switch matching
the '*'.
If '%*' appears as the last part of a spec sequence then a space is
added after the end of the last substitution. If there is more
text in the sequence, however, then a space is not generated. This
allows the '%*' substitution to be used as part of a larger string.
For example, a spec string like this:
%{mcu=*:--script=%*/memory.ld}
when matching an option like '-mcu=newchip' produces:
--script=newchip/memory.ld
'%{.S:X}'
Substitutes 'X', if processing a file with suffix 'S'.
'%{!.S:X}'
Substitutes 'X', if _not_ processing a file with suffix 'S'.
'%{,S:X}'
Substitutes 'X', if processing a file for language 'S'.
'%{!,S:X}'
Substitutes 'X', if not processing a file for language 'S'.
'%{S|P:X}'
Substitutes 'X' if either '-S' or '-P' is given to GCC. This may
be combined with '!', '.', ',', and '*' sequences as well, although
they have a stronger binding than the '|'. If '%*' appears in 'X',
all of the alternatives must be starred, and only the first
matching alternative is substituted.
For example, a spec string like this:
%{.c:-foo} %{!.c:-bar} %{.c|d:-baz} %{!.c|d:-boggle}
outputs the following command-line options from the following input
command-line options:
fred.c -foo -baz
jim.d -bar -boggle
-d fred.c -foo -baz -boggle
-d jim.d -bar -baz -boggle
'%{S:X; T:Y; :D}'
If 'S' is given to GCC, substitutes 'X'; else if 'T' is given to
GCC, substitutes 'Y'; else substitutes 'D'. There can be as many
clauses as you need. This may be combined with '.', ',', '!', '|',
and '*' as needed.
The switch matching text 'S' in a '%{S}', '%{S:X}' or similar construct
can use a backslash to ignore the special meaning of the character
following it, thus allowing literal matching of a character that is
otherwise specially treated. For example, '%{std=iso9899\:1999:X}'
substitutes 'X' if the '-std=iso9899:1999' option is given.
The conditional text 'X' in a '%{S:X}' or similar construct may contain
other nested '%' constructs or spaces, or even newlines. They are
processed as usual, as described above. Trailing white space in 'X' is
ignored. White space may also appear anywhere on the left side of the
colon in these constructs, except between '.' or '*' and the
corresponding word.
The '-O', '-f', '-m', and '-W' switches are handled specifically in
these constructs. If another value of '-O' or the negated form of a
'-f', '-m', or '-W' switch is found later in the command line, the
earlier switch value is ignored, except with {'S'*} where 'S' is just
one letter, which passes all matching options.
The character '|' at the beginning of the predicate text is used to
indicate that a command should be piped to the following command, but
only if '-pipe' is specified.
It is built into GCC which switches take arguments and which do not.
(You might think it would be useful to generalize this to allow each
compiler's spec to say which switches take arguments. But this cannot
be done in a consistent fashion. GCC cannot even decide which input
files have been specified without knowing which switches take arguments,
and it must know which input files to compile in order to tell which
compilers to run).
GCC also knows implicitly that arguments starting in '-l' are to be
treated as compiler output files, and passed to the linker in their
proper position among the other output files.
File: gcc.info, Node: Environment Variables, Next: Precompiled Headers, Prev: Spec Files, Up: Invoking GCC
3.20 Environment Variables Affecting GCC
========================================
This section describes several environment variables that affect how GCC
operates. Some of them work by specifying directories or prefixes to
use when searching for various kinds of files. Some are used to specify
other aspects of the compilation environment.
Note that you can also specify places to search using options such as
'-B', '-I' and '-L' (*note Directory Options::). These take precedence
over places specified using environment variables, which in turn take
precedence over those specified by the configuration of GCC. *Note
Controlling the Compilation Driver 'gcc': (gccint)Driver.
'LANG'
'LC_CTYPE'
'LC_MESSAGES'
'LC_ALL'
These environment variables control the way that GCC uses
localization information which allows GCC to work with different
national conventions. GCC inspects the locale categories
'LC_CTYPE' and 'LC_MESSAGES' if it has been configured to do so.
These locale categories can be set to any value supported by your
installation. A typical value is 'en_GB.UTF-8' for English in the
United Kingdom encoded in UTF-8.
The 'LC_CTYPE' environment variable specifies character
classification. GCC uses it to determine the character boundaries
in a string; this is needed for some multibyte encodings that
contain quote and escape characters that are otherwise interpreted
as a string end or escape.
The 'LC_MESSAGES' environment variable specifies the language to
use in diagnostic messages.
If the 'LC_ALL' environment variable is set, it overrides the value
of 'LC_CTYPE' and 'LC_MESSAGES'; otherwise, 'LC_CTYPE' and
'LC_MESSAGES' default to the value of the 'LANG' environment
variable. If none of these variables are set, GCC defaults to
traditional C English behavior.
'TMPDIR'
If 'TMPDIR' is set, it specifies the directory to use for temporary
files. GCC uses temporary files to hold the output of one stage of
compilation which is to be used as input to the next stage: for
example, the output of the preprocessor, which is the input to the
compiler proper.
'GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG'
Setting 'GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG' is nearly equivalent to passing
'-fcompare-debug' to the compiler driver. See the documentation of
this option for more details.
'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'
If 'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' is set, it specifies a prefix to use in the
names of the subprograms executed by the compiler. No slash is
added when this prefix is combined with the name of a subprogram,
but you can specify a prefix that ends with a slash if you wish.
If 'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' is not set, GCC attempts to figure out an
appropriate prefix to use based on the pathname it is invoked with.
If GCC cannot find the subprogram using the specified prefix, it
tries looking in the usual places for the subprogram.
The default value of 'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' is 'PREFIX/lib/gcc/' where
PREFIX is the prefix to the installed compiler. In many cases
PREFIX is the value of 'prefix' when you ran the 'configure'
script.
Other prefixes specified with '-B' take precedence over this
prefix.
This prefix is also used for finding files such as 'crt0.o' that
are used for linking.
In addition, the prefix is used in an unusual way in finding the
directories to search for header files. For each of the standard
directories whose name normally begins with '/usr/local/lib/gcc'
(more precisely, with the value of 'GCC_INCLUDE_DIR'), GCC tries
replacing that beginning with the specified prefix to produce an
alternate directory name. Thus, with '-Bfoo/', GCC searches
'foo/bar' just before it searches the standard directory
'/usr/local/lib/bar'. If a standard directory begins with the
configured PREFIX then the value of PREFIX is replaced by
'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX' when looking for header files.
'COMPILER_PATH'
The value of 'COMPILER_PATH' is a colon-separated list of
directories, much like 'PATH'. GCC tries the directories thus
specified when searching for subprograms, if it cannot find the
subprograms using 'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'.
'LIBRARY_PATH'
The value of 'LIBRARY_PATH' is a colon-separated list of
directories, much like 'PATH'. When configured as a native
compiler, GCC tries the directories thus specified when searching
for special linker files, if it cannot find them using
'GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'. Linking using GCC also uses these directories
when searching for ordinary libraries for the '-l' option (but
directories specified with '-L' come first).
'LANG'
This variable is used to pass locale information to the compiler.
One way in which this information is used is to determine the
character set to be used when character literals, string literals
and comments are parsed in C and C++. When the compiler is
configured to allow multibyte characters, the following values for
'LANG' are recognized:
'C-JIS'
Recognize JIS characters.
'C-SJIS'
Recognize SJIS characters.
'C-EUCJP'
Recognize EUCJP characters.
If 'LANG' is not defined, or if it has some other value, then the
compiler uses 'mblen' and 'mbtowc' as defined by the default locale
to recognize and translate multibyte characters.
Some additional environment variables affect the behavior of the
preprocessor.
'CPATH'
'C_INCLUDE_PATH'
'CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH'
'OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH'
Each variable's value is a list of directories separated by a
special character, much like 'PATH', in which to look for header
files. The special character, 'PATH_SEPARATOR', is
target-dependent and determined at GCC build time. For Microsoft
Windows-based targets it is a semicolon, and for almost all other
targets it is a colon.
'CPATH' specifies a list of directories to be searched as if
specified with '-I', but after any paths given with '-I' options on
the command line. This environment variable is used regardless of
which language is being preprocessed.
The remaining environment variables apply only when preprocessing
the particular language indicated. Each specifies a list of
directories to be searched as if specified with '-isystem', but
after any paths given with '-isystem' options on the command line.
In all these variables, an empty element instructs the compiler to
search its current working directory. Empty elements can appear at
the beginning or end of a path. For instance, if the value of
'CPATH' is ':/special/include', that has the same effect as
'-I. -I/special/include'.
'DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT'
If this variable is set, its value specifies how to output
dependencies for Make based on the non-system header files
processed by the compiler. System header files are ignored in the
dependency output.
The value of 'DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' can be just a file name, in
which case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the
target name from the source file name. Or the value can have the
form 'FILE TARGET', in which case the rules are written to file
FILE using TARGET as the target name.
In other words, this environment variable is equivalent to
combining the options '-MM' and '-MF' (*note Preprocessor
Options::), with an optional '-MT' switch too.
'SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES'
This variable is the same as 'DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' (see above),
except that system header files are not ignored, so it implies '-M'
rather than '-MM'. However, the dependence on the main input file
is omitted. *Note Preprocessor Options::.
'SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH'
If this variable is set, its value specifies a UNIX timestamp to be
used in replacement of the current date and time in the '__DATE__'
and '__TIME__' macros, so that the embedded timestamps become
reproducible.
The value of 'SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH' must be a UNIX timestamp, defined
as the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds) since 01 Jan 1970
00:00:00 represented in ASCII; identical to the output of ''date
+%s'' on GNU/Linux and other systems that support the '%s'
extension in the 'date' command.
The value should be a known timestamp such as the last modification
time of the source or package and it should be set by the build
process.
File: gcc.info, Node: Precompiled Headers, Prev: Environment Variables, Up: Invoking GCC
3.21 Using Precompiled Headers
==============================
Often large projects have many header files that are included in every
source file. The time the compiler takes to process these header files
over and over again can account for nearly all of the time required to
build the project. To make builds faster, GCC allows you to
"precompile" a header file.
To create a precompiled header file, simply compile it as you would any
other file, if necessary using the '-x' option to make the driver treat
it as a C or C++ header file. You may want to use a tool like 'make' to
keep the precompiled header up-to-date when the headers it contains
change.
A precompiled header file is searched for when '#include' is seen in
the compilation. As it searches for the included file (*note Search
Path: (cpp)Search Path.) the compiler looks for a precompiled header in
each directory just before it looks for the include file in that
directory. The name searched for is the name specified in the
'#include' with '.gch' appended. If the precompiled header file cannot
be used, it is ignored.
For instance, if you have '#include "all.h"', and you have 'all.h.gch'
in the same directory as 'all.h', then the precompiled header file is
used if possible, and the original header is used otherwise.
Alternatively, you might decide to put the precompiled header file in a
directory and use '-I' to ensure that directory is searched before (or
instead of) the directory containing the original header. Then, if you
want to check that the precompiled header file is always used, you can
put a file of the same name as the original header in this directory
containing an '#error' command.
This also works with '-include'. So yet another way to use precompiled
headers, good for projects not designed with precompiled header files in
mind, is to simply take most of the header files used by a project,
include them from another header file, precompile that header file, and
'-include' the precompiled header. If the header files have guards
against multiple inclusion, they are skipped because they've already
been included (in the precompiled header).
If you need to precompile the same header file for different languages,
targets, or compiler options, you can instead make a _directory_ named
like 'all.h.gch', and put each precompiled header in the directory,
perhaps using '-o'. It doesn't matter what you call the files in the
directory; every precompiled header in the directory is considered. The
first precompiled header encountered in the directory that is valid for
this compilation is used; they're searched in no particular order.
There are many other possibilities, limited only by your imagination,
good sense, and the constraints of your build system.
A precompiled header file can be used only when these conditions apply:
* Only one precompiled header can be used in a particular
compilation.
* A precompiled header cannot be used once the first C token is seen.
You can have preprocessor directives before a precompiled header;
you cannot include a precompiled header from inside another header.
* The precompiled header file must be produced for the same language
as the current compilation. You cannot use a C precompiled header
for a C++ compilation.
* The precompiled header file must have been produced by the same
compiler binary as the current compilation is using.
* Any macros defined before the precompiled header is included must
either be defined in the same way as when the precompiled header
was generated, or must not affect the precompiled header, which
usually means that they don't appear in the precompiled header at
all.
The '-D' option is one way to define a macro before a precompiled
header is included; using a '#define' can also do it. There are
also some options that define macros implicitly, like '-O' and
'-Wdeprecated'; the same rule applies to macros defined this way.
* If debugging information is output when using the precompiled
header, using '-g' or similar, the same kind of debugging
information must have been output when building the precompiled
header. However, a precompiled header built using '-g' can be used
in a compilation when no debugging information is being output.
* The same '-m' options must generally be used when building and
using the precompiled header. *Note Submodel Options::, for any
cases where this rule is relaxed.
* Each of the following options must be the same when building and
using the precompiled header:
-fexceptions
* Some other command-line options starting with '-f', '-p', or '-O'
must be defined in the same way as when the precompiled header was
generated. At present, it's not clear which options are safe to
change and which are not; the safest choice is to use exactly the
same options when generating and using the precompiled header. The
following are known to be safe:
-fmessage-length= -fpreprocessed -fsched-interblock
-fsched-spec -fsched-spec-load -fsched-spec-load-dangerous
-fsched-verbose=NUMBER -fschedule-insns -fvisibility=
-pedantic-errors
For all of these except the last, the compiler automatically ignores
the precompiled header if the conditions aren't met. If you find an
option combination that doesn't work and doesn't cause the precompiled
header to be ignored, please consider filing a bug report, see *note
Bugs::.
If you do use differing options when generating and using the
precompiled header, the actual behavior is a mixture of the behavior for
the options. For instance, if you use '-g' to generate the precompiled
header but not when using it, you may or may not get debugging
information for routines in the precompiled header.
File: gcc.info, Node: C Implementation, Next: C++ Implementation, Prev: Invoking GCC, Up: Top
4 C Implementation-Defined Behavior
***********************************
A conforming implementation of ISO C is required to document its choice
of behavior in each of the areas that are designated "implementation
defined". The following lists all such areas, along with the section
numbers from the ISO/IEC 9899:1990, ISO/IEC 9899:1999 and ISO/IEC
9899:2011 standards. Some areas are only implementation-defined in one
version of the standard.
Some choices depend on the externally determined ABI for the platform
(including standard character encodings) which GCC follows; these are
listed as "determined by ABI" below. *Note Binary Compatibility:
Compatibility, and <http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html>;. Some choices are
documented in the preprocessor manual. *Note Implementation-defined
behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined behavior. Some choices are made
by the library and operating system (or other environment when compiling
for a freestanding environment); refer to their documentation for
details.
* Menu:
* Translation implementation::
* Environment implementation::
* Identifiers implementation::
* Characters implementation::
* Integers implementation::
* Floating point implementation::
* Arrays and pointers implementation::
* Hints implementation::
* Structures unions enumerations and bit-fields implementation::
* Qualifiers implementation::
* Declarators implementation::
* Statements implementation::
* Preprocessing directives implementation::
* Library functions implementation::
* Architecture implementation::
* Locale-specific behavior implementation::
File: gcc.info, Node: Translation implementation, Next: Environment implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.1 Translation
===============
* 'How a diagnostic is identified (C90 3.7, C99 and C11 3.10, C90,
C99 and C11 5.1.1.3).'
Diagnostics consist of all the output sent to stderr by GCC.
* 'Whether each nonempty sequence of white-space characters other
than new-line is retained or replaced by one space character in
translation phase 3 (C90, C99 and C11 5.1.1.2).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior.
File: gcc.info, Node: Environment implementation, Next: Identifiers implementation, Prev: Translation implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.2 Environment
===============
The behavior of most of these points are dependent on the implementation
of the C library, and are not defined by GCC itself.
* 'The mapping between physical source file multibyte characters and
the source character set in translation phase 1 (C90, C99 and C11
5.1.1.2).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior.
File: gcc.info, Node: Identifiers implementation, Next: Characters implementation, Prev: Environment implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.3 Identifiers
===============
* 'Which additional multibyte characters may appear in identifiers
and their correspondence to universal character names (C99 and C11
6.4.2).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior.
* 'The number of significant initial characters in an identifier (C90
6.1.2, C90, C99 and C11 5.2.4.1, C99 and C11 6.4.2).'
For internal names, all characters are significant. For external
names, the number of significant characters are defined by the
linker; for almost all targets, all characters are significant.
* 'Whether case distinctions are significant in an identifier with
external linkage (C90 6.1.2).'
This is a property of the linker. C99 and C11 require that case
distinctions are always significant in identifiers with external
linkage and systems without this property are not supported by GCC.
File: gcc.info, Node: Characters implementation, Next: Integers implementation, Prev: Identifiers implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.4 Characters
==============
* 'The number of bits in a byte (C90 3.4, C99 and C11 3.6).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'The values of the members of the execution character set (C90, C99
and C11 5.2.1).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'The unique value of the member of the execution character set
produced for each of the standard alphabetic escape sequences (C90,
C99 and C11 5.2.2).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'The value of a 'char' object into which has been stored any
character other than a member of the basic execution character set
(C90 6.1.2.5, C99 and C11 6.2.5).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'Which of 'signed char' or 'unsigned char' has the same range,
representation, and behavior as "plain" 'char' (C90 6.1.2.5, C90
6.2.1.1, C99 and C11 6.2.5, C99 and C11 6.3.1.1).'
Determined by ABI. The options '-funsigned-char' and
'-fsigned-char' change the default. *Note Options Controlling C
Dialect: C Dialect Options.
* 'The mapping of members of the source character set (in character
constants and string literals) to members of the execution
character set (C90 6.1.3.4, C99 and C11 6.4.4.4, C90, C99 and C11
5.1.1.2).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'The value of an integer character constant containing more than
one character or containing a character or escape sequence that
does not map to a single-byte execution character (C90 6.1.3.4, C99
and C11 6.4.4.4).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior.
* 'The value of a wide character constant containing more than one
multibyte character or a single multibyte character that maps to
multiple members of the extended execution character set, or
containing a multibyte character or escape sequence not represented
in the extended execution character set (C90 6.1.3.4, C99 and C11
6.4.4.4).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior.
* 'The current locale used to convert a wide character constant
consisting of a single multibyte character that maps to a member of
the extended execution character set into a corresponding wide
character code (C90 6.1.3.4, C99 and C11 6.4.4.4).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior.
* 'Whether differently-prefixed wide string literal tokens can be
concatenated and, if so, the treatment of the resulting multibyte
character sequence (C11 6.4.5).'
Such tokens may not be concatenated.
* 'The current locale used to convert a wide string literal into
corresponding wide character codes (C90 6.1.4, C99 and C11 6.4.5).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior.
* 'The value of a string literal containing a multibyte character or
escape sequence not represented in the execution character set (C90
6.1.4, C99 and C11 6.4.5).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior.
* 'The encoding of any of 'wchar_t', 'char16_t', and 'char32_t' where
the corresponding standard encoding macro ('__STDC_ISO_10646__',
'__STDC_UTF_16__', or '__STDC_UTF_32__') is not defined (C11
6.10.8.2).'
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior. 'char16_t' and 'char32_t' literals are always encoded in
UTF-16 and UTF-32 respectively.
File: gcc.info, Node: Integers implementation, Next: Floating point implementation, Prev: Characters implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.5 Integers
============
* 'Any extended integer types that exist in the implementation (C99
and C11 6.2.5).'
GCC does not support any extended integer types.
* 'Whether signed integer types are represented using sign and
magnitude, two's complement, or one's complement, and whether the
extraordinary value is a trap representation or an ordinary value
(C99 and C11 6.2.6.2).'
GCC supports only two's complement integer types, and all bit
patterns are ordinary values.
* 'The rank of any extended integer type relative to another extended
integer type with the same precision (C99 and C11 6.3.1.1).'
GCC does not support any extended integer types.
* 'The result of, or the signal raised by, converting an integer to a
signed integer type when the value cannot be represented in an
object of that type (C90 6.2.1.2, C99 and C11 6.3.1.3).'
For conversion to a type of width N, the value is reduced modulo
2^N to be within range of the type; no signal is raised.
* 'The results of some bitwise operations on signed integers (C90
6.3, C99 and C11 6.5).'
Bitwise operators act on the representation of the value including
both the sign and value bits, where the sign bit is considered
immediately above the highest-value value bit. Signed '>>' acts on
negative numbers by sign extension.
As an extension to the C language, GCC does not use the latitude
given in C99 and C11 only to treat certain aspects of signed '<<'
as undefined. However, '-fsanitize=shift' (and
'-fsanitize=undefined') will diagnose such cases. They are also
diagnosed where constant expressions are required.
* 'The sign of the remainder on integer division (C90 6.3.5).'
GCC always follows the C99 and C11 requirement that the result of
division is truncated towards zero.
File: gcc.info, Node: Floating point implementation, Next: Arrays and pointers implementation, Prev: Integers implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.6 Floating Point
==================
* 'The accuracy of the floating-point operations and of the library
functions in '<math.h>' and '<complex.h>' that return
floating-point results (C90, C99 and C11 5.2.4.2.2).'
The accuracy is unknown.
* 'The rounding behaviors characterized by non-standard values of
'FLT_ROUNDS' (C90, C99 and C11 5.2.4.2.2).'
GCC does not use such values.
* 'The evaluation methods characterized by non-standard negative
values of 'FLT_EVAL_METHOD' (C99 and C11 5.2.4.2.2).'
GCC does not use such values.
* 'The direction of rounding when an integer is converted to a
floating-point number that cannot exactly represent the original
value (C90 6.2.1.3, C99 and C11 6.3.1.4).'
C99 Annex F is followed.
* 'The direction of rounding when a floating-point number is
converted to a narrower floating-point number (C90 6.2.1.4, C99 and
C11 6.3.1.5).'
C99 Annex F is followed.
* 'How the nearest representable value or the larger or smaller
representable value immediately adjacent to the nearest
representable value is chosen for certain floating constants (C90
6.1.3.1, C99 and C11 6.4.4.2).'
C99 Annex F is followed.
* 'Whether and how floating expressions are contracted when not
disallowed by the 'FP_CONTRACT' pragma (C99 and C11 6.5).'
Expressions are currently only contracted if '-ffp-contract=fast',
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' or '-ffast-math' are used. This is
subject to change.
* 'The default state for the 'FENV_ACCESS' pragma (C99 and C11
7.6.1).'
This pragma is not implemented, but the default is to "off" unless
'-frounding-math' is used in which case it is "on".
* 'Additional floating-point exceptions, rounding modes,
environments, and classifications, and their macro names (C99 and
C11 7.6, C99 and C11 7.12).'
This is dependent on the implementation of the C library, and is
not defined by GCC itself.
* 'The default state for the 'FP_CONTRACT' pragma (C99 and C11
7.12.2).'
This pragma is not implemented. Expressions are currently only
contracted if '-ffp-contract=fast', '-funsafe-math-optimizations'
or '-ffast-math' are used. This is subject to change.
* 'Whether the "inexact" floating-point exception can be raised when
the rounded result actually does equal the mathematical result in
an IEC 60559 conformant implementation (C99 F.9).'
This is dependent on the implementation of the C library, and is
not defined by GCC itself.
* 'Whether the "underflow" (and "inexact") floating-point exception
can be raised when a result is tiny but not inexact in an IEC 60559
conformant implementation (C99 F.9).'
This is dependent on the implementation of the C library, and is
not defined by GCC itself.
File: gcc.info, Node: Arrays and pointers implementation, Next: Hints implementation, Prev: Floating point implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.7 Arrays and Pointers
=======================
* 'The result of converting a pointer to an integer or vice versa
(C90 6.3.4, C99 and C11 6.3.2.3).'
A cast from pointer to integer discards most-significant bits if
the pointer representation is larger than the integer type,
sign-extends(1) if the pointer representation is smaller than the
integer type, otherwise the bits are unchanged.
A cast from integer to pointer discards most-significant bits if
the pointer representation is smaller than the integer type,
extends according to the signedness of the integer type if the
pointer representation is larger than the integer type, otherwise
the bits are unchanged.
When casting from pointer to integer and back again, the resulting
pointer must reference the same object as the original pointer,
otherwise the behavior is undefined. That is, one may not use
integer arithmetic to avoid the undefined behavior of pointer
arithmetic as proscribed in C99 and C11 6.5.6/8.
* 'The size of the result of subtracting two pointers to elements of
the same array (C90 6.3.6, C99 and C11 6.5.6).'
The value is as specified in the standard and the type is
determined by the ABI.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) Future versions of GCC may zero-extend, or use a target-defined
'ptr_extend' pattern. Do not rely on sign extension.
File: gcc.info, Node: Hints implementation, Next: Structures unions enumerations and bit-fields implementation, Prev: Arrays and pointers implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.8 Hints
=========
* 'The extent to which suggestions made by using the 'register'
storage-class specifier are effective (C90 6.5.1, C99 and C11
6.7.1).'
The 'register' specifier affects code generation only in these
ways:
* When used as part of the register variable extension, see
*note Explicit Register Variables::.
* When '-O0' is in use, the compiler allocates distinct stack
memory for all variables that do not have the 'register'
storage-class specifier; if 'register' is specified, the
variable may have a shorter lifespan than the code would
indicate and may never be placed in memory.
* On some rare x86 targets, 'setjmp' doesn't save the registers
in all circumstances. In those cases, GCC doesn't allocate
any variables in registers unless they are marked 'register'.
* 'The extent to which suggestions made by using the inline function
specifier are effective (C99 and C11 6.7.4).'
GCC will not inline any functions if the '-fno-inline' option is
used or if '-O0' is used. Otherwise, GCC may still be unable to
inline a function for many reasons; the '-Winline' option may be
used to determine if a function has not been inlined and why not.
File: gcc.info, Node: Structures unions enumerations and bit-fields implementation, Next: Qualifiers implementation, Prev: Hints implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.9 Structures, Unions, Enumerations, and Bit-Fields
====================================================
* 'A member of a union object is accessed using a member of a
different type (C90 6.3.2.3).'
The relevant bytes of the representation of the object are treated
as an object of the type used for the access. *Note
Type-punning::. This may be a trap representation.
* 'Whether a "plain" 'int' bit-field is treated as a 'signed int'
bit-field or as an 'unsigned int' bit-field (C90 6.5.2, C90
6.5.2.1, C99 and C11 6.7.2, C99 and C11 6.7.2.1).'
By default it is treated as 'signed int' but this may be changed by
the '-funsigned-bitfields' option.
* 'Allowable bit-field types other than '_Bool', 'signed int', and
'unsigned int' (C99 and C11 6.7.2.1).'
Other integer types, such as 'long int', and enumerated types are
permitted even in strictly conforming mode.
* 'Whether atomic types are permitted for bit-fields (C11 6.7.2.1).'
Atomic types are not permitted for bit-fields.
* 'Whether a bit-field can straddle a storage-unit boundary (C90
6.5.2.1, C99 and C11 6.7.2.1).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'The order of allocation of bit-fields within a unit (C90 6.5.2.1,
C99 and C11 6.7.2.1).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'The alignment of non-bit-field members of structures (C90 6.5.2.1,
C99 and C11 6.7.2.1).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'The integer type compatible with each enumerated type (C90
6.5.2.2, C99 and C11 6.7.2.2).'
Normally, the type is 'unsigned int' if there are no negative
values in the enumeration, otherwise 'int'. If '-fshort-enums' is
specified, then if there are negative values it is the first of
'signed char', 'short' and 'int' that can represent all the values,
otherwise it is the first of 'unsigned char', 'unsigned short' and
'unsigned int' that can represent all the values.
On some targets, '-fshort-enums' is the default; this is determined
by the ABI.
File: gcc.info, Node: Qualifiers implementation, Next: Declarators implementation, Prev: Structures unions enumerations and bit-fields implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.10 Qualifiers
===============
* 'What constitutes an access to an object that has
volatile-qualified type (C90 6.5.3, C99 and C11 6.7.3).'
Such an object is normally accessed by pointers and used for
accessing hardware. In most expressions, it is intuitively obvious
what is a read and what is a write. For example
volatile int *dst = SOMEVALUE;
volatile int *src = SOMEOTHERVALUE;
*dst = *src;
will cause a read of the volatile object pointed to by SRC and
store the value into the volatile object pointed to by DST. There
is no guarantee that these reads and writes are atomic, especially
for objects larger than 'int'.
However, if the volatile storage is not being modified, and the
value of the volatile storage is not used, then the situation is
less obvious. For example
volatile int *src = SOMEVALUE;
*src;
According to the C standard, such an expression is an rvalue whose
type is the unqualified version of its original type, i.e. 'int'.
Whether GCC interprets this as a read of the volatile object being
pointed to or only as a request to evaluate the expression for its
side effects depends on this type.
If it is a scalar type, or on most targets an aggregate type whose
only member object is of a scalar type, or a union type whose
member objects are of scalar types, the expression is interpreted
by GCC as a read of the volatile object; in the other cases, the
expression is only evaluated for its side effects.
File: gcc.info, Node: Declarators implementation, Next: Statements implementation, Prev: Qualifiers implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.11 Declarators
================
* 'The maximum number of declarators that may modify an arithmetic,
structure or union type (C90 6.5.4).'
GCC is only limited by available memory.
File: gcc.info, Node: Statements implementation, Next: Preprocessing directives implementation, Prev: Declarators implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.12 Statements
===============
* 'The maximum number of 'case' values in a 'switch' statement (C90
6.6.4.2).'
GCC is only limited by available memory.
File: gcc.info, Node: Preprocessing directives implementation, Next: Library functions implementation, Prev: Statements implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.13 Preprocessing Directives
=============================
*Note Implementation-defined behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined
behavior, for details of these aspects of implementation-defined
behavior.
* 'The locations within '#pragma' directives where header name
preprocessing tokens are recognized (C11 6.4, C11 6.4.7).'
* 'How sequences in both forms of header names are mapped to headers
or external source file names (C90 6.1.7, C99 and C11 6.4.7).'
* 'Whether the value of a character constant in a constant expression
that controls conditional inclusion matches the value of the same
character constant in the execution character set (C90 6.8.1, C99
and C11 6.10.1).'
* 'Whether the value of a single-character character constant in a
constant expression that controls conditional inclusion may have a
negative value (C90 6.8.1, C99 and C11 6.10.1).'
* 'The places that are searched for an included '<>' delimited
header, and how the places are specified or the header is
identified (C90 6.8.2, C99 and C11 6.10.2).'
* 'How the named source file is searched for in an included '""'
delimited header (C90 6.8.2, C99 and C11 6.10.2).'
* 'The method by which preprocessing tokens (possibly resulting from
macro expansion) in a '#include' directive are combined into a
header name (C90 6.8.2, C99 and C11 6.10.2).'
* 'The nesting limit for '#include' processing (C90 6.8.2, C99 and
C11 6.10.2).'
* 'Whether the '#' operator inserts a '\' character before the '\'
character that begins a universal character name in a character
constant or string literal (C99 and C11 6.10.3.2).'
* 'The behavior on each recognized non-'STDC #pragma' directive (C90
6.8.6, C99 and C11 6.10.6).'
*Note Pragmas: (cpp)Pragmas, for details of pragmas accepted by GCC
on all targets. *Note Pragmas Accepted by GCC: Pragmas, for
details of target-specific pragmas.
* 'The definitions for '__DATE__' and '__TIME__' when respectively,
the date and time of translation are not available (C90 6.8.8, C99
6.10.8, C11 6.10.8.1).'
File: gcc.info, Node: Library functions implementation, Next: Architecture implementation, Prev: Preprocessing directives implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.14 Library Functions
======================
The behavior of most of these points are dependent on the implementation
of the C library, and are not defined by GCC itself.
* 'The null pointer constant to which the macro 'NULL' expands (C90
7.1.6, C99 7.17, C11 7.19).'
In '<stddef.h>', 'NULL' expands to '((void *)0)'. GCC does not
provide the other headers which define 'NULL' and some library
implementations may use other definitions in those headers.
File: gcc.info, Node: Architecture implementation, Next: Locale-specific behavior implementation, Prev: Library functions implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.15 Architecture
=================
* 'The values or expressions assigned to the macros specified in the
headers '<float.h>', '<limits.h>', and '<stdint.h>' (C90, C99 and
C11 5.2.4.2, C99 7.18.2, C99 7.18.3, C11 7.20.2, C11 7.20.3).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'The result of attempting to indirectly access an object with
automatic or thread storage duration from a thread other than the
one with which it is associated (C11 6.2.4).'
Such accesses are supported, subject to the same requirements for
synchronization for concurrent accesses as for concurrent accesses
to any object.
* 'The number, order, and encoding of bytes in any object (when not
explicitly specified in this International Standard) (C99 and C11
6.2.6.1).'
Determined by ABI.
* 'Whether any extended alignments are supported and the contexts in
which they are supported (C11 6.2.8).'
Extended alignments up to 2^{28} (bytes) are supported for objects
of automatic storage duration. Alignments supported for objects of
static and thread storage duration are determined by the ABI.
* 'Valid alignment values other than those returned by an _Alignof
expression for fundamental types, if any (C11 6.2.8).'
Valid alignments are powers of 2 up to and including 2^{28}.
* 'The value of the result of the 'sizeof' and '_Alignof' operators
(C90 6.3.3.4, C99 and C11 6.5.3.4).'
Determined by ABI.
File: gcc.info, Node: Locale-specific behavior implementation, Prev: Architecture implementation, Up: C Implementation
4.16 Locale-Specific Behavior
=============================
The behavior of these points are dependent on the implementation of the
C library, and are not defined by GCC itself.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Implementation, Next: C Extensions, Prev: C Implementation, Up: Top
5 C++ Implementation-Defined Behavior
*************************************
A conforming implementation of ISO C++ is required to document its
choice of behavior in each of the areas that are designated
"implementation defined". The following lists all such areas, along
with the section numbers from the ISO/IEC 14882:1998 and ISO/IEC
14882:2003 standards. Some areas are only implementation-defined in one
version of the standard.
Some choices depend on the externally determined ABI for the platform
(including standard character encodings) which GCC follows; these are
listed as "determined by ABI" below. *Note Binary Compatibility:
Compatibility, and <http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html>;. Some choices are
documented in the preprocessor manual. *Note Implementation-defined
behavior: (cpp)Implementation-defined behavior. Some choices are
documented in the corresponding document for the C language. *Note C
Implementation::. Some choices are made by the library and operating
system (or other environment when compiling for a freestanding
environment); refer to their documentation for details.
* Menu:
* Conditionally-supported behavior::
* Exception handling::
File: gcc.info, Node: Conditionally-supported behavior, Next: Exception handling, Up: C++ Implementation
5.1 Conditionally-Supported Behavior
====================================
'Each implementation shall include documentation that identifies all
conditionally-supported constructs that it does not support (C++0x
1.4).'
* 'Whether an argument of class type with a non-trivial copy
constructor or destructor can be passed to ... (C++0x 5.2.2).'
Such argument passing is supported, using the same
pass-by-invisible-reference approach used for normal function
arguments of such types.
File: gcc.info, Node: Exception handling, Prev: Conditionally-supported behavior, Up: C++ Implementation
5.2 Exception Handling
======================
* 'In the situation where no matching handler is found, it is
implementation-defined whether or not the stack is unwound before
std::terminate() is called (C++98 15.5.1).'
The stack is not unwound before std::terminate is called.
c Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
File: gcc.info, Node: C Extensions, Next: C++ Extensions, Prev: C++ Implementation, Up: Top
6 Extensions to the C Language Family
*************************************
GNU C provides several language features not found in ISO standard C.
(The '-pedantic' option directs GCC to print a warning message if any of
these features is used.) To test for the availability of these features
in conditional compilation, check for a predefined macro '__GNUC__',
which is always defined under GCC.
These extensions are available in C and Objective-C. Most of them are
also available in C++. *Note Extensions to the C++ Language: C++
Extensions, for extensions that apply _only_ to C++.
Some features that are in ISO C99 but not C90 or C++ are also, as
extensions, accepted by GCC in C90 mode and in C++.
* Menu:
* Statement Exprs:: Putting statements and declarations inside expressions.
* Local Labels:: Labels local to a block.
* Labels as Values:: Getting pointers to labels, and computed gotos.
* Nested Functions:: As in Algol and Pascal, lexical scoping of functions.
* Constructing Calls:: Dispatching a call to another function.
* Typeof:: 'typeof': referring to the type of an expression.
* Conditionals:: Omitting the middle operand of a '?:' expression.
* __int128:: 128-bit integers--'__int128'.
* Long Long:: Double-word integers--'long long int'.
* Complex:: Data types for complex numbers.
* Floating Types:: Additional Floating Types.
* Half-Precision:: Half-Precision Floating Point.
* Decimal Float:: Decimal Floating Types.
* Hex Floats:: Hexadecimal floating-point constants.
* Fixed-Point:: Fixed-Point Types.
* Named Address Spaces::Named address spaces.
* Zero Length:: Zero-length arrays.
* Empty Structures:: Structures with no members.
* Variable Length:: Arrays whose length is computed at run time.
* Variadic Macros:: Macros with a variable number of arguments.
* Escaped Newlines:: Slightly looser rules for escaped newlines.
* Subscripting:: Any array can be subscripted, even if not an lvalue.
* Pointer Arith:: Arithmetic on 'void'-pointers and function pointers.
* Pointers to Arrays:: Pointers to arrays with qualifiers work as expected.
* Initializers:: Non-constant initializers.
* Compound Literals:: Compound literals give structures, unions
or arrays as values.
* Designated Inits:: Labeling elements of initializers.
* Case Ranges:: 'case 1 ... 9' and such.
* Cast to Union:: Casting to union type from any member of the union.
* Mixed Declarations:: Mixing declarations and code.
* Function Attributes:: Declaring that functions have no side effects,
or that they can never return.
* Variable Attributes:: Specifying attributes of variables.
* Type Attributes:: Specifying attributes of types.
* Label Attributes:: Specifying attributes on labels.
* Enumerator Attributes:: Specifying attributes on enumerators.
* Statement Attributes:: Specifying attributes on statements.
* Attribute Syntax:: Formal syntax for attributes.
* Function Prototypes:: Prototype declarations and old-style definitions.
* C++ Comments:: C++ comments are recognized.
* Dollar Signs:: Dollar sign is allowed in identifiers.
* Character Escapes:: '\e' stands for the character <ESC>.
* Alignment:: Inquiring about the alignment of a type or variable.
* Inline:: Defining inline functions (as fast as macros).
* Volatiles:: What constitutes an access to a volatile object.
* Using Assembly Language with C:: Instructions and extensions for interfacing C with assembler.
* Alternate Keywords:: '__const__', '__asm__', etc., for header files.
* Incomplete Enums:: 'enum foo;', with details to follow.
* Function Names:: Printable strings which are the name of the current
function.
* Return Address:: Getting the return or frame address of a function.
* Vector Extensions:: Using vector instructions through built-in functions.
* Offsetof:: Special syntax for implementing 'offsetof'.
* __sync Builtins:: Legacy built-in functions for atomic memory access.
* __atomic Builtins:: Atomic built-in functions with memory model.
* Integer Overflow Builtins:: Built-in functions to perform arithmetics and
arithmetic overflow checking.
* x86 specific memory model extensions for transactional memory:: x86 memory models.
* Object Size Checking:: Built-in functions for limited buffer overflow
checking.
* Pointer Bounds Checker builtins:: Built-in functions for Pointer Bounds Checker.
* Other Builtins:: Other built-in functions.
* Target Builtins:: Built-in functions specific to particular targets.
* Target Format Checks:: Format checks specific to particular targets.
* Pragmas:: Pragmas accepted by GCC.
* Unnamed Fields:: Unnamed struct/union fields within structs/unions.
* Thread-Local:: Per-thread variables.
* Binary constants:: Binary constants using the '0b' prefix.
File: gcc.info, Node: Statement Exprs, Next: Local Labels, Up: C Extensions
6.1 Statements and Declarations in Expressions
==============================================
A compound statement enclosed in parentheses may appear as an expression
in GNU C. This allows you to use loops, switches, and local variables
within an expression.
Recall that a compound statement is a sequence of statements surrounded
by braces; in this construct, parentheses go around the braces. For
example:
({ int y = foo (); int z;
if (y > 0) z = y;
else z = - y;
z; })
is a valid (though slightly more complex than necessary) expression for
the absolute value of 'foo ()'.
The last thing in the compound statement should be an expression
followed by a semicolon; the value of this subexpression serves as the
value of the entire construct. (If you use some other kind of statement
last within the braces, the construct has type 'void', and thus
effectively no value.)
This feature is especially useful in making macro definitions "safe"
(so that they evaluate each operand exactly once). For example, the
"maximum" function is commonly defined as a macro in standard C as
follows:
#define max(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
But this definition computes either A or B twice, with bad results if
the operand has side effects. In GNU C, if you know the type of the
operands (here taken as 'int'), you can define the macro safely as
follows:
#define maxint(a,b) \
({int _a = (a), _b = (b); _a > _b ? _a : _b; })
Embedded statements are not allowed in constant expressions, such as
the value of an enumeration constant, the width of a bit-field, or the
initial value of a static variable.
If you don't know the type of the operand, you can still do this, but
you must use 'typeof' or '__auto_type' (*note Typeof::).
In G++, the result value of a statement expression undergoes array and
function pointer decay, and is returned by value to the enclosing
expression. For instance, if 'A' is a class, then
A a;
({a;}).Foo ()
constructs a temporary 'A' object to hold the result of the statement
expression, and that is used to invoke 'Foo'. Therefore the 'this'
pointer observed by 'Foo' is not the address of 'a'.
In a statement expression, any temporaries created within a statement
are destroyed at that statement's end. This makes statement expressions
inside macros slightly different from function calls. In the latter
case temporaries introduced during argument evaluation are destroyed at
the end of the statement that includes the function call. In the
statement expression case they are destroyed during the statement
expression. For instance,
#define macro(a) ({__typeof__(a) b = (a); b + 3; })
template<typename T> T function(T a) { T b = a; return b + 3; }
void foo ()
{
macro (X ());
function (X ());
}
has different places where temporaries are destroyed. For the 'macro'
case, the temporary 'X' is destroyed just after the initialization of
'b'. In the 'function' case that temporary is destroyed when the
function returns.
These considerations mean that it is probably a bad idea to use
statement expressions of this form in header files that are designed to
work with C++. (Note that some versions of the GNU C Library contained
header files using statement expressions that lead to precisely this
bug.)
Jumping into a statement expression with 'goto' or using a 'switch'
statement outside the statement expression with a 'case' or 'default'
label inside the statement expression is not permitted. Jumping into a
statement expression with a computed 'goto' (*note Labels as Values::)
has undefined behavior. Jumping out of a statement expression is
permitted, but if the statement expression is part of a larger
expression then it is unspecified which other subexpressions of that
expression have been evaluated except where the language definition
requires certain subexpressions to be evaluated before or after the
statement expression. In any case, as with a function call, the
evaluation of a statement expression is not interleaved with the
evaluation of other parts of the containing expression. For example,
foo (), (({ bar1 (); goto a; 0; }) + bar2 ()), baz();
calls 'foo' and 'bar1' and does not call 'baz' but may or may not call
'bar2'. If 'bar2' is called, it is called after 'foo' and before
'bar1'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Local Labels, Next: Labels as Values, Prev: Statement Exprs, Up: C Extensions
6.2 Locally Declared Labels
===========================
GCC allows you to declare "local labels" in any nested block scope. A
local label is just like an ordinary label, but you can only reference
it (with a 'goto' statement, or by taking its address) within the block
in which it is declared.
A local label declaration looks like this:
__label__ LABEL;
or
__label__ LABEL1, LABEL2, /* ... */;
Local label declarations must come at the beginning of the block,
before any ordinary declarations or statements.
The label declaration defines the label _name_, but does not define the
label itself. You must do this in the usual way, with 'LABEL:', within
the statements of the statement expression.
The local label feature is useful for complex macros. If a macro
contains nested loops, a 'goto' can be useful for breaking out of them.
However, an ordinary label whose scope is the whole function cannot be
used: if the macro can be expanded several times in one function, the
label is multiply defined in that function. A local label avoids this
problem. For example:
#define SEARCH(value, array, target) \
do { \
__label__ found; \
typeof (target) _SEARCH_target = (target); \
typeof (*(array)) *_SEARCH_array = (array); \
int i, j; \
int value; \
for (i = 0; i < max; i++) \
for (j = 0; j < max; j++) \
if (_SEARCH_array[i][j] == _SEARCH_target) \
{ (value) = i; goto found; } \
(value) = -1; \
found:; \
} while (0)
This could also be written using a statement expression:
#define SEARCH(array, target) \
({ \
__label__ found; \
typeof (target) _SEARCH_target = (target); \
typeof (*(array)) *_SEARCH_array = (array); \
int i, j; \
int value; \
for (i = 0; i < max; i++) \
for (j = 0; j < max; j++) \
if (_SEARCH_array[i][j] == _SEARCH_target) \
{ value = i; goto found; } \
value = -1; \
found: \
value; \
})
Local label declarations also make the labels they declare visible to
nested functions, if there are any. *Note Nested Functions::, for
details.
File: gcc.info, Node: Labels as Values, Next: Nested Functions, Prev: Local Labels, Up: C Extensions
6.3 Labels as Values
====================
You can get the address of a label defined in the current function (or a
containing function) with the unary operator '&&'. The value has type
'void *'. This value is a constant and can be used wherever a constant
of that type is valid. For example:
void *ptr;
/* ... */
ptr = &&foo;
To use these values, you need to be able to jump to one. This is done
with the computed goto statement(1), 'goto *EXP;'. For example,
goto *ptr;
Any expression of type 'void *' is allowed.
One way of using these constants is in initializing a static array that
serves as a jump table:
static void *array[] = { &&foo, &&bar, &&hack };
Then you can select a label with indexing, like this:
goto *array[i];
Note that this does not check whether the subscript is in bounds--array
indexing in C never does that.
Such an array of label values serves a purpose much like that of the
'switch' statement. The 'switch' statement is cleaner, so use that
rather than an array unless the problem does not fit a 'switch'
statement very well.
Another use of label values is in an interpreter for threaded code.
The labels within the interpreter function can be stored in the threaded
code for super-fast dispatching.
You may not use this mechanism to jump to code in a different function.
If you do that, totally unpredictable things happen. The best way to
avoid this is to store the label address only in automatic variables and
never pass it as an argument.
An alternate way to write the above example is
static const int array[] = { &&foo - &&foo, &&bar - &&foo,
&&hack - &&foo };
goto *(&&foo + array[i]);
This is more friendly to code living in shared libraries, as it reduces
the number of dynamic relocations that are needed, and by consequence,
allows the data to be read-only. This alternative with label
differences is not supported for the AVR target, please use the first
approach for AVR programs.
The '&&foo' expressions for the same label might have different values
if the containing function is inlined or cloned. If a program relies on
them being always the same, '__attribute__((__noinline__,__noclone__))'
should be used to prevent inlining and cloning. If '&&foo' is used in a
static variable initializer, inlining and cloning is forbidden.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) The analogous feature in Fortran is called an assigned goto, but
that name seems inappropriate in C, where one can do more than simply
store label addresses in label variables.
File: gcc.info, Node: Nested Functions, Next: Constructing Calls, Prev: Labels as Values, Up: C Extensions
6.4 Nested Functions
====================
A "nested function" is a function defined inside another function.
Nested functions are supported as an extension in GNU C, but are not
supported by GNU C++.
The nested function's name is local to the block where it is defined.
For example, here we define a nested function named 'square', and call
it twice:
foo (double a, double b)
{
double square (double z) { return z * z; }
return square (a) + square (b);
}
The nested function can access all the variables of the containing
function that are visible at the point of its definition. This is
called "lexical scoping". For example, here we show a nested function
which uses an inherited variable named 'offset':
bar (int *array, int offset, int size)
{
int access (int *array, int index)
{ return array[index + offset]; }
int i;
/* ... */
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
/* ... */ access (array, i) /* ... */
}
Nested function definitions are permitted within functions in the
places where variable definitions are allowed; that is, in any block,
mixed with the other declarations and statements in the block.
It is possible to call the nested function from outside the scope of
its name by storing its address or passing the address to another
function:
hack (int *array, int size)
{
void store (int index, int value)
{ array[index] = value; }
intermediate (store, size);
}
Here, the function 'intermediate' receives the address of 'store' as an
argument. If 'intermediate' calls 'store', the arguments given to
'store' are used to store into 'array'. But this technique works only
so long as the containing function ('hack', in this example) does not
exit.
If you try to call the nested function through its address after the
containing function exits, all hell breaks loose. If you try to call it
after a containing scope level exits, and if it refers to some of the
variables that are no longer in scope, you may be lucky, but it's not
wise to take the risk. If, however, the nested function does not refer
to anything that has gone out of scope, you should be safe.
GCC implements taking the address of a nested function using a
technique called "trampolines". This technique was described in
'Lexical Closures for C++' (Thomas M. Breuel, USENIX C++ Conference
Proceedings, October 17-21, 1988).
A nested function can jump to a label inherited from a containing
function, provided the label is explicitly declared in the containing
function (*note Local Labels::). Such a jump returns instantly to the
containing function, exiting the nested function that did the 'goto' and
any intermediate functions as well. Here is an example:
bar (int *array, int offset, int size)
{
__label__ failure;
int access (int *array, int index)
{
if (index > size)
goto failure;
return array[index + offset];
}
int i;
/* ... */
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
/* ... */ access (array, i) /* ... */
/* ... */
return 0;
/* Control comes here from 'access'
if it detects an error. */
failure:
return -1;
}
A nested function always has no linkage. Declaring one with 'extern'
or 'static' is erroneous. If you need to declare the nested function
before its definition, use 'auto' (which is otherwise meaningless for
function declarations).
bar (int *array, int offset, int size)
{
__label__ failure;
auto int access (int *, int);
/* ... */
int access (int *array, int index)
{
if (index > size)
goto failure;
return array[index + offset];
}
/* ... */
}
File: gcc.info, Node: Constructing Calls, Next: Typeof, Prev: Nested Functions, Up: C Extensions
6.5 Constructing Function Calls
===============================
Using the built-in functions described below, you can record the
arguments a function received, and call another function with the same
arguments, without knowing the number or types of the arguments.
You can also record the return value of that function call, and later
return that value, without knowing what data type the function tried to
return (as long as your caller expects that data type).
However, these built-in functions may interact badly with some
sophisticated features or other extensions of the language. It is,
therefore, not recommended to use them outside very simple functions
acting as mere forwarders for their arguments.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin_apply_args ()
This built-in function returns a pointer to data describing how to
perform a call with the same arguments as are passed to the current
function.
The function saves the arg pointer register, structure value
address, and all registers that might be used to pass arguments to
a function into a block of memory allocated on the stack. Then it
returns the address of that block.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin_apply (void (*FUNCTION)(), void
*ARGUMENTS, size_t SIZE)
This built-in function invokes FUNCTION with a copy of the
parameters described by ARGUMENTS and SIZE.
The value of ARGUMENTS should be the value returned by
'__builtin_apply_args'. The argument SIZE specifies the size of
the stack argument data, in bytes.
This function returns a pointer to data describing how to return
whatever value is returned by FUNCTION. The data is saved in a
block of memory allocated on the stack.
It is not always simple to compute the proper value for SIZE. The
value is used by '__builtin_apply' to compute the amount of data
that should be pushed on the stack and copied from the incoming
argument area.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_return (void *RESULT)
This built-in function returns the value described by RESULT from
the containing function. You should specify, for RESULT, a value
returned by '__builtin_apply'.
-- Built-in Function: __builtin_va_arg_pack ()
This built-in function represents all anonymous arguments of an
inline function. It can be used only in inline functions that are
always inlined, never compiled as a separate function, such as
those using '__attribute__ ((__always_inline__))' or '__attribute__
((__gnu_inline__))' extern inline functions. It must be only
passed as last argument to some other function with variable
arguments. This is useful for writing small wrapper inlines for
variable argument functions, when using preprocessor macros is
undesirable. For example:
extern int myprintf (FILE *f, const char *format, ...);
extern inline __attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__)) int
myprintf (FILE *f, const char *format, ...)
{
int r = fprintf (f, "myprintf: ");
if (r < 0)
return r;
int s = fprintf (f, format, __builtin_va_arg_pack ());
if (s < 0)
return s;
return r + s;
}
-- Built-in Function: size_t __builtin_va_arg_pack_len ()
This built-in function returns the number of anonymous arguments of
an inline function. It can be used only in inline functions that
are always inlined, never compiled as a separate function, such as
those using '__attribute__ ((__always_inline__))' or '__attribute__
((__gnu_inline__))' extern inline functions. For example following
does link- or run-time checking of open arguments for optimized
code:
#ifdef __OPTIMIZE__
extern inline __attribute__((__gnu_inline__)) int
myopen (const char *path, int oflag, ...)
{
if (__builtin_va_arg_pack_len () > 1)
warn_open_too_many_arguments ();
if (__builtin_constant_p (oflag))
{
if ((oflag & O_CREAT) != 0 && __builtin_va_arg_pack_len () < 1)
{
warn_open_missing_mode ();
return __open_2 (path, oflag);
}
return open (path, oflag, __builtin_va_arg_pack ());
}
if (__builtin_va_arg_pack_len () < 1)
return __open_2 (path, oflag);
return open (path, oflag, __builtin_va_arg_pack ());
}
#endif
File: gcc.info, Node: Typeof, Next: Conditionals, Prev: Constructing Calls, Up: C Extensions
6.6 Referring to a Type with 'typeof'
=====================================
Another way to refer to the type of an expression is with 'typeof'. The
syntax of using of this keyword looks like 'sizeof', but the construct
acts semantically like a type name defined with 'typedef'.
There are two ways of writing the argument to 'typeof': with an
expression or with a type. Here is an example with an expression:
typeof (x[0](1))
This assumes that 'x' is an array of pointers to functions; the type
described is that of the values of the functions.
Here is an example with a typename as the argument:
typeof (int *)
Here the type described is that of pointers to 'int'.
If you are writing a header file that must work when included in ISO C
programs, write '__typeof__' instead of 'typeof'. *Note Alternate
Keywords::.
A 'typeof' construct can be used anywhere a typedef name can be used.
For example, you can use it in a declaration, in a cast, or inside of
'sizeof' or 'typeof'.
The operand of 'typeof' is evaluated for its side effects if and only
if it is an expression of variably modified type or the name of such a
type.
'typeof' is often useful in conjunction with statement expressions
(*note Statement Exprs::). Here is how the two together can be used to
define a safe "maximum" macro which operates on any arithmetic type and
evaluates each of its arguments exactly once:
#define max(a,b) \
({ typeof (a) _a = (a); \
typeof (b) _b = (b); \
_a > _b ? _a : _b; })
The reason for using names that start with underscores for the local
variables is to avoid conflicts with variable names that occur within
the expressions that are substituted for 'a' and 'b'. Eventually we
hope to design a new form of declaration syntax that allows you to
declare variables whose scopes start only after their initializers; this
will be a more reliable way to prevent such conflicts.
Some more examples of the use of 'typeof':
* This declares 'y' with the type of what 'x' points to.
typeof (*x) y;
* This declares 'y' as an array of such values.
typeof (*x) y[4];
* This declares 'y' as an array of pointers to characters:
typeof (typeof (char *)[4]) y;
It is equivalent to the following traditional C declaration:
char *y[4];
To see the meaning of the declaration using 'typeof', and why it
might be a useful way to write, rewrite it with these macros:
#define pointer(T) typeof(T *)
#define array(T, N) typeof(T [N])
Now the declaration can be rewritten this way:
array (pointer (char), 4) y;
Thus, 'array (pointer (char), 4)' is the type of arrays of 4
pointers to 'char'.
In GNU C, but not GNU C++, you may also declare the type of a variable
as '__auto_type'. In that case, the declaration must declare only one
variable, whose declarator must just be an identifier, the declaration
must be initialized, and the type of the variable is determined by the
initializer; the name of the variable is not in scope until after the
initializer. (In C++, you should use C++11 'auto' for this purpose.)
Using '__auto_type', the "maximum" macro above could be written as:
#define max(a,b) \
({ __auto_type _a = (a); \
__auto_type _b = (b); \
_a > _b ? _a : _b; })
Using '__auto_type' instead of 'typeof' has two advantages:
* Each argument to the macro appears only once in the expansion of
the macro. This prevents the size of the macro expansion growing
exponentially when calls to such macros are nested inside arguments
of such macros.
* If the argument to the macro has variably modified type, it is
evaluated only once when using '__auto_type', but twice if 'typeof'
is used.
File: gcc.info, Node: Conditionals, Next: __int128, Prev: Typeof, Up: C Extensions
6.7 Conditionals with Omitted Operands
======================================
The middle operand in a conditional expression may be omitted. Then if
the first operand is nonzero, its value is the value of the conditional
expression.
Therefore, the expression
x ? : y
has the value of 'x' if that is nonzero; otherwise, the value of 'y'.
This example is perfectly equivalent to
x ? x : y
In this simple case, the ability to omit the middle operand is not
especially useful. When it becomes useful is when the first operand
does, or may (if it is a macro argument), contain a side effect. Then
repeating the operand in the middle would perform the side effect twice.
Omitting the middle operand uses the value already computed without the
undesirable effects of recomputing it.
File: gcc.info, Node: __int128, Next: Long Long, Prev: Conditionals, Up: C Extensions
6.8 128-bit Integers
====================
As an extension the integer scalar type '__int128' is supported for
targets which have an integer mode wide enough to hold 128 bits. Simply
write '__int128' for a signed 128-bit integer, or 'unsigned __int128'
for an unsigned 128-bit integer. There is no support in GCC for
expressing an integer constant of type '__int128' for targets with 'long
long' integer less than 128 bits wide.
File: gcc.info, Node: Long Long, Next: Complex, Prev: __int128, Up: C Extensions
6.9 Double-Word Integers
========================
ISO C99 supports data types for integers that are at least 64 bits wide,
and as an extension GCC supports them in C90 mode and in C++. Simply
write 'long long int' for a signed integer, or 'unsigned long long int'
for an unsigned integer. To make an integer constant of type 'long long
int', add the suffix 'LL' to the integer. To make an integer constant
of type 'unsigned long long int', add the suffix 'ULL' to the integer.
You can use these types in arithmetic like any other integer types.
Addition, subtraction, and bitwise boolean operations on these types are
open-coded on all types of machines. Multiplication is open-coded if
the machine supports a fullword-to-doubleword widening multiply
instruction. Division and shifts are open-coded only on machines that
provide special support. The operations that are not open-coded use
special library routines that come with GCC.
There may be pitfalls when you use 'long long' types for function
arguments without function prototypes. If a function expects type 'int'
for its argument, and you pass a value of type 'long long int',
confusion results because the caller and the subroutine disagree about
the number of bytes for the argument. Likewise, if the function expects
'long long int' and you pass 'int'. The best way to avoid such problems
is to use prototypes.
File: gcc.info, Node: Complex, Next: Floating Types, Prev: Long Long, Up: C Extensions
6.10 Complex Numbers
====================
ISO C99 supports complex floating data types, and as an extension GCC
supports them in C90 mode and in C++. GCC also supports complex integer
data types which are not part of ISO C99. You can declare complex types
using the keyword '_Complex'. As an extension, the older GNU keyword
'__complex__' is also supported.
For example, '_Complex double x;' declares 'x' as a variable whose real
part and imaginary part are both of type 'double'. '_Complex short int
y;' declares 'y' to have real and imaginary parts of type 'short int';
this is not likely to be useful, but it shows that the set of complex
types is complete.
To write a constant with a complex data type, use the suffix 'i' or 'j'
(either one; they are equivalent). For example, '2.5fi' has type
'_Complex float' and '3i' has type '_Complex int'. Such a constant
always has a pure imaginary value, but you can form any complex value
you like by adding one to a real constant. This is a GNU extension; if
you have an ISO C99 conforming C library (such as the GNU C Library),
and want to construct complex constants of floating type, you should
include '<complex.h>' and use the macros 'I' or '_Complex_I' instead.
The ISO C++14 library also defines the 'i' suffix, so C++14 code that
includes the '<complex>' header cannot use 'i' for the GNU extension.
The 'j' suffix still has the GNU meaning.
To extract the real part of a complex-valued expression EXP, write
'__real__ EXP'. Likewise, use '__imag__' to extract the imaginary part.
This is a GNU extension; for values of floating type, you should use the
ISO C99 functions 'crealf', 'creal', 'creall', 'cimagf', 'cimag' and
'cimagl', declared in '<complex.h>' and also provided as built-in
functions by GCC.
The operator '~' performs complex conjugation when used on a value with
a complex type. This is a GNU extension; for values of floating type,
you should use the ISO C99 functions 'conjf', 'conj' and 'conjl',
declared in '<complex.h>' and also provided as built-in functions by
GCC.
GCC can allocate complex automatic variables in a noncontiguous
fashion; it's even possible for the real part to be in a register while
the imaginary part is on the stack (or vice versa). Only the DWARF
debug info format can represent this, so use of DWARF is recommended.
If you are using the stabs debug info format, GCC describes a
noncontiguous complex variable as if it were two separate variables of
noncomplex type. If the variable's actual name is 'foo', the two
fictitious variables are named 'foo$real' and 'foo$imag'. You can
examine and set these two fictitious variables with your debugger.
File: gcc.info, Node: Floating Types, Next: Half-Precision, Prev: Complex, Up: C Extensions
6.11 Additional Floating Types
==============================
ISO/IEC TS 18661-3:2015 defines C support for additional floating types
'_FloatN' and '_FloatNx', and GCC supports these type names; the set of
types supported depends on the target architecture. These types are not
supported when compiling C++. Constants with these types use suffixes
'fN' or 'FN' and 'fNx' or 'FNx'. These type names can be used together
with '_Complex' to declare complex types.
As an extension, GNU C and GNU C++ support additional floating types,
which are not supported by all targets.
* '__float128' is available on i386, x86_64, IA-64, and hppa HP-UX,
as well as on PowerPC GNU/Linux targets that enable the vector
scalar (VSX) instruction set. '__float128' supports the 128-bit
floating type. On i386, x86_64, PowerPC, and IA-64 other than
HP-UX, '__float128' is an alias for '_Float128'. On hppa and IA-64
HP-UX, '__float128' is an alias for 'long double'.
* '__float80' is available on the i386, x86_64, and IA-64 targets,
and supports the 80-bit ('XFmode') floating type. It is an alias
for the type name '_Float64x' on these targets.
* '__ibm128' is available on PowerPC targets, and provides access to
the IBM extended double format which is the current format used for
'long double'. When 'long double' transitions to '__float128' on
PowerPC in the future, '__ibm128' will remain for use in
conversions between the two types.
Support for these additional types includes the arithmetic operators:
add, subtract, multiply, divide; unary arithmetic operators; relational
operators; equality operators; and conversions to and from integer and
other floating types. Use a suffix 'w' or 'W' in a literal constant of
type '__float80' or type '__ibm128'. Use a suffix 'q' or 'Q' for
'_float128'.
In order to use '_Float128', '__float128', and '__ibm128' on PowerPC
Linux systems, you must use the '-mfloat128' option. It is expected in
future versions of GCC that '_Float128' and '__float128' will be enabled
automatically.
The '_Float128' type is supported on all systems where '__float128' is
supported or where 'long double' has the IEEE binary128 format. The
'_Float64x' type is supported on all systems where '__float128' is
supported. The '_Float32' type is supported on all systems supporting
IEEE binary32; the '_Float64' and '_Float32x' types are supported on all
systems supporting IEEE binary64. The '_Float16' type is supported on
AArch64 systems by default, and on ARM systems when the IEEE format for
16-bit floating-point types is selected with '-mfp16-format=ieee'. GCC
does not currently support '_Float128x' on any systems.
On the i386, x86_64, IA-64, and HP-UX targets, you can declare complex
types using the corresponding internal complex type, 'XCmode' for
'__float80' type and 'TCmode' for '__float128' type:
typedef _Complex float __attribute__((mode(TC))) _Complex128;
typedef _Complex float __attribute__((mode(XC))) _Complex80;
On the PowerPC Linux VSX targets, you can declare complex types using
the corresponding internal complex type, 'KCmode' for '__float128' type
and 'ICmode' for '__ibm128' type:
typedef _Complex float __attribute__((mode(KC))) _Complex_float128;
typedef _Complex float __attribute__((mode(IC))) _Complex_ibm128;
File: gcc.info, Node: Half-Precision, Next: Decimal Float, Prev: Floating Types, Up: C Extensions
6.12 Half-Precision Floating Point
==================================
On ARM and AArch64 targets, GCC supports half-precision (16-bit)
floating point via the '__fp16' type defined in the ARM C Language
Extensions. On ARM systems, you must enable this type explicitly with
the '-mfp16-format' command-line option in order to use it.
ARM targets support two incompatible representations for half-precision
floating-point values. You must choose one of the representations and
use it consistently in your program.
Specifying '-mfp16-format=ieee' selects the IEEE 754-2008 format. This
format can represent normalized values in the range of 2^{-14} to 65504.
There are 11 bits of significand precision, approximately 3 decimal
digits.
Specifying '-mfp16-format=alternative' selects the ARM alternative
format. This representation is similar to the IEEE format, but does not
support infinities or NaNs. Instead, the range of exponents is
extended, so that this format can represent normalized values in the
range of 2^{-14} to 131008.
The GCC port for AArch64 only supports the IEEE 754-2008 format, and
does not require use of the '-mfp16-format' command-line option.
The '__fp16' type may only be used as an argument to intrinsics defined
in '<arm_fp16.h>', or as a storage format. For purposes of arithmetic
and other operations, '__fp16' values in C or C++ expressions are
automatically promoted to 'float'.
The ARM target provides hardware support for conversions between
'__fp16' and 'float' values as an extension to VFP and NEON (Advanced
SIMD), and from ARMv8-A provides hardware support for conversions
between '__fp16' and 'double' values. GCC generates code using these
hardware instructions if you compile with options to select an FPU that
provides them; for example, '-mfpu=neon-fp16 -mfloat-abi=softfp', in
addition to the '-mfp16-format' option to select a half-precision
format.
Language-level support for the '__fp16' data type is independent of
whether GCC generates code using hardware floating-point instructions.
In cases where hardware support is not specified, GCC implements
conversions between '__fp16' and other types as library calls.
It is recommended that portable code use the '_Float16' type defined by
ISO/IEC TS 18661-3:2015. *Note Floating Types::.
File: gcc.info, Node: Decimal Float, Next: Hex Floats, Prev: Half-Precision, Up: C Extensions
6.13 Decimal Floating Types
===========================
As an extension, GNU C supports decimal floating types as defined in the
N1312 draft of ISO/IEC WDTR24732. Support for decimal floating types in
GCC will evolve as the draft technical report changes. Calling
conventions for any target might also change. Not all targets support
decimal floating types.
The decimal floating types are '_Decimal32', '_Decimal64', and
'_Decimal128'. They use a radix of ten, unlike the floating types
'float', 'double', and 'long double' whose radix is not specified by the
C standard but is usually two.
Support for decimal floating types includes the arithmetic operators
add, subtract, multiply, divide; unary arithmetic operators; relational
operators; equality operators; and conversions to and from integer and
other floating types. Use a suffix 'df' or 'DF' in a literal constant
of type '_Decimal32', 'dd' or 'DD' for '_Decimal64', and 'dl' or 'DL'
for '_Decimal128'.
GCC support of decimal float as specified by the draft technical report
is incomplete:
* When the value of a decimal floating type cannot be represented in
the integer type to which it is being converted, the result is
undefined rather than the result value specified by the draft
technical report.
* GCC does not provide the C library functionality associated with
'math.h', 'fenv.h', 'stdio.h', 'stdlib.h', and 'wchar.h', which
must come from a separate C library implementation. Because of
this the GNU C compiler does not define macro '__STDC_DEC_FP__' to
indicate that the implementation conforms to the technical report.
Types '_Decimal32', '_Decimal64', and '_Decimal128' are supported by
the DWARF debug information format.
File: gcc.info, Node: Hex Floats, Next: Fixed-Point, Prev: Decimal Float, Up: C Extensions
6.14 Hex Floats
===============
ISO C99 supports floating-point numbers written not only in the usual
decimal notation, such as '1.55e1', but also numbers such as '0x1.fp3'
written in hexadecimal format. As a GNU extension, GCC supports this in
C90 mode (except in some cases when strictly conforming) and in C++. In
that format the '0x' hex introducer and the 'p' or 'P' exponent field
are mandatory. The exponent is a decimal number that indicates the
power of 2 by which the significant part is multiplied. Thus '0x1.f' is
1 15/16, 'p3' multiplies it by 8, and the value of '0x1.fp3' is the same
as '1.55e1'.
Unlike for floating-point numbers in the decimal notation the exponent
is always required in the hexadecimal notation. Otherwise the compiler
would not be able to resolve the ambiguity of, e.g., '0x1.f'. This
could mean '1.0f' or '1.9375' since 'f' is also the extension for
floating-point constants of type 'float'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Fixed-Point, Next: Named Address Spaces, Prev: Hex Floats, Up: C Extensions
6.15 Fixed-Point Types
======================
As an extension, GNU C supports fixed-point types as defined in the
N1169 draft of ISO/IEC DTR 18037. Support for fixed-point types in GCC
will evolve as the draft technical report changes. Calling conventions
for any target might also change. Not all targets support fixed-point
types.
The fixed-point types are 'short _Fract', '_Fract', 'long _Fract',
'long long _Fract', 'unsigned short _Fract', 'unsigned _Fract',
'unsigned long _Fract', 'unsigned long long _Fract', '_Sat short
_Fract', '_Sat _Fract', '_Sat long _Fract', '_Sat long long _Fract',
'_Sat unsigned short _Fract', '_Sat unsigned _Fract', '_Sat unsigned
long _Fract', '_Sat unsigned long long _Fract', 'short _Accum',
'_Accum', 'long _Accum', 'long long _Accum', 'unsigned short _Accum',
'unsigned _Accum', 'unsigned long _Accum', 'unsigned long long _Accum',
'_Sat short _Accum', '_Sat _Accum', '_Sat long _Accum', '_Sat long long
_Accum', '_Sat unsigned short _Accum', '_Sat unsigned _Accum', '_Sat
unsigned long _Accum', '_Sat unsigned long long _Accum'.
Fixed-point data values contain fractional and optional integral parts.
The format of fixed-point data varies and depends on the target machine.
Support for fixed-point types includes:
* prefix and postfix increment and decrement operators ('++', '--')
* unary arithmetic operators ('+', '-', '!')
* binary arithmetic operators ('+', '-', '*', '/')
* binary shift operators ('<<', '>>')
* relational operators ('<', '<=', '>=', '>')
* equality operators ('==', '!=')
* assignment operators ('+=', '-=', '*=', '/=', '<<=', '>>=')
* conversions to and from integer, floating-point, or fixed-point
types
Use a suffix in a fixed-point literal constant:
* 'hr' or 'HR' for 'short _Fract' and '_Sat short _Fract'
* 'r' or 'R' for '_Fract' and '_Sat _Fract'
* 'lr' or 'LR' for 'long _Fract' and '_Sat long _Fract'
* 'llr' or 'LLR' for 'long long _Fract' and '_Sat long long _Fract'
* 'uhr' or 'UHR' for 'unsigned short _Fract' and '_Sat unsigned short
_Fract'
* 'ur' or 'UR' for 'unsigned _Fract' and '_Sat unsigned _Fract'
* 'ulr' or 'ULR' for 'unsigned long _Fract' and '_Sat unsigned long
_Fract'
* 'ullr' or 'ULLR' for 'unsigned long long _Fract' and '_Sat unsigned
long long _Fract'
* 'hk' or 'HK' for 'short _Accum' and '_Sat short _Accum'
* 'k' or 'K' for '_Accum' and '_Sat _Accum'
* 'lk' or 'LK' for 'long _Accum' and '_Sat long _Accum'
* 'llk' or 'LLK' for 'long long _Accum' and '_Sat long long _Accum'
* 'uhk' or 'UHK' for 'unsigned short _Accum' and '_Sat unsigned short
_Accum'
* 'uk' or 'UK' for 'unsigned _Accum' and '_Sat unsigned _Accum'
* 'ulk' or 'ULK' for 'unsigned long _Accum' and '_Sat unsigned long
_Accum'
* 'ullk' or 'ULLK' for 'unsigned long long _Accum' and '_Sat unsigned
long long _Accum'
GCC support of fixed-point types as specified by the draft technical
report is incomplete:
* Pragmas to control overflow and rounding behaviors are not
implemented.
Fixed-point types are supported by the DWARF debug information format.
File: gcc.info, Node: Named Address Spaces, Next: Zero Length, Prev: Fixed-Point, Up: C Extensions
6.16 Named Address Spaces
=========================
As an extension, GNU C supports named address spaces as defined in the
N1275 draft of ISO/IEC DTR 18037. Support for named address spaces in
GCC will evolve as the draft technical report changes. Calling
conventions for any target might also change. At present, only the AVR,
SPU, M32C, RL78, and x86 targets support address spaces other than the
generic address space.
Address space identifiers may be used exactly like any other C type
qualifier (e.g., 'const' or 'volatile'). See the N1275 document for
more details.
6.16.1 AVR Named Address Spaces
-------------------------------
On the AVR target, there are several address spaces that can be used in
order to put read-only data into the flash memory and access that data
by means of the special instructions 'LPM' or 'ELPM' needed to read from
flash.
Devices belonging to 'avrtiny' and 'avrxmega3' can access flash memory
by means of 'LD*' instructions because the flash memory is mapped into
the RAM address space. There is _no need_ for language extensions like
'__flash' or attribute *note 'progmem': AVR Variable Attributes. The
default linker description files for these devices cater for that
feature and '.rodata' stays in flash: The compiler just generates 'LD*'
instructions, and the linker script adds core specific offsets to all
'.rodata' symbols: '0x4000' in the case of 'avrtiny' and '0x8000' in the
case of 'avrxmega3'. See *note AVR Options:: for a list of respective
devices.
For devices not in 'avrtiny' or 'avrxmega3', any data including
read-only data is located in RAM (the generic address space) because
flash memory is not visible in the RAM address space. In order to
locate read-only data in flash memory _and_ to generate the right
instructions to access this data without using (inline) assembler code,
special address spaces are needed.
'__flash'
The '__flash' qualifier locates data in the '.progmem.data'
section. Data is read using the 'LPM' instruction. Pointers to
this address space are 16 bits wide.
'__flash1'
'__flash2'
'__flash3'
'__flash4'
'__flash5'
These are 16-bit address spaces locating data in section
'.progmemN.data' where N refers to address space '__flashN'. The
compiler sets the 'RAMPZ' segment register appropriately before
reading data by means of the 'ELPM' instruction.
'__memx'
This is a 24-bit address space that linearizes flash and RAM: If
the high bit of the address is set, data is read from RAM using the
lower two bytes as RAM address. If the high bit of the address is
clear, data is read from flash with 'RAMPZ' set according to the
high byte of the address. *Note '__builtin_avr_flash_segment': AVR
Built-in Functions.
Objects in this address space are located in '.progmemx.data'.
Example
char my_read (const __flash char ** p)
{
/* p is a pointer to RAM that points to a pointer to flash.
The first indirection of p reads that flash pointer
from RAM and the second indirection reads a char from this
flash address. */
return **p;
}
/* Locate array[] in flash memory */
const __flash int array[] = { 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 };
int i = 1;
int main (void)
{
/* Return 17 by reading from flash memory */
return array[array[i]];
}
For each named address space supported by avr-gcc there is an equally
named but uppercase built-in macro defined. The purpose is to
facilitate testing if respective address space support is available or
not:
#ifdef __FLASH
const __flash int var = 1;
int read_var (void)
{
return var;
}
#else
#include <avr/pgmspace.h> /* From AVR-LibC */
const int var PROGMEM = 1;
int read_var (void)
{
return (int) pgm_read_word (&var);
}
#endif /* __FLASH */
Notice that attribute *note 'progmem': AVR Variable Attributes. locates
data in flash but accesses to these data read from generic address
space, i.e. from RAM, so that you need special accessors like
'pgm_read_byte' from AVR-LibC (http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/)
together with attribute 'progmem'.
Limitations and caveats
* Reading across the 64 KiB section boundary of the '__flash' or
'__flashN' address spaces shows undefined behavior. The only
address space that supports reading across the 64 KiB flash segment
boundaries is '__memx'.
* If you use one of the '__flashN' address spaces you must arrange
your linker script to locate the '.progmemN.data' sections
according to your needs.
* Any data or pointers to the non-generic address spaces must be
qualified as 'const', i.e. as read-only data. This still applies
if the data in one of these address spaces like software version
number or calibration lookup table are intended to be changed after
load time by, say, a boot loader. In this case the right
qualification is 'const' 'volatile' so that the compiler must not
optimize away known values or insert them as immediates into
operands of instructions.
* The following code initializes a variable 'pfoo' located in static
storage with a 24-bit address:
extern const __memx char foo;
const __memx void *pfoo = &foo;
* On the reduced Tiny devices like ATtiny40, no address spaces are
supported. Just use vanilla C / C++ code without overhead as
outlined above. Attribute 'progmem' is supported but works
differently, see *note AVR Variable Attributes::.
6.16.2 M32C Named Address Spaces
--------------------------------
On the M32C target, with the R8C and M16C CPU variants, variables
qualified with '__far' are accessed using 32-bit addresses in order to
access memory beyond the first 64 Ki bytes. If '__far' is used with the
M32CM or M32C CPU variants, it has no effect.
6.16.3 RL78 Named Address Spaces
--------------------------------
On the RL78 target, variables qualified with '__far' are accessed with
32-bit pointers (20-bit addresses) rather than the default 16-bit
addresses. Non-far variables are assumed to appear in the topmost
64 KiB of the address space.
6.16.4 SPU Named Address Spaces
-------------------------------
On the SPU target variables may be declared as belonging to another
address space by qualifying the type with the '__ea' address space
identifier:
extern int __ea i;
The compiler generates special code to access the variable 'i'. It may
use runtime library support, or generate special machine instructions to
access that address space.
6.16.5 x86 Named Address Spaces
-------------------------------
On the x86 target, variables may be declared as being relative to the
'%fs' or '%gs' segments.
'__seg_fs'
'__seg_gs'
The object is accessed with the respective segment override prefix.
The respective segment base must be set via some method specific to
the operating system. Rather than require an expensive system call
to retrieve the segment base, these address spaces are not
considered to be subspaces of the generic (flat) address space.
This means that explicit casts are required to convert pointers
between these address spaces and the generic address space. In
practice the application should cast to 'uintptr_t' and apply the
segment base offset that it installed previously.
The preprocessor symbols '__SEG_FS' and '__SEG_GS' are defined when
these address spaces are supported.
File: gcc.info, Node: Zero Length, Next: Empty Structures, Prev: Named Address Spaces, Up: C Extensions
6.17 Arrays of Length Zero
==========================
Zero-length arrays are allowed in GNU C. They are very useful as the
last element of a structure that is really a header for a
variable-length object:
struct line {
int length;
char contents[0];
};
struct line *thisline = (struct line *)
malloc (sizeof (struct line) + this_length);
thisline->length = this_length;
In ISO C90, you would have to give 'contents' a length of 1, which
means either you waste space or complicate the argument to 'malloc'.
In ISO C99, you would use a "flexible array member", which is slightly
different in syntax and semantics:
* Flexible array members are written as 'contents[]' without the '0'.
* Flexible array members have incomplete type, and so the 'sizeof'
operator may not be applied. As a quirk of the original
implementation of zero-length arrays, 'sizeof' evaluates to zero.
* Flexible array members may only appear as the last member of a
'struct' that is otherwise non-empty.
* A structure containing a flexible array member, or a union
containing such a structure (possibly recursively), may not be a
member of a structure or an element of an array. (However, these
uses are permitted by GCC as extensions.)
Non-empty initialization of zero-length arrays is treated like any case
where there are more initializer elements than the array holds, in that
a suitable warning about "excess elements in array" is given, and the
excess elements (all of them, in this case) are ignored.
GCC allows static initialization of flexible array members. This is
equivalent to defining a new structure containing the original structure
followed by an array of sufficient size to contain the data. E.g. in
the following, 'f1' is constructed as if it were declared like 'f2'.
struct f1 {
int x; int y[];
} f1 = { 1, { 2, 3, 4 } };
struct f2 {
struct f1 f1; int data[3];
} f2 = { { 1 }, { 2, 3, 4 } };
The convenience of this extension is that 'f1' has the desired type,
eliminating the need to consistently refer to 'f2.f1'.
This has symmetry with normal static arrays, in that an array of
unknown size is also written with '[]'.
Of course, this extension only makes sense if the extra data comes at
the end of a top-level object, as otherwise we would be overwriting data
at subsequent offsets. To avoid undue complication and confusion with
initialization of deeply nested arrays, we simply disallow any non-empty
initialization except when the structure is the top-level object. For
example:
struct foo { int x; int y[]; };
struct bar { struct foo z; };
struct foo a = { 1, { 2, 3, 4 } }; // Valid.
struct bar b = { { 1, { 2, 3, 4 } } }; // Invalid.
struct bar c = { { 1, { } } }; // Valid.
struct foo d[1] = { { 1, { 2, 3, 4 } } }; // Invalid.
File: gcc.info, Node: Empty Structures, Next: Variable Length, Prev: Zero Length, Up: C Extensions
6.18 Structures with No Members
===============================
GCC permits a C structure to have no members:
struct empty {
};
The structure has size zero. In C++, empty structures are part of the
language. G++ treats empty structures as if they had a single member of
type 'char'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Variable Length, Next: Variadic Macros, Prev: Empty Structures, Up: C Extensions
6.19 Arrays of Variable Length
==============================
Variable-length automatic arrays are allowed in ISO C99, and as an
extension GCC accepts them in C90 mode and in C++. These arrays are
declared like any other automatic arrays, but with a length that is not
a constant expression. The storage is allocated at the point of
declaration and deallocated when the block scope containing the
declaration exits. For example:
FILE *
concat_fopen (char *s1, char *s2, char *mode)
{
char str[strlen (s1) + strlen (s2) + 1];
strcpy (str, s1);
strcat (str, s2);
return fopen (str, mode);
}
Jumping or breaking out of the scope of the array name deallocates the
storage. Jumping into the scope is not allowed; you get an error
message for it.
As an extension, GCC accepts variable-length arrays as a member of a
structure or a union. For example:
void
foo (int n)
{
struct S { int x[n]; };
}
You can use the function 'alloca' to get an effect much like
variable-length arrays. The function 'alloca' is available in many
other C implementations (but not in all). On the other hand,
variable-length arrays are more elegant.
There are other differences between these two methods. Space allocated
with 'alloca' exists until the containing _function_ returns. The space
for a variable-length array is deallocated as soon as the array name's
scope ends, unless you also use 'alloca' in this scope.
You can also use variable-length arrays as arguments to functions:
struct entry
tester (int len, char data[len][len])
{
/* ... */
}
The length of an array is computed once when the storage is allocated
and is remembered for the scope of the array in case you access it with
'sizeof'.
If you want to pass the array first and the length afterward, you can
use a forward declaration in the parameter list--another GNU extension.
struct entry
tester (int len; char data[len][len], int len)
{
/* ... */
}
The 'int len' before the semicolon is a "parameter forward
declaration", and it serves the purpose of making the name 'len' known
when the declaration of 'data' is parsed.
You can write any number of such parameter forward declarations in the
parameter list. They can be separated by commas or semicolons, but the
last one must end with a semicolon, which is followed by the "real"
parameter declarations. Each forward declaration must match a "real"
declaration in parameter name and data type. ISO C99 does not support
parameter forward declarations.
File: gcc.info, Node: Variadic Macros, Next: Escaped Newlines, Prev: Variable Length, Up: C Extensions
6.20 Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments.
================================================
In the ISO C standard of 1999, a macro can be declared to accept a
variable number of arguments much as a function can. The syntax for
defining the macro is similar to that of a function. Here is an
example:
#define debug(format, ...) fprintf (stderr, format, __VA_ARGS__)
Here '...' is a "variable argument". In the invocation of such a macro,
it represents the zero or more tokens until the closing parenthesis that
ends the invocation, including any commas. This set of tokens replaces
the identifier '__VA_ARGS__' in the macro body wherever it appears. See
the CPP manual for more information.
GCC has long supported variadic macros, and used a different syntax
that allowed you to give a name to the variable arguments just like any
other argument. Here is an example:
#define debug(format, args...) fprintf (stderr, format, args)
This is in all ways equivalent to the ISO C example above, but arguably
more readable and descriptive.
GNU CPP has two further variadic macro extensions, and permits them to
be used with either of the above forms of macro definition.
In standard C, you are not allowed to leave the variable argument out
entirely; but you are allowed to pass an empty argument. For example,
this invocation is invalid in ISO C, because there is no comma after the
string:
debug ("A message")
GNU CPP permits you to completely omit the variable arguments in this
way. In the above examples, the compiler would complain, though since
the expansion of the macro still has the extra comma after the format
string.
To help solve this problem, CPP behaves specially for variable
arguments used with the token paste operator, '##'. If instead you
write
#define debug(format, ...) fprintf (stderr, format, ## __VA_ARGS__)
and if the variable arguments are omitted or empty, the '##' operator
causes the preprocessor to remove the comma before it. If you do
provide some variable arguments in your macro invocation, GNU CPP does
not complain about the paste operation and instead places the variable
arguments after the comma. Just like any other pasted macro argument,
these arguments are not macro expanded.
File: gcc.info, Node: Escaped Newlines, Next: Subscripting, Prev: Variadic Macros, Up: C Extensions
6.21 Slightly Looser Rules for Escaped Newlines
===============================================
The preprocessor treatment of escaped newlines is more relaxed than that
specified by the C90 standard, which requires the newline to immediately
follow a backslash. GCC's implementation allows whitespace in the form
of spaces, horizontal and vertical tabs, and form feeds between the
backslash and the subsequent newline. The preprocessor issues a
warning, but treats it as a valid escaped newline and combines the two
lines to form a single logical line. This works within comments and
tokens, as well as between tokens. Comments are _not_ treated as
whitespace for the purposes of this relaxation, since they have not yet
been replaced with spaces.
File: gcc.info, Node: Subscripting, Next: Pointer Arith, Prev: Escaped Newlines, Up: C Extensions
6.22 Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts
==========================================
In ISO C99, arrays that are not lvalues still decay to pointers, and may
be subscripted, although they may not be modified or used after the next
sequence point and the unary '&' operator may not be applied to them.
As an extension, GNU C allows such arrays to be subscripted in C90 mode,
though otherwise they do not decay to pointers outside C99 mode. For
example, this is valid in GNU C though not valid in C90:
struct foo {int a[4];};
struct foo f();
bar (int index)
{
return f().a[index];
}
File: gcc.info, Node: Pointer Arith, Next: Pointers to Arrays, Prev: Subscripting, Up: C Extensions
6.23 Arithmetic on 'void'- and Function-Pointers
================================================
In GNU C, addition and subtraction operations are supported on pointers
to 'void' and on pointers to functions. This is done by treating the
size of a 'void' or of a function as 1.
A consequence of this is that 'sizeof' is also allowed on 'void' and on
function types, and returns 1.
The option '-Wpointer-arith' requests a warning if these extensions are
used.
File: gcc.info, Node: Pointers to Arrays, Next: Initializers, Prev: Pointer Arith, Up: C Extensions
6.24 Pointers to Arrays with Qualifiers Work as Expected
========================================================
In GNU C, pointers to arrays with qualifiers work similar to pointers to
other qualified types. For example, a value of type 'int (*)[5]' can be
used to initialize a variable of type 'const int (*)[5]'. These types
are incompatible in ISO C because the 'const' qualifier is formally
attached to the element type of the array and not the array itself.
extern void
transpose (int N, int M, double out[M][N], const double in[N][M]);
double x[3][2];
double y[2][3];
...
transpose(3, 2, y, x);
File: gcc.info, Node: Initializers, Next: Compound Literals, Prev: Pointers to Arrays, Up: C Extensions
6.25 Non-Constant Initializers
==============================
As in standard C++ and ISO C99, the elements of an aggregate initializer
for an automatic variable are not required to be constant expressions in
GNU C. Here is an example of an initializer with run-time varying
elements:
foo (float f, float g)
{
float beat_freqs[2] = { f-g, f+g };
/* ... */
}
File: gcc.info, Node: Compound Literals, Next: Designated Inits, Prev: Initializers, Up: C Extensions
6.26 Compound Literals
======================
A compound literal looks like a cast of a brace-enclosed aggregate
initializer list. Its value is an object of the type specified in the
cast, containing the elements specified in the initializer. Unlike the
result of a cast, a compound literal is an lvalue. ISO C99 and later
support compound literals. As an extension, GCC supports compound
literals also in C90 mode and in C++, although as explained below, the
C++ semantics are somewhat different.
Usually, the specified type of a compound literal is a structure.
Assume that 'struct foo' and 'structure' are declared as shown:
struct foo {int a; char b[2];} structure;
Here is an example of constructing a 'struct foo' with a compound
literal:
structure = ((struct foo) {x + y, 'a', 0});
This is equivalent to writing the following:
{
struct foo temp = {x + y, 'a', 0};
structure = temp;
}
You can also construct an array, though this is dangerous in C++, as
explained below. If all the elements of the compound literal are (made
up of) simple constant expressions suitable for use in initializers of
objects of static storage duration, then the compound literal can be
coerced to a pointer to its first element and used in such an
initializer, as shown here:
char **foo = (char *[]) { "x", "y", "z" };
Compound literals for scalar types and union types are also allowed.
In the following example the variable 'i' is initialized to the value
'2', the result of incrementing the unnamed object created by the
compound literal.
int i = ++(int) { 1 };
As a GNU extension, GCC allows initialization of objects with static
storage duration by compound literals (which is not possible in ISO C99
because the initializer is not a constant). It is handled as if the
object were initialized only with the brace-enclosed list if the types
of the compound literal and the object match. The elements of the
compound literal must be constant. If the object being initialized has
array type of unknown size, the size is determined by the size of the
compound literal.
static struct foo x = (struct foo) {1, 'a', 'b'};
static int y[] = (int []) {1, 2, 3};
static int z[] = (int [3]) {1};
The above lines are equivalent to the following:
static struct foo x = {1, 'a', 'b'};
static int y[] = {1, 2, 3};
static int z[] = {1, 0, 0};
In C, a compound literal designates an unnamed object with static or
automatic storage duration. In C++, a compound literal designates a
temporary object that only lives until the end of its full-expression.
As a result, well-defined C code that takes the address of a subobject
of a compound literal can be undefined in C++, so G++ rejects the
conversion of a temporary array to a pointer. For instance, if the
array compound literal example above appeared inside a function, any
subsequent use of 'foo' in C++ would have undefined behavior because the
lifetime of the array ends after the declaration of 'foo'.
As an optimization, G++ sometimes gives array compound literals longer
lifetimes: when the array either appears outside a function or has a
'const'-qualified type. If 'foo' and its initializer had elements of
type 'char *const' rather than 'char *', or if 'foo' were a global
variable, the array would have static storage duration. But it is
probably safest just to avoid the use of array compound literals in C++
code.
File: gcc.info, Node: Designated Inits, Next: Case Ranges, Prev: Compound Literals, Up: C Extensions
6.27 Designated Initializers
============================
Standard C90 requires the elements of an initializer to appear in a
fixed order, the same as the order of the elements in the array or
structure being initialized.
In ISO C99 you can give the elements in any order, specifying the array
indices or structure field names they apply to, and GNU C allows this as
an extension in C90 mode as well. This extension is not implemented in
GNU C++.
To specify an array index, write '[INDEX] =' before the element value.
For example,
int a[6] = { [4] = 29, [2] = 15 };
is equivalent to
int a[6] = { 0, 0, 15, 0, 29, 0 };
The index values must be constant expressions, even if the array being
initialized is automatic.
An alternative syntax for this that has been obsolete since GCC 2.5 but
GCC still accepts is to write '[INDEX]' before the element value, with
no '='.
To initialize a range of elements to the same value, write '[FIRST ...
LAST] = VALUE'. This is a GNU extension. For example,
int widths[] = { [0 ... 9] = 1, [10 ... 99] = 2, [100] = 3 };
If the value in it has side effects, the side effects happen only once,
not for each initialized field by the range initializer.
Note that the length of the array is the highest value specified plus
one.
In a structure initializer, specify the name of a field to initialize
with '.FIELDNAME =' before the element value. For example, given the
following structure,
struct point { int x, y; };
the following initialization
struct point p = { .y = yvalue, .x = xvalue };
is equivalent to
struct point p = { xvalue, yvalue };
Another syntax that has the same meaning, obsolete since GCC 2.5, is
'FIELDNAME:', as shown here:
struct point p = { y: yvalue, x: xvalue };
Omitted field members are implicitly initialized the same as objects
that have static storage duration.
The '[INDEX]' or '.FIELDNAME' is known as a "designator". You can also
use a designator (or the obsolete colon syntax) when initializing a
union, to specify which element of the union should be used. For
example,
union foo { int i; double d; };
union foo f = { .d = 4 };
converts 4 to a 'double' to store it in the union using the second
element. By contrast, casting 4 to type 'union foo' stores it into the
union as the integer 'i', since it is an integer. *Note Cast to
Union::.
You can combine this technique of naming elements with ordinary C
initialization of successive elements. Each initializer element that
does not have a designator applies to the next consecutive element of
the array or structure. For example,
int a[6] = { [1] = v1, v2, [4] = v4 };
is equivalent to
int a[6] = { 0, v1, v2, 0, v4, 0 };
Labeling the elements of an array initializer is especially useful when
the indices are characters or belong to an 'enum' type. For example:
int whitespace[256]
= { [' '] = 1, ['\t'] = 1, ['\h'] = 1,
['\f'] = 1, ['\n'] = 1, ['\r'] = 1 };
You can also write a series of '.FIELDNAME' and '[INDEX]' designators
before an '=' to specify a nested subobject to initialize; the list is
taken relative to the subobject corresponding to the closest surrounding
brace pair. For example, with the 'struct point' declaration above:
struct point ptarray[10] = { [2].y = yv2, [2].x = xv2, [0].x = xv0 };
If the same field is initialized multiple times, it has the value from
the last initialization. If any such overridden initialization has side
effect, it is unspecified whether the side effect happens or not.
Currently, GCC discards them and issues a warning.
File: gcc.info, Node: Case Ranges, Next: Cast to Union, Prev: Designated Inits, Up: C Extensions
6.28 Case Ranges
================
You can specify a range of consecutive values in a single 'case' label,
like this:
case LOW ... HIGH:
This has the same effect as the proper number of individual 'case'
labels, one for each integer value from LOW to HIGH, inclusive.
This feature is especially useful for ranges of ASCII character codes:
case 'A' ... 'Z':
*Be careful:* Write spaces around the '...', for otherwise it may be
parsed wrong when you use it with integer values. For example, write
this:
case 1 ... 5:
rather than this:
case 1...5:
File: gcc.info, Node: Cast to Union, Next: Mixed Declarations, Prev: Case Ranges, Up: C Extensions
6.29 Cast to a Union Type
=========================
A cast to union type looks similar to other casts, except that the type
specified is a union type. You can specify the type either with the
'union' keyword or with a 'typedef' name that refers to a union. A cast
to a union actually creates a compound literal and yields an lvalue, not
an rvalue like true casts do. *Note Compound Literals::.
The types that may be cast to the union type are those of the members
of the union. Thus, given the following union and variables:
union foo { int i; double d; };
int x;
double y;
both 'x' and 'y' can be cast to type 'union foo'.
Using the cast as the right-hand side of an assignment to a variable of
union type is equivalent to storing in a member of the union:
union foo u;
/* ... */
u = (union foo) x == u.i = x
u = (union foo) y == u.d = y
You can also use the union cast as a function argument:
void hack (union foo);
/* ... */
hack ((union foo) x);
File: gcc.info, Node: Mixed Declarations, Next: Function Attributes, Prev: Cast to Union, Up: C Extensions
6.30 Mixed Declarations and Code
================================
ISO C99 and ISO C++ allow declarations and code to be freely mixed
within compound statements. As an extension, GNU C also allows this in
C90 mode. For example, you could do:
int i;
/* ... */
i++;
int j = i + 2;
Each identifier is visible from where it is declared until the end of
the enclosing block.
File: gcc.info, Node: Function Attributes, Next: Variable Attributes, Prev: Mixed Declarations, Up: C Extensions
6.31 Declaring Attributes of Functions
======================================
In GNU C, you can use function attributes to declare certain things
about functions called in your program which help the compiler optimize
calls and check your code more carefully. For example, you can use
attributes to declare that a function never returns ('noreturn'),
returns a value depending only on its arguments ('pure'), or has
'printf'-style arguments ('format').
You can also use attributes to control memory placement, code
generation options or call/return conventions within the function being
annotated. Many of these attributes are target-specific. For example,
many targets support attributes for defining interrupt handler
functions, which typically must follow special register usage and return
conventions.
Function attributes are introduced by the '__attribute__' keyword on a
declaration, followed by an attribute specification inside double
parentheses. You can specify multiple attributes in a declaration by
separating them by commas within the double parentheses or by
immediately following an attribute declaration with another attribute
declaration. *Note Attribute Syntax::, for the exact rules on attribute
syntax and placement. Compatible attribute specifications on distinct
declarations of the same function are merged. An attribute
specification that is not compatible with attributes already applied to
a declaration of the same function is ignored with a warning.
GCC also supports attributes on variable declarations (*note Variable
Attributes::), labels (*note Label Attributes::), enumerators (*note
Enumerator Attributes::), statements (*note Statement Attributes::), and
types (*note Type Attributes::).
There is some overlap between the purposes of attributes and pragmas
(*note Pragmas Accepted by GCC: Pragmas.). It has been found convenient
to use '__attribute__' to achieve a natural attachment of attributes to
their corresponding declarations, whereas '#pragma' is of use for
compatibility with other compilers or constructs that do not naturally
form part of the grammar.
In addition to the attributes documented here, GCC plugins may provide
their own attributes.
* Menu:
* Common Function Attributes::
* AArch64 Function Attributes::
* ARC Function Attributes::
* ARM Function Attributes::
* AVR Function Attributes::
* Blackfin Function Attributes::
* CR16 Function Attributes::
* Epiphany Function Attributes::
* H8/300 Function Attributes::
* IA-64 Function Attributes::
* M32C Function Attributes::
* M32R/D Function Attributes::
* m68k Function Attributes::
* MCORE Function Attributes::
* MeP Function Attributes::
* MicroBlaze Function Attributes::
* Microsoft Windows Function Attributes::
* MIPS Function Attributes::
* MSP430 Function Attributes::
* NDS32 Function Attributes::
* Nios II Function Attributes::
* Nvidia PTX Function Attributes::
* PowerPC Function Attributes::
* RISC-V Function Attributes::
* RL78 Function Attributes::
* RX Function Attributes::
* S/390 Function Attributes::
* SH Function Attributes::
* SPU Function Attributes::
* Symbian OS Function Attributes::
* V850 Function Attributes::
* Visium Function Attributes::
* x86 Function Attributes::
* Xstormy16 Function Attributes::
File: gcc.info, Node: Common Function Attributes, Next: AArch64 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.1 Common Function Attributes
---------------------------------
The following attributes are supported on most targets.
'alias ("TARGET")'
The 'alias' attribute causes the declaration to be emitted as an
alias for another symbol, which must be specified. For instance,
void __f () { /* Do something. */; }
void f () __attribute__ ((weak, alias ("__f")));
defines 'f' to be a weak alias for '__f'. In C++, the mangled name
for the target must be used. It is an error if '__f' is not
defined in the same translation unit.
This attribute requires assembler and object file support, and may
not be available on all targets.
'aligned (ALIGNMENT)'
This attribute specifies a minimum alignment for the function,
measured in bytes.
You cannot use this attribute to decrease the alignment of a
function, only to increase it. However, when you explicitly
specify a function alignment this overrides the effect of the
'-falign-functions' (*note Optimize Options::) option for this
function.
Note that the effectiveness of 'aligned' attributes may be limited
by inherent limitations in your linker. On many systems, the
linker is only able to arrange for functions to be aligned up to a
certain maximum alignment. (For some linkers, the maximum
supported alignment may be very very small.) See your linker
documentation for further information.
The 'aligned' attribute can also be used for variables and fields
(*note Variable Attributes::.)
'alloc_align'
The 'alloc_align' attribute is used to tell the compiler that the
function return value points to memory, where the returned pointer
minimum alignment is given by one of the functions parameters. GCC
uses this information to improve pointer alignment analysis.
The function parameter denoting the allocated alignment is
specified by one integer argument, whose number is the argument of
the attribute. Argument numbering starts at one.
For instance,
void* my_memalign(size_t, size_t) __attribute__((alloc_align(1)))
declares that 'my_memalign' returns memory with minimum alignment
given by parameter 1.
'alloc_size'
The 'alloc_size' attribute is used to tell the compiler that the
function return value points to memory, where the size is given by
one or two of the functions parameters. GCC uses this information
to improve the correctness of '__builtin_object_size'.
The function parameter(s) denoting the allocated size are specified
by one or two integer arguments supplied to the attribute. The
allocated size is either the value of the single function argument
specified or the product of the two function arguments specified.
Argument numbering starts at one.
For instance,
void* my_calloc(size_t, size_t) __attribute__((alloc_size(1,2)))
void* my_realloc(void*, size_t) __attribute__((alloc_size(2)))
declares that 'my_calloc' returns memory of the size given by the
product of parameter 1 and 2 and that 'my_realloc' returns memory
of the size given by parameter 2.
'always_inline'
Generally, functions are not inlined unless optimization is
specified. For functions declared inline, this attribute inlines
the function independent of any restrictions that otherwise apply
to inlining. Failure to inline such a function is diagnosed as an
error. Note that if such a function is called indirectly the
compiler may or may not inline it depending on optimization level
and a failure to inline an indirect call may or may not be
diagnosed.
'artificial'
This attribute is useful for small inline wrappers that if possible
should appear during debugging as a unit. Depending on the debug
info format it either means marking the function as artificial or
using the caller location for all instructions within the inlined
body.
'assume_aligned'
The 'assume_aligned' attribute is used to tell the compiler that
the function return value points to memory, where the returned
pointer minimum alignment is given by the first argument. If the
attribute has two arguments, the second argument is misalignment
offset.
For instance
void* my_alloc1(size_t) __attribute__((assume_aligned(16)))
void* my_alloc2(size_t) __attribute__((assume_aligned(32, 8)))
declares that 'my_alloc1' returns 16-byte aligned pointer and that
'my_alloc2' returns a pointer whose value modulo 32 is equal to 8.
'bnd_instrument'
The 'bnd_instrument' attribute on functions is used to inform the
compiler that the function should be instrumented when compiled
with the '-fchkp-instrument-marked-only' option.
'bnd_legacy'
The 'bnd_legacy' attribute on functions is used to inform the
compiler that the function should not be instrumented when compiled
with the '-fcheck-pointer-bounds' option.
'cold'
The 'cold' attribute on functions is used to inform the compiler
that the function is unlikely to be executed. The function is
optimized for size rather than speed and on many targets it is
placed into a special subsection of the text section so all cold
functions appear close together, improving code locality of
non-cold parts of program. The paths leading to calls of cold
functions within code are marked as unlikely by the branch
prediction mechanism. It is thus useful to mark functions used to
handle unlikely conditions, such as 'perror', as cold to improve
optimization of hot functions that do call marked functions in rare
occasions.
When profile feedback is available, via '-fprofile-use', cold
functions are automatically detected and this attribute is ignored.
'const'
Many functions do not examine any values except their arguments,
and have no effects except to return a value. Calls to such
functions lend themselves to optimization such as common
subexpression elimination. The 'const' attribute imposes greater
restrictions on a function's definition than the similar 'pure'
attribute below because it prohibits the function from reading
global variables. Consequently, the presence of the attribute on a
function declaration allows GCC to emit more efficient code for
some calls to the function. Decorating the same function with both
the 'const' and the 'pure' attribute is diagnosed.
Note that a function that has pointer arguments and examines the
data pointed to must _not_ be declared 'const'. Likewise, a
function that calls a non-'const' function usually must not be
'const'. Because a 'const' function cannot have any side effects
it does not make sense for such a function to return 'void'.
Declaring such a function is diagnosed.
'constructor'
'destructor'
'constructor (PRIORITY)'
'destructor (PRIORITY)'
The 'constructor' attribute causes the function to be called
automatically before execution enters 'main ()'. Similarly, the
'destructor' attribute causes the function to be called
automatically after 'main ()' completes or 'exit ()' is called.
Functions with these attributes are useful for initializing data
that is used implicitly during the execution of the program.
You may provide an optional integer priority to control the order
in which constructor and destructor functions are run. A
constructor with a smaller priority number runs before a
constructor with a larger priority number; the opposite
relationship holds for destructors. So, if you have a constructor
that allocates a resource and a destructor that deallocates the
same resource, both functions typically have the same priority.
The priorities for constructor and destructor functions are the
same as those specified for namespace-scope C++ objects (*note C++
Attributes::). However, at present, the order in which
constructors for C++ objects with static storage duration and
functions decorated with attribute 'constructor' are invoked is
unspecified. In mixed declarations, attribute 'init_priority' can
be used to impose a specific ordering.
'deprecated'
'deprecated (MSG)'
The 'deprecated' attribute results in a warning if the function is
used anywhere in the source file. This is useful when identifying
functions that are expected to be removed in a future version of a
program. The warning also includes the location of the declaration
of the deprecated function, to enable users to easily find further
information about why the function is deprecated, or what they
should do instead. Note that the warnings only occurs for uses:
int old_fn () __attribute__ ((deprecated));
int old_fn ();
int (*fn_ptr)() = old_fn;
results in a warning on line 3 but not line 2. The optional MSG
argument, which must be a string, is printed in the warning if
present.
The 'deprecated' attribute can also be used for variables and types
(*note Variable Attributes::, *note Type Attributes::.)
'error ("MESSAGE")'
'warning ("MESSAGE")'
If the 'error' or 'warning' attribute is used on a function
declaration and a call to such a function is not eliminated through
dead code elimination or other optimizations, an error or warning
(respectively) that includes MESSAGE is diagnosed. This is useful
for compile-time checking, especially together with
'__builtin_constant_p' and inline functions where checking the
inline function arguments is not possible through 'extern char
[(condition) ? 1 : -1];' tricks.
While it is possible to leave the function undefined and thus
invoke a link failure (to define the function with a message in
'.gnu.warning*' section), when using these attributes the problem
is diagnosed earlier and with exact location of the call even in
presence of inline functions or when not emitting debugging
information.
'externally_visible'
This attribute, attached to a global variable or function,
nullifies the effect of the '-fwhole-program' command-line option,
so the object remains visible outside the current compilation unit.
If '-fwhole-program' is used together with '-flto' and 'gold' is
used as the linker plugin, 'externally_visible' attributes are
automatically added to functions (not variable yet due to a current
'gold' issue) that are accessed outside of LTO objects according to
resolution file produced by 'gold'. For other linkers that cannot
generate resolution file, explicit 'externally_visible' attributes
are still necessary.
'flatten'
Generally, inlining into a function is limited. For a function
marked with this attribute, every call inside this function is
inlined, if possible. Whether the function itself is considered
for inlining depends on its size and the current inlining
parameters.
'format (ARCHETYPE, STRING-INDEX, FIRST-TO-CHECK)'
The 'format' attribute specifies that a function takes 'printf',
'scanf', 'strftime' or 'strfmon' style arguments that should be
type-checked against a format string. For example, the
declaration:
extern int
my_printf (void *my_object, const char *my_format, ...)
__attribute__ ((format (printf, 2, 3)));
causes the compiler to check the arguments in calls to 'my_printf'
for consistency with the 'printf' style format string argument
'my_format'.
The parameter ARCHETYPE determines how the format string is
interpreted, and should be 'printf', 'scanf', 'strftime',
'gnu_printf', 'gnu_scanf', 'gnu_strftime' or 'strfmon'. (You can
also use '__printf__', '__scanf__', '__strftime__' or
'__strfmon__'.) On MinGW targets, 'ms_printf', 'ms_scanf', and
'ms_strftime' are also present. ARCHETYPE values such as 'printf'
refer to the formats accepted by the system's C runtime library,
while values prefixed with 'gnu_' always refer to the formats
accepted by the GNU C Library. On Microsoft Windows targets,
values prefixed with 'ms_' refer to the formats accepted by the
'msvcrt.dll' library. The parameter STRING-INDEX specifies which
argument is the format string argument (starting from 1), while
FIRST-TO-CHECK is the number of the first argument to check against
the format string. For functions where the arguments are not
available to be checked (such as 'vprintf'), specify the third
parameter as zero. In this case the compiler only checks the
format string for consistency. For 'strftime' formats, the third
parameter is required to be zero. Since non-static C++ methods
have an implicit 'this' argument, the arguments of such methods
should be counted from two, not one, when giving values for
STRING-INDEX and FIRST-TO-CHECK.
In the example above, the format string ('my_format') is the second
argument of the function 'my_print', and the arguments to check
start with the third argument, so the correct parameters for the
format attribute are 2 and 3.
The 'format' attribute allows you to identify your own functions
that take format strings as arguments, so that GCC can check the
calls to these functions for errors. The compiler always (unless
'-ffreestanding' or '-fno-builtin' is used) checks formats for the
standard library functions 'printf', 'fprintf', 'sprintf', 'scanf',
'fscanf', 'sscanf', 'strftime', 'vprintf', 'vfprintf' and
'vsprintf' whenever such warnings are requested (using '-Wformat'),
so there is no need to modify the header file 'stdio.h'. In C99
mode, the functions 'snprintf', 'vsnprintf', 'vscanf', 'vfscanf'
and 'vsscanf' are also checked. Except in strictly conforming C
standard modes, the X/Open function 'strfmon' is also checked as
are 'printf_unlocked' and 'fprintf_unlocked'. *Note Options
Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options.
For Objective-C dialects, 'NSString' (or '__NSString__') is
recognized in the same context. Declarations including these
format attributes are parsed for correct syntax, however the result
of checking of such format strings is not yet defined, and is not
carried out by this version of the compiler.
The target may also provide additional types of format checks.
*Note Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines: Target
Format Checks.
'format_arg (STRING-INDEX)'
The 'format_arg' attribute specifies that a function takes a format
string for a 'printf', 'scanf', 'strftime' or 'strfmon' style
function and modifies it (for example, to translate it into another
language), so the result can be passed to a 'printf', 'scanf',
'strftime' or 'strfmon' style function (with the remaining
arguments to the format function the same as they would have been
for the unmodified string). For example, the declaration:
extern char *
my_dgettext (char *my_domain, const char *my_format)
__attribute__ ((format_arg (2)));
causes the compiler to check the arguments in calls to a 'printf',
'scanf', 'strftime' or 'strfmon' type function, whose format string
argument is a call to the 'my_dgettext' function, for consistency
with the format string argument 'my_format'. If the 'format_arg'
attribute had not been specified, all the compiler could tell in
such calls to format functions would be that the format string
argument is not constant; this would generate a warning when
'-Wformat-nonliteral' is used, but the calls could not be checked
without the attribute.
The parameter STRING-INDEX specifies which argument is the format
string argument (starting from one). Since non-static C++ methods
have an implicit 'this' argument, the arguments of such methods
should be counted from two.
The 'format_arg' attribute allows you to identify your own
functions that modify format strings, so that GCC can check the
calls to 'printf', 'scanf', 'strftime' or 'strfmon' type function
whose operands are a call to one of your own function. The
compiler always treats 'gettext', 'dgettext', and 'dcgettext' in
this manner except when strict ISO C support is requested by
'-ansi' or an appropriate '-std' option, or '-ffreestanding' or
'-fno-builtin' is used. *Note Options Controlling C Dialect: C
Dialect Options.
For Objective-C dialects, the 'format-arg' attribute may refer to
an 'NSString' reference for compatibility with the 'format'
attribute above.
The target may also allow additional types in 'format-arg'
attributes. *Note Format Checks Specific to Particular Target
Machines: Target Format Checks.
'gnu_inline'
This attribute should be used with a function that is also declared
with the 'inline' keyword. It directs GCC to treat the function as
if it were defined in gnu90 mode even when compiling in C99 or
gnu99 mode.
If the function is declared 'extern', then this definition of the
function is used only for inlining. In no case is the function
compiled as a standalone function, not even if you take its address
explicitly. Such an address becomes an external reference, as if
you had only declared the function, and had not defined it. This
has almost the effect of a macro. The way to use this is to put a
function definition in a header file with this attribute, and put
another copy of the function, without 'extern', in a library file.
The definition in the header file causes most calls to the function
to be inlined. If any uses of the function remain, they refer to
the single copy in the library. Note that the two definitions of
the functions need not be precisely the same, although if they do
not have the same effect your program may behave oddly.
In C, if the function is neither 'extern' nor 'static', then the
function is compiled as a standalone function, as well as being
inlined where possible.
This is how GCC traditionally handled functions declared 'inline'.
Since ISO C99 specifies a different semantics for 'inline', this
function attribute is provided as a transition measure and as a
useful feature in its own right. This attribute is available in
GCC 4.1.3 and later. It is available if either of the preprocessor
macros '__GNUC_GNU_INLINE__' or '__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__' are defined.
*Note An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro: Inline.
In C++, this attribute does not depend on 'extern' in any way, but
it still requires the 'inline' keyword to enable its special
behavior.
'hot'
The 'hot' attribute on a function is used to inform the compiler
that the function is a hot spot of the compiled program. The
function is optimized more aggressively and on many targets it is
placed into a special subsection of the text section so all hot
functions appear close together, improving locality.
When profile feedback is available, via '-fprofile-use', hot
functions are automatically detected and this attribute is ignored.
'ifunc ("RESOLVER")'
The 'ifunc' attribute is used to mark a function as an indirect
function using the STT_GNU_IFUNC symbol type extension to the ELF
standard. This allows the resolution of the symbol value to be
determined dynamically at load time, and an optimized version of
the routine to be selected for the particular processor or other
system characteristics determined then. To use this attribute,
first define the implementation functions available, and a resolver
function that returns a pointer to the selected implementation
function. The implementation functions' declarations must match
the API of the function being implemented. The resolver should be
declared to be a function taking no arguments and returning a
pointer to a function of the same type as the implementation. For
example:
void *my_memcpy (void *dst, const void *src, size_t len)
{
...
return dst;
}
static void * (*resolve_memcpy (void))(void *, const void *, size_t)
{
return my_memcpy; // we will just always select this routine
}
The exported header file declaring the function the user calls
would contain:
extern void *memcpy (void *, const void *, size_t);
allowing the user to call 'memcpy' as a regular function, unaware
of the actual implementation. Finally, the indirect function needs
to be defined in the same translation unit as the resolver
function:
void *memcpy (void *, const void *, size_t)
__attribute__ ((ifunc ("resolve_memcpy")));
In C++, the 'ifunc' attribute takes a string that is the mangled
name of the resolver function. A C++ resolver for a non-static
member function of class 'C' should be declared to return a pointer
to a non-member function taking pointer to 'C' as the first
argument, followed by the same arguments as of the implementation
function. G++ checks the signatures of the two functions and
issues a '-Wattribute-alias' warning for mismatches. To suppress a
warning for the necessary cast from a pointer to the implementation
member function to the type of the corresponding non-member
function use the '-Wno-pmf-conversions' option. For example:
class S
{
private:
int debug_impl (int);
int optimized_impl (int);
typedef int Func (S*, int);
static Func* resolver ();
public:
int interface (int);
};
int S::debug_impl (int) { /* ... */ }
int S::optimized_impl (int) { /* ... */ }
S::Func* S::resolver ()
{
int (S::*pimpl) (int)
= getenv ("DEBUG") ? &S::debug_impl : &S::optimized_impl;
// Cast triggers -Wno-pmf-conversions.
return reinterpret_cast<Func*>(pimpl);
}
int S::interface (int) __attribute__ ((ifunc ("_ZN1S8resolverEv")));
Indirect functions cannot be weak. Binutils version 2.20.1 or
higher and GNU C Library version 2.11.1 are required to use this
feature.
'interrupt'
'interrupt_handler'
Many GCC back ends support attributes to indicate that a function
is an interrupt handler, which tells the compiler to generate
function entry and exit sequences that differ from those from
regular functions. The exact syntax and behavior are
target-specific; refer to the following subsections for details.
'leaf'
Calls to external functions with this attribute must return to the
current compilation unit only by return or by exception handling.
In particular, a leaf function is not allowed to invoke callback
functions passed to it from the current compilation unit, directly
call functions exported by the unit, or 'longjmp' into the unit.
Leaf functions might still call functions from other compilation
units and thus they are not necessarily leaf in the sense that they
contain no function calls at all.
The attribute is intended for library functions to improve dataflow
analysis. The compiler takes the hint that any data not escaping
the current compilation unit cannot be used or modified by the leaf
function. For example, the 'sin' function is a leaf function, but
'qsort' is not.
Note that leaf functions might indirectly run a signal handler
defined in the current compilation unit that uses static variables.
Similarly, when lazy symbol resolution is in effect, leaf functions
might invoke indirect functions whose resolver function or
implementation function is defined in the current compilation unit
and uses static variables. There is no standard-compliant way to
write such a signal handler, resolver function, or implementation
function, and the best that you can do is to remove the 'leaf'
attribute or mark all such static variables 'volatile'. Lastly,
for ELF-based systems that support symbol interposition, care
should be taken that functions defined in the current compilation
unit do not unexpectedly interpose other symbols based on the
defined standards mode and defined feature test macros; otherwise
an inadvertent callback would be added.
The attribute has no effect on functions defined within the current
compilation unit. This is to allow easy merging of multiple
compilation units into one, for example, by using the link-time
optimization. For this reason the attribute is not allowed on
types to annotate indirect calls.
'malloc'
This tells the compiler that a function is 'malloc'-like, i.e.,
that the pointer P returned by the function cannot alias any other
pointer valid when the function returns, and moreover no pointers
to valid objects occur in any storage addressed by P.
Using this attribute can improve optimization. Functions like
'malloc' and 'calloc' have this property because they return a
pointer to uninitialized or zeroed-out storage. However, functions
like 'realloc' do not have this property, as they can return a
pointer to storage containing pointers.
'no_icf'
This function attribute prevents a functions from being merged with
another semantically equivalent function.
'no_instrument_function'
If '-finstrument-functions' is given, profiling function calls are
generated at entry and exit of most user-compiled functions.
Functions with this attribute are not so instrumented.
'no_profile_instrument_function'
The 'no_profile_instrument_function' attribute on functions is used
to inform the compiler that it should not process any profile
feedback based optimization code instrumentation.
'no_reorder'
Do not reorder functions or variables marked 'no_reorder' against
each other or top level assembler statements the executable. The
actual order in the program will depend on the linker command line.
Static variables marked like this are also not removed. This has a
similar effect as the '-fno-toplevel-reorder' option, but only
applies to the marked symbols.
'no_sanitize ("SANITIZE_OPTION")'
The 'no_sanitize' attribute on functions is used to inform the
compiler that it should not do sanitization of all options
mentioned in SANITIZE_OPTION. A list of values acceptable by
'-fsanitize' option can be provided.
void __attribute__ ((no_sanitize ("alignment", "object-size")))
f () { /* Do something. */; }
void __attribute__ ((no_sanitize ("alignment,object-size")))
g () { /* Do something. */; }
'no_sanitize_address'
'no_address_safety_analysis'
The 'no_sanitize_address' attribute on functions is used to inform
the compiler that it should not instrument memory accesses in the
function when compiling with the '-fsanitize=address' option. The
'no_address_safety_analysis' is a deprecated alias of the
'no_sanitize_address' attribute, new code should use
'no_sanitize_address'.
'no_sanitize_thread'
The 'no_sanitize_thread' attribute on functions is used to inform
the compiler that it should not instrument memory accesses in the
function when compiling with the '-fsanitize=thread' option.
'no_sanitize_undefined'
The 'no_sanitize_undefined' attribute on functions is used to
inform the compiler that it should not check for undefined behavior
in the function when compiling with the '-fsanitize=undefined'
option.
'no_split_stack'
If '-fsplit-stack' is given, functions have a small prologue which
decides whether to split the stack. Functions with the
'no_split_stack' attribute do not have that prologue, and thus may
run with only a small amount of stack space available.
'no_stack_limit'
This attribute locally overrides the '-fstack-limit-register' and
'-fstack-limit-symbol' command-line options; it has the effect of
disabling stack limit checking in the function it applies to.
'noclone'
This function attribute prevents a function from being considered
for cloning--a mechanism that produces specialized copies of
functions and which is (currently) performed by interprocedural
constant propagation.
'noinline'
This function attribute prevents a function from being considered
for inlining. If the function does not have side effects, there
are optimizations other than inlining that cause function calls to
be optimized away, although the function call is live. To keep
such calls from being optimized away, put
asm ("");
(*note Extended Asm::) in the called function, to serve as a
special side effect.
'noipa'
Disable interprocedural optimizations between the function with
this attribute and its callers, as if the body of the function is
not available when optimizing callers and the callers are
unavailable when optimizing the body. This attribute implies
'noinline', 'noclone' and 'no_icf' attributes. However, this
attribute is not equivalent to a combination of other attributes,
because its purpose is to suppress existing and future
optimizations employing interprocedural analysis, including those
that do not have an attribute suitable for disabling them
individually. This attribute is supported mainly for the purpose
of testing the compiler.
'nonnull (ARG-INDEX, ...)'
The 'nonnull' attribute specifies that some function parameters
should be non-null pointers. For instance, the declaration:
extern void *
my_memcpy (void *dest, const void *src, size_t len)
__attribute__((nonnull (1, 2)));
causes the compiler to check that, in calls to 'my_memcpy',
arguments DEST and SRC are non-null. If the compiler determines
that a null pointer is passed in an argument slot marked as
non-null, and the '-Wnonnull' option is enabled, a warning is
issued. The compiler may also choose to make optimizations based
on the knowledge that certain function arguments will never be
null.
If no argument index list is given to the 'nonnull' attribute, all
pointer arguments are marked as non-null. To illustrate, the
following declaration is equivalent to the previous example:
extern void *
my_memcpy (void *dest, const void *src, size_t len)
__attribute__((nonnull));
'noplt'
The 'noplt' attribute is the counterpart to option '-fno-plt'.
Calls to functions marked with this attribute in
position-independent code do not use the PLT.
/* Externally defined function foo. */
int foo () __attribute__ ((noplt));
int
main (/* ... */)
{
/* ... */
foo ();
/* ... */
}
The 'noplt' attribute on function 'foo' tells the compiler to
assume that the function 'foo' is externally defined and that the
call to 'foo' must avoid the PLT in position-independent code.
In position-dependent code, a few targets also convert calls to
functions that are marked to not use the PLT to use the GOT
instead.
'noreturn'
A few standard library functions, such as 'abort' and 'exit',
cannot return. GCC knows this automatically. Some programs define
their own functions that never return. You can declare them
'noreturn' to tell the compiler this fact. For example,
void fatal () __attribute__ ((noreturn));
void
fatal (/* ... */)
{
/* ... */ /* Print error message. */ /* ... */
exit (1);
}
The 'noreturn' keyword tells the compiler to assume that 'fatal'
cannot return. It can then optimize without regard to what would
happen if 'fatal' ever did return. This makes slightly better
code. More importantly, it helps avoid spurious warnings of
uninitialized variables.
The 'noreturn' keyword does not affect the exceptional path when
that applies: a 'noreturn'-marked function may still return to the
caller by throwing an exception or calling 'longjmp'.
Do not assume that registers saved by the calling function are
restored before calling the 'noreturn' function.
It does not make sense for a 'noreturn' function to have a return
type other than 'void'.
'nothrow'
The 'nothrow' attribute is used to inform the compiler that a
function cannot throw an exception. For example, most functions in
the standard C library can be guaranteed not to throw an exception
with the notable exceptions of 'qsort' and 'bsearch' that take
function pointer arguments.
'optimize'
The 'optimize' attribute is used to specify that a function is to
be compiled with different optimization options than specified on
the command line. Arguments can either be numbers or strings.
Numbers are assumed to be an optimization level. Strings that
begin with 'O' are assumed to be an optimization option, while
other options are assumed to be used with a '-f' prefix. You can
also use the '#pragma GCC optimize' pragma to set the optimization
options that affect more than one function. *Note Function
Specific Option Pragmas::, for details about the '#pragma GCC
optimize' pragma.
This attribute should be used for debugging purposes only. It is
not suitable in production code.
'patchable_function_entry'
In case the target's text segment can be made writable at run time
by any means, padding the function entry with a number of NOPs can
be used to provide a universal tool for instrumentation.
The 'patchable_function_entry' function attribute can be used to
change the number of NOPs to any desired value. The two-value
syntax is the same as for the command-line switch
'-fpatchable-function-entry=N,M', generating N NOPs, with the
function entry point before the Mth NOP instruction. M defaults to
0 if omitted e.g. function entry point is before the first NOP.
If patchable function entries are enabled globally using the
command-line option '-fpatchable-function-entry=N,M', then you must
disable instrumentation on all functions that are part of the
instrumentation framework with the attribute
'patchable_function_entry (0)' to prevent recursion.
'pure'
Many functions have no effects except the return value and their
return value depends only on the parameters and/or global
variables. Calls to such functions can be subject to common
subexpression elimination and loop optimization just as an
arithmetic operator would be. These functions should be declared
with the attribute 'pure'. For example,
int square (int) __attribute__ ((pure));
says that the hypothetical function 'square' is safe to call fewer
times than the program says.
Some common examples of pure functions are 'strlen' or 'memcmp'.
Interesting non-pure functions are functions with infinite loops or
those depending on volatile memory or other system resource, that
may change between two consecutive calls (such as 'feof' in a
multithreading environment).
The 'pure' attribute imposes similar but looser restrictions on a
function's defintion than the 'const' attribute: it allows the
function to read global variables. Decorating the same function
with both the 'pure' and the 'const' attribute is diagnosed.
Because a 'pure' function cannot have any side effects it does not
make sense for such a function to return 'void'. Declaring such a
function is diagnosed.
'returns_nonnull'
The 'returns_nonnull' attribute specifies that the function return
value should be a non-null pointer. For instance, the declaration:
extern void *
mymalloc (size_t len) __attribute__((returns_nonnull));
lets the compiler optimize callers based on the knowledge that the
return value will never be null.
'returns_twice'
The 'returns_twice' attribute tells the compiler that a function
may return more than one time. The compiler ensures that all
registers are dead before calling such a function and emits a
warning about the variables that may be clobbered after the second
return from the function. Examples of such functions are 'setjmp'
and 'vfork'. The 'longjmp'-like counterpart of such function, if
any, might need to be marked with the 'noreturn' attribute.
'section ("SECTION-NAME")'
Normally, the compiler places the code it generates in the 'text'
section. Sometimes, however, you need additional sections, or you
need certain particular functions to appear in special sections.
The 'section' attribute specifies that a function lives in a
particular section. For example, the declaration:
extern void foobar (void) __attribute__ ((section ("bar")));
puts the function 'foobar' in the 'bar' section.
Some file formats do not support arbitrary sections so the
'section' attribute is not available on all platforms. If you need
to map the entire contents of a module to a particular section,
consider using the facilities of the linker instead.
'sentinel'
This function attribute ensures that a parameter in a function call
is an explicit 'NULL'. The attribute is only valid on variadic
functions. By default, the sentinel is located at position zero,
the last parameter of the function call. If an optional integer
position argument P is supplied to the attribute, the sentinel must
be located at position P counting backwards from the end of the
argument list.
__attribute__ ((sentinel))
is equivalent to
__attribute__ ((sentinel(0)))
The attribute is automatically set with a position of 0 for the
built-in functions 'execl' and 'execlp'. The built-in function
'execle' has the attribute set with a position of 1.
A valid 'NULL' in this context is defined as zero with any pointer
type. If your system defines the 'NULL' macro with an integer type
then you need to add an explicit cast. GCC replaces 'stddef.h'
with a copy that redefines NULL appropriately.
The warnings for missing or incorrect sentinels are enabled with
'-Wformat'.
'simd'
'simd("MASK")'
This attribute enables creation of one or more function versions
that can process multiple arguments using SIMD instructions from a
single invocation. Specifying this attribute allows compiler to
assume that such versions are available at link time (provided in
the same or another translation unit). Generated versions are
target-dependent and described in the corresponding Vector ABI
document. For x86_64 target this document can be found
here (https://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/libmvec?action=AttachFile&do=view&target=VectorABI.txt).
The optional argument MASK may have the value 'notinbranch' or
'inbranch', and instructs the compiler to generate non-masked or
masked clones correspondingly. By default, all clones are
generated.
If the attribute is specified and '#pragma omp declare simd' is
present on a declaration and the '-fopenmp' or '-fopenmp-simd'
switch is specified, then the attribute is ignored.
'stack_protect'
This attribute adds stack protection code to the function if flags
'-fstack-protector', '-fstack-protector-strong' or
'-fstack-protector-explicit' are set.
'target (OPTIONS)'
Multiple target back ends implement the 'target' attribute to
specify that a function is to be compiled with different target
options than specified on the command line. This can be used for
instance to have functions compiled with a different ISA
(instruction set architecture) than the default. You can also use
the '#pragma GCC target' pragma to set more than one function to be
compiled with specific target options. *Note Function Specific
Option Pragmas::, for details about the '#pragma GCC target'
pragma.
For instance, on an x86, you could declare one function with the
'target("sse4.1,arch=core2")' attribute and another with
'target("sse4a,arch=amdfam10")'. This is equivalent to compiling
the first function with '-msse4.1' and '-march=core2' options, and
the second function with '-msse4a' and '-march=amdfam10' options.
It is up to you to make sure that a function is only invoked on a
machine that supports the particular ISA it is compiled for (for
example by using 'cpuid' on x86 to determine what feature bits and
architecture family are used).
int core2_func (void) __attribute__ ((__target__ ("arch=core2")));
int sse3_func (void) __attribute__ ((__target__ ("sse3")));
You can either use multiple strings separated by commas to specify
multiple options, or separate the options with a comma (',') within
a single string.
The options supported are specific to each target; refer to *note
x86 Function Attributes::, *note PowerPC Function Attributes::,
*note ARM Function Attributes::, *note AArch64 Function
Attributes::, *note Nios II Function Attributes::, and *note S/390
Function Attributes:: for details.
'target_clones (OPTIONS)'
The 'target_clones' attribute is used to specify that a function be
cloned into multiple versions compiled with different target
options than specified on the command line. The supported options
and restrictions are the same as for 'target' attribute.
For instance, on an x86, you could compile a function with
'target_clones("sse4.1,avx")'. GCC creates two function clones,
one compiled with '-msse4.1' and another with '-mavx'.
On a PowerPC, you can compile a function with
'target_clones("cpu=power9,default")'. GCC will create two
function clones, one compiled with '-mcpu=power9' and another with
the default options. GCC must be configured to use GLIBC 2.23 or
newer in order to use the 'target_clones' attribute.
It also creates a resolver function (see the 'ifunc' attribute
above) that dynamically selects a clone suitable for current
architecture. The resolver is created only if there is a usage of
a function with 'target_clones' attribute.
'unused'
This attribute, attached to a function, means that the function is
meant to be possibly unused. GCC does not produce a warning for
this function.
'used'
This attribute, attached to a function, means that code must be
emitted for the function even if it appears that the function is
not referenced. This is useful, for example, when the function is
referenced only in inline assembly.
When applied to a member function of a C++ class template, the
attribute also means that the function is instantiated if the class
itself is instantiated.
'visibility ("VISIBILITY_TYPE")'
This attribute affects the linkage of the declaration to which it
is attached. It can be applied to variables (*note Common Variable
Attributes::) and types (*note Common Type Attributes::) as well as
functions.
There are four supported VISIBILITY_TYPE values: default, hidden,
protected or internal visibility.
void __attribute__ ((visibility ("protected")))
f () { /* Do something. */; }
int i __attribute__ ((visibility ("hidden")));
The possible values of VISIBILITY_TYPE correspond to the visibility
settings in the ELF gABI.
'default'
Default visibility is the normal case for the object file
format. This value is available for the visibility attribute
to override other options that may change the assumed
visibility of entities.
On ELF, default visibility means that the declaration is
visible to other modules and, in shared libraries, means that
the declared entity may be overridden.
On Darwin, default visibility means that the declaration is
visible to other modules.
Default visibility corresponds to "external linkage" in the
language.
'hidden'
Hidden visibility indicates that the entity declared has a new
form of linkage, which we call "hidden linkage". Two
declarations of an object with hidden linkage refer to the
same object if they are in the same shared object.
'internal'
Internal visibility is like hidden visibility, but with
additional processor specific semantics. Unless otherwise
specified by the psABI, GCC defines internal visibility to
mean that a function is _never_ called from another module.
Compare this with hidden functions which, while they cannot be
referenced directly by other modules, can be referenced
indirectly via function pointers. By indicating that a
function cannot be called from outside the module, GCC may for
instance omit the load of a PIC register since it is known
that the calling function loaded the correct value.
'protected'
Protected visibility is like default visibility except that it
indicates that references within the defining module bind to
the definition in that module. That is, the declared entity
cannot be overridden by another module.
All visibilities are supported on many, but not all, ELF targets
(supported when the assembler supports the '.visibility'
pseudo-op). Default visibility is supported everywhere. Hidden
visibility is supported on Darwin targets.
The visibility attribute should be applied only to declarations
that would otherwise have external linkage. The attribute should
be applied consistently, so that the same entity should not be
declared with different settings of the attribute.
In C++, the visibility attribute applies to types as well as
functions and objects, because in C++ types have linkage. A class
must not have greater visibility than its non-static data member
types and bases, and class members default to the visibility of
their class. Also, a declaration without explicit visibility is
limited to the visibility of its type.
In C++, you can mark member functions and static member variables
of a class with the visibility attribute. This is useful if you
know a particular method or static member variable should only be
used from one shared object; then you can mark it hidden while the
rest of the class has default visibility. Care must be taken to
avoid breaking the One Definition Rule; for example, it is usually
not useful to mark an inline method as hidden without marking the
whole class as hidden.
A C++ namespace declaration can also have the visibility attribute.
namespace nspace1 __attribute__ ((visibility ("protected")))
{ /* Do something. */; }
This attribute applies only to the particular namespace body, not
to other definitions of the same namespace; it is equivalent to
using '#pragma GCC visibility' before and after the namespace
definition (*note Visibility Pragmas::).
In C++, if a template argument has limited visibility, this
restriction is implicitly propagated to the template instantiation.
Otherwise, template instantiations and specializations default to
the visibility of their template.
If both the template and enclosing class have explicit visibility,
the visibility from the template is used.
'warn_unused_result'
The 'warn_unused_result' attribute causes a warning to be emitted
if a caller of the function with this attribute does not use its
return value. This is useful for functions where not checking the
result is either a security problem or always a bug, such as
'realloc'.
int fn () __attribute__ ((warn_unused_result));
int foo ()
{
if (fn () < 0) return -1;
fn ();
return 0;
}
results in warning on line 5.
'weak'
The 'weak' attribute causes the declaration to be emitted as a weak
symbol rather than a global. This is primarily useful in defining
library functions that can be overridden in user code, though it
can also be used with non-function declarations. Weak symbols are
supported for ELF targets, and also for a.out targets when using
the GNU assembler and linker.
'weakref'
'weakref ("TARGET")'
The 'weakref' attribute marks a declaration as a weak reference.
Without arguments, it should be accompanied by an 'alias' attribute
naming the target symbol. Optionally, the TARGET may be given as
an argument to 'weakref' itself. In either case, 'weakref'
implicitly marks the declaration as 'weak'. Without a TARGET,
given as an argument to 'weakref' or to 'alias', 'weakref' is
equivalent to 'weak'.
static int x() __attribute__ ((weakref ("y")));
/* is equivalent to... */
static int x() __attribute__ ((weak, weakref, alias ("y")));
/* and to... */
static int x() __attribute__ ((weakref));
static int x() __attribute__ ((alias ("y")));
A weak reference is an alias that does not by itself require a
definition to be given for the target symbol. If the target symbol
is only referenced through weak references, then it becomes a
'weak' undefined symbol. If it is directly referenced, however,
then such strong references prevail, and a definition is required
for the symbol, not necessarily in the same translation unit.
The effect is equivalent to moving all references to the alias to a
separate translation unit, renaming the alias to the aliased
symbol, declaring it as weak, compiling the two separate
translation units and performing a reloadable link on them.
At present, a declaration to which 'weakref' is attached can only
be 'static'.
File: gcc.info, Node: AArch64 Function Attributes, Next: ARC Function Attributes, Prev: Common Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.2 AArch64 Function Attributes
----------------------------------
The following target-specific function attributes are available for the
AArch64 target. For the most part, these options mirror the behavior of
similar command-line options (*note AArch64 Options::), but on a
per-function basis.
'general-regs-only'
Indicates that no floating-point or Advanced SIMD registers should
be used when generating code for this function. If the function
explicitly uses floating-point code, then the compiler gives an
error. This is the same behavior as that of the command-line
option '-mgeneral-regs-only'.
'fix-cortex-a53-835769'
Indicates that the workaround for the Cortex-A53 erratum 835769
should be applied to this function. To explicitly disable the
workaround for this function specify the negated form:
'no-fix-cortex-a53-835769'. This corresponds to the behavior of
the command line options '-mfix-cortex-a53-835769' and
'-mno-fix-cortex-a53-835769'.
'cmodel='
Indicates that code should be generated for a particular code model
for this function. The behavior and permissible arguments are the
same as for the command line option '-mcmodel='.
'strict-align'
Indicates that the compiler should not assume that unaligned memory
references are handled by the system. The behavior is the same as
for the command-line option '-mstrict-align'.
'omit-leaf-frame-pointer'
Indicates that the frame pointer should be omitted for a leaf
function call. To keep the frame pointer, the inverse attribute
'no-omit-leaf-frame-pointer' can be specified. These attributes
have the same behavior as the command-line options
'-momit-leaf-frame-pointer' and '-mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer'.
'tls-dialect='
Specifies the TLS dialect to use for this function. The behavior
and permissible arguments are the same as for the command-line
option '-mtls-dialect='.
'arch='
Specifies the architecture version and architectural extensions to
use for this function. The behavior and permissible arguments are
the same as for the '-march=' command-line option.
'tune='
Specifies the core for which to tune the performance of this
function. The behavior and permissible arguments are the same as
for the '-mtune=' command-line option.
'cpu='
Specifies the core for which to tune the performance of this
function and also whose architectural features to use. The
behavior and valid arguments are the same as for the '-mcpu='
command-line option.
'sign-return-address'
Select the function scope on which return address signing will be
applied. The behavior and permissible arguments are the same as
for the command-line option '-msign-return-address='. The default
value is 'none'.
'outline-atomics'
Enable or disable calls to out-of-line helpers to implement atomic
operations. This corresponds to the behavior of the command line
options '-moutline-atomics' and '-mno-outline-atomics'.
The above target attributes can be specified as follows:
__attribute__((target("ATTR-STRING")))
int
f (int a)
{
return a + 5;
}
where 'ATTR-STRING' is one of the attribute strings specified above.
Additionally, the architectural extension string may be specified on
its own. This can be used to turn on and off particular architectural
extensions without having to specify a particular architecture version
or core. Example:
__attribute__((target("+crc+nocrypto")))
int
foo (int a)
{
return a + 5;
}
In this example 'target("+crc+nocrypto")' enables the 'crc' extension
and disables the 'crypto' extension for the function 'foo' without
modifying an existing '-march=' or '-mcpu' option.
Multiple target function attributes can be specified by separating them
with a comma. For example:
__attribute__((target("arch=armv8-a+crc+crypto,tune=cortex-a53")))
int
foo (int a)
{
return a + 5;
}
is valid and compiles function 'foo' for ARMv8-A with 'crc' and
'crypto' extensions and tunes it for 'cortex-a53'.
6.31.2.1 Inlining rules
.......................
Specifying target attributes on individual functions or performing
link-time optimization across translation units compiled with different
target options can affect function inlining rules:
In particular, a caller function can inline a callee function only if
the architectural features available to the callee are a subset of the
features available to the caller. For example: A function 'foo'
compiled with '-march=armv8-a+crc', or tagged with the equivalent
'arch=armv8-a+crc' attribute, can inline a function 'bar' compiled with
'-march=armv8-a+nocrc' because the all the architectural features that
function 'bar' requires are available to function 'foo'. Conversely,
function 'bar' cannot inline function 'foo'.
Additionally inlining a function compiled with '-mstrict-align' into a
function compiled without '-mstrict-align' is not allowed. However,
inlining a function compiled without '-mstrict-align' into a function
compiled with '-mstrict-align' is allowed.
Note that CPU tuning options and attributes such as the '-mcpu=',
'-mtune=' do not inhibit inlining unless the CPU specified by the
'-mcpu=' option or the 'cpu=' attribute conflicts with the architectural
feature rules specified above.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARC Function Attributes, Next: ARM Function Attributes, Prev: AArch64 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.3 ARC Function Attributes
------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the ARC back end:
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
On the ARC, you must specify the kind of interrupt to be handled in
a parameter to the interrupt attribute like this:
void f () __attribute__ ((interrupt ("ilink1")));
Permissible values for this parameter are: 'ilink1' and 'ilink2'.
'long_call'
'medium_call'
'short_call'
These attributes specify how a particular function is called.
These attributes override the '-mlong-calls' and '-mmedium-calls'
(*note ARC Options::) command-line switches and '#pragma
long_calls' settings.
For ARC, a function marked with the 'long_call' attribute is always
called using register-indirect jump-and-link instructions, thereby
enabling the called function to be placed anywhere within the
32-bit address space. A function marked with the 'medium_call'
attribute will always be close enough to be called with an
unconditional branch-and-link instruction, which has a 25-bit
offset from the call site. A function marked with the 'short_call'
attribute will always be close enough to be called with a
conditional branch-and-link instruction, which has a 21-bit offset
from the call site.
'jli_always'
Forces a particular function to be called using 'jli' instruction.
The 'jli' instruction makes use of a table stored into '.jlitab'
section, which holds the location of the functions which are
addressed using this instruction.
'jli_fixed'
Identical like the above one, but the location of the function in
the 'jli' table is known and given as an attribute parameter.
'secure_call'
This attribute allows one to mark secure-code functions that are
callable from normal mode. The location of the secure call
function into the 'sjli' table needs to be passed as argument.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARM Function Attributes, Next: AVR Function Attributes, Prev: ARC Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.4 ARM Function Attributes
------------------------------
These function attributes are supported for ARM targets:
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
You can specify the kind of interrupt to be handled by adding an
optional parameter to the interrupt attribute like this:
void f () __attribute__ ((interrupt ("IRQ")));
Permissible values for this parameter are: 'IRQ', 'FIQ', 'SWI',
'ABORT' and 'UNDEF'.
On ARMv7-M the interrupt type is ignored, and the attribute means
the function may be called with a word-aligned stack pointer.
'isr'
Use this attribute on ARM to write Interrupt Service Routines.
This is an alias to the 'interrupt' attribute above.
'long_call'
'short_call'
These attributes specify how a particular function is called.
These attributes override the '-mlong-calls' (*note ARM Options::)
command-line switch and '#pragma long_calls' settings. For ARM,
the 'long_call' attribute indicates that the function might be far
away from the call site and require a different (more expensive)
calling sequence. The 'short_call' attribute always places the
offset to the function from the call site into the 'BL' instruction
directly.
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
'pcs'
The 'pcs' attribute can be used to control the calling convention
used for a function on ARM. The attribute takes an argument that
specifies the calling convention to use.
When compiling using the AAPCS ABI (or a variant of it) then valid
values for the argument are '"aapcs"' and '"aapcs-vfp"'. In order
to use a variant other than '"aapcs"' then the compiler must be
permitted to use the appropriate co-processor registers (i.e., the
VFP registers must be available in order to use '"aapcs-vfp"').
For example,
/* Argument passed in r0, and result returned in r0+r1. */
double f2d (float) __attribute__((pcs("aapcs")));
Variadic functions always use the '"aapcs"' calling convention and
the compiler rejects attempts to specify an alternative.
'target (OPTIONS)'
As discussed in *note Common Function Attributes::, this attribute
allows specification of target-specific compilation options.
On ARM, the following options are allowed:
'thumb'
Force code generation in the Thumb (T16/T32) ISA, depending on
the architecture level.
'arm'
Force code generation in the ARM (A32) ISA.
Functions from different modes can be inlined in the caller's
mode.
'fpu='
Specifies the fpu for which to tune the performance of this
function. The behavior and permissible arguments are the same
as for the '-mfpu=' command-line option.
'arch='
Specifies the architecture version and architectural
extensions to use for this function. The behavior and
permissible arguments are the same as for the '-march='
command-line option.
The above target attributes can be specified as follows:
__attribute__((target("arch=armv8-a+crc")))
int
f (int a)
{
return a + 5;
}
Additionally, the architectural extension string may be
specified on its own. This can be used to turn on and off
particular architectural extensions without having to specify
a particular architecture version or core. Example:
__attribute__((target("+crc+nocrypto")))
int
foo (int a)
{
return a + 5;
}
In this example 'target("+crc+nocrypto")' enables the 'crc'
extension and disables the 'crypto' extension for the function
'foo' without modifying an existing '-march=' or '-mcpu'
option.
File: gcc.info, Node: AVR Function Attributes, Next: Blackfin Function Attributes, Prev: ARM Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.5 AVR Function Attributes
------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the AVR back end:
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
On the AVR, the hardware globally disables interrupts when an
interrupt is executed. The first instruction of an interrupt
handler declared with this attribute is a 'SEI' instruction to
re-enable interrupts. See also the 'signal' function attribute
that does not insert a 'SEI' instruction. If both 'signal' and
'interrupt' are specified for the same function, 'signal' is
silently ignored.
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
'no_gccisr'
Do not use '__gcc_isr' pseudo instructions in a function with the
'interrupt' or 'signal' attribute aka. interrupt service routine
(ISR). Use this attribute if the preamble of the ISR prologue
should always read
push __zero_reg__
push __tmp_reg__
in __tmp_reg__, __SREG__
push __tmp_reg__
clr __zero_reg__
and accordingly for the postamble of the epilogue -- no matter
whether the mentioned registers are actually used in the ISR or
not. Situations where you might want to use this attribute
include:
* Code that (effectively) clobbers bits of 'SREG' other than the
'I'-flag by writing to the memory location of 'SREG'.
* Code that uses inline assembler to jump to a different
function which expects (parts of) the prologue code as
outlined above to be present.
To disable '__gcc_isr' generation for the whole compilation unit,
there is option '-mno-gas-isr-prologues', *note AVR Options::.
'OS_main'
'OS_task'
On AVR, functions with the 'OS_main' or 'OS_task' attribute do not
save/restore any call-saved register in their prologue/epilogue.
The 'OS_main' attribute can be used when there _is guarantee_ that
interrupts are disabled at the time when the function is entered.
This saves resources when the stack pointer has to be changed to
set up a frame for local variables.
The 'OS_task' attribute can be used when there is _no guarantee_
that interrupts are disabled at that time when the function is
entered like for, e.g. task functions in a multi-threading
operating system. In that case, changing the stack pointer
register is guarded by save/clear/restore of the global interrupt
enable flag.
The differences to the 'naked' function attribute are:
* 'naked' functions do not have a return instruction whereas
'OS_main' and 'OS_task' functions have a 'RET' or 'RETI'
return instruction.
* 'naked' functions do not set up a frame for local variables or
a frame pointer whereas 'OS_main' and 'OS_task' do this as
needed.
'signal'
Use this attribute on the AVR to indicate that the specified
function is an interrupt handler. The compiler generates function
entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler
when this attribute is present.
See also the 'interrupt' function attribute.
The AVR hardware globally disables interrupts when an interrupt is
executed. Interrupt handler functions defined with the 'signal'
attribute do not re-enable interrupts. It is save to enable
interrupts in a 'signal' handler. This "save" only applies to the
code generated by the compiler and not to the IRQ layout of the
application which is responsibility of the application.
If both 'signal' and 'interrupt' are specified for the same
function, 'signal' is silently ignored.
File: gcc.info, Node: Blackfin Function Attributes, Next: CR16 Function Attributes, Prev: AVR Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.6 Blackfin Function Attributes
-----------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the Blackfin back end:
'exception_handler'
Use this attribute on the Blackfin to indicate that the specified
function is an exception handler. The compiler generates function
entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an exception handler
when this attribute is present.
'interrupt_handler'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
'kspisusp'
When used together with 'interrupt_handler', 'exception_handler' or
'nmi_handler', code is generated to load the stack pointer from the
USP register in the function prologue.
'l1_text'
This attribute specifies a function to be placed into L1
Instruction SRAM. The function is put into a specific section
named '.l1.text'. With '-mfdpic', function calls with a such
function as the callee or caller uses inlined PLT.
'l2'
This attribute specifies a function to be placed into L2 SRAM. The
function is put into a specific section named '.l2.text'. With
'-mfdpic', callers of such functions use an inlined PLT.
'longcall'
'shortcall'
The 'longcall' attribute indicates that the function might be far
away from the call site and require a different (more expensive)
calling sequence. The 'shortcall' attribute indicates that the
function is always close enough for the shorter calling sequence to
be used. These attributes override the '-mlongcall' switch.
'nesting'
Use this attribute together with 'interrupt_handler',
'exception_handler' or 'nmi_handler' to indicate that the function
entry code should enable nested interrupts or exceptions.
'nmi_handler'
Use this attribute on the Blackfin to indicate that the specified
function is an NMI handler. The compiler generates function entry
and exit sequences suitable for use in an NMI handler when this
attribute is present.
'saveall'
Use this attribute to indicate that all registers except the stack
pointer should be saved in the prologue regardless of whether they
are used or not.
File: gcc.info, Node: CR16 Function Attributes, Next: Epiphany Function Attributes, Prev: Blackfin Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.7 CR16 Function Attributes
-------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the CR16 back end:
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
File: gcc.info, Node: Epiphany Function Attributes, Next: H8/300 Function Attributes, Prev: CR16 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.8 Epiphany Function Attributes
-----------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the Epiphany back end:
'disinterrupt'
This attribute causes the compiler to emit instructions to disable
interrupts for the duration of the given function.
'forwarder_section'
This attribute modifies the behavior of an interrupt handler. The
interrupt handler may be in external memory which cannot be reached
by a branch instruction, so generate a local memory trampoline to
transfer control. The single parameter identifies the section
where the trampoline is placed.
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present. It may also generate a special section with
code to initialize the interrupt vector table.
On Epiphany targets one or more optional parameters can be added
like this:
void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("dma0, dma1"))) universal_dma_handler ();
Permissible values for these parameters are: 'reset',
'software_exception', 'page_miss', 'timer0', 'timer1', 'message',
'dma0', 'dma1', 'wand' and 'swi'. Multiple parameters indicate
that multiple entries in the interrupt vector table should be
initialized for this function, i.e. for each parameter NAME, a jump
to the function is emitted in the section ivt_entry_NAME. The
parameter(s) may be omitted entirely, in which case no interrupt
vector table entry is provided.
Note that interrupts are enabled inside the function unless the
'disinterrupt' attribute is also specified.
The following examples are all valid uses of these attributes on
Epiphany targets:
void __attribute__ ((interrupt)) universal_handler ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("dma1"))) dma1_handler ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("dma0, dma1")))
universal_dma_handler ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("timer0"), disinterrupt))
fast_timer_handler ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("dma0, dma1"),
forwarder_section ("tramp")))
external_dma_handler ();
'long_call'
'short_call'
These attributes specify how a particular function is called.
These attributes override the '-mlong-calls' (*note Adapteva
Epiphany Options::) command-line switch and '#pragma long_calls'
settings.
File: gcc.info, Node: H8/300 Function Attributes, Next: IA-64 Function Attributes, Prev: Epiphany Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.9 H8/300 Function Attributes
---------------------------------
These function attributes are available for H8/300 targets:
'function_vector'
Use this attribute on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S to indicate that
the specified function should be called through the function
vector. Calling a function through the function vector reduces
code size; however, the function vector has a limited size (maximum
128 entries on the H8/300 and 64 entries on the H8/300H and H8S)
and shares space with the interrupt vector.
'interrupt_handler'
Use this attribute on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S to indicate that
the specified function is an interrupt handler. The compiler
generates function entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an
interrupt handler when this attribute is present.
'saveall'
Use this attribute on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S to indicate that
all registers except the stack pointer should be saved in the
prologue regardless of whether they are used or not.
File: gcc.info, Node: IA-64 Function Attributes, Next: M32C Function Attributes, Prev: H8/300 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.10 IA-64 Function Attributes
---------------------------------
These function attributes are supported on IA-64 targets:
'syscall_linkage'
This attribute is used to modify the IA-64 calling convention by
marking all input registers as live at all function exits. This
makes it possible to restart a system call after an interrupt
without having to save/restore the input registers. This also
prevents kernel data from leaking into application code.
'version_id'
This IA-64 HP-UX attribute, attached to a global variable or
function, renames a symbol to contain a version string, thus
allowing for function level versioning. HP-UX system header files
may use function level versioning for some system calls.
extern int foo () __attribute__((version_id ("20040821")));
Calls to 'foo' are mapped to calls to 'foo{20040821}'.
File: gcc.info, Node: M32C Function Attributes, Next: M32R/D Function Attributes, Prev: IA-64 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.11 M32C Function Attributes
--------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the M32C back end:
'bank_switch'
When added to an interrupt handler with the M32C port, causes the
prologue and epilogue to use bank switching to preserve the
registers rather than saving them on the stack.
'fast_interrupt'
Use this attribute on the M32C port to indicate that the specified
function is a fast interrupt handler. This is just like the
'interrupt' attribute, except that 'freit' is used to return
instead of 'reit'.
'function_vector'
On M16C/M32C targets, the 'function_vector' attribute declares a
special page subroutine call function. Use of this attribute
reduces the code size by 2 bytes for each call generated to the
subroutine. The argument to the attribute is the vector number
entry from the special page vector table which contains the 16
low-order bits of the subroutine's entry address. Each vector
table has special page number (18 to 255) that is used in 'jsrs'
instructions. Jump addresses of the routines are generated by
adding 0x0F0000 (in case of M16C targets) or 0xFF0000 (in case of
M32C targets), to the 2-byte addresses set in the vector table.
Therefore you need to ensure that all the special page vector
routines should get mapped within the address range 0x0F0000 to
0x0FFFFF (for M16C) and 0xFF0000 to 0xFFFFFF (for M32C).
In the following example 2 bytes are saved for each call to
function 'foo'.
void foo (void) __attribute__((function_vector(0x18)));
void foo (void)
{
}
void bar (void)
{
foo();
}
If functions are defined in one file and are called in another
file, then be sure to write this declaration in both files.
This attribute is ignored for R8C target.
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
File: gcc.info, Node: M32R/D Function Attributes, Next: m68k Function Attributes, Prev: M32C Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.12 M32R/D Function Attributes
----------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the M32R/D back end:
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
'model (MODEL-NAME)'
On the M32R/D, use this attribute to set the addressability of an
object, and of the code generated for a function. The identifier
MODEL-NAME is one of 'small', 'medium', or 'large', representing
each of the code models.
Small model objects live in the lower 16MB of memory (so that their
addresses can be loaded with the 'ld24' instruction), and are
callable with the 'bl' instruction.
Medium model objects may live anywhere in the 32-bit address space
(the compiler generates 'seth/add3' instructions to load their
addresses), and are callable with the 'bl' instruction.
Large model objects may live anywhere in the 32-bit address space
(the compiler generates 'seth/add3' instructions to load their
addresses), and may not be reachable with the 'bl' instruction (the
compiler generates the much slower 'seth/add3/jl' instruction
sequence).
File: gcc.info, Node: m68k Function Attributes, Next: MCORE Function Attributes, Prev: M32R/D Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.13 m68k Function Attributes
--------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the m68k back end:
'interrupt'
'interrupt_handler'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present. Either name may be used.
'interrupt_thread'
Use this attribute on fido, a subarchitecture of the m68k, to
indicate that the specified function is an interrupt handler that
is designed to run as a thread. The compiler omits generate
prologue/epilogue sequences and replaces the return instruction
with a 'sleep' instruction. This attribute is available only on
fido.
File: gcc.info, Node: MCORE Function Attributes, Next: MeP Function Attributes, Prev: m68k Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.14 MCORE Function Attributes
---------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the MCORE back end:
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
File: gcc.info, Node: MeP Function Attributes, Next: MicroBlaze Function Attributes, Prev: MCORE Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.15 MeP Function Attributes
-------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the MeP back end:
'disinterrupt'
On MeP targets, this attribute causes the compiler to emit
instructions to disable interrupts for the duration of the given
function.
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
'near'
This attribute causes the compiler to assume the called function is
close enough to use the normal calling convention, overriding the
'-mtf' command-line option.
'far'
On MeP targets this causes the compiler to use a calling convention
that assumes the called function is too far away for the built-in
addressing modes.
'vliw'
The 'vliw' attribute tells the compiler to emit instructions in
VLIW mode instead of core mode. Note that this attribute is not
allowed unless a VLIW coprocessor has been configured and enabled
through command-line options.
File: gcc.info, Node: MicroBlaze Function Attributes, Next: Microsoft Windows Function Attributes, Prev: MeP Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.16 MicroBlaze Function Attributes
--------------------------------------
These function attributes are supported on MicroBlaze targets:
'save_volatiles'
Use this attribute to indicate that the function is an interrupt
handler. All volatile registers (in addition to non-volatile
registers) are saved in the function prologue. If the function is
a leaf function, only volatiles used by the function are saved. A
normal function return is generated instead of a return from
interrupt.
'break_handler'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is a
break handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an break handler when this attribute
is present. The return from 'break_handler' is done through the
'rtbd' instead of 'rtsd'.
void f () __attribute__ ((break_handler));
'interrupt_handler'
'fast_interrupt'
These attributes indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. Use the 'fast_interrupt' attribute to indicate
handlers used in low-latency interrupt mode, and
'interrupt_handler' for interrupts that do not use low-latency
handlers. In both cases, GCC emits appropriate prologue code and
generates a return from the handler using 'rtid' instead of 'rtsd'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Microsoft Windows Function Attributes, Next: MIPS Function Attributes, Prev: MicroBlaze Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.17 Microsoft Windows Function Attributes
---------------------------------------------
The following attributes are available on Microsoft Windows and Symbian
OS targets.
'dllexport'
On Microsoft Windows targets and Symbian OS targets the 'dllexport'
attribute causes the compiler to provide a global pointer to a
pointer in a DLL, so that it can be referenced with the 'dllimport'
attribute. On Microsoft Windows targets, the pointer name is
formed by combining '_imp__' and the function or variable name.
You can use '__declspec(dllexport)' as a synonym for '__attribute__
((dllexport))' for compatibility with other compilers.
On systems that support the 'visibility' attribute, this attribute
also implies "default" visibility. It is an error to explicitly
specify any other visibility.
GCC's default behavior is to emit all inline functions with the
'dllexport' attribute. Since this can cause object file-size
bloat, you can use '-fno-keep-inline-dllexport', which tells GCC to
ignore the attribute for inlined functions unless the
'-fkeep-inline-functions' flag is used instead.
The attribute is ignored for undefined symbols.
When applied to C++ classes, the attribute marks defined
non-inlined member functions and static data members as exports.
Static consts initialized in-class are not marked unless they are
also defined out-of-class.
For Microsoft Windows targets there are alternative methods for
including the symbol in the DLL's export table such as using a
'.def' file with an 'EXPORTS' section or, with GNU ld, using the
'--export-all' linker flag.
'dllimport'
On Microsoft Windows and Symbian OS targets, the 'dllimport'
attribute causes the compiler to reference a function or variable
via a global pointer to a pointer that is set up by the DLL
exporting the symbol. The attribute implies 'extern'. On
Microsoft Windows targets, the pointer name is formed by combining
'_imp__' and the function or variable name.
You can use '__declspec(dllimport)' as a synonym for '__attribute__
((dllimport))' for compatibility with other compilers.
On systems that support the 'visibility' attribute, this attribute
also implies "default" visibility. It is an error to explicitly
specify any other visibility.
Currently, the attribute is ignored for inlined functions. If the
attribute is applied to a symbol _definition_, an error is
reported. If a symbol previously declared 'dllimport' is later
defined, the attribute is ignored in subsequent references, and a
warning is emitted. The attribute is also overridden by a
subsequent declaration as 'dllexport'.
When applied to C++ classes, the attribute marks non-inlined member
functions and static data members as imports. However, the
attribute is ignored for virtual methods to allow creation of
vtables using thunks.
On the SH Symbian OS target the 'dllimport' attribute also has
another affect--it can cause the vtable and run-time type
information for a class to be exported. This happens when the
class has a dllimported constructor or a non-inline, non-pure
virtual function and, for either of those two conditions, the class
also has an inline constructor or destructor and has a key function
that is defined in the current translation unit.
For Microsoft Windows targets the use of the 'dllimport' attribute
on functions is not necessary, but provides a small performance
benefit by eliminating a thunk in the DLL. The use of the
'dllimport' attribute on imported variables can be avoided by
passing the '--enable-auto-import' switch to the GNU linker. As
with functions, using the attribute for a variable eliminates a
thunk in the DLL.
One drawback to using this attribute is that a pointer to a
_variable_ marked as 'dllimport' cannot be used as a constant
address. However, a pointer to a _function_ with the 'dllimport'
attribute can be used as a constant initializer; in this case, the
address of a stub function in the import lib is referenced. On
Microsoft Windows targets, the attribute can be disabled for
functions by setting the '-mnop-fun-dllimport' flag.
File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS Function Attributes, Next: MSP430 Function Attributes, Prev: Microsoft Windows Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.18 MIPS Function Attributes
--------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the MIPS back end:
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present. An optional argument is supported for the
interrupt attribute which allows the interrupt mode to be
described. By default GCC assumes the external interrupt
controller (EIC) mode is in use, this can be explicitly set using
'eic'. When interrupts are non-masked then the requested Interrupt
Priority Level (IPL) is copied to the current IPL which has the
effect of only enabling higher priority interrupts. To use
vectored interrupt mode use the argument
'vector=[sw0|sw1|hw0|hw1|hw2|hw3|hw4|hw5]', this will change the
behavior of the non-masked interrupt support and GCC will arrange
to mask all interrupts from sw0 up to and including the specified
interrupt vector.
You can use the following attributes to modify the behavior of an
interrupt handler:
'use_shadow_register_set'
Assume that the handler uses a shadow register set, instead of
the main general-purpose registers. An optional argument
'intstack' is supported to indicate that the shadow register
set contains a valid stack pointer.
'keep_interrupts_masked'
Keep interrupts masked for the whole function. Without this
attribute, GCC tries to reenable interrupts for as much of the
function as it can.
'use_debug_exception_return'
Return using the 'deret' instruction. Interrupt handlers that
don't have this attribute return using 'eret' instead.
You can use any combination of these attributes, as shown below:
void __attribute__ ((interrupt)) v0 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_shadow_register_set)) v1 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt, keep_interrupts_masked)) v2 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_debug_exception_return)) v3 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_shadow_register_set,
keep_interrupts_masked)) v4 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_shadow_register_set,
use_debug_exception_return)) v5 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt, keep_interrupts_masked,
use_debug_exception_return)) v6 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_shadow_register_set,
keep_interrupts_masked,
use_debug_exception_return)) v7 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt("eic"))) v8 ();
void __attribute__ ((interrupt("vector=hw3"))) v9 ();
'long_call'
'short_call'
'near'
'far'
These attributes specify how a particular function is called on
MIPS. The attributes override the '-mlong-calls' (*note MIPS
Options::) command-line switch. The 'long_call' and 'far'
attributes are synonyms, and cause the compiler to always call the
function by first loading its address into a register, and then
using the contents of that register. The 'short_call' and 'near'
attributes are synonyms, and have the opposite effect; they specify
that non-PIC calls should be made using the more efficient 'jal'
instruction.
'mips16'
'nomips16'
On MIPS targets, you can use the 'mips16' and 'nomips16' function
attributes to locally select or turn off MIPS16 code generation. A
function with the 'mips16' attribute is emitted as MIPS16 code,
while MIPS16 code generation is disabled for functions with the
'nomips16' attribute. These attributes override the '-mips16' and
'-mno-mips16' options on the command line (*note MIPS Options::).
When compiling files containing mixed MIPS16 and non-MIPS16 code,
the preprocessor symbol '__mips16' reflects the setting on the
command line, not that within individual functions. Mixed MIPS16
and non-MIPS16 code may interact badly with some GCC extensions
such as '__builtin_apply' (*note Constructing Calls::).
'micromips, MIPS'
'nomicromips, MIPS'
On MIPS targets, you can use the 'micromips' and 'nomicromips'
function attributes to locally select or turn off microMIPS code
generation. A function with the 'micromips' attribute is emitted
as microMIPS code, while microMIPS code generation is disabled for
functions with the 'nomicromips' attribute. These attributes
override the '-mmicromips' and '-mno-micromips' options on the
command line (*note MIPS Options::).
When compiling files containing mixed microMIPS and non-microMIPS
code, the preprocessor symbol '__mips_micromips' reflects the
setting on the command line, not that within individual functions.
Mixed microMIPS and non-microMIPS code may interact badly with some
GCC extensions such as '__builtin_apply' (*note Constructing
Calls::).
'nocompression'
On MIPS targets, you can use the 'nocompression' function attribute
to locally turn off MIPS16 and microMIPS code generation. This
attribute overrides the '-mips16' and '-mmicromips' options on the
command line (*note MIPS Options::).
File: gcc.info, Node: MSP430 Function Attributes, Next: NDS32 Function Attributes, Prev: MIPS Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.19 MSP430 Function Attributes
----------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the MSP430 back end:
'critical'
Critical functions disable interrupts upon entry and restore the
previous interrupt state upon exit. Critical functions cannot also
have the 'naked' or 'reentrant' attributes. They can have the
'interrupt' attribute.
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
You can provide an argument to the interrupt attribute which
specifies a name or number. If the argument is a number it
indicates the slot in the interrupt vector table (0 - 31) to which
this handler should be assigned. If the argument is a name it is
treated as a symbolic name for the vector slot. These names should
match up with appropriate entries in the linker script. By default
the names 'watchdog' for vector 26, 'nmi' for vector 30 and 'reset'
for vector 31 are recognized.
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
'reentrant'
Reentrant functions disable interrupts upon entry and enable them
upon exit. Reentrant functions cannot also have the 'naked' or
'critical' attributes. They can have the 'interrupt' attribute.
'wakeup'
This attribute only applies to interrupt functions. It is silently
ignored if applied to a non-interrupt function. A wakeup interrupt
function will rouse the processor from any low-power state that it
might be in when the function exits.
'lower'
'upper'
'either'
On the MSP430 target these attributes can be used to specify
whether the function or variable should be placed into low memory,
high memory, or the placement should be left to the linker to
decide. The attributes are only significant if compiling for the
MSP430X architecture.
The attributes work in conjunction with a linker script that has
been augmented to specify where to place sections with a '.lower'
and a '.upper' prefix. So, for example, as well as placing the
'.data' section, the script also specifies the placement of a
'.lower.data' and a '.upper.data' section. The intention is that
'lower' sections are placed into a small but easier to access
memory region and the upper sections are placed into a larger, but
slower to access, region.
The 'either' attribute is special. It tells the linker to place
the object into the corresponding 'lower' section if there is room
for it. If there is insufficient room then the object is placed
into the corresponding 'upper' section instead. Note that the
placement algorithm is not very sophisticated. It does not attempt
to find an optimal packing of the 'lower' sections. It just makes
one pass over the objects and does the best that it can. Using the
'-ffunction-sections' and '-fdata-sections' command-line options
can help the packing, however, since they produce smaller, easier
to pack regions.
File: gcc.info, Node: NDS32 Function Attributes, Next: Nios II Function Attributes, Prev: MSP430 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.20 NDS32 Function Attributes
---------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the NDS32 back end:
'exception'
Use this attribute on the NDS32 target to indicate that the
specified function is an exception handler. The compiler will
generate corresponding sections for use in an exception handler.
'interrupt'
On NDS32 target, this attribute indicates that the specified
function is an interrupt handler. The compiler generates
corresponding sections for use in an interrupt handler. You can
use the following attributes to modify the behavior:
'nested'
This interrupt service routine is interruptible.
'not_nested'
This interrupt service routine is not interruptible.
'nested_ready'
This interrupt service routine is interruptible after
'PSW.GIE' (global interrupt enable) is set. This allows
interrupt service routine to finish some short critical code
before enabling interrupts.
'save_all'
The system will help save all registers into stack before
entering interrupt handler.
'partial_save'
The system will help save caller registers into stack before
entering interrupt handler.
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
'reset'
Use this attribute on the NDS32 target to indicate that the
specified function is a reset handler. The compiler will generate
corresponding sections for use in a reset handler. You can use the
following attributes to provide extra exception handling:
'nmi'
Provide a user-defined function to handle NMI exception.
'warm'
Provide a user-defined function to handle warm reset
exception.
File: gcc.info, Node: Nios II Function Attributes, Next: Nvidia PTX Function Attributes, Prev: NDS32 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.21 Nios II Function Attributes
-----------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the Nios II back end:
'target (OPTIONS)'
As discussed in *note Common Function Attributes::, this attribute
allows specification of target-specific compilation options.
When compiling for Nios II, the following options are allowed:
'custom-INSN=N'
'no-custom-INSN'
Each 'custom-INSN=N' attribute locally enables use of a custom
instruction with encoding N when generating code that uses
INSN. Similarly, 'no-custom-INSN' locally inhibits use of the
custom instruction INSN. These target attributes correspond
to the '-mcustom-INSN=N' and '-mno-custom-INSN' command-line
options, and support the same set of INSN keywords. *Note
Nios II Options::, for more information.
'custom-fpu-cfg=NAME'
This attribute corresponds to the '-mcustom-fpu-cfg=NAME'
command-line option, to select a predefined set of custom
instructions named NAME. *Note Nios II Options::, for more
information.
File: gcc.info, Node: Nvidia PTX Function Attributes, Next: PowerPC Function Attributes, Prev: Nios II Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.22 Nvidia PTX Function Attributes
--------------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the Nvidia PTX back end:
'kernel'
This attribute indicates that the corresponding function should be
compiled as a kernel function, which can be invoked from the host
via the CUDA RT library. By default functions are only callable
only from other PTX functions.
Kernel functions must have 'void' return type.
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC Function Attributes, Next: RISC-V Function Attributes, Prev: Nvidia PTX Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.23 PowerPC Function Attributes
-----------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the PowerPC back end:
'longcall'
'shortcall'
The 'longcall' attribute indicates that the function might be far
away from the call site and require a different (more expensive)
calling sequence. The 'shortcall' attribute indicates that the
function is always close enough for the shorter calling sequence to
be used. These attributes override both the '-mlongcall' switch
and the '#pragma longcall' setting.
*Note RS/6000 and PowerPC Options::, for more information on
whether long calls are necessary.
'target (OPTIONS)'
As discussed in *note Common Function Attributes::, this attribute
allows specification of target-specific compilation options.
On the PowerPC, the following options are allowed:
'altivec'
'no-altivec'
Generate code that uses (does not use) AltiVec instructions.
In 32-bit code, you cannot enable AltiVec instructions unless
'-mabi=altivec' is used on the command line.
'cmpb'
'no-cmpb'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the compare bytes
instruction implemented on the POWER6 processor and other
processors that support the PowerPC V2.05 architecture.
'dlmzb'
'no-dlmzb'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the string-search
'dlmzb' instruction on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476
processors. This instruction is generated by default when
targeting those processors.
'fprnd'
'no-fprnd'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the FP round to integer
instructions implemented on the POWER5+ processor and other
processors that support the PowerPC V2.03 architecture.
'hard-dfp'
'no-hard-dfp'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the decimal
floating-point instructions implemented on some POWER
processors.
'isel'
'no-isel'
Generate code that uses (does not use) ISEL instruction.
'mfcrf'
'no-mfcrf'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the move from condition
register field instruction implemented on the POWER4 processor
and other processors that support the PowerPC V2.01
architecture.
'mfpgpr'
'no-mfpgpr'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the FP move to/from
general purpose register instructions implemented on the
POWER6X processor and other processors that support the
extended PowerPC V2.05 architecture.
'mulhw'
'no-mulhw'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the half-word multiply
and multiply-accumulate instructions on the IBM 405, 440, 464
and 476 processors. These instructions are generated by
default when targeting those processors.
'multiple'
'no-multiple'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load multiple word
instructions and the store multiple word instructions.
'update'
'no-update'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load or store
instructions that update the base register to the address of
the calculated memory location.
'popcntb'
'no-popcntb'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the popcount and
double-precision FP reciprocal estimate instruction
implemented on the POWER5 processor and other processors that
support the PowerPC V2.02 architecture.
'popcntd'
'no-popcntd'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the popcount
instruction implemented on the POWER7 processor and other
processors that support the PowerPC V2.06 architecture.
'powerpc-gfxopt'
'no-powerpc-gfxopt'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the optional PowerPC
architecture instructions in the Graphics group, including
floating-point select.
'powerpc-gpopt'
'no-powerpc-gpopt'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the optional PowerPC
architecture instructions in the General Purpose group,
including floating-point square root.
'recip-precision'
'no-recip-precision'
Assume (do not assume) that the reciprocal estimate
instructions provide higher-precision estimates than is
mandated by the PowerPC ABI.
'string'
'no-string'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load string
instructions and the store string word instructions to save
multiple registers and do small block moves.
'vsx'
'no-vsx'
Generate code that uses (does not use) vector/scalar (VSX)
instructions, and also enable the use of built-in functions
that allow more direct access to the VSX instruction set. In
32-bit code, you cannot enable VSX or AltiVec instructions
unless '-mabi=altivec' is used on the command line.
'friz'
'no-friz'
Generate (do not generate) the 'friz' instruction when the
'-funsafe-math-optimizations' option is used to optimize
rounding a floating-point value to 64-bit integer and back to
floating point. The 'friz' instruction does not return the
same value if the floating-point number is too large to fit in
an integer.
'avoid-indexed-addresses'
'no-avoid-indexed-addresses'
Generate code that tries to avoid (not avoid) the use of
indexed load or store instructions.
'paired'
'no-paired'
Generate code that uses (does not use) the generation of
PAIRED simd instructions.
'longcall'
'no-longcall'
Generate code that assumes (does not assume) that all calls
are far away so that a longer more expensive calling sequence
is required.
'cpu=CPU'
Specify the architecture to generate code for when compiling
the function. If you select the 'target("cpu=power7")'
attribute when generating 32-bit code, VSX and AltiVec
instructions are not generated unless you use the
'-mabi=altivec' option on the command line.
'tune=TUNE'
Specify the architecture to tune for when compiling the
function. If you do not specify the 'target("tune=TUNE")'
attribute and you do specify the 'target("cpu=CPU")'
attribute, compilation tunes for the CPU architecture, and not
the default tuning specified on the command line.
On the PowerPC, the inliner does not inline a function that has
different target options than the caller, unless the callee has a
subset of the target options of the caller.
File: gcc.info, Node: RISC-V Function Attributes, Next: RL78 Function Attributes, Prev: PowerPC Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.24 RISC-V Function Attributes
----------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the RISC-V back end:
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
File: gcc.info, Node: RL78 Function Attributes, Next: RX Function Attributes, Prev: RISC-V Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.25 RL78 Function Attributes
--------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the RL78 back end:
'interrupt'
'brk_interrupt'
These attributes indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
Use 'brk_interrupt' instead of 'interrupt' for handlers intended to
be used with the 'BRK' opcode (i.e. those that must end with 'RETB'
instead of 'RETI').
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
File: gcc.info, Node: RX Function Attributes, Next: S/390 Function Attributes, Prev: RL78 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.26 RX Function Attributes
------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the RX back end:
'fast_interrupt'
Use this attribute on the RX port to indicate that the specified
function is a fast interrupt handler. This is just like the
'interrupt' attribute, except that 'freit' is used to return
instead of 'reit'.
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
On RX and RL78 targets, you may specify one or more vector numbers
as arguments to the attribute, as well as naming an alternate table
name. Parameters are handled sequentially, so one handler can be
assigned to multiple entries in multiple tables. One may also pass
the magic string '"$default"' which causes the function to be used
for any unfilled slots in the current table.
This example shows a simple assignment of a function to one vector
in the default table (note that preprocessor macros may be used for
chip-specific symbolic vector names):
void __attribute__ ((interrupt (5))) txd1_handler ();
This example assigns a function to two slots in the default table
(using preprocessor macros defined elsewhere) and makes it the
default for the 'dct' table:
void __attribute__ ((interrupt (RXD1_VECT,RXD2_VECT,"dct","$default")))
txd1_handler ();
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
'vector'
This RX attribute is similar to the 'interrupt' attribute,
including its parameters, but does not make the function an
interrupt-handler type function (i.e. it retains the normal C
function calling ABI). See the 'interrupt' attribute for a
description of its arguments.
File: gcc.info, Node: S/390 Function Attributes, Next: SH Function Attributes, Prev: RX Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.27 S/390 Function Attributes
---------------------------------
These function attributes are supported on the S/390:
'hotpatch (HALFWORDS-BEFORE-FUNCTION-LABEL,HALFWORDS-AFTER-FUNCTION-LABEL)'
On S/390 System z targets, you can use this function attribute to
make GCC generate a "hot-patching" function prologue. If the
'-mhotpatch=' command-line option is used at the same time, the
'hotpatch' attribute takes precedence. The first of the two
arguments specifies the number of halfwords to be added before the
function label. A second argument can be used to specify the
number of halfwords to be added after the function label. For both
arguments the maximum allowed value is 1000000.
If both arguments are zero, hotpatching is disabled.
'target (OPTIONS)'
As discussed in *note Common Function Attributes::, this attribute
allows specification of target-specific compilation options.
On S/390, the following options are supported:
'arch='
'tune='
'stack-guard='
'stack-size='
'branch-cost='
'warn-framesize='
'backchain'
'no-backchain'
'hard-dfp'
'no-hard-dfp'
'hard-float'
'soft-float'
'htm'
'no-htm'
'vx'
'no-vx'
'packed-stack'
'no-packed-stack'
'small-exec'
'no-small-exec'
'mvcle'
'no-mvcle'
'warn-dynamicstack'
'no-warn-dynamicstack'
The options work exactly like the S/390 specific command line
options (without the prefix '-m') except that they do not change
any feature macros. For example,
target("no-vx")
does not undefine the '__VEC__' macro.
File: gcc.info, Node: SH Function Attributes, Next: SPU Function Attributes, Prev: S/390 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.28 SH Function Attributes
------------------------------
These function attributes are supported on the SH family of processors:
'function_vector'
On SH2A targets, this attribute declares a function to be called
using the TBR relative addressing mode. The argument to this
attribute is the entry number of the same function in a vector
table containing all the TBR relative addressable functions. For
correct operation the TBR must be setup accordingly to point to the
start of the vector table before any functions with this attribute
are invoked. Usually a good place to do the initialization is the
startup routine. The TBR relative vector table can have at max 256
function entries. The jumps to these functions are generated using
a SH2A specific, non delayed branch instruction JSR/N @(disp8,TBR).
You must use GAS and GLD from GNU binutils version 2.7 or later for
this attribute to work correctly.
In an application, for a function being called once, this attribute
saves at least 8 bytes of code; and if other successive calls are
being made to the same function, it saves 2 bytes of code per each
of these calls.
'interrupt_handler'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
'nosave_low_regs'
Use this attribute on SH targets to indicate that an
'interrupt_handler' function should not save and restore registers
R0..R7. This can be used on SH3* and SH4* targets that have a
second R0..R7 register bank for non-reentrant interrupt handlers.
'renesas'
On SH targets this attribute specifies that the function or struct
follows the Renesas ABI.
'resbank'
On the SH2A target, this attribute enables the high-speed register
saving and restoration using a register bank for
'interrupt_handler' routines. Saving to the bank is performed
automatically after the CPU accepts an interrupt that uses a
register bank.
The nineteen 32-bit registers comprising general register R0 to
R14, control register GBR, and system registers MACH, MACL, and PR
and the vector table address offset are saved into a register bank.
Register banks are stacked in first-in last-out (FILO) sequence.
Restoration from the bank is executed by issuing a RESBANK
instruction.
'sp_switch'
Use this attribute on the SH to indicate an 'interrupt_handler'
function should switch to an alternate stack. It expects a string
argument that names a global variable holding the address of the
alternate stack.
void *alt_stack;
void f () __attribute__ ((interrupt_handler,
sp_switch ("alt_stack")));
'trap_exit'
Use this attribute on the SH for an 'interrupt_handler' to return
using 'trapa' instead of 'rte'. This attribute expects an integer
argument specifying the trap number to be used.
'trapa_handler'
On SH targets this function attribute is similar to
'interrupt_handler' but it does not save and restore all registers.
File: gcc.info, Node: SPU Function Attributes, Next: Symbian OS Function Attributes, Prev: SH Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.29 SPU Function Attributes
-------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the SPU back end:
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
File: gcc.info, Node: Symbian OS Function Attributes, Next: V850 Function Attributes, Prev: SPU Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.30 Symbian OS Function Attributes
--------------------------------------
*Note Microsoft Windows Function Attributes::, for discussion of the
'dllexport' and 'dllimport' attributes.
File: gcc.info, Node: V850 Function Attributes, Next: Visium Function Attributes, Prev: Symbian OS Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.31 V850 Function Attributes
--------------------------------
The V850 back end supports these function attributes:
'interrupt'
'interrupt_handler'
Use these attributes to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when either
attribute is present.
File: gcc.info, Node: Visium Function Attributes, Next: x86 Function Attributes, Prev: V850 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.32 Visium Function Attributes
----------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the Visium back end:
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 Function Attributes, Next: Xstormy16 Function Attributes, Prev: Visium Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.33 x86 Function Attributes
-------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the x86 back end:
'cdecl'
On the x86-32 targets, the 'cdecl' attribute causes the compiler to
assume that the calling function pops off the stack space used to
pass arguments. This is useful to override the effects of the
'-mrtd' switch.
'fastcall'
On x86-32 targets, the 'fastcall' attribute causes the compiler to
pass the first argument (if of integral type) in the register ECX
and the second argument (if of integral type) in the register EDX.
Subsequent and other typed arguments are passed on the stack. The
called function pops the arguments off the stack. If the number of
arguments is variable all arguments are pushed on the stack.
'thiscall'
On x86-32 targets, the 'thiscall' attribute causes the compiler to
pass the first argument (if of integral type) in the register ECX.
Subsequent and other typed arguments are passed on the stack. The
called function pops the arguments off the stack. If the number of
arguments is variable all arguments are pushed on the stack. The
'thiscall' attribute is intended for C++ non-static member
functions. As a GCC extension, this calling convention can be used
for C functions and for static member methods.
'ms_abi'
'sysv_abi'
On 32-bit and 64-bit x86 targets, you can use an ABI attribute to
indicate which calling convention should be used for a function.
The 'ms_abi' attribute tells the compiler to use the Microsoft ABI,
while the 'sysv_abi' attribute tells the compiler to use the ABI
used on GNU/Linux and other systems. The default is to use the
Microsoft ABI when targeting Windows. On all other systems, the
default is the x86/AMD ABI.
Note, the 'ms_abi' attribute for Microsoft Windows 64-bit targets
currently requires the '-maccumulate-outgoing-args' option.
'callee_pop_aggregate_return (NUMBER)'
On x86-32 targets, you can use this attribute to control how
aggregates are returned in memory. If the caller is responsible
for popping the hidden pointer together with the rest of the
arguments, specify NUMBER equal to zero. If callee is responsible
for popping the hidden pointer, specify NUMBER equal to one.
The default x86-32 ABI assumes that the callee pops the stack for
hidden pointer. However, on x86-32 Microsoft Windows targets, the
compiler assumes that the caller pops the stack for hidden pointer.
'ms_hook_prologue'
On 32-bit and 64-bit x86 targets, you can use this function
attribute to make GCC generate the "hot-patching" function prologue
used in Win32 API functions in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2
and newer.
'naked'
This attribute allows the compiler to construct the requisite
function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be
assembly code. The specified function will not have
prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic
'asm' statements can safely be included in naked functions (*note
Basic Asm::). While using extended 'asm' or a mixture of basic
'asm' and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon
to work reliably and are not supported.
'regparm (NUMBER)'
On x86-32 targets, the 'regparm' attribute causes the compiler to
pass arguments number one to NUMBER if they are of integral type in
registers EAX, EDX, and ECX instead of on the stack. Functions
that take a variable number of arguments continue to be passed all
of their arguments on the stack.
Beware that on some ELF systems this attribute is unsuitable for
global functions in shared libraries with lazy binding (which is
the default). Lazy binding sends the first call via resolving code
in the loader, which might assume EAX, EDX and ECX can be
clobbered, as per the standard calling conventions. Solaris 8 is
affected by this. Systems with the GNU C Library version 2.1 or
higher and FreeBSD are believed to be safe since the loaders there
save EAX, EDX and ECX. (Lazy binding can be disabled with the
linker or the loader if desired, to avoid the problem.)
'sseregparm'
On x86-32 targets with SSE support, the 'sseregparm' attribute
causes the compiler to pass up to 3 floating-point arguments in SSE
registers instead of on the stack. Functions that take a variable
number of arguments continue to pass all of their floating-point
arguments on the stack.
'force_align_arg_pointer'
On x86 targets, the 'force_align_arg_pointer' attribute may be
applied to individual function definitions, generating an alternate
prologue and epilogue that realigns the run-time stack if
necessary. This supports mixing legacy codes that run with a
4-byte aligned stack with modern codes that keep a 16-byte stack
for SSE compatibility.
'stdcall'
On x86-32 targets, the 'stdcall' attribute causes the compiler to
assume that the called function pops off the stack space used to
pass arguments, unless it takes a variable number of arguments.
'no_caller_saved_registers'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function has no
caller-saved registers. That is, all registers are callee-saved.
For example, this attribute can be used for a function called from
an interrupt handler. The compiler generates proper function entry
and exit sequences to save and restore any modified registers,
except for the EFLAGS register. Since GCC doesn't preserve MPX,
SSE, MMX nor x87 states, the GCC option '-mgeneral-regs-only'
should be used to compile functions with
'no_caller_saved_registers' attribute.
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler or an exception handler (depending on parameters
passed to the function, explained further). The compiler generates
function entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an interrupt
handler when this attribute is present. The 'IRET' instruction,
instead of the 'RET' instruction, is used to return from interrupt
handlers. All registers, except for the EFLAGS register which is
restored by the 'IRET' instruction, are preserved by the compiler.
Since GCC doesn't preserve MPX, SSE, MMX nor x87 states, the GCC
option '-mgeneral-regs-only' should be used to compile interrupt
and exception handlers.
Any interruptible-without-stack-switch code must be compiled with
'-mno-red-zone' since interrupt handlers can and will, because of
the hardware design, touch the red zone.
An interrupt handler must be declared with a mandatory pointer
argument:
struct interrupt_frame;
__attribute__ ((interrupt))
void
f (struct interrupt_frame *frame)
{
}
and you must define 'struct interrupt_frame' as described in the
processor's manual.
Exception handlers differ from interrupt handlers because the
system pushes an error code on the stack. An exception handler
declaration is similar to that for an interrupt handler, but with a
different mandatory function signature. The compiler arranges to
pop the error code off the stack before the 'IRET' instruction.
#ifdef __x86_64__
typedef unsigned long long int uword_t;
#else
typedef unsigned int uword_t;
#endif
struct interrupt_frame;
__attribute__ ((interrupt))
void
f (struct interrupt_frame *frame, uword_t error_code)
{
...
}
Exception handlers should only be used for exceptions that push an
error code; you should use an interrupt handler in other cases.
The system will crash if the wrong kind of handler is used.
'target (OPTIONS)'
As discussed in *note Common Function Attributes::, this attribute
allows specification of target-specific compilation options.
On the x86, the following options are allowed:
'3dnow'
'no-3dnow'
Enable/disable the generation of the 3DNow! instructions.
'3dnowa'
'no-3dnowa'
Enable/disable the generation of the enhanced 3DNow!
instructions.
'abm'
'no-abm'
Enable/disable the generation of the advanced bit
instructions.
'adx'
'no-adx'
Enable/disable the generation of the ADX instructions.
'aes'
'no-aes'
Enable/disable the generation of the AES instructions.
'avx'
'no-avx'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX instructions.
'avx2'
'no-avx2'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX2 instructions.
'avx5124fmaps'
'no-avx5124fmaps'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX5124FMAPS
instructions.
'avx5124vnniw'
'no-avx5124vnniw'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX5124VNNIW
instructions.
'avx512bitalg'
'no-avx512bitalg'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512BITALG
instructions.
'avx512bw'
'no-avx512bw'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512BW instructions.
'avx512cd'
'no-avx512cd'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512CD instructions.
'avx512dq'
'no-avx512dq'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512DQ instructions.
'avx512er'
'no-avx512er'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512ER instructions.
'avx512f'
'no-avx512f'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512F instructions.
'avx512ifma'
'no-avx512ifma'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512IFMA instructions.
'avx512pf'
'no-avx512pf'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512PF instructions.
'avx512vbmi'
'no-avx512vbmi'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512VBMI instructions.
'avx512vbmi2'
'no-avx512vbmi2'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512VBMI2 instructions.
'avx512vl'
'no-avx512vl'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512VL instructions.
'avx512vnni'
'no-avx512vnni'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512VNNI instructions.
'avx512vpopcntdq'
'no-avx512vpopcntdq'
Enable/disable the generation of the AVX512VPOPCNTDQ
instructions.
'bmi'
'no-bmi'
Enable/disable the generation of the BMI instructions.
'bmi2'
'no-bmi2'
Enable/disable the generation of the BMI2 instructions.
'clflushopt'
'no-clflushopt'
Enable/disable the generation of the CLFLUSHOPT instructions.
'clwb'
'no-clwb'
Enable/disable the generation of the CLWB instructions.
'clzero'
'no-clzero'
Enable/disable the generation of the CLZERO instructions.
'crc32'
'no-crc32'
Enable/disable the generation of the CRC32 instructions.
'cx16'
'no-cx16'
Enable/disable the generation of the CMPXCHG16B instructions.
'default'
*Note Function Multiversioning::, where it is used to specify
the default function version.
'f16c'
'no-f16c'
Enable/disable the generation of the F16C instructions.
'fma'
'no-fma'
Enable/disable the generation of the FMA instructions.
'fma4'
'no-fma4'
Enable/disable the generation of the FMA4 instructions.
'fsgsbase'
'no-fsgsbase'
Enable/disable the generation of the FSGSBASE instructions.
'fxsr'
'no-fxsr'
Enable/disable the generation of the FXSR instructions.
'gfni'
'no-gfni'
Enable/disable the generation of the GFNI instructions.
'hle'
'no-hle'
Enable/disable the generation of the HLE instruction prefixes.
'lwp'
'no-lwp'
Enable/disable the generation of the LWP instructions.
'lzcnt'
'no-lzcnt'
Enable/disable the generation of the LZCNT instructions.
'mmx'
'no-mmx'
Enable/disable the generation of the MMX instructions.
'movbe'
'no-movbe'
Enable/disable the generation of the MOVBE instructions.
'movdir64b'
'no-movdir64b'
Enable/disable the generation of the MOVDIR64B instructions.
'movdiri'
'no-movdiri'
Enable/disable the generation of the MOVDIRI instructions.
'mwaitx'
'no-mwaitx'
Enable/disable the generation of the MWAITX instructions.
'pclmul'
'no-pclmul'
Enable/disable the generation of the PCLMUL instructions.
'pconfig'
'no-pconfig'
Enable/disable the generation of the PCONFIG instructions.
'pku'
'no-pku'
Enable/disable the generation of the PKU instructions.
'popcnt'
'no-popcnt'
Enable/disable the generation of the POPCNT instruction.
'prefetchwt1'
'no-prefetchwt1'
Enable/disable the generation of the PREFETCHWT1 instructions.
'prfchw'
'no-prfchw'
Enable/disable the generation of the PREFETCHW instruction.
'rdpid'
'no-rdpid'
Enable/disable the generation of the RDPID instructions.
'rdrnd'
'no-rdrnd'
Enable/disable the generation of the RDRND instructions.
'rdseed'
'no-rdseed'
Enable/disable the generation of the RDSEED instructions.
'rtm'
'no-rtm'
Enable/disable the generation of the RTM instructions.
'sahf'
'no-sahf'
Enable/disable the generation of the SAHF instructions.
'sgx'
'no-sgx'
Enable/disable the generation of the SGX instructions.
'sha'
'no-sha'
Enable/disable the generation of the SHA instructions.
'shstk'
'no-shstk'
Enable/disable the shadow stack built-in functions from CET.
'sse'
'no-sse'
Enable/disable the generation of the SSE instructions.
'sse2'
'no-sse2'
Enable/disable the generation of the SSE2 instructions.
'sse3'
'no-sse3'
Enable/disable the generation of the SSE3 instructions.
'sse4'
'no-sse4'
Enable/disable the generation of the SSE4 instructions (both
SSE4.1 and SSE4.2).
'sse4.1'
'no-sse4.1'
Enable/disable the generation of the sse4.1 instructions.
'sse4.2'
'no-sse4.2'
Enable/disable the generation of the sse4.2 instructions.
'sse4a'
'no-sse4a'
Enable/disable the generation of the SSE4A instructions.
'ssse3'
'no-ssse3'
Enable/disable the generation of the SSSE3 instructions.
'tbm'
'no-tbm'
Enable/disable the generation of the TBM instructions.
'vaes'
'no-vaes'
Enable/disable the generation of the VAES instructions.
'vpclmulqdq'
'no-vpclmulqdq'
Enable/disable the generation of the VPCLMULQDQ instructions.
'wbnoinvd'
'no-wbnoinvd'
Enable/disable the generation of the WBNOINVD instructions.
'xop'
'no-xop'
Enable/disable the generation of the XOP instructions.
'xsave'
'no-xsave'
Enable/disable the generation of the XSAVE instructions.
'xsavec'
'no-xsavec'
Enable/disable the generation of the XSAVEC instructions.
'xsaveopt'
'no-xsaveopt'
Enable/disable the generation of the XSAVEOPT instructions.
'xsaves'
'no-xsaves'
Enable/disable the generation of the XSAVES instructions.
'cld'
'no-cld'
Enable/disable the generation of the CLD before string moves.
'fancy-math-387'
'no-fancy-math-387'
Enable/disable the generation of the 'sin', 'cos', and 'sqrt'
instructions on the 387 floating-point unit.
'ieee-fp'
'no-ieee-fp'
Enable/disable the generation of floating point that depends
on IEEE arithmetic.
'inline-all-stringops'
'no-inline-all-stringops'
Enable/disable inlining of string operations.
'inline-stringops-dynamically'
'no-inline-stringops-dynamically'
Enable/disable the generation of the inline code to do small
string operations and calling the library routines for large
operations.
'align-stringops'
'no-align-stringops'
Do/do not align destination of inlined string operations.
'recip'
'no-recip'
Enable/disable the generation of RCPSS, RCPPS, RSQRTSS and
RSQRTPS instructions followed an additional Newton-Raphson
step instead of doing a floating-point division.
'arch=ARCH'
Specify the architecture to generate code for in compiling the
function.
'tune=TUNE'
Specify the architecture to tune for in compiling the
function.
'fpmath=FPMATH'
Specify which floating-point unit to use. You must specify
the 'target("fpmath=sse,387")' option as
'target("fpmath=sse+387")' because the comma would separate
different options.
'indirect_branch("CHOICE")'
On x86 targets, the 'indirect_branch' attribute causes the
compiler to convert indirect call and jump with CHOICE.
'keep' keeps indirect call and jump unmodified. 'thunk'
converts indirect call and jump to call and return thunk.
'thunk-inline' converts indirect call and jump to inlined call
and return thunk. 'thunk-extern' converts indirect call and
jump to external call and return thunk provided in a separate
object file.
'function_return("CHOICE")'
On x86 targets, the 'function_return' attribute causes the
compiler to convert function return with CHOICE. 'keep' keeps
function return unmodified. 'thunk' converts function return
to call and return thunk. 'thunk-inline' converts function
return to inlined call and return thunk. 'thunk-extern'
converts function return to external call and return thunk
provided in a separate object file.
'nocf_check'
The 'nocf_check' attribute on a function is used to inform the
compiler that the function's prologue should not be
instrumented when compiled with the '-fcf-protection=branch'
option. The compiler assumes that the function's address is a
valid target for a control-flow transfer.
The 'nocf_check' attribute on a type of pointer to function is
used to inform the compiler that a call through the pointer
should not be instrumented when compiled with the
'-fcf-protection=branch' option. The compiler assumes that
the function's address from the pointer is a valid target for
a control-flow transfer. A direct function call through a
function name is assumed to be a safe call thus direct calls
are not instrumented by the compiler.
The 'nocf_check' attribute is applied to an object's type. In
case of assignment of a function address or a function pointer
to another pointer, the attribute is not carried over from the
right-hand object's type; the type of left-hand object stays
unchanged. The compiler checks for 'nocf_check' attribute
mismatch and reports a warning in case of mismatch.
{
int foo (void) __attribute__(nocf_check);
void (*foo1)(void) __attribute__(nocf_check);
void (*foo2)(void);
/* foo's address is assumed to be valid. */
int
foo (void)
/* This call site is not checked for control-flow
validity. */
(*foo1)();
/* A warning is issued about attribute mismatch. */
foo1 = foo2;
/* This call site is still not checked. */
(*foo1)();
/* This call site is checked. */
(*foo2)();
/* A warning is issued about attribute mismatch. */
foo2 = foo1;
/* This call site is still checked. */
(*foo2)();
return 0;
}
On the x86, the inliner does not inline a function that has
different target options than the caller, unless the callee has a
subset of the target options of the caller. For example a function
declared with 'target("sse3")' can inline a function with
'target("sse2")', since '-msse3' implies '-msse2'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Xstormy16 Function Attributes, Prev: x86 Function Attributes, Up: Function Attributes
6.31.34 Xstormy16 Function Attributes
-------------------------------------
These function attributes are supported by the Xstormy16 back end:
'interrupt'
Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function is an
interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit
sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this
attribute is present.
File: gcc.info, Node: Variable Attributes, Next: Type Attributes, Prev: Function Attributes, Up: C Extensions
6.32 Specifying Attributes of Variables
=======================================
The keyword '__attribute__' allows you to specify special attributes of
variables or structure fields. This keyword is followed by an attribute
specification inside double parentheses. Some attributes are currently
defined generically for variables. Other attributes are defined for
variables on particular target systems. Other attributes are available
for functions (*note Function Attributes::), labels (*note Label
Attributes::), enumerators (*note Enumerator Attributes::), statements
(*note Statement Attributes::), and for types (*note Type Attributes::).
Other front ends might define more attributes (*note Extensions to the
C++ Language: C++ Extensions.).
*Note Attribute Syntax::, for details of the exact syntax for using
attributes.
* Menu:
* Common Variable Attributes::
* ARC Variable Attributes::
* AVR Variable Attributes::
* Blackfin Variable Attributes::
* H8/300 Variable Attributes::
* IA-64 Variable Attributes::
* M32R/D Variable Attributes::
* MeP Variable Attributes::
* Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes::
* MSP430 Variable Attributes::
* Nvidia PTX Variable Attributes::
* PowerPC Variable Attributes::
* RL78 Variable Attributes::
* SPU Variable Attributes::
* V850 Variable Attributes::
* x86 Variable Attributes::
* Xstormy16 Variable Attributes::
File: gcc.info, Node: Common Variable Attributes, Next: ARC Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.1 Common Variable Attributes
---------------------------------
The following attributes are supported on most targets.
'aligned (ALIGNMENT)'
This attribute specifies a minimum alignment for the variable or
structure field, measured in bytes. For example, the declaration:
int x __attribute__ ((aligned (16))) = 0;
causes the compiler to allocate the global variable 'x' on a
16-byte boundary. On a 68040, this could be used in conjunction
with an 'asm' expression to access the 'move16' instruction which
requires 16-byte aligned operands.
You can also specify the alignment of structure fields. For
example, to create a double-word aligned 'int' pair, you could
write:
struct foo { int x[2] __attribute__ ((aligned (8))); };
This is an alternative to creating a union with a 'double' member,
which forces the union to be double-word aligned.
As in the preceding examples, you can explicitly specify the
alignment (in bytes) that you wish the compiler to use for a given
variable or structure field. Alternatively, you can leave out the
alignment factor and just ask the compiler to align a variable or
field to the default alignment for the target architecture you are
compiling for. The default alignment is sufficient for all scalar
types, but may not be enough for all vector types on a target that
supports vector operations. The default alignment is fixed for a
particular target ABI.
GCC also provides a target specific macro '__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__',
which is the largest alignment ever used for any data type on the
target machine you are compiling for. For example, you could
write:
short array[3] __attribute__ ((aligned (__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__)));
The compiler automatically sets the alignment for the declared
variable or field to '__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__'. Doing this can often
make copy operations more efficient, because the compiler can use
whatever instructions copy the biggest chunks of memory when
performing copies to or from the variables or fields that you have
aligned this way. Note that the value of '__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__'
may change depending on command-line options.
When used on a struct, or struct member, the 'aligned' attribute
can only increase the alignment; in order to decrease it, the
'packed' attribute must be specified as well. When used as part of
a typedef, the 'aligned' attribute can both increase and decrease
alignment, and specifying the 'packed' attribute generates a
warning.
Note that the effectiveness of 'aligned' attributes may be limited
by inherent limitations in your linker. On many systems, the
linker is only able to arrange for variables to be aligned up to a
certain maximum alignment. (For some linkers, the maximum
supported alignment may be very very small.) If your linker is
only able to align variables up to a maximum of 8-byte alignment,
then specifying 'aligned(16)' in an '__attribute__' still only
provides you with 8-byte alignment. See your linker documentation
for further information.
The 'aligned' attribute can also be used for functions (*note
Common Function Attributes::.)
'warn_if_not_aligned (ALIGNMENT)'
This attribute specifies a threshold for the structure field,
measured in bytes. If the structure field is aligned below the
threshold, a warning will be issued. For example, the declaration:
struct foo
{
int i1;
int i2;
unsigned long long x __attribute__((warn_if_not_aligned(16)));
};
causes the compiler to issue an warning on 'struct foo', like
'warning: alignment 8 of 'struct foo' is less than 16'. The
compiler also issues a warning, like 'warning: 'x' offset 8 in
'struct foo' isn't aligned to 16', when the structure field has the
misaligned offset:
struct foo
{
int i1;
int i2;
unsigned long long x __attribute__((warn_if_not_aligned(16)));
} __attribute__((aligned(16)));
This warning can be disabled by '-Wno-if-not-aligned'. The
'warn_if_not_aligned' attribute can also be used for types (*note
Common Type Attributes::.)
'cleanup (CLEANUP_FUNCTION)'
The 'cleanup' attribute runs a function when the variable goes out
of scope. This attribute can only be applied to auto function
scope variables; it may not be applied to parameters or variables
with static storage duration. The function must take one
parameter, a pointer to a type compatible with the variable. The
return value of the function (if any) is ignored.
If '-fexceptions' is enabled, then CLEANUP_FUNCTION is run during
the stack unwinding that happens during the processing of the
exception. Note that the 'cleanup' attribute does not allow the
exception to be caught, only to perform an action. It is undefined
what happens if CLEANUP_FUNCTION does not return normally.
'common'
'nocommon'
The 'common' attribute requests GCC to place a variable in "common"
storage. The 'nocommon' attribute requests the opposite--to
allocate space for it directly.
These attributes override the default chosen by the '-fno-common'
and '-fcommon' flags respectively.
'deprecated'
'deprecated (MSG)'
The 'deprecated' attribute results in a warning if the variable is
used anywhere in the source file. This is useful when identifying
variables that are expected to be removed in a future version of a
program. The warning also includes the location of the declaration
of the deprecated variable, to enable users to easily find further
information about why the variable is deprecated, or what they
should do instead. Note that the warning only occurs for uses:
extern int old_var __attribute__ ((deprecated));
extern int old_var;
int new_fn () { return old_var; }
results in a warning on line 3 but not line 2. The optional MSG
argument, which must be a string, is printed in the warning if
present.
The 'deprecated' attribute can also be used for functions and types
(*note Common Function Attributes::, *note Common Type
Attributes::).
'nonstring'
The 'nonstring' variable attribute specifies that an object or
member declaration with type array of 'char', 'signed char', or
'unsigned char', or pointer to such a type is intended to store
character arrays that do not necessarily contain a terminating
'NUL'. This is useful in detecting uses of such arrays or pointers
with functions that expect 'NUL'-terminated strings, and to avoid
warnings when such an array or pointer is used as an argument to a
bounded string manipulation function such as 'strncpy'. For
example, without the attribute, GCC will issue a warning for the
'strncpy' call below because it may truncate the copy without
appending the terminating 'NUL' character. Using the attribute
makes it possible to suppress the warning. However, when the array
is declared with the attribute the call to 'strlen' is diagnosed
because when the array doesn't contain a 'NUL'-terminated string
the call is undefined. To copy, compare, of search non-string
character arrays use the 'memcpy', 'memcmp', 'memchr', and other
functions that operate on arrays of bytes. In addition, calling
'strnlen' and 'strndup' with such arrays is safe provided a
suitable bound is specified, and not diagnosed.
struct Data
{
char name [32] __attribute__ ((nonstring));
};
int f (struct Data *pd, const char *s)
{
strncpy (pd->name, s, sizeof pd->name);
...
return strlen (pd->name); // unsafe, gets a warning
}
'mode (MODE)'
This attribute specifies the data type for the
declaration--whichever type corresponds to the mode MODE. This in
effect lets you request an integer or floating-point type according
to its width.
*Note (gccint)Machine Modes::, for a list of the possible keywords
for MODE. You may also specify a mode of 'byte' or '__byte__' to
indicate the mode corresponding to a one-byte integer, 'word' or
'__word__' for the mode of a one-word integer, and 'pointer' or
'__pointer__' for the mode used to represent pointers.
'packed'
The 'packed' attribute specifies that a variable or structure field
should have the smallest possible alignment--one byte for a
variable, and one bit for a field, unless you specify a larger
value with the 'aligned' attribute.
Here is a structure in which the field 'x' is packed, so that it
immediately follows 'a':
struct foo
{
char a;
int x[2] __attribute__ ((packed));
};
_Note:_ The 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 series of GCC ignore the 'packed'
attribute on bit-fields of type 'char'. This has been fixed in GCC
4.4 but the change can lead to differences in the structure layout.
See the documentation of '-Wpacked-bitfield-compat' for more
information.
'section ("SECTION-NAME")'
Normally, the compiler places the objects it generates in sections
like 'data' and 'bss'. Sometimes, however, you need additional
sections, or you need certain particular variables to appear in
special sections, for example to map to special hardware. The
'section' attribute specifies that a variable (or function) lives
in a particular section. For example, this small program uses
several specific section names:
struct duart a __attribute__ ((section ("DUART_A"))) = { 0 };
struct duart b __attribute__ ((section ("DUART_B"))) = { 0 };
char stack[10000] __attribute__ ((section ("STACK"))) = { 0 };
int init_data __attribute__ ((section ("INITDATA")));
main()
{
/* Initialize stack pointer */
init_sp (stack + sizeof (stack));
/* Initialize initialized data */
memcpy (&init_data, &data, &edata - &data);
/* Turn on the serial ports */
init_duart (&a);
init_duart (&b);
}
Use the 'section' attribute with _global_ variables and not _local_
variables, as shown in the example.
You may use the 'section' attribute with initialized or
uninitialized global variables but the linker requires each object
be defined once, with the exception that uninitialized variables
tentatively go in the 'common' (or 'bss') section and can be
multiply "defined". Using the 'section' attribute changes what
section the variable goes into and may cause the linker to issue an
error if an uninitialized variable has multiple definitions. You
can force a variable to be initialized with the '-fno-common' flag
or the 'nocommon' attribute.
Some file formats do not support arbitrary sections so the
'section' attribute is not available on all platforms. If you need
to map the entire contents of a module to a particular section,
consider using the facilities of the linker instead.
'tls_model ("TLS_MODEL")'
The 'tls_model' attribute sets thread-local storage model (*note
Thread-Local::) of a particular '__thread' variable, overriding
'-ftls-model=' command-line switch on a per-variable basis. The
TLS_MODEL argument should be one of 'global-dynamic',
'local-dynamic', 'initial-exec' or 'local-exec'.
Not all targets support this attribute.
'unused'
This attribute, attached to a variable, means that the variable is
meant to be possibly unused. GCC does not produce a warning for
this variable.
'used'
This attribute, attached to a variable with static storage, means
that the variable must be emitted even if it appears that the
variable is not referenced.
When applied to a static data member of a C++ class template, the
attribute also means that the member is instantiated if the class
itself is instantiated.
'vector_size (BYTES)'
This attribute specifies the vector size for the variable, measured
in bytes. For example, the declaration:
int foo __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
causes the compiler to set the mode for 'foo', to be 16 bytes,
divided into 'int' sized units. Assuming a 32-bit int (a vector of
4 units of 4 bytes), the corresponding mode of 'foo' is V4SI.
This attribute is only applicable to integral and float scalars,
although arrays, pointers, and function return values are allowed
in conjunction with this construct.
Aggregates with this attribute are invalid, even if they are of the
same size as a corresponding scalar. For example, the declaration:
struct S { int a; };
struct S __attribute__ ((vector_size (16))) foo;
is invalid even if the size of the structure is the same as the
size of the 'int'.
'visibility ("VISIBILITY_TYPE")'
This attribute affects the linkage of the declaration to which it
is attached. The 'visibility' attribute is described in *note
Common Function Attributes::.
'weak'
The 'weak' attribute is described in *note Common Function
Attributes::.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARC Variable Attributes, Next: AVR Variable Attributes, Prev: Common Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.2 ARC Variable Attributes
------------------------------
'aux'
The 'aux' attribute is used to directly access the ARC's auxiliary
register space from C. The auxilirary register number is given via
attribute argument.
File: gcc.info, Node: AVR Variable Attributes, Next: Blackfin Variable Attributes, Prev: ARC Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.3 AVR Variable Attributes
------------------------------
'progmem'
The 'progmem' attribute is used on the AVR to place read-only data
in the non-volatile program memory (flash). The 'progmem'
attribute accomplishes this by putting respective variables into a
section whose name starts with '.progmem'.
This attribute works similar to the 'section' attribute but adds
additional checking.
* Ordinary AVR cores with 32 general purpose registers:
'progmem' affects the location of the data but not how this
data is accessed. In order to read data located with the
'progmem' attribute (inline) assembler must be used.
/* Use custom macros from AVR-LibC (http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/) */
#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
/* Locate var in flash memory */
const int var[2] PROGMEM = { 1, 2 };
int read_var (int i)
{
/* Access var[] by accessor macro from avr/pgmspace.h */
return (int) pgm_read_word (& var[i]);
}
AVR is a Harvard architecture processor and data and read-only
data normally resides in the data memory (RAM).
See also the *note AVR Named Address Spaces:: section for an
alternate way to locate and access data in flash memory.
* AVR cores with flash memory visible in the RAM address range:
On such devices, there is no need for attribute 'progmem' or
*note '__flash': AVR Named Address Spaces. qualifier at all.
Just use standard C / C++. The compiler will generate 'LD*'
instructions. As flash memory is visible in the RAM address
range, and the default linker script does _not_ locate
'.rodata' in RAM, no special features are needed in order not
to waste RAM for read-only data or to read from flash. You
might even get slightly better performance by avoiding
'progmem' and '__flash'. This applies to devices from
families 'avrtiny' and 'avrxmega3', see *note AVR Options::
for an overview.
* Reduced AVR Tiny cores like ATtiny40:
The compiler adds '0x4000' to the addresses of objects and
declarations in 'progmem' and locates the objects in flash
memory, namely in section '.progmem.data'. The offset is
needed because the flash memory is visible in the RAM address
space starting at address '0x4000'.
Data in 'progmem' can be accessed by means of ordinary C code,
no special functions or macros are needed.
/* var is located in flash memory */
extern const int var[2] __attribute__((progmem));
int read_var (int i)
{
return var[i];
}
Please notice that on these devices, there is no need for
'progmem' at all.
'io'
'io (ADDR)'
Variables with the 'io' attribute are used to address memory-mapped
peripherals in the io address range. If an address is specified,
the variable is assigned that address, and the value is interpreted
as an address in the data address space. Example:
volatile int porta __attribute__((io (0x22)));
The address specified in the address in the data address range.
Otherwise, the variable it is not assigned an address, but the
compiler will still use in/out instructions where applicable,
assuming some other module assigns an address in the io address
range. Example:
extern volatile int porta __attribute__((io));
'io_low'
'io_low (ADDR)'
This is like the 'io' attribute, but additionally it informs the
compiler that the object lies in the lower half of the I/O area,
allowing the use of 'cbi', 'sbi', 'sbic' and 'sbis' instructions.
'address'
'address (ADDR)'
Variables with the 'address' attribute are used to address
memory-mapped peripherals that may lie outside the io address
range.
volatile int porta __attribute__((address (0x600)));
'absdata'
Variables in static storage and with the 'absdata' attribute can be
accessed by the 'LDS' and 'STS' instructions which take absolute
addresses.
* This attribute is only supported for the reduced AVR Tiny core
like ATtiny40.
* You must make sure that respective data is located in the
address range '0x40'...'0xbf' accessible by 'LDS' and 'STS'.
One way to achieve this as an appropriate linker description
file.
* If the location does not fit the address range of 'LDS' and
'STS', there is currently (Binutils 2.26) just an unspecific
warning like
'module.c:(.text+0x1c): warning: internal error: out of
range error'
See also the '-mabsdata' *note command-line option: AVR Options.
File: gcc.info, Node: Blackfin Variable Attributes, Next: H8/300 Variable Attributes, Prev: AVR Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.4 Blackfin Variable Attributes
-----------------------------------
Three attributes are currently defined for the Blackfin.
'l1_data'
'l1_data_A'
'l1_data_B'
Use these attributes on the Blackfin to place the variable into L1
Data SRAM. Variables with 'l1_data' attribute are put into the
specific section named '.l1.data'. Those with 'l1_data_A'
attribute are put into the specific section named '.l1.data.A'.
Those with 'l1_data_B' attribute are put into the specific section
named '.l1.data.B'.
'l2'
Use this attribute on the Blackfin to place the variable into L2
SRAM. Variables with 'l2' attribute are put into the specific
section named '.l2.data'.
File: gcc.info, Node: H8/300 Variable Attributes, Next: IA-64 Variable Attributes, Prev: Blackfin Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.5 H8/300 Variable Attributes
---------------------------------
These variable attributes are available for H8/300 targets:
'eightbit_data'
Use this attribute on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S to indicate that
the specified variable should be placed into the eight-bit data
section. The compiler generates more efficient code for certain
operations on data in the eight-bit data area. Note the eight-bit
data area is limited to 256 bytes of data.
You must use GAS and GLD from GNU binutils version 2.7 or later for
this attribute to work correctly.
'tiny_data'
Use this attribute on the H8/300H and H8S to indicate that the
specified variable should be placed into the tiny data section.
The compiler generates more efficient code for loads and stores on
data in the tiny data section. Note the tiny data area is limited
to slightly under 32KB of data.
File: gcc.info, Node: IA-64 Variable Attributes, Next: M32R/D Variable Attributes, Prev: H8/300 Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.6 IA-64 Variable Attributes
--------------------------------
The IA-64 back end supports the following variable attribute:
'model (MODEL-NAME)'
On IA-64, use this attribute to set the addressability of an
object. At present, the only supported identifier for MODEL-NAME
is 'small', indicating addressability via "small" (22-bit)
addresses (so that their addresses can be loaded with the 'addl'
instruction). Caveat: such addressing is by definition not
position independent and hence this attribute must not be used for
objects defined by shared libraries.
File: gcc.info, Node: M32R/D Variable Attributes, Next: MeP Variable Attributes, Prev: IA-64 Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.7 M32R/D Variable Attributes
---------------------------------
One attribute is currently defined for the M32R/D.
'model (MODEL-NAME)'
Use this attribute on the M32R/D to set the addressability of an
object. The identifier MODEL-NAME is one of 'small', 'medium', or
'large', representing each of the code models.
Small model objects live in the lower 16MB of memory (so that their
addresses can be loaded with the 'ld24' instruction).
Medium and large model objects may live anywhere in the 32-bit
address space (the compiler generates 'seth/add3' instructions to
load their addresses).
File: gcc.info, Node: MeP Variable Attributes, Next: Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes, Prev: M32R/D Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.8 MeP Variable Attributes
------------------------------
The MeP target has a number of addressing modes and busses. The 'near'
space spans the standard memory space's first 16 megabytes (24 bits).
The 'far' space spans the entire 32-bit memory space. The 'based' space
is a 128-byte region in the memory space that is addressed relative to
the '$tp' register. The 'tiny' space is a 65536-byte region relative to
the '$gp' register. In addition to these memory regions, the MeP target
has a separate 16-bit control bus which is specified with 'cb'
attributes.
'based'
Any variable with the 'based' attribute is assigned to the '.based'
section, and is accessed with relative to the '$tp' register.
'tiny'
Likewise, the 'tiny' attribute assigned variables to the '.tiny'
section, relative to the '$gp' register.
'near'
Variables with the 'near' attribute are assumed to have addresses
that fit in a 24-bit addressing mode. This is the default for
large variables ('-mtiny=4' is the default) but this attribute can
override '-mtiny=' for small variables, or override '-ml'.
'far'
Variables with the 'far' attribute are addressed using a full
32-bit address. Since this covers the entire memory space, this
allows modules to make no assumptions about where variables might
be stored.
'io'
'io (ADDR)'
Variables with the 'io' attribute are used to address memory-mapped
peripherals. If an address is specified, the variable is assigned
that address, else it is not assigned an address (it is assumed
some other module assigns an address). Example:
int timer_count __attribute__((io(0x123)));
'cb'
'cb (ADDR)'
Variables with the 'cb' attribute are used to access the control
bus, using special instructions. 'addr' indicates the control bus
address. Example:
int cpu_clock __attribute__((cb(0x123)));
File: gcc.info, Node: Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes, Next: MSP430 Variable Attributes, Prev: MeP Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.9 Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes
--------------------------------------------
You can use these attributes on Microsoft Windows targets. *note x86
Variable Attributes:: for additional Windows compatibility attributes
available on all x86 targets.
'dllimport'
'dllexport'
The 'dllimport' and 'dllexport' attributes are described in *note
Microsoft Windows Function Attributes::.
'selectany'
The 'selectany' attribute causes an initialized global variable to
have link-once semantics. When multiple definitions of the
variable are encountered by the linker, the first is selected and
the remainder are discarded. Following usage by the Microsoft
compiler, the linker is told _not_ to warn about size or content
differences of the multiple definitions.
Although the primary usage of this attribute is for POD types, the
attribute can also be applied to global C++ objects that are
initialized by a constructor. In this case, the static
initialization and destruction code for the object is emitted in
each translation defining the object, but the calls to the
constructor and destructor are protected by a link-once guard
variable.
The 'selectany' attribute is only available on Microsoft Windows
targets. You can use '__declspec (selectany)' as a synonym for
'__attribute__ ((selectany))' for compatibility with other
compilers.
'shared'
On Microsoft Windows, in addition to putting variable definitions
in a named section, the section can also be shared among all
running copies of an executable or DLL. For example, this small
program defines shared data by putting it in a named section
'shared' and marking the section shareable:
int foo __attribute__((section ("shared"), shared)) = 0;
int
main()
{
/* Read and write foo. All running
copies see the same value. */
return 0;
}
You may only use the 'shared' attribute along with 'section'
attribute with a fully-initialized global definition because of the
way linkers work. See 'section' attribute for more information.
The 'shared' attribute is only available on Microsoft Windows.
File: gcc.info, Node: MSP430 Variable Attributes, Next: Nvidia PTX Variable Attributes, Prev: Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.10 MSP430 Variable Attributes
----------------------------------
'noinit'
Any data with the 'noinit' attribute will not be initialised by the
C runtime startup code, or the program loader. Not initialising
data in this way can reduce program startup times.
'persistent'
Any variable with the 'persistent' attribute will not be
initialised by the C runtime startup code. Instead its value will
be set once, when the application is loaded, and then never
initialised again, even if the processor is reset or the program
restarts. Persistent data is intended to be placed into FLASH RAM,
where its value will be retained across resets. The linker script
being used to create the application should ensure that persistent
data is correctly placed.
'lower'
'upper'
'either'
These attributes are the same as the MSP430 function attributes of
the same name (*note MSP430 Function Attributes::). These
attributes can be applied to both functions and variables.
File: gcc.info, Node: Nvidia PTX Variable Attributes, Next: PowerPC Variable Attributes, Prev: MSP430 Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.11 Nvidia PTX Variable Attributes
--------------------------------------
These variable attributes are supported by the Nvidia PTX back end:
'shared'
Use this attribute to place a variable in the '.shared' memory
space. This memory space is private to each cooperative thread
array; only threads within one thread block refer to the same
instance of the variable. The runtime does not initialize
variables in this memory space.
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC Variable Attributes, Next: RL78 Variable Attributes, Prev: Nvidia PTX Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.12 PowerPC Variable Attributes
-----------------------------------
Three attributes currently are defined for PowerPC configurations:
'altivec', 'ms_struct' and 'gcc_struct'.
For full documentation of the struct attributes please see the
documentation in *note x86 Variable Attributes::.
For documentation of 'altivec' attribute please see the documentation
in *note PowerPC Type Attributes::.
File: gcc.info, Node: RL78 Variable Attributes, Next: SPU Variable Attributes, Prev: PowerPC Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.13 RL78 Variable Attributes
--------------------------------
The RL78 back end supports the 'saddr' variable attribute. This
specifies placement of the corresponding variable in the SADDR area,
which can be accessed more efficiently than the default memory region.
File: gcc.info, Node: SPU Variable Attributes, Next: V850 Variable Attributes, Prev: RL78 Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.14 SPU Variable Attributes
-------------------------------
The SPU supports the 'spu_vector' attribute for variables. For
documentation of this attribute please see the documentation in *note
SPU Type Attributes::.
File: gcc.info, Node: V850 Variable Attributes, Next: x86 Variable Attributes, Prev: SPU Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.15 V850 Variable Attributes
--------------------------------
These variable attributes are supported by the V850 back end:
'sda'
Use this attribute to explicitly place a variable in the small data
area, which can hold up to 64 kilobytes.
'tda'
Use this attribute to explicitly place a variable in the tiny data
area, which can hold up to 256 bytes in total.
'zda'
Use this attribute to explicitly place a variable in the first 32
kilobytes of memory.
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 Variable Attributes, Next: Xstormy16 Variable Attributes, Prev: V850 Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.16 x86 Variable Attributes
-------------------------------
Two attributes are currently defined for x86 configurations: 'ms_struct'
and 'gcc_struct'.
'ms_struct'
'gcc_struct'
If 'packed' is used on a structure, or if bit-fields are used, it
may be that the Microsoft ABI lays out the structure differently
than the way GCC normally does. Particularly when moving packed
data between functions compiled with GCC and the native Microsoft
compiler (either via function call or as data in a file), it may be
necessary to access either format.
The 'ms_struct' and 'gcc_struct' attributes correspond to the
'-mms-bitfields' and '-mno-ms-bitfields' command-line options,
respectively; see *note x86 Options::, for details of how structure
layout is affected. *Note x86 Type Attributes::, for information
about the corresponding attributes on types.
File: gcc.info, Node: Xstormy16 Variable Attributes, Prev: x86 Variable Attributes, Up: Variable Attributes
6.32.17 Xstormy16 Variable Attributes
-------------------------------------
One attribute is currently defined for xstormy16 configurations:
'below100'.
'below100'
If a variable has the 'below100' attribute ('BELOW100' is allowed
also), GCC places the variable in the first 0x100 bytes of memory
and use special opcodes to access it. Such variables are placed in
either the '.bss_below100' section or the '.data_below100' section.
File: gcc.info, Node: Type Attributes, Next: Label Attributes, Prev: Variable Attributes, Up: C Extensions
6.33 Specifying Attributes of Types
===================================
The keyword '__attribute__' allows you to specify special attributes of
types. Some type attributes apply only to 'struct' and 'union' types,
while others can apply to any type defined via a 'typedef' declaration.
Other attributes are defined for functions (*note Function
Attributes::), labels (*note Label Attributes::), enumerators (*note
Enumerator Attributes::), statements (*note Statement Attributes::), and
for variables (*note Variable Attributes::).
The '__attribute__' keyword is followed by an attribute specification
inside double parentheses.
You may specify type attributes in an enum, struct or union type
declaration or definition by placing them immediately after the
'struct', 'union' or 'enum' keyword. A less preferred syntax is to
place them just past the closing curly brace of the definition.
You can also include type attributes in a 'typedef' declaration. *Note
Attribute Syntax::, for details of the exact syntax for using
attributes.
* Menu:
* Common Type Attributes::
* ARC Type Attributes::
* ARM Type Attributes::
* MeP Type Attributes::
* PowerPC Type Attributes::
* SPU Type Attributes::
* x86 Type Attributes::
File: gcc.info, Node: Common Type Attributes, Next: ARC Type Attributes, Up: Type Attributes
6.33.1 Common Type Attributes
-----------------------------
The following type attributes are supported on most targets.
'aligned (ALIGNMENT)'
This attribute specifies a minimum alignment (in bytes) for
variables of the specified type. For example, the declarations:
struct S { short f[3]; } __attribute__ ((aligned (8)));
typedef int more_aligned_int __attribute__ ((aligned (8)));
force the compiler to ensure (as far as it can) that each variable
whose type is 'struct S' or 'more_aligned_int' is allocated and
aligned _at least_ on a 8-byte boundary. On a SPARC, having all
variables of type 'struct S' aligned to 8-byte boundaries allows
the compiler to use the 'ldd' and 'std' (doubleword load and store)
instructions when copying one variable of type 'struct S' to
another, thus improving run-time efficiency.
Note that the alignment of any given 'struct' or 'union' type is
required by the ISO C standard to be at least a perfect multiple of
the lowest common multiple of the alignments of all of the members
of the 'struct' or 'union' in question. This means that you _can_
effectively adjust the alignment of a 'struct' or 'union' type by
attaching an 'aligned' attribute to any one of the members of such
a type, but the notation illustrated in the example above is a more
obvious, intuitive, and readable way to request the compiler to
adjust the alignment of an entire 'struct' or 'union' type.
As in the preceding example, you can explicitly specify the
alignment (in bytes) that you wish the compiler to use for a given
'struct' or 'union' type. Alternatively, you can leave out the
alignment factor and just ask the compiler to align a type to the
maximum useful alignment for the target machine you are compiling
for. For example, you could write:
struct S { short f[3]; } __attribute__ ((aligned));
Whenever you leave out the alignment factor in an 'aligned'
attribute specification, the compiler automatically sets the
alignment for the type to the largest alignment that is ever used
for any data type on the target machine you are compiling for.
Doing this can often make copy operations more efficient, because
the compiler can use whatever instructions copy the biggest chunks
of memory when performing copies to or from the variables that have
types that you have aligned this way.
In the example above, if the size of each 'short' is 2 bytes, then
the size of the entire 'struct S' type is 6 bytes. The smallest
power of two that is greater than or equal to that is 8, so the
compiler sets the alignment for the entire 'struct S' type to 8
bytes.
Note that although you can ask the compiler to select a
time-efficient alignment for a given type and then declare only
individual stand-alone objects of that type, the compiler's ability
to select a time-efficient alignment is primarily useful only when
you plan to create arrays of variables having the relevant
(efficiently aligned) type. If you declare or use arrays of
variables of an efficiently-aligned type, then it is likely that
your program also does pointer arithmetic (or subscripting, which
amounts to the same thing) on pointers to the relevant type, and
the code that the compiler generates for these pointer arithmetic
operations is often more efficient for efficiently-aligned types
than for other types.
Note that the effectiveness of 'aligned' attributes may be limited
by inherent limitations in your linker. On many systems, the
linker is only able to arrange for variables to be aligned up to a
certain maximum alignment. (For some linkers, the maximum
supported alignment may be very very small.) If your linker is
only able to align variables up to a maximum of 8-byte alignment,
then specifying 'aligned(16)' in an '__attribute__' still only
provides you with 8-byte alignment. See your linker documentation
for further information.
The 'aligned' attribute can only increase alignment. Alignment can
be decreased by specifying the 'packed' attribute. See below.
'warn_if_not_aligned (ALIGNMENT)'
This attribute specifies a threshold for the structure field,
measured in bytes. If the structure field is aligned below the
threshold, a warning will be issued. For example, the declaration:
typedef unsigned long long __u64
__attribute__((aligned(4),warn_if_not_aligned(8)));
struct foo
{
int i1;
int i2;
__u64 x;
};
causes the compiler to issue an warning on 'struct foo', like
'warning: alignment 4 of 'struct foo' is less than 8'. It is used
to define 'struct foo' in such a way that 'struct foo' has the same
layout and the structure field 'x' has the same alignment when
'__u64' is aligned at either 4 or 8 bytes. Align 'struct foo' to 8
bytes:
struct foo
{
int i1;
int i2;
__u64 x;
} __attribute__((aligned(8)));
silences the warning. The compiler also issues a warning, like
'warning: 'x' offset 12 in 'struct foo' isn't aligned to 8', when
the structure field has the misaligned offset:
struct foo
{
int i1;
int i2;
int i3;
__u64 x;
} __attribute__((aligned(8)));
This warning can be disabled by '-Wno-if-not-aligned'.
'bnd_variable_size'
When applied to a structure field, this attribute tells Pointer
Bounds Checker that the size of this field should not be computed
using static type information. It may be used to mark
variably-sized static array fields placed at the end of a
structure.
struct S
{
int size;
char data[1];
}
S *p = (S *)malloc (sizeof(S) + 100);
p->data[10] = 0; //Bounds violation
By using an attribute for the field we may avoid unwanted bound
violation checks:
struct S
{
int size;
char data[1] __attribute__((bnd_variable_size));
}
S *p = (S *)malloc (sizeof(S) + 100);
p->data[10] = 0; //OK
'deprecated'
'deprecated (MSG)'
The 'deprecated' attribute results in a warning if the type is used
anywhere in the source file. This is useful when identifying types
that are expected to be removed in a future version of a program.
If possible, the warning also includes the location of the
declaration of the deprecated type, to enable users to easily find
further information about why the type is deprecated, or what they
should do instead. Note that the warnings only occur for uses and
then only if the type is being applied to an identifier that itself
is not being declared as deprecated.
typedef int T1 __attribute__ ((deprecated));
T1 x;
typedef T1 T2;
T2 y;
typedef T1 T3 __attribute__ ((deprecated));
T3 z __attribute__ ((deprecated));
results in a warning on line 2 and 3 but not lines 4, 5, or 6. No
warning is issued for line 4 because T2 is not explicitly
deprecated. Line 5 has no warning because T3 is explicitly
deprecated. Similarly for line 6. The optional MSG argument,
which must be a string, is printed in the warning if present.
The 'deprecated' attribute can also be used for functions and
variables (*note Function Attributes::, *note Variable
Attributes::.)
'designated_init'
This attribute may only be applied to structure types. It
indicates that any initialization of an object of this type must
use designated initializers rather than positional initializers.
The intent of this attribute is to allow the programmer to indicate
that a structure's layout may change, and that therefore relying on
positional initialization will result in future breakage.
GCC emits warnings based on this attribute by default; use
'-Wno-designated-init' to suppress them.
'may_alias'
Accesses through pointers to types with this attribute are not
subject to type-based alias analysis, but are instead assumed to be
able to alias any other type of objects. In the context of section
6.5 paragraph 7 of the C99 standard, an lvalue expression
dereferencing such a pointer is treated like having a character
type. See '-fstrict-aliasing' for more information on aliasing
issues. This extension exists to support some vector APIs, in
which pointers to one vector type are permitted to alias pointers
to a different vector type.
Note that an object of a type with this attribute does not have any
special semantics.
Example of use:
typedef short __attribute__((__may_alias__)) short_a;
int
main (void)
{
int a = 0x12345678;
short_a *b = (short_a *) &a;
b[1] = 0;
if (a == 0x12345678)
abort();
exit(0);
}
If you replaced 'short_a' with 'short' in the variable declaration,
the above program would abort when compiled with
'-fstrict-aliasing', which is on by default at '-O2' or above.
'packed'
This attribute, attached to 'struct' or 'union' type definition,
specifies that each member (other than zero-width bit-fields) of
the structure or union is placed to minimize the memory required.
When attached to an 'enum' definition, it indicates that the
smallest integral type should be used.
Specifying the 'packed' attribute for 'struct' and 'union' types is
equivalent to specifying the 'packed' attribute on each of the
structure or union members. Specifying the '-fshort-enums' flag on
the command line is equivalent to specifying the 'packed' attribute
on all 'enum' definitions.
In the following example 'struct my_packed_struct''s members are
packed closely together, but the internal layout of its 's' member
is not packed--to do that, 'struct my_unpacked_struct' needs to be
packed too.
struct my_unpacked_struct
{
char c;
int i;
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) my_packed_struct
{
char c;
int i;
struct my_unpacked_struct s;
};
You may only specify the 'packed' attribute attribute on the
definition of an 'enum', 'struct' or 'union', not on a 'typedef'
that does not also define the enumerated type, structure or union.
'scalar_storage_order ("ENDIANNESS")'
When attached to a 'union' or a 'struct', this attribute sets the
storage order, aka endianness, of the scalar fields of the type, as
well as the array fields whose component is scalar. The supported
endiannesses are 'big-endian' and 'little-endian'. The attribute
has no effects on fields which are themselves a 'union', a 'struct'
or an array whose component is a 'union' or a 'struct', and it is
possible for these fields to have a different scalar storage order
than the enclosing type.
This attribute is supported only for targets that use a uniform
default scalar storage order (fortunately, most of them), i.e.
targets that store the scalars either all in big-endian or all in
little-endian.
Additional restrictions are enforced for types with the reverse
scalar storage order with regard to the scalar storage order of the
target:
* Taking the address of a scalar field of a 'union' or a
'struct' with reverse scalar storage order is not permitted
and yields an error.
* Taking the address of an array field, whose component is
scalar, of a 'union' or a 'struct' with reverse scalar storage
order is permitted but yields a warning, unless
'-Wno-scalar-storage-order' is specified.
* Taking the address of a 'union' or a 'struct' with reverse
scalar storage order is permitted.
These restrictions exist because the storage order attribute is
lost when the address of a scalar or the address of an array with
scalar component is taken, so storing indirectly through this
address generally does not work. The second case is nevertheless
allowed to be able to perform a block copy from or to the array.
Moreover, the use of type punning or aliasing to toggle the storage
order is not supported; that is to say, a given scalar object
cannot be accessed through distinct types that assign a different
storage order to it.
'transparent_union'
This attribute, attached to a 'union' type definition, indicates
that any function parameter having that union type causes calls to
that function to be treated in a special way.
First, the argument corresponding to a transparent union type can
be of any type in the union; no cast is required. Also, if the
union contains a pointer type, the corresponding argument can be a
null pointer constant or a void pointer expression; and if the
union contains a void pointer type, the corresponding argument can
be any pointer expression. If the union member type is a pointer,
qualifiers like 'const' on the referenced type must be respected,
just as with normal pointer conversions.
Second, the argument is passed to the function using the calling
conventions of the first member of the transparent union, not the
calling conventions of the union itself. All members of the union
must have the same machine representation; this is necessary for
this argument passing to work properly.
Transparent unions are designed for library functions that have
multiple interfaces for compatibility reasons. For example,
suppose the 'wait' function must accept either a value of type 'int
*' to comply with POSIX, or a value of type 'union wait *' to
comply with the 4.1BSD interface. If 'wait''s parameter were 'void
*', 'wait' would accept both kinds of arguments, but it would also
accept any other pointer type and this would make argument type
checking less useful. Instead, '<sys/wait.h>' might define the
interface as follows:
typedef union __attribute__ ((__transparent_union__))
{
int *__ip;
union wait *__up;
} wait_status_ptr_t;
pid_t wait (wait_status_ptr_t);
This interface allows either 'int *' or 'union wait *' arguments to
be passed, using the 'int *' calling convention. The program can
call 'wait' with arguments of either type:
int w1 () { int w; return wait (&w); }
int w2 () { union wait w; return wait (&w); }
With this interface, 'wait''s implementation might look like this:
pid_t wait (wait_status_ptr_t p)
{
return waitpid (-1, p.__ip, 0);
}
'unused'
When attached to a type (including a 'union' or a 'struct'), this
attribute means that variables of that type are meant to appear
possibly unused. GCC does not produce a warning for any variables
of that type, even if the variable appears to do nothing. This is
often the case with lock or thread classes, which are usually
defined and then not referenced, but contain constructors and
destructors that have nontrivial bookkeeping functions.
'visibility'
In C++, attribute visibility (*note Function Attributes::) can also
be applied to class, struct, union and enum types. Unlike other
type attributes, the attribute must appear between the initial
keyword and the name of the type; it cannot appear after the body
of the type.
Note that the type visibility is applied to vague linkage entities
associated with the class (vtable, typeinfo node, etc.). In
particular, if a class is thrown as an exception in one shared
object and caught in another, the class must have default
visibility. Otherwise the two shared objects are unable to use the
same typeinfo node and exception handling will break.
To specify multiple attributes, separate them by commas within the
double parentheses: for example, '__attribute__ ((aligned (16),
packed))'.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARC Type Attributes, Next: ARM Type Attributes, Prev: Common Type Attributes, Up: Type Attributes
6.33.2 ARC Type Attributes
--------------------------
Declaring objects with 'uncached' allows you to exclude data-cache
participation in load and store operations on those objects without
involving the additional semantic implications of 'volatile'. The '.di'
instruction suffix is used for all loads and stores of data declared
'uncached'.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARM Type Attributes, Next: MeP Type Attributes, Prev: ARC Type Attributes, Up: Type Attributes
6.33.3 ARM Type Attributes
--------------------------
On those ARM targets that support 'dllimport' (such as Symbian OS), you
can use the 'notshared' attribute to indicate that the virtual table and
other similar data for a class should not be exported from a DLL. For
example:
class __declspec(notshared) C {
public:
__declspec(dllimport) C();
virtual void f();
}
__declspec(dllexport)
C::C() {}
In this code, 'C::C' is exported from the current DLL, but the virtual
table for 'C' is not exported. (You can use '__attribute__' instead of
'__declspec' if you prefer, but most Symbian OS code uses '__declspec'.)
File: gcc.info, Node: MeP Type Attributes, Next: PowerPC Type Attributes, Prev: ARM Type Attributes, Up: Type Attributes
6.33.4 MeP Type Attributes
--------------------------
Many of the MeP variable attributes may be applied to types as well.
Specifically, the 'based', 'tiny', 'near', and 'far' attributes may be
applied to either. The 'io' and 'cb' attributes may not be applied to
types.
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC Type Attributes, Next: SPU Type Attributes, Prev: MeP Type Attributes, Up: Type Attributes
6.33.5 PowerPC Type Attributes
------------------------------
Three attributes currently are defined for PowerPC configurations:
'altivec', 'ms_struct' and 'gcc_struct'.
For full documentation of the 'ms_struct' and 'gcc_struct' attributes
please see the documentation in *note x86 Type Attributes::.
The 'altivec' attribute allows one to declare AltiVec vector data types
supported by the AltiVec Programming Interface Manual. The attribute
requires an argument to specify one of three vector types: 'vector__',
'pixel__' (always followed by unsigned short), and 'bool__' (always
followed by unsigned).
__attribute__((altivec(vector__)))
__attribute__((altivec(pixel__))) unsigned short
__attribute__((altivec(bool__))) unsigned
These attributes mainly are intended to support the '__vector',
'__pixel', and '__bool' AltiVec keywords.
File: gcc.info, Node: SPU Type Attributes, Next: x86 Type Attributes, Prev: PowerPC Type Attributes, Up: Type Attributes
6.33.6 SPU Type Attributes
--------------------------
The SPU supports the 'spu_vector' attribute for types. This attribute
allows one to declare vector data types supported by the
Sony/Toshiba/IBM SPU Language Extensions Specification. It is intended
to support the '__vector' keyword.
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 Type Attributes, Prev: SPU Type Attributes, Up: Type Attributes
6.33.7 x86 Type Attributes
--------------------------
Two attributes are currently defined for x86 configurations: 'ms_struct'
and 'gcc_struct'.
'ms_struct'
'gcc_struct'
If 'packed' is used on a structure, or if bit-fields are used it
may be that the Microsoft ABI packs them differently than GCC
normally packs them. Particularly when moving packed data between
functions compiled with GCC and the native Microsoft compiler
(either via function call or as data in a file), it may be
necessary to access either format.
The 'ms_struct' and 'gcc_struct' attributes correspond to the
'-mms-bitfields' and '-mno-ms-bitfields' command-line options,
respectively; see *note x86 Options::, for details of how structure
layout is affected. *Note x86 Variable Attributes::, for
information about the corresponding attributes on variables.
File: gcc.info, Node: Label Attributes, Next: Enumerator Attributes, Prev: Type Attributes, Up: C Extensions
6.34 Label Attributes
=====================
GCC allows attributes to be set on C labels. *Note Attribute Syntax::,
for details of the exact syntax for using attributes. Other attributes
are available for functions (*note Function Attributes::), variables
(*note Variable Attributes::), enumerators (*note Enumerator
Attributes::), statements (*note Statement Attributes::), and for types
(*note Type Attributes::).
This example uses the 'cold' label attribute to indicate the
'ErrorHandling' branch is unlikely to be taken and that the
'ErrorHandling' label is unused:
asm goto ("some asm" : : : : NoError);
/* This branch (the fall-through from the asm) is less commonly used */
ErrorHandling:
__attribute__((cold, unused)); /* Semi-colon is required here */
printf("error\n");
return 0;
NoError:
printf("no error\n");
return 1;
'unused'
This feature is intended for program-generated code that may
contain unused labels, but which is compiled with '-Wall'. It is
not normally appropriate to use in it human-written code, though it
could be useful in cases where the code that jumps to the label is
contained within an '#ifdef' conditional.
'hot'
The 'hot' attribute on a label is used to inform the compiler that
the path following the label is more likely than paths that are not
so annotated. This attribute is used in cases where
'__builtin_expect' cannot be used, for instance with computed goto
or 'asm goto'.
'cold'
The 'cold' attribute on labels is used to inform the compiler that
the path following the label is unlikely to be executed. This
attribute is used in cases where '__builtin_expect' cannot be used,
for instance with computed goto or 'asm goto'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Enumerator Attributes, Next: Statement Attributes, Prev: Label Attributes, Up: C Extensions
6.35 Enumerator Attributes
==========================
GCC allows attributes to be set on enumerators. *Note Attribute
Syntax::, for details of the exact syntax for using attributes. Other
attributes are available for functions (*note Function Attributes::),
variables (*note Variable Attributes::), labels (*note Label
Attributes::), statements (*note Statement Attributes::), and for types
(*note Type Attributes::).
This example uses the 'deprecated' enumerator attribute to indicate the
'oldval' enumerator is deprecated:
enum E {
oldval __attribute__((deprecated)),
newval
};
int
fn (void)
{
return oldval;
}
'deprecated'
The 'deprecated' attribute results in a warning if the enumerator
is used anywhere in the source file. This is useful when
identifying enumerators that are expected to be removed in a future
version of a program. The warning also includes the location of
the declaration of the deprecated enumerator, to enable users to
easily find further information about why the enumerator is
deprecated, or what they should do instead. Note that the warnings
only occurs for uses.
File: gcc.info, Node: Statement Attributes, Next: Attribute Syntax, Prev: Enumerator Attributes, Up: C Extensions
6.36 Statement Attributes
=========================
GCC allows attributes to be set on null statements. *Note Attribute
Syntax::, for details of the exact syntax for using attributes. Other
attributes are available for functions (*note Function Attributes::),
variables (*note Variable Attributes::), labels (*note Label
Attributes::), enumerators (*note Enumerator Attributes::), and for
types (*note Type Attributes::).
This example uses the 'fallthrough' statement attribute to indicate
that the '-Wimplicit-fallthrough' warning should not be emitted:
switch (cond)
{
case 1:
bar (1);
__attribute__((fallthrough));
case 2:
...
}
'fallthrough'
The 'fallthrough' attribute with a null statement serves as a
fallthrough statement. It hints to the compiler that a statement
that falls through to another case label, or user-defined label in
a switch statement is intentional and thus the
'-Wimplicit-fallthrough' warning must not trigger. The fallthrough
attribute may appear at most once in each attribute list, and may
not be mixed with other attributes. It can only be used in a
switch statement (the compiler will issue an error otherwise),
after a preceding statement and before a logically succeeding case
label, or user-defined label.
File: gcc.info, Node: Attribute Syntax, Next: Function Prototypes, Prev: Statement Attributes, Up: C Extensions
6.37 Attribute Syntax
=====================
This section describes the syntax with which '__attribute__' may be
used, and the constructs to which attribute specifiers bind, for the C
language. Some details may vary for C++ and Objective-C. Because of
infelicities in the grammar for attributes, some forms described here
may not be successfully parsed in all cases.
There are some problems with the semantics of attributes in C++. For
example, there are no manglings for attributes, although they may affect
code generation, so problems may arise when attributed types are used in
conjunction with templates or overloading. Similarly, 'typeid' does not
distinguish between types with different attributes. Support for
attributes in C++ may be restricted in future to attributes on
declarations only, but not on nested declarators.
*Note Function Attributes::, for details of the semantics of attributes
applying to functions. *Note Variable Attributes::, for details of the
semantics of attributes applying to variables. *Note Type Attributes::,
for details of the semantics of attributes applying to structure, union
and enumerated types. *Note Label Attributes::, for details of the
semantics of attributes applying to labels. *Note Enumerator
Attributes::, for details of the semantics of attributes applying to
enumerators. *Note Statement Attributes::, for details of the semantics
of attributes applying to statements.
An "attribute specifier" is of the form '__attribute__
((ATTRIBUTE-LIST))'. An "attribute list" is a possibly empty
comma-separated sequence of "attributes", where each attribute is one of
the following:
* Empty. Empty attributes are ignored.
* An attribute name (which may be an identifier such as 'unused', or
a reserved word such as 'const').
* An attribute name followed by a parenthesized list of parameters
for the attribute. These parameters take one of the following
forms:
* An identifier. For example, 'mode' attributes use this form.
* An identifier followed by a comma and a non-empty
comma-separated list of expressions. For example, 'format'
attributes use this form.
* A possibly empty comma-separated list of expressions. For
example, 'format_arg' attributes use this form with the list
being a single integer constant expression, and 'alias'
attributes use this form with the list being a single string
constant.
An "attribute specifier list" is a sequence of one or more attribute
specifiers, not separated by any other tokens.
You may optionally specify attribute names with '__' preceding and
following the name. This allows you to use them in header files without
being concerned about a possible macro of the same name. For example,
you may use the attribute name '__noreturn__' instead of 'noreturn'.
Label Attributes
................
In GNU C, an attribute specifier list may appear after the colon
following a label, other than a 'case' or 'default' label. GNU C++ only
permits attributes on labels if the attribute specifier is immediately
followed by a semicolon (i.e., the label applies to an empty statement).
If the semicolon is missing, C++ label attributes are ambiguous, as it
is permissible for a declaration, which could begin with an attribute
list, to be labelled in C++. Declarations cannot be labelled in C90 or
C99, so the ambiguity does not arise there.
Enumerator Attributes
.....................
In GNU C, an attribute specifier list may appear as part of an
enumerator. The attribute goes after the enumeration constant, before
'=', if present. The optional attribute in the enumerator appertains to
the enumeration constant. It is not possible to place the attribute
after the constant expression, if present.
Statement Attributes
....................
In GNU C, an attribute specifier list may appear as part of a null
statement. The attribute goes before the semicolon.
Type Attributes
...............
An attribute specifier list may appear as part of a 'struct', 'union' or
'enum' specifier. It may go either immediately after the 'struct',
'union' or 'enum' keyword, or after the closing brace. The former
syntax is preferred. Where attribute specifiers follow the closing
brace, they are considered to relate to the structure, union or
enumerated type defined, not to any enclosing declaration the type
specifier appears in, and the type defined is not complete until after
the attribute specifiers.
All other attributes
....................
Otherwise, an attribute specifier appears as part of a declaration,
counting declarations of unnamed parameters and type names, and relates
to that declaration (which may be nested in another declaration, for
example in the case of a parameter declaration), or to a particular
declarator within a declaration. Where an attribute specifier is
applied to a parameter declared as a function or an array, it should
apply to the function or array rather than the pointer to which the
parameter is implicitly converted, but this is not yet correctly
implemented.
Any list of specifiers and qualifiers at the start of a declaration may
contain attribute specifiers, whether or not such a list may in that
context contain storage class specifiers. (Some attributes, however,
are essentially in the nature of storage class specifiers, and only make
sense where storage class specifiers may be used; for example,
'section'.) There is one necessary limitation to this syntax: the first
old-style parameter declaration in a function definition cannot begin
with an attribute specifier, because such an attribute applies to the
function instead by syntax described below (which, however, is not yet
implemented in this case). In some other cases, attribute specifiers
are permitted by this grammar but not yet supported by the compiler.
All attribute specifiers in this place relate to the declaration as a
whole. In the obsolescent usage where a type of 'int' is implied by the
absence of type specifiers, such a list of specifiers and qualifiers may
be an attribute specifier list with no other specifiers or qualifiers.
At present, the first parameter in a function prototype must have some
type specifier that is not an attribute specifier; this resolves an
ambiguity in the interpretation of 'void f(int (__attribute__((foo))
x))', but is subject to change. At present, if the parentheses of a
function declarator contain only attributes then those attributes are
ignored, rather than yielding an error or warning or implying a single
parameter of type int, but this is subject to change.
An attribute specifier list may appear immediately before a declarator
(other than the first) in a comma-separated list of declarators in a
declaration of more than one identifier using a single list of
specifiers and qualifiers. Such attribute specifiers apply only to the
identifier before whose declarator they appear. For example, in
__attribute__((noreturn)) void d0 (void),
__attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2))) d1 (const char *, ...),
d2 (void);
the 'noreturn' attribute applies to all the functions declared; the
'format' attribute only applies to 'd1'.
An attribute specifier list may appear immediately before the comma,
'=' or semicolon terminating the declaration of an identifier other than
a function definition. Such attribute specifiers apply to the declared
object or function. Where an assembler name for an object or function
is specified (*note Asm Labels::), the attribute must follow the 'asm'
specification.
An attribute specifier list may, in future, be permitted to appear
after the declarator in a function definition (before any old-style
parameter declarations or the function body).
Attribute specifiers may be mixed with type qualifiers appearing inside
the '[]' of a parameter array declarator, in the C99 construct by which
such qualifiers are applied to the pointer to which the array is
implicitly converted. Such attribute specifiers apply to the pointer,
not to the array, but at present this is not implemented and they are
ignored.
An attribute specifier list may appear at the start of a nested
declarator. At present, there are some limitations in this usage: the
attributes correctly apply to the declarator, but for most individual
attributes the semantics this implies are not implemented. When
attribute specifiers follow the '*' of a pointer declarator, they may be
mixed with any type qualifiers present. The following describes the
formal semantics of this syntax. It makes the most sense if you are
familiar with the formal specification of declarators in the ISO C
standard.
Consider (as in C99 subclause 6.7.5 paragraph 4) a declaration 'T D1',
where 'T' contains declaration specifiers that specify a type TYPE (such
as 'int') and 'D1' is a declarator that contains an identifier IDENT.
The type specified for IDENT for derived declarators whose type does not
include an attribute specifier is as in the ISO C standard.
If 'D1' has the form '( ATTRIBUTE-SPECIFIER-LIST D )', and the
declaration 'T D' specifies the type "DERIVED-DECLARATOR-TYPE-LIST TYPE"
for IDENT, then 'T D1' specifies the type "DERIVED-DECLARATOR-TYPE-LIST
ATTRIBUTE-SPECIFIER-LIST TYPE" for IDENT.
If 'D1' has the form '* TYPE-QUALIFIER-AND-ATTRIBUTE-SPECIFIER-LIST D',
and the declaration 'T D' specifies the type
"DERIVED-DECLARATOR-TYPE-LIST TYPE" for IDENT, then 'T D1' specifies the
type "DERIVED-DECLARATOR-TYPE-LIST
TYPE-QUALIFIER-AND-ATTRIBUTE-SPECIFIER-LIST pointer to TYPE" for IDENT.
For example,
void (__attribute__((noreturn)) ****f) (void);
specifies the type "pointer to pointer to pointer to pointer to
non-returning function returning 'void'". As another example,
char *__attribute__((aligned(8))) *f;
specifies the type "pointer to 8-byte-aligned pointer to 'char'". Note
again that this does not work with most attributes; for example, the
usage of 'aligned' and 'noreturn' attributes given above is not yet
supported.
For compatibility with existing code written for compiler versions that
did not implement attributes on nested declarators, some laxity is
allowed in the placing of attributes. If an attribute that only applies
to types is applied to a declaration, it is treated as applying to the
type of that declaration. If an attribute that only applies to
declarations is applied to the type of a declaration, it is treated as
applying to that declaration; and, for compatibility with code placing
the attributes immediately before the identifier declared, such an
attribute applied to a function return type is treated as applying to
the function type, and such an attribute applied to an array element
type is treated as applying to the array type. If an attribute that
only applies to function types is applied to a pointer-to-function type,
it is treated as applying to the pointer target type; if such an
attribute is applied to a function return type that is not a
pointer-to-function type, it is treated as applying to the function
type.
File: gcc.info, Node: Function Prototypes, Next: C++ Comments, Prev: Attribute Syntax, Up: C Extensions
6.38 Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions
==================================================
GNU C extends ISO C to allow a function prototype to override a later
old-style non-prototype definition. Consider the following example:
/* Use prototypes unless the compiler is old-fashioned. */
#ifdef __STDC__
#define P(x) x
#else
#define P(x) ()
#endif
/* Prototype function declaration. */
int isroot P((uid_t));
/* Old-style function definition. */
int
isroot (x) /* ??? lossage here ??? */
uid_t x;
{
return x == 0;
}
Suppose the type 'uid_t' happens to be 'short'. ISO C does not allow
this example, because subword arguments in old-style non-prototype
definitions are promoted. Therefore in this example the function
definition's argument is really an 'int', which does not match the
prototype argument type of 'short'.
This restriction of ISO C makes it hard to write code that is portable
to traditional C compilers, because the programmer does not know whether
the 'uid_t' type is 'short', 'int', or 'long'. Therefore, in cases like
these GNU C allows a prototype to override a later old-style definition.
More precisely, in GNU C, a function prototype argument type overrides
the argument type specified by a later old-style definition if the
former type is the same as the latter type before promotion. Thus in
GNU C the above example is equivalent to the following:
int isroot (uid_t);
int
isroot (uid_t x)
{
return x == 0;
}
GNU C++ does not support old-style function definitions, so this
extension is irrelevant.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Comments, Next: Dollar Signs, Prev: Function Prototypes, Up: C Extensions
6.39 C++ Style Comments
=======================
In GNU C, you may use C++ style comments, which start with '//' and
continue until the end of the line. Many other C implementations allow
such comments, and they are included in the 1999 C standard. However,
C++ style comments are not recognized if you specify an '-std' option
specifying a version of ISO C before C99, or '-ansi' (equivalent to
'-std=c90').
File: gcc.info, Node: Dollar Signs, Next: Character Escapes, Prev: C++ Comments, Up: C Extensions
6.40 Dollar Signs in Identifier Names
=====================================
In GNU C, you may normally use dollar signs in identifier names. This
is because many traditional C implementations allow such identifiers.
However, dollar signs in identifiers are not supported on a few target
machines, typically because the target assembler does not allow them.
File: gcc.info, Node: Character Escapes, Next: Alignment, Prev: Dollar Signs, Up: C Extensions
6.41 The Character <ESC> in Constants
=====================================
You can use the sequence '\e' in a string or character constant to stand
for the ASCII character <ESC>.
File: gcc.info, Node: Alignment, Next: Inline, Prev: Character Escapes, Up: C Extensions
6.42 Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables
=================================================
The keyword '__alignof__' allows you to inquire about how an object is
aligned, or the minimum alignment usually required by a type. Its
syntax is just like 'sizeof'.
For example, if the target machine requires a 'double' value to be
aligned on an 8-byte boundary, then '__alignof__ (double)' is 8. This
is true on many RISC machines. On more traditional machine designs,
'__alignof__ (double)' is 4 or even 2.
Some machines never actually require alignment; they allow reference to
any data type even at an odd address. For these machines, '__alignof__'
reports the smallest alignment that GCC gives the data type, usually as
mandated by the target ABI.
If the operand of '__alignof__' is an lvalue rather than a type, its
value is the required alignment for its type, taking into account any
minimum alignment specified with GCC's '__attribute__' extension (*note
Variable Attributes::). For example, after this declaration:
struct foo { int x; char y; } foo1;
the value of '__alignof__ (foo1.y)' is 1, even though its actual
alignment is probably 2 or 4, the same as '__alignof__ (int)'.
It is an error to ask for the alignment of an incomplete type.
File: gcc.info, Node: Inline, Next: Volatiles, Prev: Alignment, Up: C Extensions
6.43 An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro
=============================================
By declaring a function inline, you can direct GCC to make calls to that
function faster. One way GCC can achieve this is to integrate that
function's code into the code for its callers. This makes execution
faster by eliminating the function-call overhead; in addition, if any of
the actual argument values are constant, their known values may permit
simplifications at compile time so that not all of the inline function's
code needs to be included. The effect on code size is less predictable;
object code may be larger or smaller with function inlining, depending
on the particular case. You can also direct GCC to try to integrate all
"simple enough" functions into their callers with the option
'-finline-functions'.
GCC implements three different semantics of declaring a function
inline. One is available with '-std=gnu89' or '-fgnu89-inline' or when
'gnu_inline' attribute is present on all inline declarations, another
when '-std=c99', '-std=gnu99' or an option for a later C version is used
(without '-fgnu89-inline'), and the third is used when compiling C++.
To declare a function inline, use the 'inline' keyword in its
declaration, like this:
static inline int
inc (int *a)
{
return (*a)++;
}
If you are writing a header file to be included in ISO C90 programs,
write '__inline__' instead of 'inline'. *Note Alternate Keywords::.
The three types of inlining behave similarly in two important cases:
when the 'inline' keyword is used on a 'static' function, like the
example above, and when a function is first declared without using the
'inline' keyword and then is defined with 'inline', like this:
extern int inc (int *a);
inline int
inc (int *a)
{
return (*a)++;
}
In both of these common cases, the program behaves the same as if you
had not used the 'inline' keyword, except for its speed.
When a function is both inline and 'static', if all calls to the
function are integrated into the caller, and the function's address is
never used, then the function's own assembler code is never referenced.
In this case, GCC does not actually output assembler code for the
function, unless you specify the option '-fkeep-inline-functions'. If
there is a nonintegrated call, then the function is compiled to
assembler code as usual. The function must also be compiled as usual if
the program refers to its address, because that cannot be inlined.
Note that certain usages in a function definition can make it
unsuitable for inline substitution. Among these usages are: variadic
functions, use of 'alloca', use of computed goto (*note Labels as
Values::), use of nonlocal goto, use of nested functions, use of
'setjmp', use of '__builtin_longjmp' and use of '__builtin_return' or
'__builtin_apply_args'. Using '-Winline' warns when a function marked
'inline' could not be substituted, and gives the reason for the failure.
As required by ISO C++, GCC considers member functions defined within
the body of a class to be marked inline even if they are not explicitly
declared with the 'inline' keyword. You can override this with
'-fno-default-inline'; *note Options Controlling C++ Dialect: C++
Dialect Options.
GCC does not inline any functions when not optimizing unless you
specify the 'always_inline' attribute for the function, like this:
/* Prototype. */
inline void foo (const char) __attribute__((always_inline));
The remainder of this section is specific to GNU C90 inlining.
When an inline function is not 'static', then the compiler must assume
that there may be calls from other source files; since a global symbol
can be defined only once in any program, the function must not be
defined in the other source files, so the calls therein cannot be
integrated. Therefore, a non-'static' inline function is always
compiled on its own in the usual fashion.
If you specify both 'inline' and 'extern' in the function definition,
then the definition is used only for inlining. In no case is the
function compiled on its own, not even if you refer to its address
explicitly. Such an address becomes an external reference, as if you
had only declared the function, and had not defined it.
This combination of 'inline' and 'extern' has almost the effect of a
macro. The way to use it is to put a function definition in a header
file with these keywords, and put another copy of the definition
(lacking 'inline' and 'extern') in a library file. The definition in
the header file causes most calls to the function to be inlined. If any
uses of the function remain, they refer to the single copy in the
library.
File: gcc.info, Node: Volatiles, Next: Using Assembly Language with C, Prev: Inline, Up: C Extensions
6.44 When is a Volatile Object Accessed?
========================================
C has the concept of volatile objects. These are normally accessed by
pointers and used for accessing hardware or inter-thread communication.
The standard encourages compilers to refrain from optimizations
concerning accesses to volatile objects, but leaves it implementation
defined as to what constitutes a volatile access. The minimum
requirement is that at a sequence point all previous accesses to
volatile objects have stabilized and no subsequent accesses have
occurred. Thus an implementation is free to reorder and combine
volatile accesses that occur between sequence points, but cannot do so
for accesses across a sequence point. The use of volatile does not
allow you to violate the restriction on updating objects multiple times
between two sequence points.
Accesses to non-volatile objects are not ordered with respect to
volatile accesses. You cannot use a volatile object as a memory barrier
to order a sequence of writes to non-volatile memory. For instance:
int *ptr = SOMETHING;
volatile int vobj;
*ptr = SOMETHING;
vobj = 1;
Unless *PTR and VOBJ can be aliased, it is not guaranteed that the write
to *PTR occurs by the time the update of VOBJ happens. If you need this
guarantee, you must use a stronger memory barrier such as:
int *ptr = SOMETHING;
volatile int vobj;
*ptr = SOMETHING;
asm volatile ("" : : : "memory");
vobj = 1;
A scalar volatile object is read when it is accessed in a void context:
volatile int *src = SOMEVALUE;
*src;
Such expressions are rvalues, and GCC implements this as a read of the
volatile object being pointed to.
Assignments are also expressions and have an rvalue. However when
assigning to a scalar volatile, the volatile object is not reread,
regardless of whether the assignment expression's rvalue is used or not.
If the assignment's rvalue is used, the value is that assigned to the
volatile object. For instance, there is no read of VOBJ in all the
following cases:
int obj;
volatile int vobj;
vobj = SOMETHING;
obj = vobj = SOMETHING;
obj ? vobj = ONETHING : vobj = ANOTHERTHING;
obj = (SOMETHING, vobj = ANOTHERTHING);
If you need to read the volatile object after an assignment has
occurred, you must use a separate expression with an intervening
sequence point.
As bit-fields are not individually addressable, volatile bit-fields may
be implicitly read when written to, or when adjacent bit-fields are
accessed. Bit-field operations may be optimized such that adjacent
bit-fields are only partially accessed, if they straddle a storage unit
boundary. For these reasons it is unwise to use volatile bit-fields to
access hardware.
File: gcc.info, Node: Using Assembly Language with C, Next: Alternate Keywords, Prev: Volatiles, Up: C Extensions
6.45 How to Use Inline Assembly Language in C Code
==================================================
The 'asm' keyword allows you to embed assembler instructions within C
code. GCC provides two forms of inline 'asm' statements. A "basic
'asm'" statement is one with no operands (*note Basic Asm::), while an
"extended 'asm'" statement (*note Extended Asm::) includes one or more
operands. The extended form is preferred for mixing C and assembly
language within a function, but to include assembly language at top
level you must use basic 'asm'.
You can also use the 'asm' keyword to override the assembler name for a
C symbol, or to place a C variable in a specific register.
* Menu:
* Basic Asm:: Inline assembler without operands.
* Extended Asm:: Inline assembler with operands.
* Constraints:: Constraints for 'asm' operands
* Asm Labels:: Specifying the assembler name to use for a C symbol.
* Explicit Register Variables:: Defining variables residing in specified
registers.
* Size of an asm:: How GCC calculates the size of an 'asm' block.
File: gcc.info, Node: Basic Asm, Next: Extended Asm, Up: Using Assembly Language with C
6.45.1 Basic Asm -- Assembler Instructions Without Operands
-----------------------------------------------------------
A basic 'asm' statement has the following syntax:
asm ASM-QUALIFIERS ( ASSEMBLERINSTRUCTIONS )
The 'asm' keyword is a GNU extension. When writing code that can be
compiled with '-ansi' and the various '-std' options, use '__asm__'
instead of 'asm' (*note Alternate Keywords::).
Qualifiers
..........
'volatile'
The optional 'volatile' qualifier has no effect. All basic 'asm'
blocks are implicitly volatile.
'inline'
If you use the 'inline' qualifier, then for inlining purposes the
size of the asm is taken as the smallest size possible (*note Size
of an asm::).
Parameters
..........
ASSEMBLERINSTRUCTIONS
This is a literal string that specifies the assembler code. The
string can contain any instructions recognized by the assembler,
including directives. GCC does not parse the assembler
instructions themselves and does not know what they mean or even
whether they are valid assembler input.
You may place multiple assembler instructions together in a single
'asm' string, separated by the characters normally used in assembly
code for the system. A combination that works in most places is a
newline to break the line, plus a tab character (written as
'\n\t'). Some assemblers allow semicolons as a line separator.
However, note that some assembler dialects use semicolons to start
a comment.
Remarks
.......
Using extended 'asm' (*note Extended Asm::) typically produces smaller,
safer, and more efficient code, and in most cases it is a better
solution than basic 'asm'. However, there are two situations where only
basic 'asm' can be used:
* Extended 'asm' statements have to be inside a C function, so to
write inline assembly language at file scope ("top-level"), outside
of C functions, you must use basic 'asm'. You can use this
technique to emit assembler directives, define assembly language
macros that can be invoked elsewhere in the file, or write entire
functions in assembly language.
* Functions declared with the 'naked' attribute also require basic
'asm' (*note Function Attributes::).
Safely accessing C data and calling functions from basic 'asm' is more
complex than it may appear. To access C data, it is better to use
extended 'asm'.
Do not expect a sequence of 'asm' statements to remain perfectly
consecutive after compilation. If certain instructions need to remain
consecutive in the output, put them in a single multi-instruction 'asm'
statement. Note that GCC's optimizers can move 'asm' statements
relative to other code, including across jumps.
'asm' statements may not perform jumps into other 'asm' statements.
GCC does not know about these jumps, and therefore cannot take account
of them when deciding how to optimize. Jumps from 'asm' to C labels are
only supported in extended 'asm'.
Under certain circumstances, GCC may duplicate (or remove duplicates
of) your assembly code when optimizing. This can lead to unexpected
duplicate symbol errors during compilation if your assembly code defines
symbols or labels.
*Warning:* The C standards do not specify semantics for 'asm', making
it a potential source of incompatibilities between compilers. These
incompatibilities may not produce compiler warnings/errors.
GCC does not parse basic 'asm''s ASSEMBLERINSTRUCTIONS, which means
there is no way to communicate to the compiler what is happening inside
them. GCC has no visibility of symbols in the 'asm' and may discard
them as unreferenced. It also does not know about side effects of the
assembler code, such as modifications to memory or registers. Unlike
some compilers, GCC assumes that no changes to general purpose registers
occur. This assumption may change in a future release.
To avoid complications from future changes to the semantics and the
compatibility issues between compilers, consider replacing basic 'asm'
with extended 'asm'. See How to convert from basic asm to extended asm
(https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/ConvertBasicAsmToExtended) for information
about how to perform this conversion.
The compiler copies the assembler instructions in a basic 'asm'
verbatim to the assembly language output file, without processing
dialects or any of the '%' operators that are available with extended
'asm'. This results in minor differences between basic 'asm' strings
and extended 'asm' templates. For example, to refer to registers you
might use '%eax' in basic 'asm' and '%%eax' in extended 'asm'.
On targets such as x86 that support multiple assembler dialects, all
basic 'asm' blocks use the assembler dialect specified by the '-masm'
command-line option (*note x86 Options::). Basic 'asm' provides no
mechanism to provide different assembler strings for different dialects.
For basic 'asm' with non-empty assembler string GCC assumes the
assembler block does not change any general purpose registers, but it
may read or write any globally accessible variable.
Here is an example of basic 'asm' for i386:
/* Note that this code will not compile with -masm=intel */
#define DebugBreak() asm("int $3")
File: gcc.info, Node: Extended Asm, Next: Constraints, Prev: Basic Asm, Up: Using Assembly Language with C
6.45.2 Extended Asm - Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
With extended 'asm' you can read and write C variables from assembler
and perform jumps from assembler code to C labels. Extended 'asm'
syntax uses colons (':') to delimit the operand parameters after the
assembler template:
asm ASM-QUALIFIERS ( ASSEMBLERTEMPLATE
: OUTPUTOPERANDS
[ : INPUTOPERANDS
[ : CLOBBERS ] ])
asm ASM-QUALIFIERS ( ASSEMBLERTEMPLATE
:
: INPUTOPERANDS
: CLOBBERS
: GOTOLABELS)
where in the last form, ASM-QUALIFIERS contains 'goto' (and in the
first form, not).
The 'asm' keyword is a GNU extension. When writing code that can be
compiled with '-ansi' and the various '-std' options, use '__asm__'
instead of 'asm' (*note Alternate Keywords::).
Qualifiers
..........
'volatile'
The typical use of extended 'asm' statements is to manipulate input
values to produce output values. However, your 'asm' statements
may also produce side effects. If so, you may need to use the
'volatile' qualifier to disable certain optimizations. *Note
Volatile::.
'inline'
If you use the 'inline' qualifier, then for inlining purposes the
size of the asm is taken as the smallest size possible (*note Size
of an asm::).
'goto'
This qualifier informs the compiler that the 'asm' statement may
perform a jump to one of the labels listed in the GOTOLABELS.
*Note GotoLabels::.
Parameters
..........
ASSEMBLERTEMPLATE
This is a literal string that is the template for the assembler
code. It is a combination of fixed text and tokens that refer to
the input, output, and goto parameters. *Note AssemblerTemplate::.
OUTPUTOPERANDS
A comma-separated list of the C variables modified by the
instructions in the ASSEMBLERTEMPLATE. An empty list is permitted.
*Note OutputOperands::.
INPUTOPERANDS
A comma-separated list of C expressions read by the instructions in
the ASSEMBLERTEMPLATE. An empty list is permitted. *Note
InputOperands::.
CLOBBERS
A comma-separated list of registers or other values changed by the
ASSEMBLERTEMPLATE, beyond those listed as outputs. An empty list
is permitted. *Note Clobbers and Scratch Registers::.
GOTOLABELS
When you are using the 'goto' form of 'asm', this section contains
the list of all C labels to which the code in the ASSEMBLERTEMPLATE
may jump. *Note GotoLabels::.
'asm' statements may not perform jumps into other 'asm' statements,
only to the listed GOTOLABELS. GCC's optimizers do not know about
other jumps; therefore they cannot take account of them when
deciding how to optimize.
The total number of input + output + goto operands is limited to 30.
Remarks
.......
The 'asm' statement allows you to include assembly instructions directly
within C code. This may help you to maximize performance in
time-sensitive code or to access assembly instructions that are not
readily available to C programs.
Note that extended 'asm' statements must be inside a function. Only
basic 'asm' may be outside functions (*note Basic Asm::). Functions
declared with the 'naked' attribute also require basic 'asm' (*note
Function Attributes::).
While the uses of 'asm' are many and varied, it may help to think of an
'asm' statement as a series of low-level instructions that convert input
parameters to output parameters. So a simple (if not particularly
useful) example for i386 using 'asm' might look like this:
int src = 1;
int dst;
asm ("mov %1, %0\n\t"
"add $1, %0"
: "=r" (dst)
: "r" (src));
printf("%d\n", dst);
This code copies 'src' to 'dst' and add 1 to 'dst'.
6.45.2.1 Volatile
.................
GCC's optimizers sometimes discard 'asm' statements if they determine
there is no need for the output variables. Also, the optimizers may
move code out of loops if they believe that the code will always return
the same result (i.e. none of its input values change between calls).
Using the 'volatile' qualifier disables these optimizations. 'asm'
statements that have no output operands, including 'asm goto'
statements, are implicitly volatile.
This i386 code demonstrates a case that does not use (or require) the
'volatile' qualifier. If it is performing assertion checking, this code
uses 'asm' to perform the validation. Otherwise, 'dwRes' is
unreferenced by any code. As a result, the optimizers can discard the
'asm' statement, which in turn removes the need for the entire 'DoCheck'
routine. By omitting the 'volatile' qualifier when it isn't needed you
allow the optimizers to produce the most efficient code possible.
void DoCheck(uint32_t dwSomeValue)
{
uint32_t dwRes;
// Assumes dwSomeValue is not zero.
asm ("bsfl %1,%0"
: "=r" (dwRes)
: "r" (dwSomeValue)
: "cc");
assert(dwRes > 3);
}
The next example shows a case where the optimizers can recognize that
the input ('dwSomeValue') never changes during the execution of the
function and can therefore move the 'asm' outside the loop to produce
more efficient code. Again, using 'volatile' disables this type of
optimization.
void do_print(uint32_t dwSomeValue)
{
uint32_t dwRes;
for (uint32_t x=0; x < 5; x++)
{
// Assumes dwSomeValue is not zero.
asm ("bsfl %1,%0"
: "=r" (dwRes)
: "r" (dwSomeValue)
: "cc");
printf("%u: %u %u\n", x, dwSomeValue, dwRes);
}
}
The following example demonstrates a case where you need to use the
'volatile' qualifier. It uses the x86 'rdtsc' instruction, which reads
the computer's time-stamp counter. Without the 'volatile' qualifier,
the optimizers might assume that the 'asm' block will always return the
same value and therefore optimize away the second call.
uint64_t msr;
asm volatile ( "rdtsc\n\t" // Returns the time in EDX:EAX.
"shl $32, %%rdx\n\t" // Shift the upper bits left.
"or %%rdx, %0" // 'Or' in the lower bits.
: "=a" (msr)
:
: "rdx");
printf("msr: %llx\n", msr);
// Do other work...
// Reprint the timestamp
asm volatile ( "rdtsc\n\t" // Returns the time in EDX:EAX.
"shl $32, %%rdx\n\t" // Shift the upper bits left.
"or %%rdx, %0" // 'Or' in the lower bits.
: "=a" (msr)
:
: "rdx");
printf("msr: %llx\n", msr);
GCC's optimizers do not treat this code like the non-volatile code in
the earlier examples. They do not move it out of loops or omit it on
the assumption that the result from a previous call is still valid.
Note that the compiler can move even volatile 'asm' instructions
relative to other code, including across jump instructions. For
example, on many targets there is a system register that controls the
rounding mode of floating-point operations. Setting it with a volatile
'asm', as in the following PowerPC example, does not work reliably.
asm volatile("mtfsf 255, %0" : : "f" (fpenv));
sum = x + y;
The compiler may move the addition back before the volatile 'asm'. To
make it work as expected, add an artificial dependency to the 'asm' by
referencing a variable in the subsequent code, for example:
asm volatile ("mtfsf 255,%1" : "=X" (sum) : "f" (fpenv));
sum = x + y;
Under certain circumstances, GCC may duplicate (or remove duplicates
of) your assembly code when optimizing. This can lead to unexpected
duplicate symbol errors during compilation if your asm code defines
symbols or labels. Using '%=' (*note AssemblerTemplate::) may help
resolve this problem.
6.45.2.2 Assembler Template
...........................
An assembler template is a literal string containing assembler
instructions. The compiler replaces tokens in the template that refer
to inputs, outputs, and goto labels, and then outputs the resulting
string to the assembler. The string can contain any instructions
recognized by the assembler, including directives. GCC does not parse
the assembler instructions themselves and does not know what they mean
or even whether they are valid assembler input. However, it does count
the statements (*note Size of an asm::).
You may place multiple assembler instructions together in a single
'asm' string, separated by the characters normally used in assembly code
for the system. A combination that works in most places is a newline to
break the line, plus a tab character to move to the instruction field
(written as '\n\t'). Some assemblers allow semicolons as a line
separator. However, note that some assembler dialects use semicolons to
start a comment.
Do not expect a sequence of 'asm' statements to remain perfectly
consecutive after compilation, even when you are using the 'volatile'
qualifier. If certain instructions need to remain consecutive in the
output, put them in a single multi-instruction asm statement.
Accessing data from C programs without using input/output operands
(such as by using global symbols directly from the assembler template)
may not work as expected. Similarly, calling functions directly from an
assembler template requires a detailed understanding of the target
assembler and ABI.
Since GCC does not parse the assembler template, it has no visibility
of any symbols it references. This may result in GCC discarding those
symbols as unreferenced unless they are also listed as input, output, or
goto operands.
Special format strings
......................
In addition to the tokens described by the input, output, and goto
operands, these tokens have special meanings in the assembler template:
'%%'
Outputs a single '%' into the assembler code.
'%='
Outputs a number that is unique to each instance of the 'asm'
statement in the entire compilation. This option is useful when
creating local labels and referring to them multiple times in a
single template that generates multiple assembler instructions.
'%{'
'%|'
'%}'
Outputs '{', '|', and '}' characters (respectively) into the
assembler code. When unescaped, these characters have special
meaning to indicate multiple assembler dialects, as described
below.
Multiple assembler dialects in 'asm' templates
..............................................
On targets such as x86, GCC supports multiple assembler dialects. The
'-masm' option controls which dialect GCC uses as its default for inline
assembler. The target-specific documentation for the '-masm' option
contains the list of supported dialects, as well as the default dialect
if the option is not specified. This information may be important to
understand, since assembler code that works correctly when compiled
using one dialect will likely fail if compiled using another. *Note x86
Options::.
If your code needs to support multiple assembler dialects (for example,
if you are writing public headers that need to support a variety of
compilation options), use constructs of this form:
{ dialect0 | dialect1 | dialect2... }
This construct outputs 'dialect0' when using dialect #0 to compile the
code, 'dialect1' for dialect #1, etc. If there are fewer alternatives
within the braces than the number of dialects the compiler supports, the
construct outputs nothing.
For example, if an x86 compiler supports two dialects ('att', 'intel'),
an assembler template such as this:
"bt{l %[Offset],%[Base] | %[Base],%[Offset]}; jc %l2"
is equivalent to one of
"btl %[Offset],%[Base] ; jc %l2" /* att dialect */
"bt %[Base],%[Offset]; jc %l2" /* intel dialect */
Using that same compiler, this code:
"xchg{l}\t{%%}ebx, %1"
corresponds to either
"xchgl\t%%ebx, %1" /* att dialect */
"xchg\tebx, %1" /* intel dialect */
There is no support for nesting dialect alternatives.
6.45.2.3 Output Operands
........................
An 'asm' statement has zero or more output operands indicating the names
of C variables modified by the assembler code.
In this i386 example, 'old' (referred to in the template string as
'%0') and '*Base' (as '%1') are outputs and 'Offset' ('%2') is an input:
bool old;
__asm__ ("btsl %2,%1\n\t" // Turn on zero-based bit #Offset in Base.
"sbb %0,%0" // Use the CF to calculate old.
: "=r" (old), "+rm" (*Base)
: "Ir" (Offset)
: "cc");
return old;
Operands are separated by commas. Each operand has this format:
[ [ASMSYMBOLICNAME] ] CONSTRAINT (CVARIABLENAME)
ASMSYMBOLICNAME
Specifies a symbolic name for the operand. Reference the name in
the assembler template by enclosing it in square brackets (i.e.
'%[Value]'). The scope of the name is the 'asm' statement that
contains the definition. Any valid C variable name is acceptable,
including names already defined in the surrounding code. No two
operands within the same 'asm' statement can use the same symbolic
name.
When not using an ASMSYMBOLICNAME, use the (zero-based) position of
the operand in the list of operands in the assembler template. For
example if there are three output operands, use '%0' in the
template to refer to the first, '%1' for the second, and '%2' for
the third.
CONSTRAINT
A string constant specifying constraints on the placement of the
operand; *Note Constraints::, for details.
Output constraints must begin with either '=' (a variable
overwriting an existing value) or '+' (when reading and writing).
When using '=', do not assume the location contains the existing
value on entry to the 'asm', except when the operand is tied to an
input; *note Input Operands: InputOperands.
After the prefix, there must be one or more additional constraints
(*note Constraints::) that describe where the value resides.
Common constraints include 'r' for register and 'm' for memory.
When you list more than one possible location (for example,
'"=rm"'), the compiler chooses the most efficient one based on the
current context. If you list as many alternates as the 'asm'
statement allows, you permit the optimizers to produce the best
possible code. If you must use a specific register, but your
Machine Constraints do not provide sufficient control to select the
specific register you want, local register variables may provide a
solution (*note Local Register Variables::).
CVARIABLENAME
Specifies a C lvalue expression to hold the output, typically a
variable name. The enclosing parentheses are a required part of
the syntax.
When the compiler selects the registers to use to represent the output
operands, it does not use any of the clobbered registers (*note Clobbers
and Scratch Registers::).
Output operand expressions must be lvalues. The compiler cannot check
whether the operands have data types that are reasonable for the
instruction being executed. For output expressions that are not
directly addressable (for example a bit-field), the constraint must
allow a register. In that case, GCC uses the register as the output of
the 'asm', and then stores that register into the output.
Operands using the '+' constraint modifier count as two operands (that
is, both as input and output) towards the total maximum of 30 operands
per 'asm' statement.
Use the '&' constraint modifier (*note Modifiers::) on all output
operands that must not overlap an input. Otherwise, GCC may allocate
the output operand in the same register as an unrelated input operand,
on the assumption that the assembler code consumes its inputs before
producing outputs. This assumption may be false if the assembler code
actually consists of more than one instruction.
The same problem can occur if one output parameter (A) allows a
register constraint and another output parameter (B) allows a memory
constraint. The code generated by GCC to access the memory address in B
can contain registers which _might_ be shared by A, and GCC considers
those registers to be inputs to the asm. As above, GCC assumes that
such input registers are consumed before any outputs are written. This
assumption may result in incorrect behavior if the asm writes to A
before using B. Combining the '&' modifier with the register constraint
on A ensures that modifying A does not affect the address referenced by
B. Otherwise, the location of B is undefined if A is modified before
using B.
'asm' supports operand modifiers on operands (for example '%k2' instead
of simply '%2'). Typically these qualifiers are hardware dependent.
The list of supported modifiers for x86 is found at *note x86 Operand
modifiers: x86Operandmodifiers.
If the C code that follows the 'asm' makes no use of any of the output
operands, use 'volatile' for the 'asm' statement to prevent the
optimizers from discarding the 'asm' statement as unneeded (see *note
Volatile::).
This code makes no use of the optional ASMSYMBOLICNAME. Therefore it
references the first output operand as '%0' (were there a second, it
would be '%1', etc). The number of the first input operand is one
greater than that of the last output operand. In this i386 example,
that makes 'Mask' referenced as '%1':
uint32_t Mask = 1234;
uint32_t Index;
asm ("bsfl %1, %0"
: "=r" (Index)
: "r" (Mask)
: "cc");
That code overwrites the variable 'Index' ('='), placing the value in a
register ('r'). Using the generic 'r' constraint instead of a
constraint for a specific register allows the compiler to pick the
register to use, which can result in more efficient code. This may not
be possible if an assembler instruction requires a specific register.
The following i386 example uses the ASMSYMBOLICNAME syntax. It
produces the same result as the code above, but some may consider it
more readable or more maintainable since reordering index numbers is not
necessary when adding or removing operands. The names 'aIndex' and
'aMask' are only used in this example to emphasize which names get used
where. It is acceptable to reuse the names 'Index' and 'Mask'.
uint32_t Mask = 1234;
uint32_t Index;
asm ("bsfl %[aMask], %[aIndex]"
: [aIndex] "=r" (Index)
: [aMask] "r" (Mask)
: "cc");
Here are some more examples of output operands.
uint32_t c = 1;
uint32_t d;
uint32_t *e = &c;
asm ("mov %[e], %[d]"
: [d] "=rm" (d)
: [e] "rm" (*e));
Here, 'd' may either be in a register or in memory. Since the compiler
might already have the current value of the 'uint32_t' location pointed
to by 'e' in a register, you can enable it to choose the best location
for 'd' by specifying both constraints.
6.45.2.4 Flag Output Operands
.............................
Some targets have a special register that holds the "flags" for the
result of an operation or comparison. Normally, the contents of that
register are either unmodifed by the asm, or the asm is considered to
clobber the contents.
On some targets, a special form of output operand exists by which
conditions in the flags register may be outputs of the asm. The set of
conditions supported are target specific, but the general rule is that
the output variable must be a scalar integer, and the value is boolean.
When supported, the target defines the preprocessor symbol
'__GCC_ASM_FLAG_OUTPUTS__'.
Because of the special nature of the flag output operands, the
constraint may not include alternatives.
Most often, the target has only one flags register, and thus is an
implied operand of many instructions. In this case, the operand should
not be referenced within the assembler template via '%0' etc, as there's
no corresponding text in the assembly language.
x86 family
The flag output constraints for the x86 family are of the form
'=@ccCOND' where COND is one of the standard conditions defined in
the ISA manual for 'jCC' or 'setCC'.
'a'
"above" or unsigned greater than
'ae'
"above or equal" or unsigned greater than or equal
'b'
"below" or unsigned less than
'be'
"below or equal" or unsigned less than or equal
'c'
carry flag set
'e'
'z'
"equal" or zero flag set
'g'
signed greater than
'ge'
signed greater than or equal
'l'
signed less than
'le'
signed less than or equal
'o'
overflow flag set
'p'
parity flag set
's'
sign flag set
'na'
'nae'
'nb'
'nbe'
'nc'
'ne'
'ng'
'nge'
'nl'
'nle'
'no'
'np'
'ns'
'nz'
"not" FLAG, or inverted versions of those above
6.45.2.5 Input Operands
.......................
Input operands make values from C variables and expressions available to
the assembly code.
Operands are separated by commas. Each operand has this format:
[ [ASMSYMBOLICNAME] ] CONSTRAINT (CEXPRESSION)
ASMSYMBOLICNAME
Specifies a symbolic name for the operand. Reference the name in
the assembler template by enclosing it in square brackets (i.e.
'%[Value]'). The scope of the name is the 'asm' statement that
contains the definition. Any valid C variable name is acceptable,
including names already defined in the surrounding code. No two
operands within the same 'asm' statement can use the same symbolic
name.
When not using an ASMSYMBOLICNAME, use the (zero-based) position of
the operand in the list of operands in the assembler template. For
example if there are two output operands and three inputs, use '%2'
in the template to refer to the first input operand, '%3' for the
second, and '%4' for the third.
CONSTRAINT
A string constant specifying constraints on the placement of the
operand; *Note Constraints::, for details.
Input constraint strings may not begin with either '=' or '+'.
When you list more than one possible location (for example,
'"irm"'), the compiler chooses the most efficient one based on the
current context. If you must use a specific register, but your
Machine Constraints do not provide sufficient control to select the
specific register you want, local register variables may provide a
solution (*note Local Register Variables::).
Input constraints can also be digits (for example, '"0"'). This
indicates that the specified input must be in the same place as the
output constraint at the (zero-based) index in the output
constraint list. When using ASMSYMBOLICNAME syntax for the output
operands, you may use these names (enclosed in brackets '[]')
instead of digits.
CEXPRESSION
This is the C variable or expression being passed to the 'asm'
statement as input. The enclosing parentheses are a required part
of the syntax.
When the compiler selects the registers to use to represent the input
operands, it does not use any of the clobbered registers (*note Clobbers
and Scratch Registers::).
If there are no output operands but there are input operands, place two
consecutive colons where the output operands would go:
__asm__ ("some instructions"
: /* No outputs. */
: "r" (Offset / 8));
*Warning:* Do _not_ modify the contents of input-only operands (except
for inputs tied to outputs). The compiler assumes that on exit from the
'asm' statement these operands contain the same values as they had
before executing the statement. It is _not_ possible to use clobbers to
inform the compiler that the values in these inputs are changing. One
common work-around is to tie the changing input variable to an output
variable that never gets used. Note, however, that if the code that
follows the 'asm' statement makes no use of any of the output operands,
the GCC optimizers may discard the 'asm' statement as unneeded (see
*note Volatile::).
'asm' supports operand modifiers on operands (for example '%k2' instead
of simply '%2'). Typically these qualifiers are hardware dependent.
The list of supported modifiers for x86 is found at *note x86 Operand
modifiers: x86Operandmodifiers.
In this example using the fictitious 'combine' instruction, the
constraint '"0"' for input operand 1 says that it must occupy the same
location as output operand 0. Only input operands may use numbers in
constraints, and they must each refer to an output operand. Only a
number (or the symbolic assembler name) in the constraint can guarantee
that one operand is in the same place as another. The mere fact that
'foo' is the value of both operands is not enough to guarantee that they
are in the same place in the generated assembler code.
asm ("combine %2, %0"
: "=r" (foo)
: "0" (foo), "g" (bar));
Here is an example using symbolic names.
asm ("cmoveq %1, %2, %[result]"
: [result] "=r"(result)
: "r" (test), "r" (new), "[result]" (old));
6.45.2.6 Clobbers and Scratch Registers
.......................................
While the compiler is aware of changes to entries listed in the output
operands, the inline 'asm' code may modify more than just the outputs.
For example, calculations may require additional registers, or the
processor may overwrite a register as a side effect of a particular
assembler instruction. In order to inform the compiler of these
changes, list them in the clobber list. Clobber list items are either
register names or the special clobbers (listed below). Each clobber
list item is a string constant enclosed in double quotes and separated
by commas.
Clobber descriptions may not in any way overlap with an input or output
operand. For example, you may not have an operand describing a register
class with one member when listing that register in the clobber list.
Variables declared to live in specific registers (*note Explicit
Register Variables::) and used as 'asm' input or output operands must
have no part mentioned in the clobber description. In particular, there
is no way to specify that input operands get modified without also
specifying them as output operands.
When the compiler selects which registers to use to represent input and
output operands, it does not use any of the clobbered registers. As a
result, clobbered registers are available for any use in the assembler
code.
Here is a realistic example for the VAX showing the use of clobbered
registers:
asm volatile ("movc3 %0, %1, %2"
: /* No outputs. */
: "g" (from), "g" (to), "g" (count)
: "r0", "r1", "r2", "r3", "r4", "r5", "memory");
Also, there are two special clobber arguments:
'"cc"'
The '"cc"' clobber indicates that the assembler code modifies the
flags register. On some machines, GCC represents the condition
codes as a specific hardware register; '"cc"' serves to name this
register. On other machines, condition code handling is different,
and specifying '"cc"' has no effect. But it is valid no matter
what the target.
'"memory"'
The '"memory"' clobber tells the compiler that the assembly code
performs memory reads or writes to items other than those listed in
the input and output operands (for example, accessing the memory
pointed to by one of the input parameters). To ensure memory
contains correct values, GCC may need to flush specific register
values to memory before executing the 'asm'. Further, the compiler
does not assume that any values read from memory before an 'asm'
remain unchanged after that 'asm'; it reloads them as needed.
Using the '"memory"' clobber effectively forms a read/write memory
barrier for the compiler.
Note that this clobber does not prevent the _processor_ from doing
speculative reads past the 'asm' statement. To prevent that, you
need processor-specific fence instructions.
Flushing registers to memory has performance implications and may be an
issue for time-sensitive code. You can provide better information to
GCC to avoid this, as shown in the following examples. At a minimum,
aliasing rules allow GCC to know what memory _doesn't_ need to be
flushed.
Here is a fictitious sum of squares instruction, that takes two
pointers to floating point values in memory and produces a floating
point register output. Notice that 'x', and 'y' both appear twice in
the 'asm' parameters, once to specify memory accessed, and once to
specify a base register used by the 'asm'. You won't normally be
wasting a register by doing this as GCC can use the same register for
both purposes. However, it would be foolish to use both '%1' and '%3'
for 'x' in this 'asm' and expect them to be the same. In fact, '%3' may
well not be a register. It might be a symbolic memory reference to the
object pointed to by 'x'.
asm ("sumsq %0, %1, %2"
: "+f" (result)
: "r" (x), "r" (y), "m" (*x), "m" (*y));
Here is a fictitious '*z++ = *x++ * *y++' instruction. Notice that the
'x', 'y' and 'z' pointer registers must be specified as input/output
because the 'asm' modifies them.
asm ("vecmul %0, %1, %2"
: "+r" (z), "+r" (x), "+r" (y), "=m" (*z)
: "m" (*x), "m" (*y));
An x86 example where the string memory argument is of unknown length.
asm("repne scasb"
: "=c" (count), "+D" (p)
: "m" (*(const char (*)[]) p), "0" (-1), "a" (0));
If you know the above will only be reading a ten byte array then you
could instead use a memory input like: '"m" (*(const char (*)[10]) p)'.
Here is an example of a PowerPC vector scale implemented in assembly,
complete with vector and condition code clobbers, and some initialized
offset registers that are unchanged by the 'asm'.
void
dscal (size_t n, double *x, double alpha)
{
asm ("/* lots of asm here */"
: "+m" (*(double (*)[n]) x), "+&r" (n), "+b" (x)
: "d" (alpha), "b" (32), "b" (48), "b" (64),
"b" (80), "b" (96), "b" (112)
: "cr0",
"vs32","vs33","vs34","vs35","vs36","vs37","vs38","vs39",
"vs40","vs41","vs42","vs43","vs44","vs45","vs46","vs47");
}
Rather than allocating fixed registers via clobbers to provide scratch
registers for an 'asm' statement, an alternative is to define a variable
and make it an early-clobber output as with 'a2' and 'a3' in the example
below. This gives the compiler register allocator more freedom. You
can also define a variable and make it an output tied to an input as
with 'a0' and 'a1', tied respectively to 'ap' and 'lda'. Of course,
with tied outputs your 'asm' can't use the input value after modifying
the output register since they are one and the same register. What's
more, if you omit the early-clobber on the output, it is possible that
GCC might allocate the same register to another of the inputs if GCC
could prove they had the same value on entry to the 'asm'. This is why
'a1' has an early-clobber. Its tied input, 'lda' might conceivably be
known to have the value 16 and without an early-clobber share the same
register as '%11'. On the other hand, 'ap' can't be the same as any of
the other inputs, so an early-clobber on 'a0' is not needed. It is also
not desirable in this case. An early-clobber on 'a0' would cause GCC to
allocate a separate register for the '"m" (*(const double (*)[]) ap)'
input. Note that tying an input to an output is the way to set up an
initialized temporary register modified by an 'asm' statement. An input
not tied to an output is assumed by GCC to be unchanged, for example
'"b" (16)' below sets up '%11' to 16, and GCC might use that register in
following code if the value 16 happened to be needed. You can even use
a normal 'asm' output for a scratch if all inputs that might share the
same register are consumed before the scratch is used. The VSX
registers clobbered by the 'asm' statement could have used this
technique except for GCC's limit on the number of 'asm' parameters.
static void
dgemv_kernel_4x4 (long n, const double *ap, long lda,
const double *x, double *y, double alpha)
{
double *a0;
double *a1;
double *a2;
double *a3;
__asm__
(
/* lots of asm here */
"#n=%1 ap=%8=%12 lda=%13 x=%7=%10 y=%0=%2 alpha=%9 o16=%11\n"
"#a0=%3 a1=%4 a2=%5 a3=%6"
:
"+m" (*(double (*)[n]) y),
"+&r" (n), // 1
"+b" (y), // 2
"=b" (a0), // 3
"=&b" (a1), // 4
"=&b" (a2), // 5
"=&b" (a3) // 6
:
"m" (*(const double (*)[n]) x),
"m" (*(const double (*)[]) ap),
"d" (alpha), // 9
"r" (x), // 10
"b" (16), // 11
"3" (ap), // 12
"4" (lda) // 13
:
"cr0",
"vs32","vs33","vs34","vs35","vs36","vs37",
"vs40","vs41","vs42","vs43","vs44","vs45","vs46","vs47"
);
}
6.45.2.7 Goto Labels
....................
'asm goto' allows assembly code to jump to one or more C labels. The
GOTOLABELS section in an 'asm goto' statement contains a comma-separated
list of all C labels to which the assembler code may jump. GCC assumes
that 'asm' execution falls through to the next statement (if this is not
the case, consider using the '__builtin_unreachable' intrinsic after the
'asm' statement). Optimization of 'asm goto' may be improved by using
the 'hot' and 'cold' label attributes (*note Label Attributes::).
An 'asm goto' statement cannot have outputs. This is due to an
internal restriction of the compiler: control transfer instructions
cannot have outputs. If the assembler code does modify anything, use
the '"memory"' clobber to force the optimizers to flush all register
values to memory and reload them if necessary after the 'asm' statement.
Also note that an 'asm goto' statement is always implicitly considered
volatile.
To reference a label in the assembler template, prefix it with '%l'
(lowercase 'L') followed by its (zero-based) position in GOTOLABELS plus
the number of input operands. For example, if the 'asm' has three
inputs and references two labels, refer to the first label as '%l3' and
the second as '%l4').
Alternately, you can reference labels using the actual C label name
enclosed in brackets. For example, to reference a label named 'carry',
you can use '%l[carry]'. The label must still be listed in the
GOTOLABELS section when using this approach.
Here is an example of 'asm goto' for i386:
asm goto (
"btl %1, %0\n\t"
"jc %l2"
: /* No outputs. */
: "r" (p1), "r" (p2)
: "cc"
: carry);
return 0;
carry:
return 1;
The following example shows an 'asm goto' that uses a memory clobber.
int frob(int x)
{
int y;
asm goto ("frob %%r5, %1; jc %l[error]; mov (%2), %%r5"
: /* No outputs. */
: "r"(x), "r"(&y)
: "r5", "memory"
: error);
return y;
error:
return -1;
}
6.45.2.8 x86 Operand Modifiers
..............................
References to input, output, and goto operands in the assembler template
of extended 'asm' statements can use modifiers to affect the way the
operands are formatted in the code output to the assembler. For
example, the following code uses the 'h' and 'b' modifiers for x86:
uint16_t num;
asm volatile ("xchg %h0, %b0" : "+a" (num) );
These modifiers generate this assembler code:
xchg %ah, %al
The rest of this discussion uses the following code for illustrative
purposes.
int main()
{
int iInt = 1;
top:
asm volatile goto ("some assembler instructions here"
: /* No outputs. */
: "q" (iInt), "X" (sizeof(unsigned char) + 1)
: /* No clobbers. */
: top);
}
With no modifiers, this is what the output from the operands would be
for the 'att' and 'intel' dialects of assembler:
Operand 'att' 'intel'
-----------------------------------
'%0' '%eax' 'eax'
'%1' '$2' '2'
'%2' '$.L2' 'OFFSET
FLAT:.L2'
The table below shows the list of supported modifiers and their
effects.
Modifier Description Operand 'att' 'intel'
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'z' Print the opcode suffix for the size of '%z0' 'l'
the current integer operand (one of
'b'/'w'/'l'/'q').
'b' Print the QImode name of the register. '%b0' '%al' 'al'
'h' Print the QImode name for a "high" '%h0' '%ah' 'ah'
register.
'w' Print the HImode name of the register. '%w0' '%ax' 'ax'
'k' Print the SImode name of the register. '%k0' '%eax' 'eax'
'q' Print the DImode name of the register. '%q0' '%rax' 'rax'
'l' Print the label name with no punctuation. '%l2' '.L2' '.L2'
'c' Require a constant operand and print the '%c1' '2' '2'
constant expression with no punctuation.
'V' is a special modifier which prints the name of the full integer
register without '%'.
6.45.2.9 x86 Floating-Point 'asm' Operands
..........................................
On x86 targets, there are several rules on the usage of stack-like
registers in the operands of an 'asm'. These rules apply only to the
operands that are stack-like registers:
1. Given a set of input registers that die in an 'asm', it is
necessary to know which are implicitly popped by the 'asm', and
which must be explicitly popped by GCC.
An input register that is implicitly popped by the 'asm' must be
explicitly clobbered, unless it is constrained to match an output
operand.
2. For any input register that is implicitly popped by an 'asm', it is
necessary to know how to adjust the stack to compensate for the
pop. If any non-popped input is closer to the top of the reg-stack
than the implicitly popped register, it would not be possible to
know what the stack looked like--it's not clear how the rest of the
stack "slides up".
All implicitly popped input registers must be closer to the top of
the reg-stack than any input that is not implicitly popped.
It is possible that if an input dies in an 'asm', the compiler
might use the input register for an output reload. Consider this
example:
asm ("foo" : "=t" (a) : "f" (b));
This code says that input 'b' is not popped by the 'asm', and that
the 'asm' pushes a result onto the reg-stack, i.e., the stack is
one deeper after the 'asm' than it was before. But, it is possible
that reload may think that it can use the same register for both
the input and the output.
To prevent this from happening, if any input operand uses the 'f'
constraint, all output register constraints must use the '&'
early-clobber modifier.
The example above is correctly written as:
asm ("foo" : "=&t" (a) : "f" (b));
3. Some operands need to be in particular places on the stack. All
output operands fall in this category--GCC has no other way to know
which registers the outputs appear in unless you indicate this in
the constraints.
Output operands must specifically indicate which register an output
appears in after an 'asm'. '=f' is not allowed: the operand
constraints must select a class with a single register.
4. Output operands may not be "inserted" between existing stack
registers. Since no 387 opcode uses a read/write operand, all
output operands are dead before the 'asm', and are pushed by the
'asm'. It makes no sense to push anywhere but the top of the
reg-stack.
Output operands must start at the top of the reg-stack: output
operands may not "skip" a register.
5. Some 'asm' statements may need extra stack space for internal
calculations. This can be guaranteed by clobbering stack registers
unrelated to the inputs and outputs.
This 'asm' takes one input, which is internally popped, and produces
two outputs.
asm ("fsincos" : "=t" (cos), "=u" (sin) : "0" (inp));
This 'asm' takes two inputs, which are popped by the 'fyl2xp1' opcode,
and replaces them with one output. The 'st(1)' clobber is necessary for
the compiler to know that 'fyl2xp1' pops both inputs.
asm ("fyl2xp1" : "=t" (result) : "0" (x), "u" (y) : "st(1)");
File: gcc.info, Node: Constraints, Next: Asm Labels, Prev: Extended Asm, Up: Using Assembly Language with C
6.45.3 Constraints for 'asm' Operands
-------------------------------------
Here are specific details on what constraint letters you can use with
'asm' operands. Constraints can say whether an operand may be in a
register, and which kinds of register; whether the operand can be a
memory reference, and which kinds of address; whether the operand may be
an immediate constant, and which possible values it may have.
Constraints can also require two operands to match. Side-effects aren't
allowed in operands of inline 'asm', unless '<' or '>' constraints are
used, because there is no guarantee that the side effects will happen
exactly once in an instruction that can update the addressing register.
* Menu:
* Simple Constraints:: Basic use of constraints.
* Multi-Alternative:: When an insn has two alternative constraint-patterns.
* Modifiers:: More precise control over effects of constraints.
* Machine Constraints:: Special constraints for some particular machines.
File: gcc.info, Node: Simple Constraints, Next: Multi-Alternative, Up: Constraints
6.45.3.1 Simple Constraints
...........................
The simplest kind of constraint is a string full of letters, each of
which describes one kind of operand that is permitted. Here are the
letters that are allowed:
whitespace
Whitespace characters are ignored and can be inserted at any
position except the first. This enables each alternative for
different operands to be visually aligned in the machine
description even if they have different number of constraints and
modifiers.
'm'
A memory operand is allowed, with any kind of address that the
machine supports in general. Note that the letter used for the
general memory constraint can be re-defined by a back end using the
'TARGET_MEM_CONSTRAINT' macro.
'o'
A memory operand is allowed, but only if the address is
"offsettable". This means that adding a small integer (actually,
the width in bytes of the operand, as determined by its machine
mode) may be added to the address and the result is also a valid
memory address.
For example, an address which is constant is offsettable; so is an
address that is the sum of a register and a constant (as long as a
slightly larger constant is also within the range of
address-offsets supported by the machine); but an autoincrement or
autodecrement address is not offsettable. More complicated
indirect/indexed addresses may or may not be offsettable depending
on the other addressing modes that the machine supports.
Note that in an output operand which can be matched by another
operand, the constraint letter 'o' is valid only when accompanied
by both '<' (if the target machine has predecrement addressing) and
'>' (if the target machine has preincrement addressing).
'V'
A memory operand that is not offsettable. In other words, anything
that would fit the 'm' constraint but not the 'o' constraint.
'<'
A memory operand with autodecrement addressing (either predecrement
or postdecrement) is allowed. In inline 'asm' this constraint is
only allowed if the operand is used exactly once in an instruction
that can handle the side effects. Not using an operand with '<' in
constraint string in the inline 'asm' pattern at all or using it in
multiple instructions isn't valid, because the side effects
wouldn't be performed or would be performed more than once.
Furthermore, on some targets the operand with '<' in constraint
string must be accompanied by special instruction suffixes like
'%U0' instruction suffix on PowerPC or '%P0' on IA-64.
'>'
A memory operand with autoincrement addressing (either preincrement
or postincrement) is allowed. In inline 'asm' the same
restrictions as for '<' apply.
'r'
A register operand is allowed provided that it is in a general
register.
'i'
An immediate integer operand (one with constant value) is allowed.
This includes symbolic constants whose values will be known only at
assembly time or later.
'n'
An immediate integer operand with a known numeric value is allowed.
Many systems cannot support assembly-time constants for operands
less than a word wide. Constraints for these operands should use
'n' rather than 'i'.
'I', 'J', 'K', ... 'P'
Other letters in the range 'I' through 'P' may be defined in a
machine-dependent fashion to permit immediate integer operands with
explicit integer values in specified ranges. For example, on the
68000, 'I' is defined to stand for the range of values 1 to 8.
This is the range permitted as a shift count in the shift
instructions.
'E'
An immediate floating operand (expression code 'const_double') is
allowed, but only if the target floating point format is the same
as that of the host machine (on which the compiler is running).
'F'
An immediate floating operand (expression code 'const_double' or
'const_vector') is allowed.
'G', 'H'
'G' and 'H' may be defined in a machine-dependent fashion to permit
immediate floating operands in particular ranges of values.
's'
An immediate integer operand whose value is not an explicit integer
is allowed.
This might appear strange; if an insn allows a constant operand
with a value not known at compile time, it certainly must allow any
known value. So why use 's' instead of 'i'? Sometimes it allows
better code to be generated.
For example, on the 68000 in a fullword instruction it is possible
to use an immediate operand; but if the immediate value is between
-128 and 127, better code results from loading the value into a
register and using the register. This is because the load into the
register can be done with a 'moveq' instruction. We arrange for
this to happen by defining the letter 'K' to mean "any integer
outside the range -128 to 127", and then specifying 'Ks' in the
operand constraints.
'g'
Any register, memory or immediate integer operand is allowed,
except for registers that are not general registers.
'X'
Any operand whatsoever is allowed.
'0', '1', '2', ... '9'
An operand that matches the specified operand number is allowed.
If a digit is used together with letters within the same
alternative, the digit should come last.
This number is allowed to be more than a single digit. If multiple
digits are encountered consecutively, they are interpreted as a
single decimal integer. There is scant chance for ambiguity, since
to-date it has never been desirable that '10' be interpreted as
matching either operand 1 _or_ operand 0. Should this be desired,
one can use multiple alternatives instead.
This is called a "matching constraint" and what it really means is
that the assembler has only a single operand that fills two roles
which 'asm' distinguishes. For example, an add instruction uses
two input operands and an output operand, but on most CISC machines
an add instruction really has only two operands, one of them an
input-output operand:
addl #35,r12
Matching constraints are used in these circumstances. More
precisely, the two operands that match must include one input-only
operand and one output-only operand. Moreover, the digit must be a
smaller number than the number of the operand that uses it in the
constraint.
'p'
An operand that is a valid memory address is allowed. This is for
"load address" and "push address" instructions.
'p' in the constraint must be accompanied by 'address_operand' as
the predicate in the 'match_operand'. This predicate interprets
the mode specified in the 'match_operand' as the mode of the memory
reference for which the address would be valid.
OTHER-LETTERS
Other letters can be defined in machine-dependent fashion to stand
for particular classes of registers or other arbitrary operand
types. 'd', 'a' and 'f' are defined on the 68000/68020 to stand
for data, address and floating point registers.
File: gcc.info, Node: Multi-Alternative, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Simple Constraints, Up: Constraints
6.45.3.2 Multiple Alternative Constraints
.........................................
Sometimes a single instruction has multiple alternative sets of possible
operands. For example, on the 68000, a logical-or instruction can
combine register or an immediate value into memory, or it can combine
any kind of operand into a register; but it cannot combine one memory
location into another.
These constraints are represented as multiple alternatives. An
alternative can be described by a series of letters for each operand.
The overall constraint for an operand is made from the letters for this
operand from the first alternative, a comma, the letters for this
operand from the second alternative, a comma, and so on until the last
alternative. All operands for a single instruction must have the same
number of alternatives.
So the first alternative for the 68000's logical-or could be written as
'"+m" (output) : "ir" (input)'. The second could be '"+r" (output):
"irm" (input)'. However, the fact that two memory locations cannot be
used in a single instruction prevents simply using '"+rm" (output) :
"irm" (input)'. Using multi-alternatives, this might be written as
'"+m,r" (output) : "ir,irm" (input)'. This describes all the available
alternatives to the compiler, allowing it to choose the most efficient
one for the current conditions.
There is no way within the template to determine which alternative was
chosen. However you may be able to wrap your 'asm' statements with
builtins such as '__builtin_constant_p' to achieve the desired results.
File: gcc.info, Node: Modifiers, Next: Machine Constraints, Prev: Multi-Alternative, Up: Constraints
6.45.3.3 Constraint Modifier Characters
.......................................
Here are constraint modifier characters.
'='
Means that this operand is written to by this instruction: the
previous value is discarded and replaced by new data.
'+'
Means that this operand is both read and written by the
instruction.
When the compiler fixes up the operands to satisfy the constraints,
it needs to know which operands are read by the instruction and
which are written by it. '=' identifies an operand which is only
written; '+' identifies an operand that is both read and written;
all other operands are assumed to only be read.
If you specify '=' or '+' in a constraint, you put it in the first
character of the constraint string.
'&'
Means (in a particular alternative) that this operand is an
"earlyclobber" operand, which is written before the instruction is
finished using the input operands. Therefore, this operand may not
lie in a register that is read by the instruction or as part of any
memory address.
'&' applies only to the alternative in which it is written. In
constraints with multiple alternatives, sometimes one alternative
requires '&' while others do not. See, for example, the 'movdf'
insn of the 68000.
A operand which is read by the instruction can be tied to an
earlyclobber operand if its only use as an input occurs before the
early result is written. Adding alternatives of this form often
allows GCC to produce better code when only some of the read
operands can be affected by the earlyclobber. See, for example,
the 'mulsi3' insn of the ARM.
Furthermore, if the "earlyclobber" operand is also a read/write
operand, then that operand is written only after it's used.
'&' does not obviate the need to write '=' or '+'. As
"earlyclobber" operands are always written, a read-only
"earlyclobber" operand is ill-formed and will be rejected by the
compiler.
'%'
Declares the instruction to be commutative for this operand and the
following operand. This means that the compiler may interchange
the two operands if that is the cheapest way to make all operands
fit the constraints. '%' applies to all alternatives and must
appear as the first character in the constraint. Only read-only
operands can use '%'.
GCC can only handle one commutative pair in an asm; if you use
more, the compiler may fail. Note that you need not use the
modifier if the two alternatives are strictly identical; this would
only waste time in the reload pass.
File: gcc.info, Node: Machine Constraints, Prev: Modifiers, Up: Constraints
6.45.3.4 Constraints for Particular Machines
............................................
Whenever possible, you should use the general-purpose constraint letters
in 'asm' arguments, since they will convey meaning more readily to
people reading your code. Failing that, use the constraint letters that
usually have very similar meanings across architectures. The most
commonly used constraints are 'm' and 'r' (for memory and
general-purpose registers respectively; *note Simple Constraints::), and
'I', usually the letter indicating the most common immediate-constant
format.
Each architecture defines additional constraints. These constraints
are used by the compiler itself for instruction generation, as well as
for 'asm' statements; therefore, some of the constraints are not
particularly useful for 'asm'. Here is a summary of some of the
machine-dependent constraints available on some particular machines; it
includes both constraints that are useful for 'asm' and constraints that
aren't. The compiler source file mentioned in the table heading for
each architecture is the definitive reference for the meanings of that
architecture's constraints.
_AArch64 family--'config/aarch64/constraints.md'_
'k'
The stack pointer register ('SP')
'w'
Floating point register, Advanced SIMD vector register or SVE
vector register
'Upl'
One of the low eight SVE predicate registers ('P0' to 'P7')
'Upa'
Any of the SVE predicate registers ('P0' to 'P15')
'I'
Integer constant that is valid as an immediate operand in an
'ADD' instruction
'J'
Integer constant that is valid as an immediate operand in a
'SUB' instruction (once negated)
'K'
Integer constant that can be used with a 32-bit logical
instruction
'L'
Integer constant that can be used with a 64-bit logical
instruction
'M'
Integer constant that is valid as an immediate operand in a
32-bit 'MOV' pseudo instruction. The 'MOV' may be assembled
to one of several different machine instructions depending on
the value
'N'
Integer constant that is valid as an immediate operand in a
64-bit 'MOV' pseudo instruction
'S'
An absolute symbolic address or a label reference
'Y'
Floating point constant zero
'Z'
Integer constant zero
'Ush'
The high part (bits 12 and upwards) of the pc-relative address
of a symbol within 4GB of the instruction
'Q'
A memory address which uses a single base register with no
offset
'Ump'
A memory address suitable for a load/store pair instruction in
SI, DI, SF and DF modes
_ARC --'config/arc/constraints.md'_
'q'
Registers usable in ARCompact 16-bit instructions: 'r0'-'r3',
'r12'-'r15'. This constraint can only match when the '-mq'
option is in effect.
'e'
Registers usable as base-regs of memory addresses in ARCompact
16-bit memory instructions: 'r0'-'r3', 'r12'-'r15', 'sp'.
This constraint can only match when the '-mq' option is in
effect.
'D'
ARC FPX (dpfp) 64-bit registers. 'D0', 'D1'.
'I'
A signed 12-bit integer constant.
'Cal'
constant for arithmetic/logical operations. This might be any
constant that can be put into a long immediate by the assmbler
or linker without involving a PIC relocation.
'K'
A 3-bit unsigned integer constant.
'L'
A 6-bit unsigned integer constant.
'CnL'
One's complement of a 6-bit unsigned integer constant.
'CmL'
Two's complement of a 6-bit unsigned integer constant.
'M'
A 5-bit unsigned integer constant.
'O'
A 7-bit unsigned integer constant.
'P'
A 8-bit unsigned integer constant.
'H'
Any const_double value.
_ARM family--'config/arm/constraints.md'_
'h'
In Thumb state, the core registers 'r8'-'r15'.
'k'
The stack pointer register.
'l'
In Thumb State the core registers 'r0'-'r7'. In ARM state
this is an alias for the 'r' constraint.
't'
VFP floating-point registers 's0'-'s31'. Used for 32 bit
values.
'w'
VFP floating-point registers 'd0'-'d31' and the appropriate
subset 'd0'-'d15' based on command line options. Used for 64
bit values only. Not valid for Thumb1.
'y'
The iWMMX co-processor registers.
'z'
The iWMMX GR registers.
'G'
The floating-point constant 0.0
'I'
Integer that is valid as an immediate operand in a data
processing instruction. That is, an integer in the range 0 to
255 rotated by a multiple of 2
'J'
Integer in the range -4095 to 4095
'K'
Integer that satisfies constraint 'I' when inverted (ones
complement)
'L'
Integer that satisfies constraint 'I' when negated (twos
complement)
'M'
Integer in the range 0 to 32
'Q'
A memory reference where the exact address is in a single
register (''m'' is preferable for 'asm' statements)
'R'
An item in the constant pool
'S'
A symbol in the text segment of the current file
'Uv'
A memory reference suitable for VFP load/store insns
(reg+constant offset)
'Uy'
A memory reference suitable for iWMMXt load/store
instructions.
'Uq'
A memory reference suitable for the ARMv4 ldrsb instruction.
_AVR family--'config/avr/constraints.md'_
'l'
Registers from r0 to r15
'a'
Registers from r16 to r23
'd'
Registers from r16 to r31
'w'
Registers from r24 to r31. These registers can be used in
'adiw' command
'e'
Pointer register (r26-r31)
'b'
Base pointer register (r28-r31)
'q'
Stack pointer register (SPH:SPL)
't'
Temporary register r0
'x'
Register pair X (r27:r26)
'y'
Register pair Y (r29:r28)
'z'
Register pair Z (r31:r30)
'I'
Constant greater than -1, less than 64
'J'
Constant greater than -64, less than 1
'K'
Constant integer 2
'L'
Constant integer 0
'M'
Constant that fits in 8 bits
'N'
Constant integer -1
'O'
Constant integer 8, 16, or 24
'P'
Constant integer 1
'G'
A floating point constant 0.0
'Q'
A memory address based on Y or Z pointer with displacement.
_Blackfin family--'config/bfin/constraints.md'_
'a'
P register
'd'
D register
'z'
A call clobbered P register.
'qN'
A single register. If N is in the range 0 to 7, the
corresponding D register. If it is 'A', then the register P0.
'D'
Even-numbered D register
'W'
Odd-numbered D register
'e'
Accumulator register.
'A'
Even-numbered accumulator register.
'B'
Odd-numbered accumulator register.
'b'
I register
'v'
B register
'f'
M register
'c'
Registers used for circular buffering, i.e. I, B, or L
registers.
'C'
The CC register.
't'
LT0 or LT1.
'k'
LC0 or LC1.
'u'
LB0 or LB1.
'x'
Any D, P, B, M, I or L register.
'y'
Additional registers typically used only in prologues and
epilogues: RETS, RETN, RETI, RETX, RETE, ASTAT, SEQSTAT and
USP.
'w'
Any register except accumulators or CC.
'Ksh'
Signed 16 bit integer (in the range -32768 to 32767)
'Kuh'
Unsigned 16 bit integer (in the range 0 to 65535)
'Ks7'
Signed 7 bit integer (in the range -64 to 63)
'Ku7'
Unsigned 7 bit integer (in the range 0 to 127)
'Ku5'
Unsigned 5 bit integer (in the range 0 to 31)
'Ks4'
Signed 4 bit integer (in the range -8 to 7)
'Ks3'
Signed 3 bit integer (in the range -3 to 4)
'Ku3'
Unsigned 3 bit integer (in the range 0 to 7)
'PN'
Constant N, where N is a single-digit constant in the range 0
to 4.
'PA'
An integer equal to one of the MACFLAG_XXX constants that is
suitable for use with either accumulator.
'PB'
An integer equal to one of the MACFLAG_XXX constants that is
suitable for use only with accumulator A1.
'M1'
Constant 255.
'M2'
Constant 65535.
'J'
An integer constant with exactly a single bit set.
'L'
An integer constant with all bits set except exactly one.
'H'
'Q'
Any SYMBOL_REF.
_CR16 Architecture--'config/cr16/cr16.h'_
'b'
Registers from r0 to r14 (registers without stack pointer)
't'
Register from r0 to r11 (all 16-bit registers)
'p'
Register from r12 to r15 (all 32-bit registers)
'I'
Signed constant that fits in 4 bits
'J'
Signed constant that fits in 5 bits
'K'
Signed constant that fits in 6 bits
'L'
Unsigned constant that fits in 4 bits
'M'
Signed constant that fits in 32 bits
'N'
Check for 64 bits wide constants for add/sub instructions
'G'
Floating point constant that is legal for store immediate
_Epiphany--'config/epiphany/constraints.md'_
'U16'
An unsigned 16-bit constant.
'K'
An unsigned 5-bit constant.
'L'
A signed 11-bit constant.
'Cm1'
A signed 11-bit constant added to -1. Can only match when the
'-m1reg-REG' option is active.
'Cl1'
Left-shift of -1, i.e., a bit mask with a block of leading
ones, the rest being a block of trailing zeroes. Can only
match when the '-m1reg-REG' option is active.
'Cr1'
Right-shift of -1, i.e., a bit mask with a trailing block of
ones, the rest being zeroes. Or to put it another way, one
less than a power of two. Can only match when the
'-m1reg-REG' option is active.
'Cal'
Constant for arithmetic/logical operations. This is like 'i',
except that for position independent code, no symbols /
expressions needing relocations are allowed.
'Csy'
Symbolic constant for call/jump instruction.
'Rcs'
The register class usable in short insns. This is a register
class constraint, and can thus drive register allocation.
This constraint won't match unless '-mprefer-short-insn-regs'
is in effect.
'Rsc'
The the register class of registers that can be used to hold a
sibcall call address. I.e., a caller-saved register.
'Rct'
Core control register class.
'Rgs'
The register group usable in short insns. This constraint
does not use a register class, so that it only passively
matches suitable registers, and doesn't drive register
allocation.
'Rra'
Matches the return address if it can be replaced with the link
register.
'Rcc'
Matches the integer condition code register.
'Sra'
Matches the return address if it is in a stack slot.
'Cfm'
Matches control register values to switch fp mode, which are
encapsulated in 'UNSPEC_FP_MODE'.
_FRV--'config/frv/frv.h'_
'a'
Register in the class 'ACC_REGS' ('acc0' to 'acc7').
'b'
Register in the class 'EVEN_ACC_REGS' ('acc0' to 'acc7').
'c'
Register in the class 'CC_REGS' ('fcc0' to 'fcc3' and 'icc0'
to 'icc3').
'd'
Register in the class 'GPR_REGS' ('gr0' to 'gr63').
'e'
Register in the class 'EVEN_REGS' ('gr0' to 'gr63'). Odd
registers are excluded not in the class but through the use of
a machine mode larger than 4 bytes.
'f'
Register in the class 'FPR_REGS' ('fr0' to 'fr63').
'h'
Register in the class 'FEVEN_REGS' ('fr0' to 'fr63'). Odd
registers are excluded not in the class but through the use of
a machine mode larger than 4 bytes.
'l'
Register in the class 'LR_REG' (the 'lr' register).
'q'
Register in the class 'QUAD_REGS' ('gr2' to 'gr63'). Register
numbers not divisible by 4 are excluded not in the class but
through the use of a machine mode larger than 8 bytes.
't'
Register in the class 'ICC_REGS' ('icc0' to 'icc3').
'u'
Register in the class 'FCC_REGS' ('fcc0' to 'fcc3').
'v'
Register in the class 'ICR_REGS' ('cc4' to 'cc7').
'w'
Register in the class 'FCR_REGS' ('cc0' to 'cc3').
'x'
Register in the class 'QUAD_FPR_REGS' ('fr0' to 'fr63').
Register numbers not divisible by 4 are excluded not in the
class but through the use of a machine mode larger than 8
bytes.
'z'
Register in the class 'SPR_REGS' ('lcr' and 'lr').
'A'
Register in the class 'QUAD_ACC_REGS' ('acc0' to 'acc7').
'B'
Register in the class 'ACCG_REGS' ('accg0' to 'accg7').
'C'
Register in the class 'CR_REGS' ('cc0' to 'cc7').
'G'
Floating point constant zero
'I'
6-bit signed integer constant
'J'
10-bit signed integer constant
'L'
16-bit signed integer constant
'M'
16-bit unsigned integer constant
'N'
12-bit signed integer constant that is negative--i.e. in the
range of -2048 to -1
'O'
Constant zero
'P'
12-bit signed integer constant that is greater than zero--i.e.
in the range of 1 to 2047.
_FT32--'config/ft32/constraints.md'_
'A'
An absolute address
'B'
An offset address
'W'
A register indirect memory operand
'e'
An offset address.
'f'
An offset address.
'O'
The constant zero or one
'I'
A 16-bit signed constant (-32768 ... 32767)
'w'
A bitfield mask suitable for bext or bins
'x'
An inverted bitfield mask suitable for bext or bins
'L'
A 16-bit unsigned constant, multiple of 4 (0 ... 65532)
'S'
A 20-bit signed constant (-524288 ... 524287)
'b'
A constant for a bitfield width (1 ... 16)
'KA'
A 10-bit signed constant (-512 ... 511)
_Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC--'config/pa/pa.h'_
'a'
General register 1
'f'
Floating point register
'q'
Shift amount register
'x'
Floating point register (deprecated)
'y'
Upper floating point register (32-bit), floating point
register (64-bit)
'Z'
Any register
'I'
Signed 11-bit integer constant
'J'
Signed 14-bit integer constant
'K'
Integer constant that can be deposited with a 'zdepi'
instruction
'L'
Signed 5-bit integer constant
'M'
Integer constant 0
'N'
Integer constant that can be loaded with a 'ldil' instruction
'O'
Integer constant whose value plus one is a power of 2
'P'
Integer constant that can be used for 'and' operations in
'depi' and 'extru' instructions
'S'
Integer constant 31
'U'
Integer constant 63
'G'
Floating-point constant 0.0
'A'
A 'lo_sum' data-linkage-table memory operand
'Q'
A memory operand that can be used as the destination operand
of an integer store instruction
'R'
A scaled or unscaled indexed memory operand
'T'
A memory operand for floating-point loads and stores
'W'
A register indirect memory operand
_Intel IA-64--'config/ia64/ia64.h'_
'a'
General register 'r0' to 'r3' for 'addl' instruction
'b'
Branch register
'c'
Predicate register ('c' as in "conditional")
'd'
Application register residing in M-unit
'e'
Application register residing in I-unit
'f'
Floating-point register
'm'
Memory operand. If used together with '<' or '>', the operand
can have postincrement and postdecrement which require
printing with '%Pn' on IA-64.
'G'
Floating-point constant 0.0 or 1.0
'I'
14-bit signed integer constant
'J'
22-bit signed integer constant
'K'
8-bit signed integer constant for logical instructions
'L'
8-bit adjusted signed integer constant for compare pseudo-ops
'M'
6-bit unsigned integer constant for shift counts
'N'
9-bit signed integer constant for load and store
postincrements
'O'
The constant zero
'P'
0 or -1 for 'dep' instruction
'Q'
Non-volatile memory for floating-point loads and stores
'R'
Integer constant in the range 1 to 4 for 'shladd' instruction
'S'
Memory operand except postincrement and postdecrement. This
is now roughly the same as 'm' when not used together with '<'
or '>'.
_M32C--'config/m32c/m32c.c'_
'Rsp'
'Rfb'
'Rsb'
'$sp', '$fb', '$sb'.
'Rcr'
Any control register, when they're 16 bits wide (nothing if
control registers are 24 bits wide)
'Rcl'
Any control register, when they're 24 bits wide.
'R0w'
'R1w'
'R2w'
'R3w'
$r0, $r1, $r2, $r3.
'R02'
$r0 or $r2, or $r2r0 for 32 bit values.
'R13'
$r1 or $r3, or $r3r1 for 32 bit values.
'Rdi'
A register that can hold a 64 bit value.
'Rhl'
$r0 or $r1 (registers with addressable high/low bytes)
'R23'
$r2 or $r3
'Raa'
Address registers
'Raw'
Address registers when they're 16 bits wide.
'Ral'
Address registers when they're 24 bits wide.
'Rqi'
Registers that can hold QI values.
'Rad'
Registers that can be used with displacements ($a0, $a1, $sb).
'Rsi'
Registers that can hold 32 bit values.
'Rhi'
Registers that can hold 16 bit values.
'Rhc'
Registers chat can hold 16 bit values, including all control
registers.
'Rra'
$r0 through R1, plus $a0 and $a1.
'Rfl'
The flags register.
'Rmm'
The memory-based pseudo-registers $mem0 through $mem15.
'Rpi'
Registers that can hold pointers (16 bit registers for r8c,
m16c; 24 bit registers for m32cm, m32c).
'Rpa'
Matches multiple registers in a PARALLEL to form a larger
register. Used to match function return values.
'Is3'
-8 ... 7
'IS1'
-128 ... 127
'IS2'
-32768 ... 32767
'IU2'
0 ... 65535
'In4'
-8 ... -1 or 1 ... 8
'In5'
-16 ... -1 or 1 ... 16
'In6'
-32 ... -1 or 1 ... 32
'IM2'
-65536 ... -1
'Ilb'
An 8 bit value with exactly one bit set.
'Ilw'
A 16 bit value with exactly one bit set.
'Sd'
The common src/dest memory addressing modes.
'Sa'
Memory addressed using $a0 or $a1.
'Si'
Memory addressed with immediate addresses.
'Ss'
Memory addressed using the stack pointer ($sp).
'Sf'
Memory addressed using the frame base register ($fb).
'Ss'
Memory addressed using the small base register ($sb).
'S1'
$r1h
_MicroBlaze--'config/microblaze/constraints.md'_
'd'
A general register ('r0' to 'r31').
'z'
A status register ('rmsr', '$fcc1' to '$fcc7').
_MIPS--'config/mips/constraints.md'_
'd'
A general-purpose register. This is equivalent to 'r' unless
generating MIPS16 code, in which case the MIPS16 register set
is used.
'f'
A floating-point register (if available).
'h'
Formerly the 'hi' register. This constraint is no longer
supported.
'l'
The 'lo' register. Use this register to store values that are
no bigger than a word.
'x'
The concatenated 'hi' and 'lo' registers. Use this register
to store doubleword values.
'c'
A register suitable for use in an indirect jump. This will
always be '$25' for '-mabicalls'.
'v'
Register '$3'. Do not use this constraint in new code; it is
retained only for compatibility with glibc.
'y'
Equivalent to 'r'; retained for backwards compatibility.
'z'
A floating-point condition code register.
'I'
A signed 16-bit constant (for arithmetic instructions).
'J'
Integer zero.
'K'
An unsigned 16-bit constant (for logic instructions).
'L'
A signed 32-bit constant in which the lower 16 bits are zero.
Such constants can be loaded using 'lui'.
'M'
A constant that cannot be loaded using 'lui', 'addiu' or
'ori'.
'N'
A constant in the range -65535 to -1 (inclusive).
'O'
A signed 15-bit constant.
'P'
A constant in the range 1 to 65535 (inclusive).
'G'
Floating-point zero.
'R'
An address that can be used in a non-macro load or store.
'ZC'
A memory operand whose address is formed by a base register
and offset that is suitable for use in instructions with the
same addressing mode as 'll' and 'sc'.
'ZD'
An address suitable for a 'prefetch' instruction, or for any
other instruction with the same addressing mode as 'prefetch'.
_Motorola 680x0--'config/m68k/constraints.md'_
'a'
Address register
'd'
Data register
'f'
68881 floating-point register, if available
'I'
Integer in the range 1 to 8
'J'
16-bit signed number
'K'
Signed number whose magnitude is greater than 0x80
'L'
Integer in the range -8 to -1
'M'
Signed number whose magnitude is greater than 0x100
'N'
Range 24 to 31, rotatert:SI 8 to 1 expressed as rotate
'O'
16 (for rotate using swap)
'P'
Range 8 to 15, rotatert:HI 8 to 1 expressed as rotate
'R'
Numbers that mov3q can handle
'G'
Floating point constant that is not a 68881 constant
'S'
Operands that satisfy 'm' when -mpcrel is in effect
'T'
Operands that satisfy 's' when -mpcrel is not in effect
'Q'
Address register indirect addressing mode
'U'
Register offset addressing
'W'
const_call_operand
'Cs'
symbol_ref or const
'Ci'
const_int
'C0'
const_int 0
'Cj'
Range of signed numbers that don't fit in 16 bits
'Cmvq'
Integers valid for mvq
'Capsw'
Integers valid for a moveq followed by a swap
'Cmvz'
Integers valid for mvz
'Cmvs'
Integers valid for mvs
'Ap'
push_operand
'Ac'
Non-register operands allowed in clr
_Moxie--'config/moxie/constraints.md'_
'A'
An absolute address
'B'
An offset address
'W'
A register indirect memory operand
'I'
A constant in the range of 0 to 255.
'N'
A constant in the range of 0 to -255.
_MSP430-'config/msp430/constraints.md'_
'R12'
Register R12.
'R13'
Register R13.
'K'
Integer constant 1.
'L'
Integer constant -1^20..1^19.
'M'
Integer constant 1-4.
'Ya'
Memory references which do not require an extended MOVX
instruction.
'Yl'
Memory reference, labels only.
'Ys'
Memory reference, stack only.
_NDS32--'config/nds32/constraints.md'_
'w'
LOW register class $r0 to $r7 constraint for V3/V3M ISA.
'l'
LOW register class $r0 to $r7.
'd'
MIDDLE register class $r0 to $r11, $r16 to $r19.
'h'
HIGH register class $r12 to $r14, $r20 to $r31.
't'
Temporary assist register $ta (i.e. $r15).
'k'
Stack register $sp.
'Iu03'
Unsigned immediate 3-bit value.
'In03'
Negative immediate 3-bit value in the range of -7-0.
'Iu04'
Unsigned immediate 4-bit value.
'Is05'
Signed immediate 5-bit value.
'Iu05'
Unsigned immediate 5-bit value.
'In05'
Negative immediate 5-bit value in the range of -31-0.
'Ip05'
Unsigned immediate 5-bit value for movpi45 instruction with
range 16-47.
'Iu06'
Unsigned immediate 6-bit value constraint for addri36.sp
instruction.
'Iu08'
Unsigned immediate 8-bit value.
'Iu09'
Unsigned immediate 9-bit value.
'Is10'
Signed immediate 10-bit value.
'Is11'
Signed immediate 11-bit value.
'Is15'
Signed immediate 15-bit value.
'Iu15'
Unsigned immediate 15-bit value.
'Ic15'
A constant which is not in the range of imm15u but ok for bclr
instruction.
'Ie15'
A constant which is not in the range of imm15u but ok for bset
instruction.
'It15'
A constant which is not in the range of imm15u but ok for btgl
instruction.
'Ii15'
A constant whose compliment value is in the range of imm15u
and ok for bitci instruction.
'Is16'
Signed immediate 16-bit value.
'Is17'
Signed immediate 17-bit value.
'Is19'
Signed immediate 19-bit value.
'Is20'
Signed immediate 20-bit value.
'Ihig'
The immediate value that can be simply set high 20-bit.
'Izeb'
The immediate value 0xff.
'Izeh'
The immediate value 0xffff.
'Ixls'
The immediate value 0x01.
'Ix11'
The immediate value 0x7ff.
'Ibms'
The immediate value with power of 2.
'Ifex'
The immediate value with power of 2 minus 1.
'U33'
Memory constraint for 333 format.
'U45'
Memory constraint for 45 format.
'U37'
Memory constraint for 37 format.
_Nios II family--'config/nios2/constraints.md'_
'I'
Integer that is valid as an immediate operand in an
instruction taking a signed 16-bit number. Range -32768 to
32767.
'J'
Integer that is valid as an immediate operand in an
instruction taking an unsigned 16-bit number. Range 0 to
65535.
'K'
Integer that is valid as an immediate operand in an
instruction taking only the upper 16-bits of a 32-bit number.
Range 32-bit numbers with the lower 16-bits being 0.
'L'
Integer that is valid as an immediate operand for a shift
instruction. Range 0 to 31.
'M'
Integer that is valid as an immediate operand for only the
value 0. Can be used in conjunction with the format modifier
'z' to use 'r0' instead of '0' in the assembly output.
'N'
Integer that is valid as an immediate operand for a custom
instruction opcode. Range 0 to 255.
'P'
An immediate operand for R2 andchi/andci instructions.
'S'
Matches immediates which are addresses in the small data
section and therefore can be added to 'gp' as a 16-bit
immediate to re-create their 32-bit value.
'U'
Matches constants suitable as an operand for the rdprs and
cache instructions.
'v'
A memory operand suitable for Nios II R2 load/store exclusive
instructions.
'w'
A memory operand suitable for load/store IO and cache
instructions.
_PDP-11--'config/pdp11/constraints.md'_
'a'
Floating point registers AC0 through AC3. These can be loaded
from/to memory with a single instruction.
'd'
Odd numbered general registers (R1, R3, R5). These are used
for 16-bit multiply operations.
'f'
Any of the floating point registers (AC0 through AC5).
'G'
Floating point constant 0.
'I'
An integer constant that fits in 16 bits.
'J'
An integer constant whose low order 16 bits are zero.
'K'
An integer constant that does not meet the constraints for
codes 'I' or 'J'.
'L'
The integer constant 1.
'M'
The integer constant -1.
'N'
The integer constant 0.
'O'
Integer constants -4 through -1 and 1 through 4; shifts by
these amounts are handled as multiple single-bit shifts rather
than a single variable-length shift.
'Q'
A memory reference which requires an additional word (address
or offset) after the opcode.
'R'
A memory reference that is encoded within the opcode.
_PowerPC and IBM RS6000--'config/rs6000/constraints.md'_
'b'
Address base register
'd'
Floating point register (containing 64-bit value)
'f'
Floating point register (containing 32-bit value)
'v'
Altivec vector register
'wa'
Any VSX register if the '-mvsx' option was used or NO_REGS.
When using any of the register constraints ('wa', 'wd', 'wf',
'wg', 'wh', 'wi', 'wj', 'wk', 'wl', 'wm', 'wo', 'wp', 'wq',
'ws', 'wt', 'wu', 'wv', 'ww', or 'wy') that take VSX
registers, you must use '%x<n>' in the template so that the
correct register is used. Otherwise the register number
output in the assembly file will be incorrect if an Altivec
register is an operand of a VSX instruction that expects VSX
register numbering.
asm ("xvadddp %x0,%x1,%x2"
: "=wa" (v1)
: "wa" (v2), "wa" (v3));
is correct, but:
asm ("xvadddp %0,%1,%2"
: "=wa" (v1)
: "wa" (v2), "wa" (v3));
is not correct.
If an instruction only takes Altivec registers, you do not
want to use '%x<n>'.
asm ("xsaddqp %0,%1,%2"
: "=v" (v1)
: "v" (v2), "v" (v3));
is correct because the 'xsaddqp' instruction only takes
Altivec registers, while:
asm ("xsaddqp %x0,%x1,%x2"
: "=v" (v1)
: "v" (v2), "v" (v3));
is incorrect.
'wb'
Altivec register if '-mcpu=power9' is used or NO_REGS.
'wd'
VSX vector register to hold vector double data or NO_REGS.
'we'
VSX register if the '-mcpu=power9' and '-m64' options were
used or NO_REGS.
'wf'
VSX vector register to hold vector float data or NO_REGS.
'wg'
If '-mmfpgpr' was used, a floating point register or NO_REGS.
'wh'
Floating point register if direct moves are available, or
NO_REGS.
'wi'
FP or VSX register to hold 64-bit integers for VSX insns or
NO_REGS.
'wj'
FP or VSX register to hold 64-bit integers for direct moves or
NO_REGS.
'wk'
FP or VSX register to hold 64-bit doubles for direct moves or
NO_REGS.
'wl'
Floating point register if the LFIWAX instruction is enabled
or NO_REGS.
'wm'
VSX register if direct move instructions are enabled, or
NO_REGS.
'wn'
No register (NO_REGS).
'wo'
VSX register to use for ISA 3.0 vector instructions, or
NO_REGS.
'wp'
VSX register to use for IEEE 128-bit floating point TFmode, or
NO_REGS.
'wq'
VSX register to use for IEEE 128-bit floating point, or
NO_REGS.
'wr'
General purpose register if 64-bit instructions are enabled or
NO_REGS.
'ws'
VSX vector register to hold scalar double values or NO_REGS.
'wt'
VSX vector register to hold 128 bit integer or NO_REGS.
'wu'
Altivec register to use for float/32-bit int loads/stores or
NO_REGS.
'wv'
Altivec register to use for double loads/stores or NO_REGS.
'ww'
FP or VSX register to perform float operations under '-mvsx'
or NO_REGS.
'wx'
Floating point register if the STFIWX instruction is enabled
or NO_REGS.
'wy'
FP or VSX register to perform ISA 2.07 float ops or NO_REGS.
'wz'
Floating point register if the LFIWZX instruction is enabled
or NO_REGS.
'wA'
Address base register if 64-bit instructions are enabled or
NO_REGS.
'wB'
Signed 5-bit constant integer that can be loaded into an
altivec register.
'wD'
Int constant that is the element number of the 64-bit scalar
in a vector.
'wE'
Vector constant that can be loaded with the XXSPLTIB
instruction.
'wF'
Memory operand suitable for power9 fusion load/stores.
'wG'
Memory operand suitable for TOC fusion memory references.
'wH'
Altivec register if '-mvsx-small-integer'.
'wI'
Floating point register if '-mvsx-small-integer'.
'wJ'
FP register if '-mvsx-small-integer' and '-mpower9-vector'.
'wK'
Altivec register if '-mvsx-small-integer' and
'-mpower9-vector'.
'wL'
Int constant that is the element number that the MFVSRLD
instruction. targets.
'wM'
Match vector constant with all 1's if the XXLORC instruction
is available.
'wO'
A memory operand suitable for the ISA 3.0 vector d-form
instructions.
'wQ'
A memory address that will work with the 'lq' and 'stq'
instructions.
'wS'
Vector constant that can be loaded with XXSPLTIB & sign
extension.
'h'
'MQ', 'CTR', or 'LINK' register
'c'
'CTR' register
'l'
'LINK' register
'x'
'CR' register (condition register) number 0
'y'
'CR' register (condition register)
'z'
'XER[CA]' carry bit (part of the XER register)
'I'
Signed 16-bit constant
'J'
Unsigned 16-bit constant shifted left 16 bits (use 'L' instead
for 'SImode' constants)
'K'
Unsigned 16-bit constant
'L'
Signed 16-bit constant shifted left 16 bits
'M'
Constant larger than 31
'N'
Exact power of 2
'O'
Zero
'P'
Constant whose negation is a signed 16-bit constant
'G'
Floating point constant that can be loaded into a register
with one instruction per word
'H'
Integer/Floating point constant that can be loaded into a
register using three instructions
'm'
Memory operand. Normally, 'm' does not allow addresses that
update the base register. If '<' or '>' constraint is also
used, they are allowed and therefore on PowerPC targets in
that case it is only safe to use 'm<>' in an 'asm' statement
if that 'asm' statement accesses the operand exactly once.
The 'asm' statement must also use '%U<OPNO>' as a placeholder
for the "update" flag in the corresponding load or store
instruction. For example:
asm ("st%U0 %1,%0" : "=m<>" (mem) : "r" (val));
is correct but:
asm ("st %1,%0" : "=m<>" (mem) : "r" (val));
is not.
'es'
A "stable" memory operand; that is, one which does not include
any automodification of the base register. This used to be
useful when 'm' allowed automodification of the base register,
but as those are now only allowed when '<' or '>' is used,
'es' is basically the same as 'm' without '<' and '>'.
'Q'
Memory operand that is an offset from a register (it is
usually better to use 'm' or 'es' in 'asm' statements)
'Z'
Memory operand that is an indexed or indirect from a register
(it is usually better to use 'm' or 'es' in 'asm' statements)
'R'
AIX TOC entry
'a'
Address operand that is an indexed or indirect from a register
('p' is preferable for 'asm' statements)
'U'
System V Release 4 small data area reference
'W'
Vector constant that does not require memory
'j'
Vector constant that is all zeros.
_RL78--'config/rl78/constraints.md'_
'Int3'
An integer constant in the range 1 ... 7.
'Int8'
An integer constant in the range 0 ... 255.
'J'
An integer constant in the range -255 ... 0
'K'
The integer constant 1.
'L'
The integer constant -1.
'M'
The integer constant 0.
'N'
The integer constant 2.
'O'
The integer constant -2.
'P'
An integer constant in the range 1 ... 15.
'Qbi'
The built-in compare types-eq, ne, gtu, ltu, geu, and leu.
'Qsc'
The synthetic compare types-gt, lt, ge, and le.
'Wab'
A memory reference with an absolute address.
'Wbc'
A memory reference using 'BC' as a base register, with an
optional offset.
'Wca'
A memory reference using 'AX', 'BC', 'DE', or 'HL' for the
address, for calls.
'Wcv'
A memory reference using any 16-bit register pair for the
address, for calls.
'Wd2'
A memory reference using 'DE' as a base register, with an
optional offset.
'Wde'
A memory reference using 'DE' as a base register, without any
offset.
'Wfr'
Any memory reference to an address in the far address space.
'Wh1'
A memory reference using 'HL' as a base register, with an
optional one-byte offset.
'Whb'
A memory reference using 'HL' as a base register, with 'B' or
'C' as the index register.
'Whl'
A memory reference using 'HL' as a base register, without any
offset.
'Ws1'
A memory reference using 'SP' as a base register, with an
optional one-byte offset.
'Y'
Any memory reference to an address in the near address space.
'A'
The 'AX' register.
'B'
The 'BC' register.
'D'
The 'DE' register.
'R'
'A' through 'L' registers.
'S'
The 'SP' register.
'T'
The 'HL' register.
'Z08W'
The 16-bit 'R8' register.
'Z10W'
The 16-bit 'R10' register.
'Zint'
The registers reserved for interrupts ('R24' to 'R31').
'a'
The 'A' register.
'b'
The 'B' register.
'c'
The 'C' register.
'd'
The 'D' register.
'e'
The 'E' register.
'h'
The 'H' register.
'l'
The 'L' register.
'v'
The virtual registers.
'w'
The 'PSW' register.
'x'
The 'X' register.
_RISC-V--'config/riscv/constraints.md'_
'f'
A floating-point register (if available).
'I'
An I-type 12-bit signed immediate.
'J'
Integer zero.
'K'
A 5-bit unsigned immediate for CSR access instructions.
'A'
An address that is held in a general-purpose register.
_RX--'config/rx/constraints.md'_
'Q'
An address which does not involve register indirect addressing
or pre/post increment/decrement addressing.
'Symbol'
A symbol reference.
'Int08'
A constant in the range -256 to 255, inclusive.
'Sint08'
A constant in the range -128 to 127, inclusive.
'Sint16'
A constant in the range -32768 to 32767, inclusive.
'Sint24'
A constant in the range -8388608 to 8388607, inclusive.
'Uint04'
A constant in the range 0 to 15, inclusive.
_S/390 and zSeries--'config/s390/s390.h'_
'a'
Address register (general purpose register except r0)
'c'
Condition code register
'd'
Data register (arbitrary general purpose register)
'f'
Floating-point register
'I'
Unsigned 8-bit constant (0-255)
'J'
Unsigned 12-bit constant (0-4095)
'K'
Signed 16-bit constant (-32768-32767)
'L'
Value appropriate as displacement.
'(0..4095)'
for short displacement
'(-524288..524287)'
for long displacement
'M'
Constant integer with a value of 0x7fffffff.
'N'
Multiple letter constraint followed by 4 parameter letters.
'0..9:'
number of the part counting from most to least
significant
'H,Q:'
mode of the part
'D,S,H:'
mode of the containing operand
'0,F:'
value of the other parts (F--all bits set)
The constraint matches if the specified part of a constant has
a value different from its other parts.
'Q'
Memory reference without index register and with short
displacement.
'R'
Memory reference with index register and short displacement.
'S'
Memory reference without index register but with long
displacement.
'T'
Memory reference with index register and long displacement.
'U'
Pointer with short displacement.
'W'
Pointer with long displacement.
'Y'
Shift count operand.
_SPARC--'config/sparc/sparc.h'_
'f'
Floating-point register on the SPARC-V8 architecture and lower
floating-point register on the SPARC-V9 architecture.
'e'
Floating-point register. It is equivalent to 'f' on the
SPARC-V8 architecture and contains both lower and upper
floating-point registers on the SPARC-V9 architecture.
'c'
Floating-point condition code register.
'd'
Lower floating-point register. It is only valid on the
SPARC-V9 architecture when the Visual Instruction Set is
available.
'b'
Floating-point register. It is only valid on the SPARC-V9
architecture when the Visual Instruction Set is available.
'h'
64-bit global or out register for the SPARC-V8+ architecture.
'C'
The constant all-ones, for floating-point.
'A'
Signed 5-bit constant
'D'
A vector constant
'I'
Signed 13-bit constant
'J'
Zero
'K'
32-bit constant with the low 12 bits clear (a constant that
can be loaded with the 'sethi' instruction)
'L'
A constant in the range supported by 'movcc' instructions
(11-bit signed immediate)
'M'
A constant in the range supported by 'movrcc' instructions
(10-bit signed immediate)
'N'
Same as 'K', except that it verifies that bits that are not in
the lower 32-bit range are all zero. Must be used instead of
'K' for modes wider than 'SImode'
'O'
The constant 4096
'G'
Floating-point zero
'H'
Signed 13-bit constant, sign-extended to 32 or 64 bits
'P'
The constant -1
'Q'
Floating-point constant whose integral representation can be
moved into an integer register using a single sethi
instruction
'R'
Floating-point constant whose integral representation can be
moved into an integer register using a single mov instruction
'S'
Floating-point constant whose integral representation can be
moved into an integer register using a high/lo_sum instruction
sequence
'T'
Memory address aligned to an 8-byte boundary
'U'
Even register
'W'
Memory address for 'e' constraint registers
'w'
Memory address with only a base register
'Y'
Vector zero
_SPU--'config/spu/spu.h'_
'a'
An immediate which can be loaded with the il/ila/ilh/ilhu
instructions. const_int is treated as a 64 bit value.
'c'
An immediate for and/xor/or instructions. const_int is
treated as a 64 bit value.
'd'
An immediate for the 'iohl' instruction. const_int is treated
as a 64 bit value.
'f'
An immediate which can be loaded with 'fsmbi'.
'A'
An immediate which can be loaded with the il/ila/ilh/ilhu
instructions. const_int is treated as a 32 bit value.
'B'
An immediate for most arithmetic instructions. const_int is
treated as a 32 bit value.
'C'
An immediate for and/xor/or instructions. const_int is
treated as a 32 bit value.
'D'
An immediate for the 'iohl' instruction. const_int is treated
as a 32 bit value.
'I'
A constant in the range [-64, 63] for shift/rotate
instructions.
'J'
An unsigned 7-bit constant for conversion/nop/channel
instructions.
'K'
A signed 10-bit constant for most arithmetic instructions.
'M'
A signed 16 bit immediate for 'stop'.
'N'
An unsigned 16-bit constant for 'iohl' and 'fsmbi'.
'O'
An unsigned 7-bit constant whose 3 least significant bits are
0.
'P'
An unsigned 3-bit constant for 16-byte rotates and shifts
'R'
Call operand, reg, for indirect calls
'S'
Call operand, symbol, for relative calls.
'T'
Call operand, const_int, for absolute calls.
'U'
An immediate which can be loaded with the il/ila/ilh/ilhu
instructions. const_int is sign extended to 128 bit.
'W'
An immediate for shift and rotate instructions. const_int is
treated as a 32 bit value.
'Y'
An immediate for and/xor/or instructions. const_int is sign
extended as a 128 bit.
'Z'
An immediate for the 'iohl' instruction. const_int is sign
extended to 128 bit.
_TI C6X family--'config/c6x/constraints.md'_
'a'
Register file A (A0-A31).
'b'
Register file B (B0-B31).
'A'
Predicate registers in register file A (A0-A2 on C64X and
higher, A1 and A2 otherwise).
'B'
Predicate registers in register file B (B0-B2).
'C'
A call-used register in register file B (B0-B9, B16-B31).
'Da'
Register file A, excluding predicate registers (A3-A31, plus
A0 if not C64X or higher).
'Db'
Register file B, excluding predicate registers (B3-B31).
'Iu4'
Integer constant in the range 0 ... 15.
'Iu5'
Integer constant in the range 0 ... 31.
'In5'
Integer constant in the range -31 ... 0.
'Is5'
Integer constant in the range -16 ... 15.
'I5x'
Integer constant that can be the operand of an ADDA or a SUBA
insn.
'IuB'
Integer constant in the range 0 ... 65535.
'IsB'
Integer constant in the range -32768 ... 32767.
'IsC'
Integer constant in the range -2^{20} ... 2^{20} - 1.
'Jc'
Integer constant that is a valid mask for the clr instruction.
'Js'
Integer constant that is a valid mask for the set instruction.
'Q'
Memory location with A base register.
'R'
Memory location with B base register.
'Z'
Register B14 (aka DP).
_TILE-Gx--'config/tilegx/constraints.md'_
'R00'
'R01'
'R02'
'R03'
'R04'
'R05'
'R06'
'R07'
'R08'
'R09'
'R10'
Each of these represents a register constraint for an
individual register, from r0 to r10.
'I'
Signed 8-bit integer constant.
'J'
Signed 16-bit integer constant.
'K'
Unsigned 16-bit integer constant.
'L'
Integer constant that fits in one signed byte when incremented
by one (-129 ... 126).
'm'
Memory operand. If used together with '<' or '>', the operand
can have postincrement which requires printing with '%In' and
'%in' on TILE-Gx. For example:
asm ("st_add %I0,%1,%i0" : "=m<>" (*mem) : "r" (val));
'M'
A bit mask suitable for the BFINS instruction.
'N'
Integer constant that is a byte tiled out eight times.
'O'
The integer zero constant.
'P'
Integer constant that is a sign-extended byte tiled out as
four shorts.
'Q'
Integer constant that fits in one signed byte when incremented
(-129 ... 126), but excluding -1.
'S'
Integer constant that has all 1 bits consecutive and starting
at bit 0.
'T'
A 16-bit fragment of a got, tls, or pc-relative reference.
'U'
Memory operand except postincrement. This is roughly the same
as 'm' when not used together with '<' or '>'.
'W'
An 8-element vector constant with identical elements.
'Y'
A 4-element vector constant with identical elements.
'Z0'
The integer constant 0xffffffff.
'Z1'
The integer constant 0xffffffff00000000.
_TILEPro--'config/tilepro/constraints.md'_
'R00'
'R01'
'R02'
'R03'
'R04'
'R05'
'R06'
'R07'
'R08'
'R09'
'R10'
Each of these represents a register constraint for an
individual register, from r0 to r10.
'I'
Signed 8-bit integer constant.
'J'
Signed 16-bit integer constant.
'K'
Nonzero integer constant with low 16 bits zero.
'L'
Integer constant that fits in one signed byte when incremented
by one (-129 ... 126).
'm'
Memory operand. If used together with '<' or '>', the operand
can have postincrement which requires printing with '%In' and
'%in' on TILEPro. For example:
asm ("swadd %I0,%1,%i0" : "=m<>" (mem) : "r" (val));
'M'
A bit mask suitable for the MM instruction.
'N'
Integer constant that is a byte tiled out four times.
'O'
The integer zero constant.
'P'
Integer constant that is a sign-extended byte tiled out as two
shorts.
'Q'
Integer constant that fits in one signed byte when incremented
(-129 ... 126), but excluding -1.
'T'
A symbolic operand, or a 16-bit fragment of a got, tls, or
pc-relative reference.
'U'
Memory operand except postincrement. This is roughly the same
as 'm' when not used together with '<' or '>'.
'W'
A 4-element vector constant with identical elements.
'Y'
A 2-element vector constant with identical elements.
_Visium--'config/visium/constraints.md'_
'b'
EAM register 'mdb'
'c'
EAM register 'mdc'
'f'
Floating point register
'l'
General register, but not 'r29', 'r30' and 'r31'
't'
Register 'r1'
'u'
Register 'r2'
'v'
Register 'r3'
'G'
Floating-point constant 0.0
'J'
Integer constant in the range 0 .. 65535 (16-bit immediate)
'K'
Integer constant in the range 1 .. 31 (5-bit immediate)
'L'
Integer constant in the range -65535 .. -1 (16-bit negative
immediate)
'M'
Integer constant -1
'O'
Integer constant 0
'P'
Integer constant 32
_x86 family--'config/i386/constraints.md'_
'R'
Legacy register--the eight integer registers available on all
i386 processors ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'si', 'di', 'bp', 'sp').
'q'
Any register accessible as 'Rl'. In 32-bit mode, 'a', 'b',
'c', and 'd'; in 64-bit mode, any integer register.
'Q'
Any register accessible as 'Rh': 'a', 'b', 'c', and 'd'.
'a'
The 'a' register.
'b'
The 'b' register.
'c'
The 'c' register.
'd'
The 'd' register.
'S'
The 'si' register.
'D'
The 'di' register.
'A'
The 'a' and 'd' registers. This class is used for
instructions that return double word results in the 'ax:dx'
register pair. Single word values will be allocated either in
'ax' or 'dx'. For example on i386 the following implements
'rdtsc':
unsigned long long rdtsc (void)
{
unsigned long long tick;
__asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc":"=A"(tick));
return tick;
}
This is not correct on x86-64 as it would allocate tick in
either 'ax' or 'dx'. You have to use the following variant
instead:
unsigned long long rdtsc (void)
{
unsigned int tickl, tickh;
__asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc":"=a"(tickl),"=d"(tickh));
return ((unsigned long long)tickh << 32)|tickl;
}
'U'
The call-clobbered integer registers.
'f'
Any 80387 floating-point (stack) register.
't'
Top of 80387 floating-point stack ('%st(0)').
'u'
Second from top of 80387 floating-point stack ('%st(1)').
'y'
Any MMX register.
'x'
Any SSE register.
'v'
Any EVEX encodable SSE register ('%xmm0-%xmm31').
'Yz'
First SSE register ('%xmm0').
'I'
Integer constant in the range 0 ... 31, for 32-bit shifts.
'J'
Integer constant in the range 0 ... 63, for 64-bit shifts.
'K'
Signed 8-bit integer constant.
'L'
'0xFF' or '0xFFFF', for andsi as a zero-extending move.
'M'
0, 1, 2, or 3 (shifts for the 'lea' instruction).
'N'
Unsigned 8-bit integer constant (for 'in' and 'out'
instructions).
'G'
Standard 80387 floating point constant.
'C'
SSE constant zero operand.
'e'
32-bit signed integer constant, or a symbolic reference known
to fit that range (for immediate operands in sign-extending
x86-64 instructions).
'We'
32-bit signed integer constant, or a symbolic reference known
to fit that range (for sign-extending conversion operations
that require non-'VOIDmode' immediate operands).
'Wz'
32-bit unsigned integer constant, or a symbolic reference
known to fit that range (for zero-extending conversion
operations that require non-'VOIDmode' immediate operands).
'Wd'
128-bit integer constant where both the high and low 64-bit
word satisfy the 'e' constraint.
'Z'
32-bit unsigned integer constant, or a symbolic reference
known to fit that range (for immediate operands in
zero-extending x86-64 instructions).
'Tv'
VSIB address operand.
'Ts'
Address operand without segment register.
'Ti'
MPX address operand without index.
'Tb'
MPX address operand without base.
_Xstormy16--'config/stormy16/stormy16.h'_
'a'
Register r0.
'b'
Register r1.
'c'
Register r2.
'd'
Register r8.
'e'
Registers r0 through r7.
't'
Registers r0 and r1.
'y'
The carry register.
'z'
Registers r8 and r9.
'I'
A constant between 0 and 3 inclusive.
'J'
A constant that has exactly one bit set.
'K'
A constant that has exactly one bit clear.
'L'
A constant between 0 and 255 inclusive.
'M'
A constant between -255 and 0 inclusive.
'N'
A constant between -3 and 0 inclusive.
'O'
A constant between 1 and 4 inclusive.
'P'
A constant between -4 and -1 inclusive.
'Q'
A memory reference that is a stack push.
'R'
A memory reference that is a stack pop.
'S'
A memory reference that refers to a constant address of known
value.
'T'
The register indicated by Rx (not implemented yet).
'U'
A constant that is not between 2 and 15 inclusive.
'Z'
The constant 0.
_Xtensa--'config/xtensa/constraints.md'_
'a'
General-purpose 32-bit register
'b'
One-bit boolean register
'A'
MAC16 40-bit accumulator register
'I'
Signed 12-bit integer constant, for use in MOVI instructions
'J'
Signed 8-bit integer constant, for use in ADDI instructions
'K'
Integer constant valid for BccI instructions
'L'
Unsigned constant valid for BccUI instructions
File: gcc.info, Node: Asm Labels, Next: Explicit Register Variables, Prev: Constraints, Up: Using Assembly Language with C
6.45.4 Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code
-----------------------------------------------
You can specify the name to be used in the assembler code for a C
function or variable by writing the 'asm' (or '__asm__') keyword after
the declarator. It is up to you to make sure that the assembler names
you choose do not conflict with any other assembler symbols, or
reference registers.
Assembler names for data:
.........................
This sample shows how to specify the assembler name for data:
int foo asm ("myfoo") = 2;
This specifies that the name to be used for the variable 'foo' in the
assembler code should be 'myfoo' rather than the usual '_foo'.
On systems where an underscore is normally prepended to the name of a C
variable, this feature allows you to define names for the linker that do
not start with an underscore.
GCC does not support using this feature with a non-static local
variable since such variables do not have assembler names. If you are
trying to put the variable in a particular register, see *note Explicit
Register Variables::.
Assembler names for functions:
..............................
To specify the assembler name for functions, write a declaration for the
function before its definition and put 'asm' there, like this:
int func (int x, int y) asm ("MYFUNC");
int func (int x, int y)
{
/* ... */
This specifies that the name to be used for the function 'func' in the
assembler code should be 'MYFUNC'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Explicit Register Variables, Next: Size of an asm, Prev: Asm Labels, Up: Using Assembly Language with C
6.45.5 Variables in Specified Registers
---------------------------------------
GNU C allows you to associate specific hardware registers with C
variables. In almost all cases, allowing the compiler to assign
registers produces the best code. However under certain unusual
circumstances, more precise control over the variable storage is
required.
Both global and local variables can be associated with a register. The
consequences of performing this association are very different between
the two, as explained in the sections below.
* Menu:
* Global Register Variables:: Variables declared at global scope.
* Local Register Variables:: Variables declared within a function.
File: gcc.info, Node: Global Register Variables, Next: Local Register Variables, Up: Explicit Register Variables
6.45.5.1 Defining Global Register Variables
...........................................
You can define a global register variable and associate it with a
specified register like this:
register int *foo asm ("r12");
Here 'r12' is the name of the register that should be used. Note that
this is the same syntax used for defining local register variables, but
for a global variable the declaration appears outside a function. The
'register' keyword is required, and cannot be combined with 'static'.
The register name must be a valid register name for the target platform.
Registers are a scarce resource on most systems and allowing the
compiler to manage their usage usually results in the best code.
However, under special circumstances it can make sense to reserve some
globally. For example this may be useful in programs such as
programming language interpreters that have a couple of global variables
that are accessed very often.
After defining a global register variable, for the current compilation
unit:
* The register is reserved entirely for this use, and will not be
allocated for any other purpose.
* The register is not saved and restored by any functions.
* Stores into this register are never deleted even if they appear to
be dead, but references may be deleted, moved or simplified.
Note that these points _only_ apply to code that is compiled with the
definition. The behavior of code that is merely linked in (for example
code from libraries) is not affected.
If you want to recompile source files that do not actually use your
global register variable so they do not use the specified register for
any other purpose, you need not actually add the global register
declaration to their source code. It suffices to specify the compiler
option '-ffixed-REG' (*note Code Gen Options::) to reserve the register.
Declaring the variable
......................
Global register variables can not have initial values, because an
executable file has no means to supply initial contents for a register.
When selecting a register, choose one that is normally saved and
restored by function calls on your machine. This ensures that code
which is unaware of this reservation (such as library routines) will
restore it before returning.
On machines with register windows, be sure to choose a global register
that is not affected magically by the function call mechanism.
Using the variable
..................
When calling routines that are not aware of the reservation, be cautious
if those routines call back into code which uses them. As an example,
if you call the system library version of 'qsort', it may clobber your
registers during execution, but (if you have selected appropriate
registers) it will restore them before returning. However it will _not_
restore them before calling 'qsort''s comparison function. As a result,
global values will not reliably be available to the comparison function
unless the 'qsort' function itself is rebuilt.
Similarly, it is not safe to access the global register variables from
signal handlers or from more than one thread of control. Unless you
recompile them specially for the task at hand, the system library
routines may temporarily use the register for other things.
On most machines, 'longjmp' restores to each global register variable
the value it had at the time of the 'setjmp'. On some machines,
however, 'longjmp' does not change the value of global register
variables. To be portable, the function that called 'setjmp' should
make other arrangements to save the values of the global register
variables, and to restore them in a 'longjmp'. This way, the same thing
happens regardless of what 'longjmp' does.
Eventually there may be a way of asking the compiler to choose a
register automatically, but first we need to figure out how it should
choose and how to enable you to guide the choice. No solution is
evident.
File: gcc.info, Node: Local Register Variables, Prev: Global Register Variables, Up: Explicit Register Variables
6.45.5.2 Specifying Registers for Local Variables
.................................................
You can define a local register variable and associate it with a
specified register like this:
register int *foo asm ("r12");
Here 'r12' is the name of the register that should be used. Note that
this is the same syntax used for defining global register variables, but
for a local variable the declaration appears within a function. The
'register' keyword is required, and cannot be combined with 'static'.
The register name must be a valid register name for the target platform.
As with global register variables, it is recommended that you choose a
register that is normally saved and restored by function calls on your
machine, so that calls to library routines will not clobber it.
The only supported use for this feature is to specify registers for
input and output operands when calling Extended 'asm' (*note Extended
Asm::). This may be necessary if the constraints for a particular
machine don't provide sufficient control to select the desired register.
To force an operand into a register, create a local variable and specify
the register name after the variable's declaration. Then use the local
variable for the 'asm' operand and specify any constraint letter that
matches the register:
register int *p1 asm ("r0") = ...;
register int *p2 asm ("r1") = ...;
register int *result asm ("r0");
asm ("sysint" : "=r" (result) : "0" (p1), "r" (p2));
_Warning:_ In the above example, be aware that a register (for example
'r0') can be call-clobbered by subsequent code, including function calls
and library calls for arithmetic operators on other variables (for
example the initialization of 'p2'). In this case, use temporary
variables for expressions between the register assignments:
int t1 = ...;
register int *p1 asm ("r0") = ...;
register int *p2 asm ("r1") = t1;
register int *result asm ("r0");
asm ("sysint" : "=r" (result) : "0" (p1), "r" (p2));
Defining a register variable does not reserve the register. Other than
when invoking the Extended 'asm', the contents of the specified register
are not guaranteed. For this reason, the following uses are explicitly
_not_ supported. If they appear to work, it is only happenstance, and
may stop working as intended due to (seemingly) unrelated changes in
surrounding code, or even minor changes in the optimization of a future
version of gcc:
* Passing parameters to or from Basic 'asm'
* Passing parameters to or from Extended 'asm' without using input or
output operands.
* Passing parameters to or from routines written in assembler (or
other languages) using non-standard calling conventions.
Some developers use Local Register Variables in an attempt to improve
gcc's allocation of registers, especially in large functions. In this
case the register name is essentially a hint to the register allocator.
While in some instances this can generate better code, improvements are
subject to the whims of the allocator/optimizers. Since there are no
guarantees that your improvements won't be lost, this usage of Local
Register Variables is discouraged.
On the MIPS platform, there is related use for local register variables
with slightly different characteristics (*note Defining coprocessor
specifics for MIPS targets: (gccint)MIPS Coprocessors.).
File: gcc.info, Node: Size of an asm, Prev: Explicit Register Variables, Up: Using Assembly Language with C
6.45.6 Size of an 'asm'
-----------------------
Some targets require that GCC track the size of each instruction used in
order to generate correct code. Because the final length of the code
produced by an 'asm' statement is only known by the assembler, GCC must
make an estimate as to how big it will be. It does this by counting the
number of instructions in the pattern of the 'asm' and multiplying that
by the length of the longest instruction supported by that processor.
(When working out the number of instructions, it assumes that any
occurrence of a newline or of whatever statement separator character is
supported by the assembler -- typically ';' -- indicates the end of an
instruction.)
Normally, GCC's estimate is adequate to ensure that correct code is
generated, but it is possible to confuse the compiler if you use pseudo
instructions or assembler macros that expand into multiple real
instructions, or if you use assembler directives that expand to more
space in the object file than is needed for a single instruction. If
this happens then the assembler may produce a diagnostic saying that a
label is unreachable.
This size is also used for inlining decisions. If you use 'asm inline'
instead of just 'asm', then for inlining purposes the size of the asm is
taken as the minimum size, ignoring how many instructions GCC thinks it
is.
File: gcc.info, Node: Alternate Keywords, Next: Incomplete Enums, Prev: Using Assembly Language with C, Up: C Extensions
6.46 Alternate Keywords
=======================
'-ansi' and the various '-std' options disable certain keywords. This
causes trouble when you want to use GNU C extensions, or a
general-purpose header file that should be usable by all programs,
including ISO C programs. The keywords 'asm', 'typeof' and 'inline' are
not available in programs compiled with '-ansi' or '-std' (although
'inline' can be used in a program compiled with '-std=c99' or
'-std=c11'). The ISO C99 keyword 'restrict' is only available when
'-std=gnu99' (which will eventually be the default) or '-std=c99' (or
the equivalent '-std=iso9899:1999'), or an option for a later standard
version, is used.
The way to solve these problems is to put '__' at the beginning and end
of each problematical keyword. For example, use '__asm__' instead of
'asm', and '__inline__' instead of 'inline'.
Other C compilers won't accept these alternative keywords; if you want
to compile with another compiler, you can define the alternate keywords
as macros to replace them with the customary keywords. It looks like
this:
#ifndef __GNUC__
#define __asm__ asm
#endif
'-pedantic' and other options cause warnings for many GNU C extensions.
You can prevent such warnings within one expression by writing
'__extension__' before the expression. '__extension__' has no effect
aside from this.
File: gcc.info, Node: Incomplete Enums, Next: Function Names, Prev: Alternate Keywords, Up: C Extensions
6.47 Incomplete 'enum' Types
============================
You can define an 'enum' tag without specifying its possible values.
This results in an incomplete type, much like what you get if you write
'struct foo' without describing the elements. A later declaration that
does specify the possible values completes the type.
You cannot allocate variables or storage using the type while it is
incomplete. However, you can work with pointers to that type.
This extension may not be very useful, but it makes the handling of
'enum' more consistent with the way 'struct' and 'union' are handled.
This extension is not supported by GNU C++.
File: gcc.info, Node: Function Names, Next: Return Address, Prev: Incomplete Enums, Up: C Extensions
6.48 Function Names as Strings
==============================
GCC provides three magic constants that hold the name of the current
function as a string. In C++11 and later modes, all three are treated
as constant expressions and can be used in 'constexpr' constexts. The
first of these constants is '__func__', which is part of the C99
standard:
The identifier '__func__' is implicitly declared by the translator as
if, immediately following the opening brace of each function definition,
the declaration
static const char __func__[] = "function-name";
appeared, where function-name is the name of the lexically-enclosing
function. This name is the unadorned name of the function. As an
extension, at file (or, in C++, namespace scope), '__func__' evaluates
to the empty string.
'__FUNCTION__' is another name for '__func__', provided for backward
compatibility with old versions of GCC.
In C, '__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' is yet another name for '__func__', except
that at file (or, in C++, namespace scope), it evaluates to the string
'"top level"'. In addition, in C++, '__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' contains the
signature of the function as well as its bare name. For example, this
program:
extern "C" int printf (const char *, ...);
class a {
public:
void sub (int i)
{
printf ("__FUNCTION__ = %s\n", __FUNCTION__);
printf ("__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ = %s\n", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
}
};
int
main (void)
{
a ax;
ax.sub (0);
return 0;
}
gives this output:
__FUNCTION__ = sub
__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ = void a::sub(int)
These identifiers are variables, not preprocessor macros, and may not
be used to initialize 'char' arrays or be concatenated with string
literals.
File: gcc.info, Node: Return Address, Next: Vector Extensions, Prev: Function Names, Up: C Extensions
6.49 Getting the Return or Frame Address of a Function
======================================================
These functions may be used to get information about the callers of a
function.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin_return_address (unsigned int
LEVEL)
This function returns the return address of the current function,
or of one of its callers. The LEVEL argument is number of frames
to scan up the call stack. A value of '0' yields the return
address of the current function, a value of '1' yields the return
address of the caller of the current function, and so forth. When
inlining the expected behavior is that the function returns the
address of the function that is returned to. To work around this
behavior use the 'noinline' function attribute.
The LEVEL argument must be a constant integer.
On some machines it may be impossible to determine the return
address of any function other than the current one; in such cases,
or when the top of the stack has been reached, this function
returns an unspecified value. In addition,
'__builtin_frame_address' may be used to determine if the top of
the stack has been reached.
Additional post-processing of the returned value may be needed, see
'__builtin_extract_return_addr'.
The stored representation of the return address in memory may be
different from the address returned by '__builtin_return_address'.
For example, on AArch64 the stored address may be mangled with
return address signing whereas the address returned by
'__builtin_return_address' is not.
Calling this function with a nonzero argument can have
unpredictable effects, including crashing the calling program. As
a result, calls that are considered unsafe are diagnosed when the
'-Wframe-address' option is in effect. Such calls should only be
made in debugging situations.
On targets where code addresses are representable as 'void *',
void *addr = __builtin_extract_return_addr (__builtin_return_address (0));
gives the code address where the current function would return.
For example, such an address may be used with 'dladdr' or other
interfaces that work with code addresses.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin_extract_return_addr (void *ADDR)
The address as returned by '__builtin_return_address' may have to
be fed through this function to get the actual encoded address.
For example, on the 31-bit S/390 platform the highest bit has to be
masked out, or on SPARC platforms an offset has to be added for the
true next instruction to be executed.
If no fixup is needed, this function simply passes through ADDR.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin_frob_return_address (void *ADDR)
This function does the reverse of '__builtin_extract_return_addr'.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin_frame_address (unsigned int
LEVEL)
This function is similar to '__builtin_return_address', but it
returns the address of the function frame rather than the return
address of the function. Calling '__builtin_frame_address' with a
value of '0' yields the frame address of the current function, a
value of '1' yields the frame address of the caller of the current
function, and so forth.
The frame is the area on the stack that holds local variables and
saved registers. The frame address is normally the address of the
first word pushed on to the stack by the function. However, the
exact definition depends upon the processor and the calling
convention. If the processor has a dedicated frame pointer
register, and the function has a frame, then
'__builtin_frame_address' returns the value of the frame pointer
register.
On some machines it may be impossible to determine the frame
address of any function other than the current one; in such cases,
or when the top of the stack has been reached, this function
returns '0' if the first frame pointer is properly initialized by
the startup code.
Calling this function with a nonzero argument can have
unpredictable effects, including crashing the calling program. As
a result, calls that are considered unsafe are diagnosed when the
'-Wframe-address' option is in effect. Such calls should only be
made in debugging situations.
File: gcc.info, Node: Vector Extensions, Next: Offsetof, Prev: Return Address, Up: C Extensions
6.50 Using Vector Instructions through Built-in Functions
=========================================================
On some targets, the instruction set contains SIMD vector instructions
which operate on multiple values contained in one large register at the
same time. For example, on the x86 the MMX, 3DNow! and SSE extensions
can be used this way.
The first step in using these extensions is to provide the necessary
data types. This should be done using an appropriate 'typedef':
typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
The 'int' type specifies the base type, while the attribute specifies
the vector size for the variable, measured in bytes. For example, the
declaration above causes the compiler to set the mode for the 'v4si'
type to be 16 bytes wide and divided into 'int' sized units. For a
32-bit 'int' this means a vector of 4 units of 4 bytes, and the
corresponding mode of 'foo' is V4SI.
The 'vector_size' attribute is only applicable to integral and float
scalars, although arrays, pointers, and function return values are
allowed in conjunction with this construct. Only sizes that are a power
of two are currently allowed.
All the basic integer types can be used as base types, both as signed
and as unsigned: 'char', 'short', 'int', 'long', 'long long'. In
addition, 'float' and 'double' can be used to build floating-point
vector types.
Specifying a combination that is not valid for the current architecture
causes GCC to synthesize the instructions using a narrower mode. For
example, if you specify a variable of type 'V4SI' and your architecture
does not allow for this specific SIMD type, GCC produces code that uses
4 'SIs'.
The types defined in this manner can be used with a subset of normal C
operations. Currently, GCC allows using the following operators on
these types: '+, -, *, /, unary minus, ^, |, &, ~, %'.
The operations behave like C++ 'valarrays'. Addition is defined as the
addition of the corresponding elements of the operands. For example, in
the code below, each of the 4 elements in A is added to the
corresponding 4 elements in B and the resulting vector is stored in C.
typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
v4si a, b, c;
c = a + b;
Subtraction, multiplication, division, and the logical operations
operate in a similar manner. Likewise, the result of using the unary
minus or complement operators on a vector type is a vector whose
elements are the negative or complemented values of the corresponding
elements in the operand.
It is possible to use shifting operators '<<', '>>' on integer-type
vectors. The operation is defined as following: '{a0, a1, ..., an} >>
{b0, b1, ..., bn} == {a0 >> b0, a1 >> b1, ..., an >> bn}'. Vector
operands must have the same number of elements.
For convenience, it is allowed to use a binary vector operation where
one operand is a scalar. In that case the compiler transforms the
scalar operand into a vector where each element is the scalar from the
operation. The transformation happens only if the scalar could be
safely converted to the vector-element type. Consider the following
code.
typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
v4si a, b, c;
long l;
a = b + 1; /* a = b + {1,1,1,1}; */
a = 2 * b; /* a = {2,2,2,2} * b; */
a = l + a; /* Error, cannot convert long to int. */
Vectors can be subscripted as if the vector were an array with the same
number of elements and base type. Out of bound accesses invoke
undefined behavior at run time. Warnings for out of bound accesses for
vector subscription can be enabled with '-Warray-bounds'.
Vector comparison is supported with standard comparison operators: '==,
!=, <, <=, >, >='. Comparison operands can be vector expressions of
integer-type or real-type. Comparison between integer-type vectors and
real-type vectors are not supported. The result of the comparison is a
vector of the same width and number of elements as the comparison
operands with a signed integral element type.
Vectors are compared element-wise producing 0 when comparison is false
and -1 (constant of the appropriate type where all bits are set)
otherwise. Consider the following example.
typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
v4si a = {1,2,3,4};
v4si b = {3,2,1,4};
v4si c;
c = a > b; /* The result would be {0, 0,-1, 0} */
c = a == b; /* The result would be {0,-1, 0,-1} */
In C++, the ternary operator '?:' is available. 'a?b:c', where 'b' and
'c' are vectors of the same type and 'a' is an integer vector with the
same number of elements of the same size as 'b' and 'c', computes all
three arguments and creates a vector '{a[0]?b[0]:c[0], a[1]?b[1]:c[1],
...}'. Note that unlike in OpenCL, 'a' is thus interpreted as 'a != 0'
and not 'a < 0'. As in the case of binary operations, this syntax is
also accepted when one of 'b' or 'c' is a scalar that is then
transformed into a vector. If both 'b' and 'c' are scalars and the type
of 'true?b:c' has the same size as the element type of 'a', then 'b' and
'c' are converted to a vector type whose elements have this type and
with the same number of elements as 'a'.
In C++, the logic operators '!, &&, ||' are available for vectors.
'!v' is equivalent to 'v == 0', 'a && b' is equivalent to 'a!=0 & b!=0'
and 'a || b' is equivalent to 'a!=0 | b!=0'. For mixed operations
between a scalar 's' and a vector 'v', 's && v' is equivalent to
's?v!=0:0' (the evaluation is short-circuit) and 'v && s' is equivalent
to 'v!=0 & (s?-1:0)'.
Vector shuffling is available using functions '__builtin_shuffle (vec,
mask)' and '__builtin_shuffle (vec0, vec1, mask)'. Both functions
construct a permutation of elements from one or two vectors and return a
vector of the same type as the input vector(s). The MASK is an integral
vector with the same width (W) and element count (N) as the output
vector.
The elements of the input vectors are numbered in memory ordering of
VEC0 beginning at 0 and VEC1 beginning at N. The elements of MASK are
considered modulo N in the single-operand case and modulo 2*N in the
two-operand case.
Consider the following example,
typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));
v4si a = {1,2,3,4};
v4si b = {5,6,7,8};
v4si mask1 = {0,1,1,3};
v4si mask2 = {0,4,2,5};
v4si res;
res = __builtin_shuffle (a, mask1); /* res is {1,2,2,4} */
res = __builtin_shuffle (a, b, mask2); /* res is {1,5,3,6} */
Note that '__builtin_shuffle' is intentionally semantically compatible
with the OpenCL 'shuffle' and 'shuffle2' functions.
You can declare variables and use them in function calls and returns,
as well as in assignments and some casts. You can specify a vector type
as a return type for a function. Vector types can also be used as
function arguments. It is possible to cast from one vector type to
another, provided they are of the same size (in fact, you can also cast
vectors to and from other datatypes of the same size).
You cannot operate between vectors of different lengths or different
signedness without a cast.
File: gcc.info, Node: Offsetof, Next: __sync Builtins, Prev: Vector Extensions, Up: C Extensions
6.51 Support for 'offsetof'
===========================
GCC implements for both C and C++ a syntactic extension to implement the
'offsetof' macro.
primary:
"__builtin_offsetof" "(" typename "," offsetof_member_designator ")"
offsetof_member_designator:
identifier
| offsetof_member_designator "." identifier
| offsetof_member_designator "[" expr "]"
This extension is sufficient such that
#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) __builtin_offsetof (TYPE, MEMBER)
is a suitable definition of the 'offsetof' macro. In C++, TYPE may be
dependent. In either case, MEMBER may consist of a single identifier,
or a sequence of member accesses and array references.
File: gcc.info, Node: __sync Builtins, Next: __atomic Builtins, Prev: Offsetof, Up: C Extensions
6.52 Legacy '__sync' Built-in Functions for Atomic Memory Access
================================================================
The following built-in functions are intended to be compatible with
those described in the 'Intel Itanium Processor-specific Application
Binary Interface', section 7.4. As such, they depart from normal GCC
practice by not using the '__builtin_' prefix and also by being
overloaded so that they work on multiple types.
The definition given in the Intel documentation allows only for the use
of the types 'int', 'long', 'long long' or their unsigned counterparts.
GCC allows any scalar type that is 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes in size other than
the C type '_Bool' or the C++ type 'bool'. Operations on pointer
arguments are performed as if the operands were of the 'uintptr_t' type.
That is, they are not scaled by the size of the type to which the
pointer points.
These functions are implemented in terms of the '__atomic' builtins
(*note __atomic Builtins::). They should not be used for new code which
should use the '__atomic' builtins instead.
Not all operations are supported by all target processors. If a
particular operation cannot be implemented on the target processor, a
warning is generated and a call to an external function is generated.
The external function carries the same name as the built-in version,
with an additional suffix '_N' where N is the size of the data type.
In most cases, these built-in functions are considered a "full
barrier". That is, no memory operand is moved across the operation,
either forward or backward. Further, instructions are issued as
necessary to prevent the processor from speculating loads across the
operation and from queuing stores after the operation.
All of the routines are described in the Intel documentation to take
"an optional list of variables protected by the memory barrier". It's
not clear what is meant by that; it could mean that _only_ the listed
variables are protected, or it could mean a list of additional variables
to be protected. The list is ignored by GCC which treats it as empty.
GCC interprets an empty list as meaning that all globally accessible
variables should be protected.
'TYPE __sync_fetch_and_add (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_fetch_and_sub (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_fetch_and_or (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_fetch_and_and (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_fetch_and_xor (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_fetch_and_nand (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the
name, and returns the value that had previously been in memory.
That is, operations on integer operands have the following
semantics. Operations on pointer arguments are performed as if the
operands were of the 'uintptr_t' type. That is, they are not
scaled by the size of the type to which the pointer points.
{ tmp = *ptr; *ptr OP= value; return tmp; }
{ tmp = *ptr; *ptr = ~(tmp & value); return tmp; } // nand
The object pointed to by the first argument must be of integer or
pointer type. It must not be a boolean type.
_Note:_ GCC 4.4 and later implement '__sync_fetch_and_nand' as
'*ptr = ~(tmp & value)' instead of '*ptr = ~tmp & value'.
'TYPE __sync_add_and_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_sub_and_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_or_and_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_and_and_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_xor_and_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_nand_and_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the
name, and return the new value. That is, operations on integer
operands have the following semantics. Operations on pointer
operands are performed as if the operand's type were 'uintptr_t'.
{ *ptr OP= value; return *ptr; }
{ *ptr = ~(*ptr & value); return *ptr; } // nand
The same constraints on arguments apply as for the corresponding
'__sync_op_and_fetch' built-in functions.
_Note:_ GCC 4.4 and later implement '__sync_nand_and_fetch' as
'*ptr = ~(*ptr & value)' instead of '*ptr = ~*ptr & value'.
'bool __sync_bool_compare_and_swap (TYPE *ptr, TYPE oldval, TYPE newval, ...)'
'TYPE __sync_val_compare_and_swap (TYPE *ptr, TYPE oldval, TYPE newval, ...)'
These built-in functions perform an atomic compare and swap. That
is, if the current value of '*PTR' is OLDVAL, then write NEWVAL
into '*PTR'.
The "bool" version returns true if the comparison is successful and
NEWVAL is written. The "val" version returns the contents of
'*PTR' before the operation.
'__sync_synchronize (...)'
This built-in function issues a full memory barrier.
'TYPE __sync_lock_test_and_set (TYPE *ptr, TYPE value, ...)'
This built-in function, as described by Intel, is not a traditional
test-and-set operation, but rather an atomic exchange operation.
It writes VALUE into '*PTR', and returns the previous contents of
'*PTR'.
Many targets have only minimal support for such locks, and do not
support a full exchange operation. In this case, a target may
support reduced functionality here by which the _only_ valid value
to store is the immediate constant 1. The exact value actually
stored in '*PTR' is implementation defined.
This built-in function is not a full barrier, but rather an
"acquire barrier". This means that references after the operation
cannot move to (or be speculated to) before the operation, but
previous memory stores may not be globally visible yet, and
previous memory loads may not yet be satisfied.
'void __sync_lock_release (TYPE *ptr, ...)'
This built-in function releases the lock acquired by
'__sync_lock_test_and_set'. Normally this means writing the
constant 0 to '*PTR'.
This built-in function is not a full barrier, but rather a "release
barrier". This means that all previous memory stores are globally
visible, and all previous memory loads have been satisfied, but
following memory reads are not prevented from being speculated to
before the barrier.
File: gcc.info, Node: __atomic Builtins, Next: Integer Overflow Builtins, Prev: __sync Builtins, Up: C Extensions
6.53 Built-in Functions for Memory Model Aware Atomic Operations
================================================================
The following built-in functions approximately match the requirements
for the C++11 memory model. They are all identified by being prefixed
with '__atomic' and most are overloaded so that they work with multiple
types.
These functions are intended to replace the legacy '__sync' builtins.
The main difference is that the memory order that is requested is a
parameter to the functions. New code should always use the '__atomic'
builtins rather than the '__sync' builtins.
Note that the '__atomic' builtins assume that programs will conform to
the C++11 memory model. In particular, they assume that programs are
free of data races. See the C++11 standard for detailed requirements.
The '__atomic' builtins can be used with any integral scalar or pointer
type that is 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes in length. 16-byte integral types are
also allowed if '__int128' (*note __int128::) is supported by the
architecture.
The four non-arithmetic functions (load, store, exchange, and
compare_exchange) all have a generic version as well. This generic
version works on any data type. It uses the lock-free built-in function
if the specific data type size makes that possible; otherwise, an
external call is left to be resolved at run time. This external call is
the same format with the addition of a 'size_t' parameter inserted as
the first parameter indicating the size of the object being pointed to.
All objects must be the same size.
There are 6 different memory orders that can be specified. These map
to the C++11 memory orders with the same names, see the C++11 standard
or the GCC wiki on atomic synchronization
(http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Atomic/GCCMM/AtomicSync) for detailed
definitions. Individual targets may also support additional memory
orders for use on specific architectures. Refer to the target
documentation for details of these.
An atomic operation can both constrain code motion and be mapped to
hardware instructions for synchronization between threads (e.g., a
fence). To which extent this happens is controlled by the memory
orders, which are listed here in approximately ascending order of
strength. The description of each memory order is only meant to roughly
illustrate the effects and is not a specification; see the C++11 memory
model for precise semantics.
'__ATOMIC_RELAXED'
Implies no inter-thread ordering constraints.
'__ATOMIC_CONSUME'
This is currently implemented using the stronger '__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE'
memory order because of a deficiency in C++11's semantics for
'memory_order_consume'.
'__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE'
Creates an inter-thread happens-before constraint from the release
(or stronger) semantic store to this acquire load. Can prevent
hoisting of code to before the operation.
'__ATOMIC_RELEASE'
Creates an inter-thread happens-before constraint to acquire (or
stronger) semantic loads that read from this release store. Can
prevent sinking of code to after the operation.
'__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL'
Combines the effects of both '__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE' and
'__ATOMIC_RELEASE'.
'__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST'
Enforces total ordering with all other '__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST'
operations.
Note that in the C++11 memory model, _fences_ (e.g.,
'__atomic_thread_fence') take effect in combination with other atomic
operations on specific memory locations (e.g., atomic loads); operations
on specific memory locations do not necessarily affect other operations
in the same way.
Target architectures are encouraged to provide their own patterns for
each of the atomic built-in functions. If no target is provided, the
original non-memory model set of '__sync' atomic built-in functions are
used, along with any required synchronization fences surrounding it in
order to achieve the proper behavior. Execution in this case is subject
to the same restrictions as those built-in functions.
If there is no pattern or mechanism to provide a lock-free instruction
sequence, a call is made to an external routine with the same parameters
to be resolved at run time.
When implementing patterns for these built-in functions, the memory
order parameter can be ignored as long as the pattern implements the
most restrictive '__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST' memory order. Any of the other
memory orders execute correctly with this memory order but they may not
execute as efficiently as they could with a more appropriate
implementation of the relaxed requirements.
Note that the C++11 standard allows for the memory order parameter to
be determined at run time rather than at compile time. These built-in
functions map any run-time value to '__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST' rather than
invoke a runtime library call or inline a switch statement. This is
standard compliant, safe, and the simplest approach for now.
The memory order parameter is a signed int, but only the lower 16 bits
are reserved for the memory order. The remainder of the signed int is
reserved for target use and should be 0. Use of the predefined atomic
values ensures proper usage.
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_load_n (TYPE *ptr, int memorder)
This built-in function implements an atomic load operation. It
returns the contents of '*PTR'.
The valid memory order variants are '__ATOMIC_RELAXED',
'__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST', '__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE', and '__ATOMIC_CONSUME'.
-- Built-in Function: void __atomic_load (TYPE *ptr, TYPE *ret, int
memorder)
This is the generic version of an atomic load. It returns the
contents of '*PTR' in '*RET'.
-- Built-in Function: void __atomic_store_n (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
This built-in function implements an atomic store operation. It
writes 'VAL' into '*PTR'.
The valid memory order variants are '__ATOMIC_RELAXED',
'__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST', and '__ATOMIC_RELEASE'.
-- Built-in Function: void __atomic_store (TYPE *ptr, TYPE *val, int
memorder)
This is the generic version of an atomic store. It stores the
value of '*VAL' into '*PTR'.
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_exchange_n (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val,
int memorder)
This built-in function implements an atomic exchange operation. It
writes VAL into '*PTR', and returns the previous contents of
'*PTR'.
The valid memory order variants are '__ATOMIC_RELAXED',
'__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST', '__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE', '__ATOMIC_RELEASE', and
'__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL'.
-- Built-in Function: void __atomic_exchange (TYPE *ptr, TYPE *val,
TYPE *ret, int memorder)
This is the generic version of an atomic exchange. It stores the
contents of '*VAL' into '*PTR'. The original value of '*PTR' is
copied into '*RET'.
-- Built-in Function: bool __atomic_compare_exchange_n (TYPE *ptr, TYPE
*expected, TYPE desired, bool weak, int success_memorder, int
failure_memorder)
This built-in function implements an atomic compare and exchange
operation. This compares the contents of '*PTR' with the contents
of '*EXPECTED'. If equal, the operation is a _read-modify-write_
operation that writes DESIRED into '*PTR'. If they are not equal,
the operation is a _read_ and the current contents of '*PTR' are
written into '*EXPECTED'. WEAK is true for weak compare_exchange,
which may fail spuriously, and false for the strong variation,
which never fails spuriously. Many targets only offer the strong
variation and ignore the parameter. When in doubt, use the strong
variation.
If DESIRED is written into '*PTR' then true is returned and memory
is affected according to the memory order specified by
SUCCESS_MEMORDER. There are no restrictions on what memory order
can be used here.
Otherwise, false is returned and memory is affected according to
FAILURE_MEMORDER. This memory order cannot be '__ATOMIC_RELEASE'
nor '__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL'. It also cannot be a stronger order than
that specified by SUCCESS_MEMORDER.
-- Built-in Function: bool __atomic_compare_exchange (TYPE *ptr, TYPE
*expected, TYPE *desired, bool weak, int success_memorder, int
failure_memorder)
This built-in function implements the generic version of
'__atomic_compare_exchange'. The function is virtually identical
to '__atomic_compare_exchange_n', except the desired value is also
a pointer.
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_add_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_sub_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_and_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_xor_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_or_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_nand_fetch (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val,
int memorder)
These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the
name, and return the result of the operation. Operations on
pointer arguments are performed as if the operands were of the
'uintptr_t' type. That is, they are not scaled by the size of the
type to which the pointer points.
{ *ptr OP= val; return *ptr; }
The object pointed to by the first argument must be of integer or
pointer type. It must not be a boolean type. All memory orders
are valid.
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_fetch_add (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_fetch_sub (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_fetch_and (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_fetch_xor (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_fetch_or (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val, int
memorder)
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __atomic_fetch_nand (TYPE *ptr, TYPE val,
int memorder)
These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the
name, and return the value that had previously been in '*PTR'.
Operations on pointer arguments are performed as if the operands
were of the 'uintptr_t' type. That is, they are not scaled by the
size of the type to which the pointer points.
{ tmp = *ptr; *ptr OP= val; return tmp; }
The same constraints on arguments apply as for the corresponding
'__atomic_op_fetch' built-in functions. All memory orders are
valid.
-- Built-in Function: bool __atomic_test_and_set (void *ptr, int
memorder)
This built-in function performs an atomic test-and-set operation on
the byte at '*PTR'. The byte is set to some implementation defined
nonzero "set" value and the return value is 'true' if and only if
the previous contents were "set". It should be only used for
operands of type 'bool' or 'char'. For other types only part of
the value may be set.
All memory orders are valid.
-- Built-in Function: void __atomic_clear (bool *ptr, int memorder)
This built-in function performs an atomic clear operation on
'*PTR'. After the operation, '*PTR' contains 0. It should be only
used for operands of type 'bool' or 'char' and in conjunction with
'__atomic_test_and_set'. For other types it may only clear
partially. If the type is not 'bool' prefer using
'__atomic_store'.
The valid memory order variants are '__ATOMIC_RELAXED',
'__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST', and '__ATOMIC_RELEASE'.
-- Built-in Function: void __atomic_thread_fence (int memorder)
This built-in function acts as a synchronization fence between
threads based on the specified memory order.
All memory orders are valid.
-- Built-in Function: void __atomic_signal_fence (int memorder)
This built-in function acts as a synchronization fence between a
thread and signal handlers based in the same thread.
All memory orders are valid.
-- Built-in Function: bool __atomic_always_lock_free (size_t size, void
*ptr)
This built-in function returns true if objects of SIZE bytes always
generate lock-free atomic instructions for the target architecture.
SIZE must resolve to a compile-time constant and the result also
resolves to a compile-time constant.
PTR is an optional pointer to the object that may be used to
determine alignment. A value of 0 indicates typical alignment
should be used. The compiler may also ignore this parameter.
if (__atomic_always_lock_free (sizeof (long long), 0))
-- Built-in Function: bool __atomic_is_lock_free (size_t size, void
*ptr)
This built-in function returns true if objects of SIZE bytes always
generate lock-free atomic instructions for the target architecture.
If the built-in function is not known to be lock-free, a call is
made to a runtime routine named '__atomic_is_lock_free'.
PTR is an optional pointer to the object that may be used to
determine alignment. A value of 0 indicates typical alignment
should be used. The compiler may also ignore this parameter.
File: gcc.info, Node: Integer Overflow Builtins, Next: x86 specific memory model extensions for transactional memory, Prev: __atomic Builtins, Up: C Extensions
6.54 Built-in Functions to Perform Arithmetic with Overflow Checking
====================================================================
The following built-in functions allow performing simple arithmetic
operations together with checking whether the operations overflowed.
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_add_overflow (TYPE1 a, TYPE2 b,
TYPE3 *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_sadd_overflow (int a, int b, int
*res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_saddl_overflow (long int a, long
int b, long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_saddll_overflow (long long int a,
long long int b, long long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_uadd_overflow (unsigned int a,
unsigned int b, unsigned int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_uaddl_overflow (unsigned long int
a, unsigned long int b, unsigned long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_uaddll_overflow (unsigned long
long int a, unsigned long long int b, unsigned long long int
*res)
These built-in functions promote the first two operands into
infinite precision signed type and perform addition on those
promoted operands. The result is then cast to the type the third
pointer argument points to and stored there. If the stored result
is equal to the infinite precision result, the built-in functions
return false, otherwise they return true. As the addition is
performed in infinite signed precision, these built-in functions
have fully defined behavior for all argument values.
The first built-in function allows arbitrary integral types for
operands and the result type must be pointer to some integral type
other than enumerated or boolean type, the rest of the built-in
functions have explicit integer types.
The compiler will attempt to use hardware instructions to implement
these built-in functions where possible, like conditional jump on
overflow after addition, conditional jump on carry etc.
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_sub_overflow (TYPE1 a, TYPE2 b,
TYPE3 *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_ssub_overflow (int a, int b, int
*res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_ssubl_overflow (long int a, long
int b, long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_ssubll_overflow (long long int a,
long long int b, long long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_usub_overflow (unsigned int a,
unsigned int b, unsigned int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_usubl_overflow (unsigned long int
a, unsigned long int b, unsigned long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_usubll_overflow (unsigned long
long int a, unsigned long long int b, unsigned long long int
*res)
These built-in functions are similar to the add overflow checking
built-in functions above, except they perform subtraction, subtract
the second argument from the first one, instead of addition.
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_mul_overflow (TYPE1 a, TYPE2 b,
TYPE3 *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_smul_overflow (int a, int b, int
*res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_smull_overflow (long int a, long
int b, long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_smulll_overflow (long long int a,
long long int b, long long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_umul_overflow (unsigned int a,
unsigned int b, unsigned int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_umull_overflow (unsigned long int
a, unsigned long int b, unsigned long int *res)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_umulll_overflow (unsigned long
long int a, unsigned long long int b, unsigned long long int
*res)
These built-in functions are similar to the add overflow checking
built-in functions above, except they perform multiplication,
instead of addition.
The following built-in functions allow checking if simple arithmetic
operation would overflow.
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_add_overflow_p (TYPE1 a, TYPE2 b,
TYPE3 c)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_sub_overflow_p (TYPE1 a, TYPE2 b,
TYPE3 c)
-- Built-in Function: bool __builtin_mul_overflow_p (TYPE1 a, TYPE2 b,
TYPE3 c)
These built-in functions are similar to '__builtin_add_overflow',
'__builtin_sub_overflow', or '__builtin_mul_overflow', except that
they don't store the result of the arithmetic operation anywhere
and the last argument is not a pointer, but some expression with
integral type other than enumerated or boolean type.
The built-in functions promote the first two operands into infinite
precision signed type and perform addition on those promoted
operands. The result is then cast to the type of the third
argument. If the cast result is equal to the infinite precision
result, the built-in functions return false, otherwise they return
true. The value of the third argument is ignored, just the side
effects in the third argument are evaluated, and no integral
argument promotions are performed on the last argument. If the
third argument is a bit-field, the type used for the result cast
has the precision and signedness of the given bit-field, rather
than precision and signedness of the underlying type.
For example, the following macro can be used to portably check, at
compile-time, whether or not adding two constant integers will
overflow, and perform the addition only when it is known to be safe
and not to trigger a '-Woverflow' warning.
#define INT_ADD_OVERFLOW_P(a, b) \
__builtin_add_overflow_p (a, b, (__typeof__ ((a) + (b))) 0)
enum {
A = INT_MAX, B = 3,
C = INT_ADD_OVERFLOW_P (A, B) ? 0 : A + B,
D = __builtin_add_overflow_p (1, SCHAR_MAX, (signed char) 0)
};
The compiler will attempt to use hardware instructions to implement
these built-in functions where possible, like conditional jump on
overflow after addition, conditional jump on carry etc.
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 specific memory model extensions for transactional memory, Next: Object Size Checking, Prev: Integer Overflow Builtins, Up: C Extensions
6.55 x86-Specific Memory Model Extensions for Transactional Memory
==================================================================
The x86 architecture supports additional memory ordering flags to mark
critical sections for hardware lock elision. These must be specified in
addition to an existing memory order to atomic intrinsics.
'__ATOMIC_HLE_ACQUIRE'
Start lock elision on a lock variable. Memory order must be
'__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE' or stronger.
'__ATOMIC_HLE_RELEASE'
End lock elision on a lock variable. Memory order must be
'__ATOMIC_RELEASE' or stronger.
When a lock acquire fails, it is required for good performance to abort
the transaction quickly. This can be done with a '_mm_pause'.
#include <immintrin.h> // For _mm_pause
int lockvar;
/* Acquire lock with lock elision */
while (__atomic_exchange_n(&lockvar, 1, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE|__ATOMIC_HLE_ACQUIRE))
_mm_pause(); /* Abort failed transaction */
...
/* Free lock with lock elision */
__atomic_store_n(&lockvar, 0, __ATOMIC_RELEASE|__ATOMIC_HLE_RELEASE);
File: gcc.info, Node: Object Size Checking, Next: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins, Prev: x86 specific memory model extensions for transactional memory, Up: C Extensions
6.56 Object Size Checking Built-in Functions
============================================
GCC implements a limited buffer overflow protection mechanism that can
prevent some buffer overflow attacks by determining the sizes of objects
into which data is about to be written and preventing the writes when
the size isn't sufficient. The built-in functions described below yield
the best results when used together and when optimization is enabled.
For example, to detect object sizes across function boundaries or to
follow pointer assignments through non-trivial control flow they rely on
various optimization passes enabled with '-O2'. However, to a limited
extent, they can be used without optimization as well.
-- Built-in Function: size_t __builtin_object_size (const void * PTR,
int TYPE)
is a built-in construct that returns a constant number of bytes
from PTR to the end of the object PTR pointer points to (if known
at compile time). '__builtin_object_size' never evaluates its
arguments for side effects. If there are any side effects in them,
it returns '(size_t) -1' for TYPE 0 or 1 and '(size_t) 0' for TYPE
2 or 3. If there are multiple objects PTR can point to and all of
them are known at compile time, the returned number is the maximum
of remaining byte counts in those objects if TYPE & 2 is 0 and
minimum if nonzero. If it is not possible to determine which
objects PTR points to at compile time, '__builtin_object_size'
should return '(size_t) -1' for TYPE 0 or 1 and '(size_t) 0' for
TYPE 2 or 3.
TYPE is an integer constant from 0 to 3. If the least significant
bit is clear, objects are whole variables, if it is set, a closest
surrounding subobject is considered the object a pointer points to.
The second bit determines if maximum or minimum of remaining bytes
is computed.
struct V { char buf1[10]; int b; char buf2[10]; } var;
char *p = &var.buf1[1], *q = &var.b;
/* Here the object p points to is var. */
assert (__builtin_object_size (p, 0) == sizeof (var) - 1);
/* The subobject p points to is var.buf1. */
assert (__builtin_object_size (p, 1) == sizeof (var.buf1) - 1);
/* The object q points to is var. */
assert (__builtin_object_size (q, 0)
== (char *) (&var + 1) - (char *) &var.b);
/* The subobject q points to is var.b. */
assert (__builtin_object_size (q, 1) == sizeof (var.b));
There are built-in functions added for many common string operation
functions, e.g., for 'memcpy' '__builtin___memcpy_chk' built-in is
provided. This built-in has an additional last argument, which is the
number of bytes remaining in the object the DEST argument points to or
'(size_t) -1' if the size is not known.
The built-in functions are optimized into the normal string functions
like 'memcpy' if the last argument is '(size_t) -1' or if it is known at
compile time that the destination object will not be overflowed. If the
compiler can determine at compile time that the object will always be
overflowed, it issues a warning.
The intended use can be e.g.
#undef memcpy
#define bos0(dest) __builtin_object_size (dest, 0)
#define memcpy(dest, src, n) \
__builtin___memcpy_chk (dest, src, n, bos0 (dest))
char *volatile p;
char buf[10];
/* It is unknown what object p points to, so this is optimized
into plain memcpy - no checking is possible. */
memcpy (p, "abcde", n);
/* Destination is known and length too. It is known at compile
time there will be no overflow. */
memcpy (&buf[5], "abcde", 5);
/* Destination is known, but the length is not known at compile time.
This will result in __memcpy_chk call that can check for overflow
at run time. */
memcpy (&buf[5], "abcde", n);
/* Destination is known and it is known at compile time there will
be overflow. There will be a warning and __memcpy_chk call that
will abort the program at run time. */
memcpy (&buf[6], "abcde", 5);
Such built-in functions are provided for 'memcpy', 'mempcpy',
'memmove', 'memset', 'strcpy', 'stpcpy', 'strncpy', 'strcat' and
'strncat'.
There are also checking built-in functions for formatted output
functions.
int __builtin___sprintf_chk (char *s, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, ...);
int __builtin___snprintf_chk (char *s, size_t maxlen, int flag, size_t os,
const char *fmt, ...);
int __builtin___vsprintf_chk (char *s, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt,
va_list ap);
int __builtin___vsnprintf_chk (char *s, size_t maxlen, int flag, size_t os,
const char *fmt, va_list ap);
The added FLAG argument is passed unchanged to '__sprintf_chk' etc.
functions and can contain implementation specific flags on what
additional security measures the checking function might take, such as
handling '%n' differently.
The OS argument is the object size S points to, like in the other
built-in functions. There is a small difference in the behavior though,
if OS is '(size_t) -1', the built-in functions are optimized into the
non-checking functions only if FLAG is 0, otherwise the checking
function is called with OS argument set to '(size_t) -1'.
In addition to this, there are checking built-in functions
'__builtin___printf_chk', '__builtin___vprintf_chk',
'__builtin___fprintf_chk' and '__builtin___vfprintf_chk'. These have
just one additional argument, FLAG, right before format string FMT. If
the compiler is able to optimize them to 'fputc' etc. functions, it
does, otherwise the checking function is called and the FLAG argument
passed to it.
File: gcc.info, Node: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins, Next: Other Builtins, Prev: Object Size Checking, Up: C Extensions
6.57 Pointer Bounds Checker Built-in Functions
==============================================
GCC provides a set of built-in functions to control Pointer Bounds
Checker instrumentation. Note that all Pointer Bounds Checker builtins
can be used even if you compile with Pointer Bounds Checker off
('-fno-check-pointer-bounds'). The behavior may differ in such case as
documented below.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin___bnd_set_ptr_bounds (const void
*Q, size_t SIZE)
This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of Q,
and associate it with the bounds [Q, Q+SIZE-1]. With Pointer
Bounds Checker off, the built-in function just returns the first
argument.
extern void *__wrap_malloc (size_t n)
{
void *p = (void *)__real_malloc (n);
if (!p) return __builtin___bnd_null_ptr_bounds (p);
return __builtin___bnd_set_ptr_bounds (p, n);
}
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin___bnd_narrow_ptr_bounds (const
void *P, const void *Q, size_t SIZE)
This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of P
and associates it with the narrowed bounds formed by the
intersection of bounds associated with Q and the bounds [P, P +
SIZE - 1]. With Pointer Bounds Checker off, the built-in function
just returns the first argument.
void init_objects (object *objs, size_t size)
{
size_t i;
/* Initialize objects one-by-one passing pointers with bounds of
an object, not the full array of objects. */
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
init_object (__builtin___bnd_narrow_ptr_bounds (objs + i, objs,
sizeof(object)));
}
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin___bnd_copy_ptr_bounds (const
void *Q, const void *R)
This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of Q,
and associates it with the bounds already associated with pointer
R. With Pointer Bounds Checker off, the built-in function just
returns the first argument.
/* Here is a way to get pointer to object's field but
still with the full object's bounds. */
int *field_ptr = __builtin___bnd_copy_ptr_bounds (&objptr->int_field,
objptr);
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin___bnd_init_ptr_bounds (const
void *Q)
This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of Q,
and associates it with INIT (allowing full memory access) bounds.
With Pointer Bounds Checker off, the built-in function just returns
the first argument.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin___bnd_null_ptr_bounds (const
void *Q)
This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of Q,
and associates it with NULL (allowing no memory access) bounds.
With Pointer Bounds Checker off, the built-in function just returns
the first argument.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin___bnd_store_ptr_bounds (const void
**PTR_ADDR, const void *PTR_VAL)
This built-in function stores the bounds associated with pointer
PTR_VAL and location PTR_ADDR into Bounds Table. This can be
useful to propagate bounds from legacy code without touching the
associated pointer's memory when pointers are copied as integers.
With Pointer Bounds Checker off, the built-in function call is
ignored.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_lbounds (const void
*Q)
This built-in function checks if the pointer Q is within the lower
bound of its associated bounds. With Pointer Bounds Checker off,
the built-in function call is ignored.
extern void *__wrap_memset (void *dst, int c, size_t len)
{
if (len > 0)
{
__builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_lbounds (dst);
__builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_ubounds ((char *)dst + len - 1);
__real_memset (dst, c, len);
}
return dst;
}
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_ubounds (const void
*Q)
This built-in function checks if the pointer Q is within the upper
bound of its associated bounds. With Pointer Bounds Checker off,
the built-in function call is ignored.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_bounds (const void
*Q, size_t SIZE)
This built-in function checks if [Q, Q + SIZE - 1] is within the
lower and upper bounds associated with Q. With Pointer Bounds
Checker off, the built-in function call is ignored.
extern void *__wrap_memcpy (void *dst, const void *src, size_t n)
{
if (n > 0)
{
__bnd_chk_ptr_bounds (dst, n);
__bnd_chk_ptr_bounds (src, n);
__real_memcpy (dst, src, n);
}
return dst;
}
-- Built-in Function: const void * __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_lbound
(const void *Q)
This built-in function returns the lower bound associated with the
pointer Q, as a pointer value. This is useful for debugging using
'printf'. With Pointer Bounds Checker off, the built-in function
returns 0.
void *lb = __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_lbound (q);
void *ub = __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_ubound (q);
printf ("q = %p lb(q) = %p ub(q) = %p", q, lb, ub);
-- Built-in Function: const void * __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_ubound
(const void *Q)
This built-in function returns the upper bound (which is a pointer)
associated with the pointer Q. With Pointer Bounds Checker off,
the built-in function returns -1.
File: gcc.info, Node: Other Builtins, Next: Target Builtins, Prev: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins, Up: C Extensions
6.58 Other Built-in Functions Provided by GCC
=============================================
GCC provides a large number of built-in functions other than the ones
mentioned above. Some of these are for internal use in the processing
of exceptions or variable-length argument lists and are not documented
here because they may change from time to time; we do not recommend
general use of these functions.
The remaining functions are provided for optimization purposes.
With the exception of built-ins that have library equivalents such as
the standard C library functions discussed below, or that expand to
library calls, GCC built-in functions are always expanded inline and
thus do not have corresponding entry points and their address cannot be
obtained. Attempting to use them in an expression other than a function
call results in a compile-time error.
GCC includes built-in versions of many of the functions in the standard
C library. These functions come in two forms: one whose names start
with the '__builtin_' prefix, and the other without. Both forms have
the same type (including prototype), the same address (when their
address is taken), and the same meaning as the C library functions even
if you specify the '-fno-builtin' option *note C Dialect Options::).
Many of these functions are only optimized in certain cases; if they are
not optimized in a particular case, a call to the library function is
emitted.
Outside strict ISO C mode ('-ansi', '-std=c90', '-std=c99' or
'-std=c11'), the functions '_exit', 'alloca', 'bcmp', 'bzero',
'dcgettext', 'dgettext', 'dremf', 'dreml', 'drem', 'exp10f', 'exp10l',
'exp10', 'ffsll', 'ffsl', 'ffs', 'fprintf_unlocked', 'fputs_unlocked',
'gammaf', 'gammal', 'gamma', 'gammaf_r', 'gammal_r', 'gamma_r',
'gettext', 'index', 'isascii', 'j0f', 'j0l', 'j0', 'j1f', 'j1l', 'j1',
'jnf', 'jnl', 'jn', 'lgammaf_r', 'lgammal_r', 'lgamma_r', 'mempcpy',
'pow10f', 'pow10l', 'pow10', 'printf_unlocked', 'rindex', 'scalbf',
'scalbl', 'scalb', 'signbit', 'signbitf', 'signbitl', 'signbitd32',
'signbitd64', 'signbitd128', 'significandf', 'significandl',
'significand', 'sincosf', 'sincosl', 'sincos', 'stpcpy', 'stpncpy',
'strcasecmp', 'strdup', 'strfmon', 'strncasecmp', 'strndup', 'toascii',
'y0f', 'y0l', 'y0', 'y1f', 'y1l', 'y1', 'ynf', 'ynl' and 'yn' may be
handled as built-in functions. All these functions have corresponding
versions prefixed with '__builtin_', which may be used even in strict
C90 mode.
The ISO C99 functions '_Exit', 'acoshf', 'acoshl', 'acosh', 'asinhf',
'asinhl', 'asinh', 'atanhf', 'atanhl', 'atanh', 'cabsf', 'cabsl',
'cabs', 'cacosf', 'cacoshf', 'cacoshl', 'cacosh', 'cacosl', 'cacos',
'cargf', 'cargl', 'carg', 'casinf', 'casinhf', 'casinhl', 'casinh',
'casinl', 'casin', 'catanf', 'catanhf', 'catanhl', 'catanh', 'catanl',
'catan', 'cbrtf', 'cbrtl', 'cbrt', 'ccosf', 'ccoshf', 'ccoshl', 'ccosh',
'ccosl', 'ccos', 'cexpf', 'cexpl', 'cexp', 'cimagf', 'cimagl', 'cimag',
'clogf', 'clogl', 'clog', 'conjf', 'conjl', 'conj', 'copysignf',
'copysignl', 'copysign', 'cpowf', 'cpowl', 'cpow', 'cprojf', 'cprojl',
'cproj', 'crealf', 'creall', 'creal', 'csinf', 'csinhf', 'csinhl',
'csinh', 'csinl', 'csin', 'csqrtf', 'csqrtl', 'csqrt', 'ctanf',
'ctanhf', 'ctanhl', 'ctanh', 'ctanl', 'ctan', 'erfcf', 'erfcl', 'erfc',
'erff', 'erfl', 'erf', 'exp2f', 'exp2l', 'exp2', 'expm1f', 'expm1l',
'expm1', 'fdimf', 'fdiml', 'fdim', 'fmaf', 'fmal', 'fmaxf', 'fmaxl',
'fmax', 'fma', 'fminf', 'fminl', 'fmin', 'hypotf', 'hypotl', 'hypot',
'ilogbf', 'ilogbl', 'ilogb', 'imaxabs', 'isblank', 'iswblank',
'lgammaf', 'lgammal', 'lgamma', 'llabs', 'llrintf', 'llrintl', 'llrint',
'llroundf', 'llroundl', 'llround', 'log1pf', 'log1pl', 'log1p', 'log2f',
'log2l', 'log2', 'logbf', 'logbl', 'logb', 'lrintf', 'lrintl', 'lrint',
'lroundf', 'lroundl', 'lround', 'nearbyintf', 'nearbyintl', 'nearbyint',
'nextafterf', 'nextafterl', 'nextafter', 'nexttowardf', 'nexttowardl',
'nexttoward', 'remainderf', 'remainderl', 'remainder', 'remquof',
'remquol', 'remquo', 'rintf', 'rintl', 'rint', 'roundf', 'roundl',
'round', 'scalblnf', 'scalblnl', 'scalbln', 'scalbnf', 'scalbnl',
'scalbn', 'snprintf', 'tgammaf', 'tgammal', 'tgamma', 'truncf',
'truncl', 'trunc', 'vfscanf', 'vscanf', 'vsnprintf' and 'vsscanf' are
handled as built-in functions except in strict ISO C90 mode ('-ansi' or
'-std=c90').
There are also built-in versions of the ISO C99 functions 'acosf',
'acosl', 'asinf', 'asinl', 'atan2f', 'atan2l', 'atanf', 'atanl',
'ceilf', 'ceill', 'cosf', 'coshf', 'coshl', 'cosl', 'expf', 'expl',
'fabsf', 'fabsl', 'floorf', 'floorl', 'fmodf', 'fmodl', 'frexpf',
'frexpl', 'ldexpf', 'ldexpl', 'log10f', 'log10l', 'logf', 'logl',
'modfl', 'modf', 'powf', 'powl', 'sinf', 'sinhf', 'sinhl', 'sinl',
'sqrtf', 'sqrtl', 'tanf', 'tanhf', 'tanhl' and 'tanl' that are
recognized in any mode since ISO C90 reserves these names for the
purpose to which ISO C99 puts them. All these functions have
corresponding versions prefixed with '__builtin_'.
There are also built-in functions '__builtin_fabsfN',
'__builtin_fabsfNx', '__builtin_copysignfN' and '__builtin_copysignfNx',
corresponding to the TS 18661-3 functions 'fabsfN', 'fabsfNx',
'copysignfN' and 'copysignfNx', for supported types '_FloatN' and
'_FloatNx'.
There are also GNU extension functions 'clog10', 'clog10f' and
'clog10l' which names are reserved by ISO C99 for future use. All these
functions have versions prefixed with '__builtin_'.
The ISO C94 functions 'iswalnum', 'iswalpha', 'iswcntrl', 'iswdigit',
'iswgraph', 'iswlower', 'iswprint', 'iswpunct', 'iswspace', 'iswupper',
'iswxdigit', 'towlower' and 'towupper' are handled as built-in functions
except in strict ISO C90 mode ('-ansi' or '-std=c90').
The ISO C90 functions 'abort', 'abs', 'acos', 'asin', 'atan2', 'atan',
'calloc', 'ceil', 'cosh', 'cos', 'exit', 'exp', 'fabs', 'floor', 'fmod',
'fprintf', 'fputs', 'frexp', 'fscanf', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'iscntrl',
'isdigit', 'isgraph', 'islower', 'isprint', 'ispunct', 'isspace',
'isupper', 'isxdigit', 'tolower', 'toupper', 'labs', 'ldexp', 'log10',
'log', 'malloc', 'memchr', 'memcmp', 'memcpy', 'memset', 'modf', 'pow',
'printf', 'putchar', 'puts', 'scanf', 'sinh', 'sin', 'snprintf',
'sprintf', 'sqrt', 'sscanf', 'strcat', 'strchr', 'strcmp', 'strcpy',
'strcspn', 'strlen', 'strncat', 'strncmp', 'strncpy', 'strpbrk',
'strrchr', 'strspn', 'strstr', 'tanh', 'tan', 'vfprintf', 'vprintf' and
'vsprintf' are all recognized as built-in functions unless
'-fno-builtin' is specified (or '-fno-builtin-FUNCTION' is specified for
an individual function). All of these functions have corresponding
versions prefixed with '__builtin_'.
GCC provides built-in versions of the ISO C99 floating-point comparison
macros that avoid raising exceptions for unordered operands. They have
the same names as the standard macros ( 'isgreater', 'isgreaterequal',
'isless', 'islessequal', 'islessgreater', and 'isunordered') , with
'__builtin_' prefixed. We intend for a library implementor to be able
to simply '#define' each standard macro to its built-in equivalent. In
the same fashion, GCC provides 'fpclassify', 'isfinite', 'isinf_sign',
'isnormal' and 'signbit' built-ins used with '__builtin_' prefixed. The
'isinf' and 'isnan' built-in functions appear both with and without the
'__builtin_' prefix.
-- Built-in Function: void *__builtin_alloca (size_t size)
The '__builtin_alloca' function must be called at block scope. The
function allocates an object SIZE bytes large on the stack of the
calling function. The object is aligned on the default stack
alignment boundary for the target determined by the
'__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__' macro. The '__builtin_alloca' function
returns a pointer to the first byte of the allocated object. The
lifetime of the allocated object ends just before the calling
function returns to its caller. This is so even when
'__builtin_alloca' is called within a nested block.
For example, the following function allocates eight objects of 'n'
bytes each on the stack, storing a pointer to each in consecutive
elements of the array 'a'. It then passes the array to function
'g' which can safely use the storage pointed to by each of the
array elements.
void f (unsigned n)
{
void *a [8];
for (int i = 0; i != 8; ++i)
a [i] = __builtin_alloca (n);
g (a, n); // safe
}
Since the '__builtin_alloca' function doesn't validate its argument
it is the responsibility of its caller to make sure the argument
doesn't cause it to exceed the stack size limit. The
'__builtin_alloca' function is provided to make it possible to
allocate on the stack arrays of bytes with an upper bound that may
be computed at run time. Since C99 Variable Length Arrays offer
similar functionality under a portable, more convenient, and safer
interface they are recommended instead, in both C99 and C++
programs where GCC provides them as an extension. *Note Variable
Length::, for details.
-- Built-in Function: void *__builtin_alloca_with_align (size_t size,
size_t alignment)
The '__builtin_alloca_with_align' function must be called at block
scope. The function allocates an object SIZE bytes large on the
stack of the calling function. The allocated object is aligned on
the boundary specified by the argument ALIGNMENT whose unit is
given in bits (not bytes). The SIZE argument must be positive and
not exceed the stack size limit. The ALIGNMENT argument must be a
constant integer expression that evaluates to a power of 2 greater
than or equal to 'CHAR_BIT' and less than some unspecified maximum.
Invocations with other values are rejected with an error indicating
the valid bounds. The function returns a pointer to the first byte
of the allocated object. The lifetime of the allocated object ends
at the end of the block in which the function was called. The
allocated storage is released no later than just before the calling
function returns to its caller, but may be released at the end of
the block in which the function was called.
For example, in the following function the call to 'g' is unsafe
because when 'overalign' is non-zero, the space allocated by
'__builtin_alloca_with_align' may have been released at the end of
the 'if' statement in which it was called.
void f (unsigned n, bool overalign)
{
void *p;
if (overalign)
p = __builtin_alloca_with_align (n, 64 /* bits */);
else
p = __builtin_alloc (n);
g (p, n); // unsafe
}
Since the '__builtin_alloca_with_align' function doesn't validate
its SIZE argument it is the responsibility of its caller to make
sure the argument doesn't cause it to exceed the stack size limit.
The '__builtin_alloca_with_align' function is provided to make it
possible to allocate on the stack overaligned arrays of bytes with
an upper bound that may be computed at run time. Since C99
Variable Length Arrays offer the same functionality under a
portable, more convenient, and safer interface they are recommended
instead, in both C99 and C++ programs where GCC provides them as an
extension. *Note Variable Length::, for details.
-- Built-in Function: void *__builtin_alloca_with_align_and_max (size_t
size, size_t alignment, size_t max_size)
Similar to '__builtin_alloca_with_align' but takes an extra
argument specifying an upper bound for SIZE in case its value
cannot be computed at compile time, for use by '-fstack-usage',
'-Wstack-usage' and '-Walloca-larger-than'. MAX_SIZE must be a
constant integer expression, it has no effect on code generation
and no attempt is made to check its compatibility with SIZE.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_types_compatible_p (TYPE1, TYPE2)
You can use the built-in function '__builtin_types_compatible_p' to
determine whether two types are the same.
This built-in function returns 1 if the unqualified versions of the
types TYPE1 and TYPE2 (which are types, not expressions) are
compatible, 0 otherwise. The result of this built-in function can
be used in integer constant expressions.
This built-in function ignores top level qualifiers (e.g., 'const',
'volatile'). For example, 'int' is equivalent to 'const int'.
The type 'int[]' and 'int[5]' are compatible. On the other hand,
'int' and 'char *' are not compatible, even if the size of their
types, on the particular architecture are the same. Also, the
amount of pointer indirection is taken into account when
determining similarity. Consequently, 'short *' is not similar to
'short **'. Furthermore, two types that are typedefed are
considered compatible if their underlying types are compatible.
An 'enum' type is not considered to be compatible with another
'enum' type even if both are compatible with the same integer type;
this is what the C standard specifies. For example, 'enum {foo,
bar}' is not similar to 'enum {hot, dog}'.
You typically use this function in code whose execution varies
depending on the arguments' types. For example:
#define foo(x) \
({ \
typeof (x) tmp = (x); \
if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), long double)) \
tmp = foo_long_double (tmp); \
else if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), double)) \
tmp = foo_double (tmp); \
else if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), float)) \
tmp = foo_float (tmp); \
else \
abort (); \
tmp; \
})
_Note:_ This construct is only available for C.
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __builtin_call_with_static_chain (CALL_EXP,
POINTER_EXP)
The CALL_EXP expression must be a function call, and the
POINTER_EXP expression must be a pointer. The POINTER_EXP is
passed to the function call in the target's static chain location.
The result of builtin is the result of the function call.
_Note:_ This builtin is only available for C. This builtin can be
used to call Go closures from C.
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __builtin_choose_expr (CONST_EXP, EXP1,
EXP2)
You can use the built-in function '__builtin_choose_expr' to
evaluate code depending on the value of a constant expression.
This built-in function returns EXP1 if CONST_EXP, which is an
integer constant expression, is nonzero. Otherwise it returns
EXP2.
This built-in function is analogous to the '? :' operator in C,
except that the expression returned has its type unaltered by
promotion rules. Also, the built-in function does not evaluate the
expression that is not chosen. For example, if CONST_EXP evaluates
to true, EXP2 is not evaluated even if it has side effects.
This built-in function can return an lvalue if the chosen argument
is an lvalue.
If EXP1 is returned, the return type is the same as EXP1's type.
Similarly, if EXP2 is returned, its return type is the same as
EXP2.
Example:
#define foo(x) \
__builtin_choose_expr ( \
__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), double), \
foo_double (x), \
__builtin_choose_expr ( \
__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), float), \
foo_float (x), \
/* The void expression results in a compile-time error \
when assigning the result to something. */ \
(void)0))
_Note:_ This construct is only available for C. Furthermore, the
unused expression (EXP1 or EXP2 depending on the value of
CONST_EXP) may still generate syntax errors. This may change in
future revisions.
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __builtin_tgmath (FUNCTIONS, ARGUMENTS)
The built-in function '__builtin_tgmath', available only for C and
Objective-C, calls a function determined according to the rules of
'<tgmath.h>' macros. It is intended to be used in implementations
of that header, so that expansions of macros from that header only
expand each of their arguments once, to avoid problems when calls
to such macros are nested inside the arguments of other calls to
such macros; in addition, it results in better diagnostics for
invalid calls to '<tgmath.h>' macros than implementations using
other GNU C language features. For example, the 'pow' type-generic
macro might be defined as:
#define pow(a, b) __builtin_tgmath (powf, pow, powl, \
cpowf, cpow, cpowl, a, b)
The arguments to '__builtin_tgmath' are at least two pointers to
functions, followed by the arguments to the type-generic macro
(which will be passed as arguments to the selected function). All
the pointers to functions must be pointers to prototyped functions,
none of which may have variable arguments, and all of which must
have the same number of parameters; the number of parameters of the
first function determines how many arguments to '__builtin_tgmath'
are interpreted as function pointers, and how many as the arguments
to the called function.
The types of the specified functions must all be different, but
related to each other in the same way as a set of functions that
may be selected between by a macro in '<tgmath.h>'. This means
that the functions are parameterized by a floating-point type T,
different for each such function. The function return types may
all be the same type, or they may be T for each function, or they
may be the real type corresponding to T for each function (if some
of the types T are complex). Likewise, for each parameter
position, the type of the parameter in that position may always be
the same type, or may be T for each function (this case must apply
for at least one parameter position), or may be the real type
corresponding to T for each function.
The standard rules for '<tgmath.h>' macros are used to find a
common type U from the types of the arguments for parameters whose
types vary between the functions; complex integer types (a GNU
extension) are treated like '_Complex double' for this purpose (or
'_Complex _Float64' if all the function return types are the same
'_FloatN' or '_FloatNx' type). If the function return types vary,
or are all the same integer type, the function called is the one
for which T is U, and it is an error if there is no such function.
If the function return types are all the same floating-point type,
the type-generic macro is taken to be one of those from TS 18661
that rounds the result to a narrower type; if there is a function
for which T is U, it is called, and otherwise the first function,
if any, for which T has at least the range and precision of U is
called, and it is an error if there is no such function.
-- Built-in Function: TYPE __builtin_complex (REAL, IMAG)
The built-in function '__builtin_complex' is provided for use in
implementing the ISO C11 macros 'CMPLXF', 'CMPLX' and 'CMPLXL'.
REAL and IMAG must have the same type, a real binary floating-point
type, and the result has the corresponding complex type with real
and imaginary parts REAL and IMAG. Unlike 'REAL + I * IMAG', this
works even when infinities, NaNs and negative zeros are involved.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_constant_p (EXP)
You can use the built-in function '__builtin_constant_p' to
determine if a value is known to be constant at compile time and
hence that GCC can perform constant-folding on expressions
involving that value. The argument of the function is the value to
test. The function returns the integer 1 if the argument is known
to be a compile-time constant and 0 if it is not known to be a
compile-time constant. A return of 0 does not indicate that the
value is _not_ a constant, but merely that GCC cannot prove it is a
constant with the specified value of the '-O' option.
You typically use this function in an embedded application where
memory is a critical resource. If you have some complex
calculation, you may want it to be folded if it involves constants,
but need to call a function if it does not. For example:
#define Scale_Value(X) \
(__builtin_constant_p (X) \
? ((X) * SCALE + OFFSET) : Scale (X))
You may use this built-in function in either a macro or an inline
function. However, if you use it in an inlined function and pass
an argument of the function as the argument to the built-in, GCC
never returns 1 when you call the inline function with a string
constant or compound literal (*note Compound Literals::) and does
not return 1 when you pass a constant numeric value to the inline
function unless you specify the '-O' option.
You may also use '__builtin_constant_p' in initializers for static
data. For instance, you can write
static const int table[] = {
__builtin_constant_p (EXPRESSION) ? (EXPRESSION) : -1,
/* ... */
};
This is an acceptable initializer even if EXPRESSION is not a
constant expression, including the case where
'__builtin_constant_p' returns 1 because EXPRESSION can be folded
to a constant but EXPRESSION contains operands that are not
otherwise permitted in a static initializer (for example, '0 && foo
()'). GCC must be more conservative about evaluating the built-in
in this case, because it has no opportunity to perform
optimization.
-- Built-in Function: long __builtin_expect (long EXP, long C)
You may use '__builtin_expect' to provide the compiler with branch
prediction information. In general, you should prefer to use
actual profile feedback for this ('-fprofile-arcs'), as programmers
are notoriously bad at predicting how their programs actually
perform. However, there are applications in which this data is
hard to collect.
The return value is the value of EXP, which should be an integral
expression. The semantics of the built-in are that it is expected
that EXP == C. For example:
if (__builtin_expect (x, 0))
foo ();
indicates that we do not expect to call 'foo', since we expect 'x'
to be zero. Since you are limited to integral expressions for EXP,
you should use constructions such as
if (__builtin_expect (ptr != NULL, 1))
foo (*ptr);
when testing pointer or floating-point values.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_trap (void)
This function causes the program to exit abnormally. GCC
implements this function by using a target-dependent mechanism
(such as intentionally executing an illegal instruction) or by
calling 'abort'. The mechanism used may vary from release to
release so you should not rely on any particular implementation.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_unreachable (void)
If control flow reaches the point of the '__builtin_unreachable',
the program is undefined. It is useful in situations where the
compiler cannot deduce the unreachability of the code.
One such case is immediately following an 'asm' statement that
either never terminates, or one that transfers control elsewhere
and never returns. In this example, without the
'__builtin_unreachable', GCC issues a warning that control reaches
the end of a non-void function. It also generates code to return
after the 'asm'.
int f (int c, int v)
{
if (c)
{
return v;
}
else
{
asm("jmp error_handler");
__builtin_unreachable ();
}
}
Because the 'asm' statement unconditionally transfers control out
of the function, control never reaches the end of the function
body. The '__builtin_unreachable' is in fact unreachable and
communicates this fact to the compiler.
Another use for '__builtin_unreachable' is following a call a
function that never returns but that is not declared
'__attribute__((noreturn))', as in this example:
void function_that_never_returns (void);
int g (int c)
{
if (c)
{
return 1;
}
else
{
function_that_never_returns ();
__builtin_unreachable ();
}
}
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin_assume_aligned (const void *EXP,
size_t ALIGN, ...)
This function returns its first argument, and allows the compiler
to assume that the returned pointer is at least ALIGN bytes
aligned. This built-in can have either two or three arguments, if
it has three, the third argument should have integer type, and if
it is nonzero means misalignment offset. For example:
void *x = __builtin_assume_aligned (arg, 16);
means that the compiler can assume 'x', set to 'arg', is at least
16-byte aligned, while:
void *x = __builtin_assume_aligned (arg, 32, 8);
means that the compiler can assume for 'x', set to 'arg', that
'(char *) x - 8' is 32-byte aligned.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_LINE ()
This function is the equivalent of the preprocessor '__LINE__'
macro and returns a constant integer expression that evaluates to
the line number of the invocation of the built-in. When used as a
C++ default argument for a function F, it returns the line number
of the call to F.
-- Built-in Function: const char * __builtin_FUNCTION ()
This function is the equivalent of the '__FUNCTION__' symbol and
returns an address constant pointing to the name of the function
from which the built-in was invoked, or the empty string if the
invocation is not at function scope. When used as a C++ default
argument for a function F, it returns the name of F's caller or the
empty string if the call was not made at function scope.
-- Built-in Function: const char * __builtin_FILE ()
This function is the equivalent of the preprocessor '__FILE__'
macro and returns an address constant pointing to the file name
containing the invocation of the built-in, or the empty string if
the invocation is not at function scope. When used as a C++
default argument for a function F, it returns the file name of the
call to F or the empty string if the call was not made at function
scope.
For example, in the following, each call to function 'foo' will
print a line similar to '"file.c:123: foo: message"' with the name
of the file and the line number of the 'printf' call, the name of
the function 'foo', followed by the word 'message'.
const char*
function (const char *func = __builtin_FUNCTION ())
{
return func;
}
void foo (void)
{
printf ("%s:%i: %s: message\n", file (), line (), function ());
}
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin___clear_cache (char *BEGIN, char
*END)
This function is used to flush the processor's instruction cache
for the region of memory between BEGIN inclusive and END exclusive.
Some targets require that the instruction cache be flushed, after
modifying memory containing code, in order to obtain deterministic
behavior.
If the target does not require instruction cache flushes,
'__builtin___clear_cache' has no effect. Otherwise either
instructions are emitted in-line to clear the instruction cache or
a call to the '__clear_cache' function in libgcc is made.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_prefetch (const void *ADDR, ...)
This function is used to minimize cache-miss latency by moving data
into a cache before it is accessed. You can insert calls to
'__builtin_prefetch' into code for which you know addresses of data
in memory that is likely to be accessed soon. If the target
supports them, data prefetch instructions are generated. If the
prefetch is done early enough before the access then the data will
be in the cache by the time it is accessed.
The value of ADDR is the address of the memory to prefetch. There
are two optional arguments, RW and LOCALITY. The value of RW is a
compile-time constant one or zero; one means that the prefetch is
preparing for a write to the memory address and zero, the default,
means that the prefetch is preparing for a read. The value
LOCALITY must be a compile-time constant integer between zero and
three. A value of zero means that the data has no temporal
locality, so it need not be left in the cache after the access. A
value of three means that the data has a high degree of temporal
locality and should be left in all levels of cache possible.
Values of one and two mean, respectively, a low or moderate degree
of temporal locality. The default is three.
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
a[i] = a[i] + b[i];
__builtin_prefetch (&a[i+j], 1, 1);
__builtin_prefetch (&b[i+j], 0, 1);
/* ... */
}
Data prefetch does not generate faults if ADDR is invalid, but the
address expression itself must be valid. For example, a prefetch
of 'p->next' does not fault if 'p->next' is not a valid address,
but evaluation faults if 'p' is not a valid address.
If the target does not support data prefetch, the address
expression is evaluated if it includes side effects but no other
code is generated and GCC does not issue a warning.
-- Built-in Function: double __builtin_huge_val (void)
Returns a positive infinity, if supported by the floating-point
format, else 'DBL_MAX'. This function is suitable for implementing
the ISO C macro 'HUGE_VAL'.
-- Built-in Function: float __builtin_huge_valf (void)
Similar to '__builtin_huge_val', except the return type is 'float'.
-- Built-in Function: long double __builtin_huge_vall (void)
Similar to '__builtin_huge_val', except the return type is 'long
double'.
-- Built-in Function: _FloatN __builtin_huge_valfN (void)
Similar to '__builtin_huge_val', except the return type is
'_FloatN'.
-- Built-in Function: _FloatNx __builtin_huge_valfNx (void)
Similar to '__builtin_huge_val', except the return type is
'_FloatNx'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_fpclassify (int, int, int, int,
int, ...)
This built-in implements the C99 fpclassify functionality. The
first five int arguments should be the target library's notion of
the possible FP classes and are used for return values. They must
be constant values and they must appear in this order: 'FP_NAN',
'FP_INFINITE', 'FP_NORMAL', 'FP_SUBNORMAL' and 'FP_ZERO'. The
ellipsis is for exactly one floating-point value to classify. GCC
treats the last argument as type-generic, which means it does not
do default promotion from float to double.
-- Built-in Function: double __builtin_inf (void)
Similar to '__builtin_huge_val', except a warning is generated if
the target floating-point format does not support infinities.
-- Built-in Function: _Decimal32 __builtin_infd32 (void)
Similar to '__builtin_inf', except the return type is '_Decimal32'.
-- Built-in Function: _Decimal64 __builtin_infd64 (void)
Similar to '__builtin_inf', except the return type is '_Decimal64'.
-- Built-in Function: _Decimal128 __builtin_infd128 (void)
Similar to '__builtin_inf', except the return type is
'_Decimal128'.
-- Built-in Function: float __builtin_inff (void)
Similar to '__builtin_inf', except the return type is 'float'.
This function is suitable for implementing the ISO C99 macro
'INFINITY'.
-- Built-in Function: long double __builtin_infl (void)
Similar to '__builtin_inf', except the return type is 'long
double'.
-- Built-in Function: _FloatN __builtin_inffN (void)
Similar to '__builtin_inf', except the return type is '_FloatN'.
-- Built-in Function: _FloatN __builtin_inffNx (void)
Similar to '__builtin_inf', except the return type is '_FloatNx'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_isinf_sign (...)
Similar to 'isinf', except the return value is -1 for an argument
of '-Inf' and 1 for an argument of '+Inf'. Note while the
parameter list is an ellipsis, this function only accepts exactly
one floating-point argument. GCC treats this parameter as
type-generic, which means it does not do default promotion from
float to double.
-- Built-in Function: double __builtin_nan (const char *str)
This is an implementation of the ISO C99 function 'nan'.
Since ISO C99 defines this function in terms of 'strtod', which we
do not implement, a description of the parsing is in order. The
string is parsed as by 'strtol'; that is, the base is recognized by
leading '0' or '0x' prefixes. The number parsed is placed in the
significand such that the least significant bit of the number is at
the least significant bit of the significand. The number is
truncated to fit the significand field provided. The significand
is forced to be a quiet NaN.
This function, if given a string literal all of which would have
been consumed by 'strtol', is evaluated early enough that it is
considered a compile-time constant.
-- Built-in Function: _Decimal32 __builtin_nand32 (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the return type is '_Decimal32'.
-- Built-in Function: _Decimal64 __builtin_nand64 (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the return type is '_Decimal64'.
-- Built-in Function: _Decimal128 __builtin_nand128 (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the return type is
'_Decimal128'.
-- Built-in Function: float __builtin_nanf (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the return type is 'float'.
-- Built-in Function: long double __builtin_nanl (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the return type is 'long
double'.
-- Built-in Function: _FloatN __builtin_nanfN (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the return type is '_FloatN'.
-- Built-in Function: _FloatNx __builtin_nanfNx (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the return type is '_FloatNx'.
-- Built-in Function: double __builtin_nans (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the significand is forced to be
a signaling NaN. The 'nans' function is proposed by WG14 N965.
-- Built-in Function: float __builtin_nansf (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nans', except the return type is 'float'.
-- Built-in Function: long double __builtin_nansl (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nans', except the return type is 'long
double'.
-- Built-in Function: _FloatN __builtin_nansfN (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nans', except the return type is '_FloatN'.
-- Built-in Function: _FloatNx __builtin_nansfNx (const char *str)
Similar to '__builtin_nans', except the return type is '_FloatNx'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_ffs (int x)
Returns one plus the index of the least significant 1-bit of X, or
if X is zero, returns zero.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_clz (unsigned int x)
Returns the number of leading 0-bits in X, starting at the most
significant bit position. If X is 0, the result is undefined.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_ctz (unsigned int x)
Returns the number of trailing 0-bits in X, starting at the least
significant bit position. If X is 0, the result is undefined.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_clrsb (int x)
Returns the number of leading redundant sign bits in X, i.e. the
number of bits following the most significant bit that are
identical to it. There are no special cases for 0 or other values.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_popcount (unsigned int x)
Returns the number of 1-bits in X.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_parity (unsigned int x)
Returns the parity of X, i.e. the number of 1-bits in X modulo 2.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_ffsl (long)
Similar to '__builtin_ffs', except the argument type is 'long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_clzl (unsigned long)
Similar to '__builtin_clz', except the argument type is 'unsigned
long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_ctzl (unsigned long)
Similar to '__builtin_ctz', except the argument type is 'unsigned
long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_clrsbl (long)
Similar to '__builtin_clrsb', except the argument type is 'long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_popcountl (unsigned long)
Similar to '__builtin_popcount', except the argument type is
'unsigned long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_parityl (unsigned long)
Similar to '__builtin_parity', except the argument type is
'unsigned long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_ffsll (long long)
Similar to '__builtin_ffs', except the argument type is 'long
long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_clzll (unsigned long long)
Similar to '__builtin_clz', except the argument type is 'unsigned
long long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_ctzll (unsigned long long)
Similar to '__builtin_ctz', except the argument type is 'unsigned
long long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_clrsbll (long long)
Similar to '__builtin_clrsb', except the argument type is 'long
long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_popcountll (unsigned long long)
Similar to '__builtin_popcount', except the argument type is
'unsigned long long'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_parityll (unsigned long long)
Similar to '__builtin_parity', except the argument type is
'unsigned long long'.
-- Built-in Function: double __builtin_powi (double, int)
Returns the first argument raised to the power of the second.
Unlike the 'pow' function no guarantees about precision and
rounding are made.
-- Built-in Function: float __builtin_powif (float, int)
Similar to '__builtin_powi', except the argument and return types
are 'float'.
-- Built-in Function: long double __builtin_powil (long double, int)
Similar to '__builtin_powi', except the argument and return types
are 'long double'.
-- Built-in Function: uint16_t __builtin_bswap16 (uint16_t x)
Returns X with the order of the bytes reversed; for example,
'0xaabb' becomes '0xbbaa'. Byte here always means exactly 8 bits.
-- Built-in Function: uint32_t __builtin_bswap32 (uint32_t x)
Similar to '__builtin_bswap16', except the argument and return
types are 32 bit.
-- Built-in Function: uint64_t __builtin_bswap64 (uint64_t x)
Similar to '__builtin_bswap32', except the argument and return
types are 64 bit.
-- Built-in Function: Pmode __builtin_extend_pointer (void * x)
On targets where the user visible pointer size is smaller than the
size of an actual hardware address this function returns the
extended user pointer. Targets where this is true included ILP32
mode on x86_64 or Aarch64. This function is mainly useful when
writing inline assembly code.
File: gcc.info, Node: Target Builtins, Next: Target Format Checks, Prev: Other Builtins, Up: C Extensions
6.59 Built-in Functions Specific to Particular Target Machines
==============================================================
On some target machines, GCC supports many built-in functions specific
to those machines. Generally these generate calls to specific machine
instructions, but allow the compiler to schedule those calls.
* Menu:
* AArch64 Built-in Functions::
* Alpha Built-in Functions::
* Altera Nios II Built-in Functions::
* ARC Built-in Functions::
* ARC SIMD Built-in Functions::
* ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions::
* ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE)::
* ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics::
* ARM ARMv8-M Security Extensions::
* AVR Built-in Functions::
* Blackfin Built-in Functions::
* FR-V Built-in Functions::
* MIPS DSP Built-in Functions::
* MIPS Paired-Single Support::
* MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions::
* MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA) Support::
* Other MIPS Built-in Functions::
* MSP430 Built-in Functions::
* NDS32 Built-in Functions::
* picoChip Built-in Functions::
* PowerPC Built-in Functions::
* PowerPC AltiVec/VSX Built-in Functions::
* PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions::
* PowerPC Atomic Memory Operation Functions::
* RX Built-in Functions::
* S/390 System z Built-in Functions::
* SH Built-in Functions::
* SPARC VIS Built-in Functions::
* SPU Built-in Functions::
* TI C6X Built-in Functions::
* TILE-Gx Built-in Functions::
* TILEPro Built-in Functions::
* x86 Built-in Functions::
* x86 transactional memory intrinsics::
* x86 control-flow protection intrinsics::
File: gcc.info, Node: AArch64 Built-in Functions, Next: Alpha Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.1 AArch64 Built-in Functions
---------------------------------
These built-in functions are available for the AArch64 family of
processors.
unsigned int __builtin_aarch64_get_fpcr ()
void __builtin_aarch64_set_fpcr (unsigned int)
unsigned int __builtin_aarch64_get_fpsr ()
void __builtin_aarch64_set_fpsr (unsigned int)
File: gcc.info, Node: Alpha Built-in Functions, Next: Altera Nios II Built-in Functions, Prev: AArch64 Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.2 Alpha Built-in Functions
-------------------------------
These built-in functions are available for the Alpha family of
processors, depending on the command-line switches used.
The following built-in functions are always available. They all
generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
long __builtin_alpha_implver (void)
long __builtin_alpha_rpcc (void)
long __builtin_alpha_amask (long)
long __builtin_alpha_cmpbge (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_extbl (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_extwl (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_extll (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_extql (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_extwh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_extlh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_extqh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_insbl (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_inswl (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_insll (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_insql (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_inswh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_inslh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_insqh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_mskbl (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_mskwl (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_mskll (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_mskql (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_mskwh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_msklh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_mskqh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_umulh (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_zap (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_zapnot (long, long)
The following built-in functions are always with '-mmax' or '-mcpu=CPU'
where CPU is 'pca56' or later. They all generate the machine
instruction that is part of the name.
long __builtin_alpha_pklb (long)
long __builtin_alpha_pkwb (long)
long __builtin_alpha_unpkbl (long)
long __builtin_alpha_unpkbw (long)
long __builtin_alpha_minub8 (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_minsb8 (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_minuw4 (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_minsw4 (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_maxub8 (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_maxsb8 (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_maxuw4 (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_maxsw4 (long, long)
long __builtin_alpha_perr (long, long)
The following built-in functions are always with '-mcix' or '-mcpu=CPU'
where CPU is 'ev67' or later. They all generate the machine instruction
that is part of the name.
long __builtin_alpha_cttz (long)
long __builtin_alpha_ctlz (long)
long __builtin_alpha_ctpop (long)
The following built-in functions are available on systems that use the
OSF/1 PALcode. Normally they invoke the 'rduniq' and 'wruniq' PAL
calls, but when invoked with '-mtls-kernel', they invoke 'rdval' and
'wrval'.
void *__builtin_thread_pointer (void)
void __builtin_set_thread_pointer (void *)
File: gcc.info, Node: Altera Nios II Built-in Functions, Next: ARC Built-in Functions, Prev: Alpha Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.3 Altera Nios II Built-in Functions
----------------------------------------
These built-in functions are available for the Altera Nios II family of
processors.
The following built-in functions are always available. They all
generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
int __builtin_ldbio (volatile const void *)
int __builtin_ldbuio (volatile const void *)
int __builtin_ldhio (volatile const void *)
int __builtin_ldhuio (volatile const void *)
int __builtin_ldwio (volatile const void *)
void __builtin_stbio (volatile void *, int)
void __builtin_sthio (volatile void *, int)
void __builtin_stwio (volatile void *, int)
void __builtin_sync (void)
int __builtin_rdctl (int)
int __builtin_rdprs (int, int)
void __builtin_wrctl (int, int)
void __builtin_flushd (volatile void *)
void __builtin_flushda (volatile void *)
int __builtin_wrpie (int);
void __builtin_eni (int);
int __builtin_ldex (volatile const void *)
int __builtin_stex (volatile void *, int)
int __builtin_ldsex (volatile const void *)
int __builtin_stsex (volatile void *, int)
The following built-in functions are always available. They all
generate a Nios II Custom Instruction. The name of the function
represents the types that the function takes and returns. The letter
before the 'n' is the return type or void if absent. The 'n' represents
the first parameter to all the custom instructions, the custom
instruction number. The two letters after the 'n' represent the up to
two parameters to the function.
The letters represent the following data types:
'<no letter>'
'void' for return type and no parameter for parameter types.
'i'
'int' for return type and parameter type
'f'
'float' for return type and parameter type
'p'
'void *' for return type and parameter type
And the function names are:
void __builtin_custom_n (void)
void __builtin_custom_ni (int)
void __builtin_custom_nf (float)
void __builtin_custom_np (void *)
void __builtin_custom_nii (int, int)
void __builtin_custom_nif (int, float)
void __builtin_custom_nip (int, void *)
void __builtin_custom_nfi (float, int)
void __builtin_custom_nff (float, float)
void __builtin_custom_nfp (float, void *)
void __builtin_custom_npi (void *, int)
void __builtin_custom_npf (void *, float)
void __builtin_custom_npp (void *, void *)
int __builtin_custom_in (void)
int __builtin_custom_ini (int)
int __builtin_custom_inf (float)
int __builtin_custom_inp (void *)
int __builtin_custom_inii (int, int)
int __builtin_custom_inif (int, float)
int __builtin_custom_inip (int, void *)
int __builtin_custom_infi (float, int)
int __builtin_custom_inff (float, float)
int __builtin_custom_infp (float, void *)
int __builtin_custom_inpi (void *, int)
int __builtin_custom_inpf (void *, float)
int __builtin_custom_inpp (void *, void *)
float __builtin_custom_fn (void)
float __builtin_custom_fni (int)
float __builtin_custom_fnf (float)
float __builtin_custom_fnp (void *)
float __builtin_custom_fnii (int, int)
float __builtin_custom_fnif (int, float)
float __builtin_custom_fnip (int, void *)
float __builtin_custom_fnfi (float, int)
float __builtin_custom_fnff (float, float)
float __builtin_custom_fnfp (float, void *)
float __builtin_custom_fnpi (void *, int)
float __builtin_custom_fnpf (void *, float)
float __builtin_custom_fnpp (void *, void *)
void * __builtin_custom_pn (void)
void * __builtin_custom_pni (int)
void * __builtin_custom_pnf (float)
void * __builtin_custom_pnp (void *)
void * __builtin_custom_pnii (int, int)
void * __builtin_custom_pnif (int, float)
void * __builtin_custom_pnip (int, void *)
void * __builtin_custom_pnfi (float, int)
void * __builtin_custom_pnff (float, float)
void * __builtin_custom_pnfp (float, void *)
void * __builtin_custom_pnpi (void *, int)
void * __builtin_custom_pnpf (void *, float)
void * __builtin_custom_pnpp (void *, void *)
File: gcc.info, Node: ARC Built-in Functions, Next: ARC SIMD Built-in Functions, Prev: Altera Nios II Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.4 ARC Built-in Functions
-----------------------------
The following built-in functions are provided for ARC targets. The
built-ins generate the corresponding assembly instructions. In the
examples given below, the generated code often requires an operand or
result to be in a register. Where necessary further code will be
generated to ensure this is true, but for brevity this is not described
in each case.
_Note:_ Using a built-in to generate an instruction not supported by a
target may cause problems. At present the compiler is not guaranteed to
detect such misuse, and as a result an internal compiler error may be
generated.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_arc_aligned (void *VAL, int
ALIGNVAL)
Return 1 if VAL is known to have the byte alignment given by
ALIGNVAL, otherwise return 0. Note that this is different from
__alignof__(*(char *)VAL) >= alignval
because __alignof__ sees only the type of the dereference, whereas
__builtin_arc_align uses alignment information from the pointer as
well as from the pointed-to type. The information available will
depend on optimization level.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_brk (void)
Generates
brk
-- Built-in Function: unsigned int __builtin_arc_core_read (unsigned
int REGNO)
The operand is the number of a register to be read. Generates:
mov DEST, rREGNO
where the value in DEST will be the result returned from the
built-in.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_core_write (unsigned int
REGNO, unsigned int VAL)
The first operand is the number of a register to be written, the
second operand is a compile time constant to write into that
register. Generates:
mov rREGNO, VAL
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_arc_divaw (int A, int B)
Only available if either '-mcpu=ARC700' or '-meA' is set.
Generates:
divaw DEST, A, B
where the value in DEST will be the result returned from the
built-in.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_flag (unsigned int A)
Generates
flag A
-- Built-in Function: unsigned int __builtin_arc_lr (unsigned int AUXR)
The operand, AUXV, is the address of an auxiliary register and must
be a compile time constant. Generates:
lr DEST, [AUXR]
Where the value in DEST will be the result returned from the
built-in.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_mul64 (int A, int B)
Only available with '-mmul64'. Generates:
mul64 A, B
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_mulu64 (unsigned int A,
unsigned int B)
Only available with '-mmul64'. Generates:
mulu64 A, B
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_nop (void)
Generates:
nop
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_arc_norm (int SRC)
Only valid if the 'norm' instruction is available through the
'-mnorm' option or by default with '-mcpu=ARC700'. Generates:
norm DEST, SRC
Where the value in DEST will be the result returned from the
built-in.
-- Built-in Function: short int __builtin_arc_normw (short int SRC)
Only valid if the 'normw' instruction is available through the
'-mnorm' option or by default with '-mcpu=ARC700'. Generates:
normw DEST, SRC
Where the value in DEST will be the result returned from the
built-in.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_rtie (void)
Generates:
rtie
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_sleep (int A
Generates:
sleep A
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_sr (unsigned int AUXR,
unsigned int VAL)
The first argument, AUXV, is the address of an auxiliary register,
the second argument, VAL, is a compile time constant to be written
to the register. Generates:
sr AUXR, [VAL]
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_arc_swap (int SRC)
Only valid with '-mswap'. Generates:
swap DEST, SRC
Where the value in DEST will be the result returned from the
built-in.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_swi (void)
Generates:
swi
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_sync (void)
Only available with '-mcpu=ARC700'. Generates:
sync
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_trap_s (unsigned int C)
Only available with '-mcpu=ARC700'. Generates:
trap_s C
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_arc_unimp_s (void)
Only available with '-mcpu=ARC700'. Generates:
unimp_s
The instructions generated by the following builtins are not considered
as candidates for scheduling. They are not moved around by the compiler
during scheduling, and thus can be expected to appear where they are put
in the C code:
__builtin_arc_brk()
__builtin_arc_core_read()
__builtin_arc_core_write()
__builtin_arc_flag()
__builtin_arc_lr()
__builtin_arc_sleep()
__builtin_arc_sr()
__builtin_arc_swi()
File: gcc.info, Node: ARC SIMD Built-in Functions, Next: ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions, Prev: ARC Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.5 ARC SIMD Built-in Functions
----------------------------------
SIMD builtins provided by the compiler can be used to generate the
vector instructions. This section describes the available builtins and
their usage in programs. With the '-msimd' option, the compiler
provides 128-bit vector types, which can be specified using the
'vector_size' attribute. The header file 'arc-simd.h' can be included
to use the following predefined types:
typedef int __v4si __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
typedef short __v8hi __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
These types can be used to define 128-bit variables. The built-in
functions listed in the following section can be used on these variables
to generate the vector operations.
For all builtins, '__builtin_arc_SOMEINSN', the header file
'arc-simd.h' also provides equivalent macros called '_SOMEINSN' that can
be used for programming ease and improved readability. The following
macros for DMA control are also provided:
#define _setup_dma_in_channel_reg _vdiwr
#define _setup_dma_out_channel_reg _vdowr
The following is a complete list of all the SIMD built-ins provided for
ARC, grouped by calling signature.
The following take two '__v8hi' arguments and return a '__v8hi' result:
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vaddaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vaddw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vand (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vandaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vavb (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vavrb (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbic (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbicaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vdifaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vdifw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_veqw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vh264f (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vh264ft (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vh264fw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vlew (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vltw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmaxaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmaxw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vminaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vminw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr1aw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr1w (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr2aw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr2w (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr3aw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr3w (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr4aw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr4w (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr5aw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr5w (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr6aw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr6w (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr7aw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr7w (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmrb (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmulaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmulfaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmulfw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmulw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vnew (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vor (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vsubaw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vsubw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vsummw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vvc1f (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vvc1ft (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vxor (__v8hi, __v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vxoraw (__v8hi, __v8hi)
The following take one '__v8hi' and one 'int' argument and return a
'__v8hi' result:
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbaddw (__v8hi, int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbmaxw (__v8hi, int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbminw (__v8hi, int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbmulaw (__v8hi, int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbmulfw (__v8hi, int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbmulw (__v8hi, int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbrsubw (__v8hi, int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vbsubw (__v8hi, int)
The following take one '__v8hi' argument and one 'int' argument which
must be a 3-bit compile time constant indicating a register number
I0-I7. They return a '__v8hi' result.
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrw (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vsr8 (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vsr8aw (__v8hi, const int)
The following take one '__v8hi' argument and one 'int' argument which
must be a 6-bit compile time constant. They return a '__v8hi' result.
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrpwbi (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrrpwbi (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrrwi (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrsrwi (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrwi (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vsr8awi (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vsr8i (__v8hi, const int)
The following take one '__v8hi' argument and one 'int' argument which
must be a 8-bit compile time constant. They return a '__v8hi' result.
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vd6tapf (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmvaw (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmvw (__v8hi, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmvzw (__v8hi, const int)
The following take two 'int' arguments, the second of which which must
be a 8-bit compile time constant. They return a '__v8hi' result:
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmovaw (int, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmovw (int, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vmovzw (int, const int)
The following take a single '__v8hi' argument and return a '__v8hi'
result:
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vabsaw (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vabsw (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vaddsuw (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vexch1 (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vexch2 (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vexch4 (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vsignw (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vupbaw (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vupbw (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vupsbaw (__v8hi)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vupsbw (__v8hi)
The following take two 'int' arguments and return no result:
void __builtin_arc_vdirun (int, int)
void __builtin_arc_vdorun (int, int)
The following take two 'int' arguments and return no result. The first
argument must a 3-bit compile time constant indicating one of the
DR0-DR7 DMA setup channels:
void __builtin_arc_vdiwr (const int, int)
void __builtin_arc_vdowr (const int, int)
The following take an 'int' argument and return no result:
void __builtin_arc_vendrec (int)
void __builtin_arc_vrec (int)
void __builtin_arc_vrecrun (int)
void __builtin_arc_vrun (int)
The following take a '__v8hi' argument and two 'int' arguments and
return a '__v8hi' result. The second argument must be a 3-bit compile
time constants, indicating one the registers I0-I7, and the third
argument must be an 8-bit compile time constant.
_Note:_ Although the equivalent hardware instructions do not take an
SIMD register as an operand, these builtins overwrite the relevant bits
of the '__v8hi' register provided as the first argument with the value
loaded from the '[Ib, u8]' location in the SDM.
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vld32 (__v8hi, const int, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vld32wh (__v8hi, const int, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vld32wl (__v8hi, const int, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vld64 (__v8hi, const int, const int)
The following take two 'int' arguments and return a '__v8hi' result.
The first argument must be a 3-bit compile time constants, indicating
one the registers I0-I7, and the second argument must be an 8-bit
compile time constant.
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vld128 (const int, const int)
__v8hi __builtin_arc_vld64w (const int, const int)
The following take a '__v8hi' argument and two 'int' arguments and
return no result. The second argument must be a 3-bit compile time
constants, indicating one the registers I0-I7, and the third argument
must be an 8-bit compile time constant.
void __builtin_arc_vst128 (__v8hi, const int, const int)
void __builtin_arc_vst64 (__v8hi, const int, const int)
The following take a '__v8hi' argument and three 'int' arguments and
return no result. The second argument must be a 3-bit compile-time
constant, identifying the 16-bit sub-register to be stored, the third
argument must be a 3-bit compile time constants, indicating one the
registers I0-I7, and the fourth argument must be an 8-bit compile time
constant.
void __builtin_arc_vst16_n (__v8hi, const int, const int, const int)
void __builtin_arc_vst32_n (__v8hi, const int, const int, const int)
File: gcc.info, Node: ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions, Next: ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE), Prev: ARC SIMD Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.6 ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions
------------------------------------
These built-in functions are available for the ARM family of processors
when the '-mcpu=iwmmxt' switch is used:
typedef int v2si __attribute__ ((vector_size (8)));
typedef short v4hi __attribute__ ((vector_size (8)));
typedef char v8qi __attribute__ ((vector_size (8)));
int __builtin_arm_getwcgr0 (void)
void __builtin_arm_setwcgr0 (int)
int __builtin_arm_getwcgr1 (void)
void __builtin_arm_setwcgr1 (int)
int __builtin_arm_getwcgr2 (void)
void __builtin_arm_setwcgr2 (int)
int __builtin_arm_getwcgr3 (void)
void __builtin_arm_setwcgr3 (int)
int __builtin_arm_textrmsb (v8qi, int)
int __builtin_arm_textrmsh (v4hi, int)
int __builtin_arm_textrmsw (v2si, int)
int __builtin_arm_textrmub (v8qi, int)
int __builtin_arm_textrmuh (v4hi, int)
int __builtin_arm_textrmuw (v2si, int)
v8qi __builtin_arm_tinsrb (v8qi, int, int)
v4hi __builtin_arm_tinsrh (v4hi, int, int)
v2si __builtin_arm_tinsrw (v2si, int, int)
long long __builtin_arm_tmia (long long, int, int)
long long __builtin_arm_tmiabb (long long, int, int)
long long __builtin_arm_tmiabt (long long, int, int)
long long __builtin_arm_tmiaph (long long, int, int)
long long __builtin_arm_tmiatb (long long, int, int)
long long __builtin_arm_tmiatt (long long, int, int)
int __builtin_arm_tmovmskb (v8qi)
int __builtin_arm_tmovmskh (v4hi)
int __builtin_arm_tmovmskw (v2si)
long long __builtin_arm_waccb (v8qi)
long long __builtin_arm_wacch (v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_waccw (v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_waddb (v8qi, v8qi)
v8qi __builtin_arm_waddbss (v8qi, v8qi)
v8qi __builtin_arm_waddbus (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_waddh (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_waddhss (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_waddhus (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_waddw (v2si, v2si)
v2si __builtin_arm_waddwss (v2si, v2si)
v2si __builtin_arm_waddwus (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_walign (v8qi, v8qi, int)
long long __builtin_arm_wand(long long, long long)
long long __builtin_arm_wandn (long long, long long)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wavg2b (v8qi, v8qi)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wavg2br (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wavg2h (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wavg2hr (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wcmpeqb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wcmpeqh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wcmpeqw (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wcmpgtsb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wcmpgtsh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wcmpgtsw (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wcmpgtub (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wcmpgtuh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wcmpgtuw (v2si, v2si)
long long __builtin_arm_wmacs (long long, v4hi, v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_wmacsz (v4hi, v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_wmacu (long long, v4hi, v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_wmacuz (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wmadds (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wmaddu (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wmaxsb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wmaxsh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wmaxsw (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wmaxub (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wmaxuh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wmaxuw (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wminsb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wminsh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wminsw (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wminub (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wminuh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wminuw (v2si, v2si)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wmulsm (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wmulul (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wmulum (v4hi, v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_wor (long long, long long)
v2si __builtin_arm_wpackdss (long long, long long)
v2si __builtin_arm_wpackdus (long long, long long)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wpackhss (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wpackhus (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wpackwss (v2si, v2si)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wpackwus (v2si, v2si)
long long __builtin_arm_wrord (long long, long long)
long long __builtin_arm_wrordi (long long, int)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wrorh (v4hi, long long)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wrorhi (v4hi, int)
v2si __builtin_arm_wrorw (v2si, long long)
v2si __builtin_arm_wrorwi (v2si, int)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsadb (v2si, v8qi, v8qi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsadbz (v8qi, v8qi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsadh (v2si, v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsadhz (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wshufh (v4hi, int)
long long __builtin_arm_wslld (long long, long long)
long long __builtin_arm_wslldi (long long, int)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsllh (v4hi, long long)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsllhi (v4hi, int)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsllw (v2si, long long)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsllwi (v2si, int)
long long __builtin_arm_wsrad (long long, long long)
long long __builtin_arm_wsradi (long long, int)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsrah (v4hi, long long)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsrahi (v4hi, int)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsraw (v2si, long long)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsrawi (v2si, int)
long long __builtin_arm_wsrld (long long, long long)
long long __builtin_arm_wsrldi (long long, int)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsrlh (v4hi, long long)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsrlhi (v4hi, int)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsrlw (v2si, long long)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsrlwi (v2si, int)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wsubb (v8qi, v8qi)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wsubbss (v8qi, v8qi)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wsubbus (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsubh (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsubhss (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wsubhus (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsubw (v2si, v2si)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsubwss (v2si, v2si)
v2si __builtin_arm_wsubwus (v2si, v2si)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckehsb (v8qi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckehsh (v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_wunpckehsw (v2si)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckehub (v8qi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckehuh (v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_wunpckehuw (v2si)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckelsb (v8qi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckelsh (v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_wunpckelsw (v2si)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckelub (v8qi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckeluh (v4hi)
long long __builtin_arm_wunpckeluw (v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wunpckihb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckihh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckihw (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_arm_wunpckilb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckilh (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckilw (v2si, v2si)
long long __builtin_arm_wxor (long long, long long)
long long __builtin_arm_wzero ()
File: gcc.info, Node: ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE), Next: ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics, Prev: ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.7 ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE)
---------------------------------------
GCC implements extensions for C as described in the ARM C Language
Extensions (ACLE) specification, which can be found at
<https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ihi0053/latest/>;.
As a part of ACLE, GCC implements extensions for Advanced SIMD as
described in the ARM C Language Extensions Specification. The complete
list of Advanced SIMD intrinsics can be found at
<https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ihi0073/latest/>;. The built-in
intrinsics for the Advanced SIMD extension are available when NEON is
enabled.
Currently, ARM and AArch64 back ends do not support ACLE 2.0 fully.
Both back ends support CRC32 intrinsics and the ARM back end supports
the Coprocessor intrinsics, all from 'arm_acle.h'. The ARM back end's
16-bit floating-point Advanced SIMD intrinsics currently comply to ACLE
v1.1. AArch64's back end does not have support for 16-bit floating
point Advanced SIMD intrinsics yet.
See *note ARM Options:: and *note AArch64 Options:: for more
information on the availability of extensions.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics, Next: ARM ARMv8-M Security Extensions, Prev: ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE), Up: Target Builtins
6.59.8 ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics
-------------------------------------------------------
These built-in functions are available for the ARM family of processors
with floating-point unit.
unsigned int __builtin_arm_get_fpscr ()
void __builtin_arm_set_fpscr (unsigned int)
File: gcc.info, Node: ARM ARMv8-M Security Extensions, Next: AVR Built-in Functions, Prev: ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.9 ARM ARMv8-M Security Extensions
--------------------------------------
GCC implements the ARMv8-M Security Extensions as described in the
ARMv8-M Security Extensions: Requirements on Development Tools
Engineering Specification, which can be found at
<https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ecm0359818/latest/>;.
As part of the Security Extensions GCC implements two new function
attributes: 'cmse_nonsecure_entry' and 'cmse_nonsecure_call'.
As part of the Security Extensions GCC implements the intrinsics below.
FPTR is used here to mean any function pointer type.
cmse_address_info_t cmse_TT (void *)
cmse_address_info_t cmse_TT_fptr (FPTR)
cmse_address_info_t cmse_TTT (void *)
cmse_address_info_t cmse_TTT_fptr (FPTR)
cmse_address_info_t cmse_TTA (void *)
cmse_address_info_t cmse_TTA_fptr (FPTR)
cmse_address_info_t cmse_TTAT (void *)
cmse_address_info_t cmse_TTAT_fptr (FPTR)
void * cmse_check_address_range (void *, size_t, int)
typeof(p) cmse_nsfptr_create (FPTR p)
intptr_t cmse_is_nsfptr (FPTR)
int cmse_nonsecure_caller (void)
File: gcc.info, Node: AVR Built-in Functions, Next: Blackfin Built-in Functions, Prev: ARM ARMv8-M Security Extensions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.10 AVR Built-in Functions
------------------------------
For each built-in function for AVR, there is an equally named, uppercase
built-in macro defined. That way users can easily query if or if not a
specific built-in is implemented or not. For example, if
'__builtin_avr_nop' is available the macro '__BUILTIN_AVR_NOP' is
defined to '1' and undefined otherwise.
'void __builtin_avr_nop (void)'
'void __builtin_avr_sei (void)'
'void __builtin_avr_cli (void)'
'void __builtin_avr_sleep (void)'
'void __builtin_avr_wdr (void)'
'unsigned char __builtin_avr_swap (unsigned char)'
'unsigned int __builtin_avr_fmul (unsigned char, unsigned char)'
'int __builtin_avr_fmuls (char, char)'
'int __builtin_avr_fmulsu (char, unsigned char)'
These built-in functions map to the respective machine instruction,
i.e. 'nop', 'sei', 'cli', 'sleep', 'wdr', 'swap', 'fmul', 'fmuls'
resp. 'fmulsu'. The three 'fmul*' built-ins are implemented as
library call if no hardware multiplier is available.
'void __builtin_avr_delay_cycles (unsigned long ticks)'
Delay execution for TICKS cycles. Note that this built-in does not
take into account the effect of interrupts that might increase
delay time. TICKS must be a compile-time integer constant; delays
with a variable number of cycles are not supported.
'char __builtin_avr_flash_segment (const __memx void*)'
This built-in takes a byte address to the 24-bit *note address
space: AVR Named Address Spaces. '__memx' and returns the number of
the flash segment (the 64 KiB chunk) where the address points to.
Counting starts at '0'. If the address does not point to flash
memory, return '-1'.
'uint8_t __builtin_avr_insert_bits (uint32_t map, uint8_t bits, uint8_t val)'
Insert bits from BITS into VAL and return the resulting value. The
nibbles of MAP determine how the insertion is performed: Let X be
the N-th nibble of MAP
1. If X is '0xf', then the N-th bit of VAL is returned unaltered.
2. If X is in the range 0...7, then the N-th result bit is set to
the X-th bit of BITS
3. If X is in the range 8...'0xe', then the N-th result bit is
undefined.
One typical use case for this built-in is adjusting input and
output values to non-contiguous port layouts. Some examples:
// same as val, bits is unused
__builtin_avr_insert_bits (0xffffffff, bits, val)
// same as bits, val is unused
__builtin_avr_insert_bits (0x76543210, bits, val)
// same as rotating bits by 4
__builtin_avr_insert_bits (0x32107654, bits, 0)
// high nibble of result is the high nibble of val
// low nibble of result is the low nibble of bits
__builtin_avr_insert_bits (0xffff3210, bits, val)
// reverse the bit order of bits
__builtin_avr_insert_bits (0x01234567, bits, 0)
'void __builtin_avr_nops (unsigned count)'
Insert COUNT 'NOP' instructions. The number of instructions must
be a compile-time integer constant.
There are many more AVR-specific built-in functions that are used to
implement the ISO/IEC TR 18037 "Embedded C" fixed-point functions of
section 7.18a.6. You don't need to use these built-ins directly.
Instead, use the declarations as supplied by the 'stdfix.h' header with
GNU-C99:
#include <stdfix.h>
// Re-interpret the bit representation of unsigned 16-bit
// integer UVAL as Q-format 0.16 value.
unsigned fract get_bits (uint_ur_t uval)
{
return urbits (uval);
}
File: gcc.info, Node: Blackfin Built-in Functions, Next: FR-V Built-in Functions, Prev: AVR Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.11 Blackfin Built-in Functions
-----------------------------------
Currently, there are two Blackfin-specific built-in functions. These
are used for generating 'CSYNC' and 'SSYNC' machine insns without using
inline assembly; by using these built-in functions the compiler can
automatically add workarounds for hardware errata involving these
instructions. These functions are named as follows:
void __builtin_bfin_csync (void)
void __builtin_bfin_ssync (void)
File: gcc.info, Node: FR-V Built-in Functions, Next: MIPS DSP Built-in Functions, Prev: Blackfin Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.12 FR-V Built-in Functions
-------------------------------
GCC provides many FR-V-specific built-in functions. In general, these
functions are intended to be compatible with those described by 'FR-V
Family, Softune C/C++ Compiler Manual (V6), Fujitsu Semiconductor'. The
two exceptions are '__MDUNPACKH' and '__MBTOHE', the GCC forms of which
pass 128-bit values by pointer rather than by value.
Most of the functions are named after specific FR-V instructions. Such
functions are said to be "directly mapped" and are summarized here in
tabular form.
* Menu:
* Argument Types::
* Directly-mapped Integer Functions::
* Directly-mapped Media Functions::
* Raw read/write Functions::
* Other Built-in Functions::
File: gcc.info, Node: Argument Types, Next: Directly-mapped Integer Functions, Up: FR-V Built-in Functions
6.59.12.1 Argument Types
........................
The arguments to the built-in functions can be divided into three
groups: register numbers, compile-time constants and run-time values.
In order to make this classification clear at a glance, the arguments
and return values are given the following pseudo types:
Pseudo type Real C type Constant? Description
'uh' 'unsigned short' No an unsigned halfword
'uw1' 'unsigned int' No an unsigned word
'sw1' 'int' No a signed word
'uw2' 'unsigned long long' No an unsigned doubleword
'sw2' 'long long' No a signed doubleword
'const' 'int' Yes an integer constant
'acc' 'int' Yes an ACC register number
'iacc' 'int' Yes an IACC register number
These pseudo types are not defined by GCC, they are simply a notational
convenience used in this manual.
Arguments of type 'uh', 'uw1', 'sw1', 'uw2' and 'sw2' are evaluated at
run time. They correspond to register operands in the underlying FR-V
instructions.
'const' arguments represent immediate operands in the underlying FR-V
instructions. They must be compile-time constants.
'acc' arguments are evaluated at compile time and specify the number of
an accumulator register. For example, an 'acc' argument of 2 selects
the ACC2 register.
'iacc' arguments are similar to 'acc' arguments but specify the number
of an IACC register. See *note Other Built-in Functions:: for more
details.
File: gcc.info, Node: Directly-mapped Integer Functions, Next: Directly-mapped Media Functions, Prev: Argument Types, Up: FR-V Built-in Functions
6.59.12.2 Directly-Mapped Integer Functions
...........................................
The functions listed below map directly to FR-V I-type instructions.
Function prototype Example usage Assembly output
'sw1 __ADDSS (sw1, sw1)' 'C = __ADDSS (A, B)' 'ADDSS A,B,C'
'sw1 __SCAN (sw1, sw1)' 'C = __SCAN (A, B)' 'SCAN A,B,C'
'sw1 __SCUTSS (sw1)' 'B = __SCUTSS (A)' 'SCUTSS A,B'
'sw1 __SLASS (sw1, sw1)' 'C = __SLASS (A, B)' 'SLASS A,B,C'
'void __SMASS (sw1, sw1)' '__SMASS (A, B)' 'SMASS A,B'
'void __SMSSS (sw1, sw1)' '__SMSSS (A, B)' 'SMSSS A,B'
'void __SMU (sw1, sw1)' '__SMU (A, B)' 'SMU A,B'
'sw2 __SMUL (sw1, sw1)' 'C = __SMUL (A, B)' 'SMUL A,B,C'
'sw1 __SUBSS (sw1, sw1)' 'C = __SUBSS (A, B)' 'SUBSS A,B,C'
'uw2 __UMUL (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __UMUL (A, B)' 'UMUL A,B,C'
File: gcc.info, Node: Directly-mapped Media Functions, Next: Raw read/write Functions, Prev: Directly-mapped Integer Functions, Up: FR-V Built-in Functions
6.59.12.3 Directly-Mapped Media Functions
.........................................
The functions listed below map directly to FR-V M-type instructions.
Function prototype Example usage Assembly output
'uw1 __MABSHS (sw1)' 'B = __MABSHS (A)' 'MABSHS A,B'
'void __MADDACCS (acc, acc)' '__MADDACCS (B, A)' 'MADDACCS A,B'
'sw1 __MADDHSS (sw1, sw1)' 'C = __MADDHSS (A, 'MADDHSS A,B,C'
B)'
'uw1 __MADDHUS (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __MADDHUS (A, 'MADDHUS A,B,C'
B)'
'uw1 __MAND (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __MAND (A, B)' 'MAND A,B,C'
'void __MASACCS (acc, acc)' '__MASACCS (B, A)' 'MASACCS A,B'
'uw1 __MAVEH (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __MAVEH (A, B)' 'MAVEH A,B,C'
'uw2 __MBTOH (uw1)' 'B = __MBTOH (A)' 'MBTOH A,B'
'void __MBTOHE (uw1 *, uw1)' '__MBTOHE (&B, A)' 'MBTOHE A,B'
'void __MCLRACC (acc)' '__MCLRACC (A)' 'MCLRACC A'
'void __MCLRACCA (void)' '__MCLRACCA ()' 'MCLRACCA'
'uw1 __Mcop1 (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __Mcop1 (A, B)' 'Mcop1 A,B,C'
'uw1 __Mcop2 (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __Mcop2 (A, B)' 'Mcop2 A,B,C'
'uw1 __MCPLHI (uw2, const)' 'C = __MCPLHI (A, B)' 'MCPLHI A,#B,C'
'uw1 __MCPLI (uw2, const)' 'C = __MCPLI (A, B)' 'MCPLI A,#B,C'
'void __MCPXIS (acc, sw1, '__MCPXIS (C, A, B)' 'MCPXIS A,B,C'
sw1)'
'void __MCPXIU (acc, uw1, '__MCPXIU (C, A, B)' 'MCPXIU A,B,C'
uw1)'
'void __MCPXRS (acc, sw1, '__MCPXRS (C, A, B)' 'MCPXRS A,B,C'
sw1)'
'void __MCPXRU (acc, uw1, '__MCPXRU (C, A, B)' 'MCPXRU A,B,C'
uw1)'
'uw1 __MCUT (acc, uw1)' 'C = __MCUT (A, B)' 'MCUT A,B,C'
'uw1 __MCUTSS (acc, sw1)' 'C = __MCUTSS (A, B)' 'MCUTSS A,B,C'
'void __MDADDACCS (acc, acc)' '__MDADDACCS (B, A)' 'MDADDACCS A,B'
'void __MDASACCS (acc, acc)' '__MDASACCS (B, A)' 'MDASACCS A,B'
'uw2 __MDCUTSSI (acc, const)' 'C = __MDCUTSSI (A, 'MDCUTSSI
B)' A,#B,C'
'uw2 __MDPACKH (uw2, uw2)' 'C = __MDPACKH (A, 'MDPACKH A,B,C'
B)'
'uw2 __MDROTLI (uw2, const)' 'C = __MDROTLI (A, 'MDROTLI
B)' A,#B,C'
'void __MDSUBACCS (acc, acc)' '__MDSUBACCS (B, A)' 'MDSUBACCS A,B'
'void __MDUNPACKH (uw1 *, '__MDUNPACKH (&B, A)' 'MDUNPACKH A,B'
uw2)'
'uw2 __MEXPDHD (uw1, const)' 'C = __MEXPDHD (A, 'MEXPDHD
B)' A,#B,C'
'uw1 __MEXPDHW (uw1, const)' 'C = __MEXPDHW (A, 'MEXPDHW
B)' A,#B,C'
'uw1 __MHDSETH (uw1, const)' 'C = __MHDSETH (A, 'MHDSETH
B)' A,#B,C'
'sw1 __MHDSETS (const)' 'B = __MHDSETS (A)' 'MHDSETS #A,B'
'uw1 __MHSETHIH (uw1, const)' 'B = __MHSETHIH (B, 'MHSETHIH #A,B'
A)'
'sw1 __MHSETHIS (sw1, const)' 'B = __MHSETHIS (B, 'MHSETHIS #A,B'
A)'
'uw1 __MHSETLOH (uw1, const)' 'B = __MHSETLOH (B, 'MHSETLOH #A,B'
A)'
'sw1 __MHSETLOS (sw1, const)' 'B = __MHSETLOS (B, 'MHSETLOS #A,B'
A)'
'uw1 __MHTOB (uw2)' 'B = __MHTOB (A)' 'MHTOB A,B'
'void __MMACHS (acc, sw1, '__MMACHS (C, A, B)' 'MMACHS A,B,C'
sw1)'
'void __MMACHU (acc, uw1, '__MMACHU (C, A, B)' 'MMACHU A,B,C'
uw1)'
'void __MMRDHS (acc, sw1, '__MMRDHS (C, A, B)' 'MMRDHS A,B,C'
sw1)'
'void __MMRDHU (acc, uw1, '__MMRDHU (C, A, B)' 'MMRDHU A,B,C'
uw1)'
'void __MMULHS (acc, sw1, '__MMULHS (C, A, B)' 'MMULHS A,B,C'
sw1)'
'void __MMULHU (acc, uw1, '__MMULHU (C, A, B)' 'MMULHU A,B,C'
uw1)'
'void __MMULXHS (acc, sw1, '__MMULXHS (C, A, B)' 'MMULXHS A,B,C'
sw1)'
'void __MMULXHU (acc, uw1, '__MMULXHU (C, A, B)' 'MMULXHU A,B,C'
uw1)'
'uw1 __MNOT (uw1)' 'B = __MNOT (A)' 'MNOT A,B'
'uw1 __MOR (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __MOR (A, B)' 'MOR A,B,C'
'uw1 __MPACKH (uh, uh)' 'C = __MPACKH (A, B)' 'MPACKH A,B,C'
'sw2 __MQADDHSS (sw2, sw2)' 'C = __MQADDHSS (A, 'MQADDHSS
B)' A,B,C'
'uw2 __MQADDHUS (uw2, uw2)' 'C = __MQADDHUS (A, 'MQADDHUS
B)' A,B,C'
'void __MQCPXIS (acc, sw2, '__MQCPXIS (C, A, B)' 'MQCPXIS A,B,C'
sw2)'
'void __MQCPXIU (acc, uw2, '__MQCPXIU (C, A, B)' 'MQCPXIU A,B,C'
uw2)'
'void __MQCPXRS (acc, sw2, '__MQCPXRS (C, A, B)' 'MQCPXRS A,B,C'
sw2)'
'void __MQCPXRU (acc, uw2, '__MQCPXRU (C, A, B)' 'MQCPXRU A,B,C'
uw2)'
'sw2 __MQLCLRHS (sw2, sw2)' 'C = __MQLCLRHS (A, 'MQLCLRHS
B)' A,B,C'
'sw2 __MQLMTHS (sw2, sw2)' 'C = __MQLMTHS (A, 'MQLMTHS A,B,C'
B)'
'void __MQMACHS (acc, sw2, '__MQMACHS (C, A, B)' 'MQMACHS A,B,C'
sw2)'
'void __MQMACHU (acc, uw2, '__MQMACHU (C, A, B)' 'MQMACHU A,B,C'
uw2)'
'void __MQMACXHS (acc, sw2, '__MQMACXHS (C, A, 'MQMACXHS
sw2)' B)' A,B,C'
'void __MQMULHS (acc, sw2, '__MQMULHS (C, A, B)' 'MQMULHS A,B,C'
sw2)'
'void __MQMULHU (acc, uw2, '__MQMULHU (C, A, B)' 'MQMULHU A,B,C'
uw2)'
'void __MQMULXHS (acc, sw2, '__MQMULXHS (C, A, 'MQMULXHS
sw2)' B)' A,B,C'
'void __MQMULXHU (acc, uw2, '__MQMULXHU (C, A, 'MQMULXHU
uw2)' B)' A,B,C'
'sw2 __MQSATHS (sw2, sw2)' 'C = __MQSATHS (A, 'MQSATHS A,B,C'
B)'
'uw2 __MQSLLHI (uw2, int)' 'C = __MQSLLHI (A, 'MQSLLHI A,B,C'
B)'
'sw2 __MQSRAHI (sw2, int)' 'C = __MQSRAHI (A, 'MQSRAHI A,B,C'
B)'
'sw2 __MQSUBHSS (sw2, sw2)' 'C = __MQSUBHSS (A, 'MQSUBHSS
B)' A,B,C'
'uw2 __MQSUBHUS (uw2, uw2)' 'C = __MQSUBHUS (A, 'MQSUBHUS
B)' A,B,C'
'void __MQXMACHS (acc, sw2, '__MQXMACHS (C, A, 'MQXMACHS
sw2)' B)' A,B,C'
'void __MQXMACXHS (acc, sw2, '__MQXMACXHS (C, A, 'MQXMACXHS
sw2)' B)' A,B,C'
'uw1 __MRDACC (acc)' 'B = __MRDACC (A)' 'MRDACC A,B'
'uw1 __MRDACCG (acc)' 'B = __MRDACCG (A)' 'MRDACCG A,B'
'uw1 __MROTLI (uw1, const)' 'C = __MROTLI (A, B)' 'MROTLI A,#B,C'
'uw1 __MROTRI (uw1, const)' 'C = __MROTRI (A, B)' 'MROTRI A,#B,C'
'sw1 __MSATHS (sw1, sw1)' 'C = __MSATHS (A, B)' 'MSATHS A,B,C'
'uw1 __MSATHU (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __MSATHU (A, B)' 'MSATHU A,B,C'
'uw1 __MSLLHI (uw1, const)' 'C = __MSLLHI (A, B)' 'MSLLHI A,#B,C'
'sw1 __MSRAHI (sw1, const)' 'C = __MSRAHI (A, B)' 'MSRAHI A,#B,C'
'uw1 __MSRLHI (uw1, const)' 'C = __MSRLHI (A, B)' 'MSRLHI A,#B,C'
'void __MSUBACCS (acc, acc)' '__MSUBACCS (B, A)' 'MSUBACCS A,B'
'sw1 __MSUBHSS (sw1, sw1)' 'C = __MSUBHSS (A, 'MSUBHSS A,B,C'
B)'
'uw1 __MSUBHUS (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __MSUBHUS (A, 'MSUBHUS A,B,C'
B)'
'void __MTRAP (void)' '__MTRAP ()' 'MTRAP'
'uw2 __MUNPACKH (uw1)' 'B = __MUNPACKH (A)' 'MUNPACKH A,B'
'uw1 __MWCUT (uw2, uw1)' 'C = __MWCUT (A, B)' 'MWCUT A,B,C'
'void __MWTACC (acc, uw1)' '__MWTACC (B, A)' 'MWTACC A,B'
'void __MWTACCG (acc, uw1)' '__MWTACCG (B, A)' 'MWTACCG A,B'
'uw1 __MXOR (uw1, uw1)' 'C = __MXOR (A, B)' 'MXOR A,B,C'
File: gcc.info, Node: Raw read/write Functions, Next: Other Built-in Functions, Prev: Directly-mapped Media Functions, Up: FR-V Built-in Functions
6.59.12.4 Raw Read/Write Functions
..................................
This sections describes built-in functions related to read and write
instructions to access memory. These functions generate 'membar'
instructions to flush the I/O load and stores where appropriate, as
described in Fujitsu's manual described above.
'unsigned char __builtin_read8 (void *DATA)'
'unsigned short __builtin_read16 (void *DATA)'
'unsigned long __builtin_read32 (void *DATA)'
'unsigned long long __builtin_read64 (void *DATA)'
'void __builtin_write8 (void *DATA, unsigned char DATUM)'
'void __builtin_write16 (void *DATA, unsigned short DATUM)'
'void __builtin_write32 (void *DATA, unsigned long DATUM)'
'void __builtin_write64 (void *DATA, unsigned long long DATUM)'
File: gcc.info, Node: Other Built-in Functions, Prev: Raw read/write Functions, Up: FR-V Built-in Functions
6.59.12.5 Other Built-in Functions
..................................
This section describes built-in functions that are not named after a
specific FR-V instruction.
'sw2 __IACCreadll (iacc REG)'
Return the full 64-bit value of IACC0. The REG argument is
reserved for future expansion and must be 0.
'sw1 __IACCreadl (iacc REG)'
Return the value of IACC0H if REG is 0 and IACC0L if REG is 1.
Other values of REG are rejected as invalid.
'void __IACCsetll (iacc REG, sw2 X)'
Set the full 64-bit value of IACC0 to X. The REG argument is
reserved for future expansion and must be 0.
'void __IACCsetl (iacc REG, sw1 X)'
Set IACC0H to X if REG is 0 and IACC0L to X if REG is 1. Other
values of REG are rejected as invalid.
'void __data_prefetch0 (const void *X)'
Use the 'dcpl' instruction to load the contents of address X into
the data cache.
'void __data_prefetch (const void *X)'
Use the 'nldub' instruction to load the contents of address X into
the data cache. The instruction is issued in slot I1.
File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS DSP Built-in Functions, Next: MIPS Paired-Single Support, Prev: FR-V Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.13 MIPS DSP Built-in Functions
-----------------------------------
The MIPS DSP Application-Specific Extension (ASE) includes new
instructions that are designed to improve the performance of DSP and
media applications. It provides instructions that operate on packed
8-bit/16-bit integer data, Q7, Q15 and Q31 fractional data.
GCC supports MIPS DSP operations using both the generic vector
extensions (*note Vector Extensions::) and a collection of MIPS-specific
built-in functions. Both kinds of support are enabled by the '-mdsp'
command-line option.
Revision 2 of the ASE was introduced in the second half of 2006. This
revision adds extra instructions to the original ASE, but is otherwise
backwards-compatible with it. You can select revision 2 using the
command-line option '-mdspr2'; this option implies '-mdsp'.
The SCOUNT and POS bits of the DSP control register are global. The
WRDSP, EXTPDP, EXTPDPV and MTHLIP instructions modify the SCOUNT and POS
bits. During optimization, the compiler does not delete these
instructions and it does not delete calls to functions containing these
instructions.
At present, GCC only provides support for operations on 32-bit vectors.
The vector type associated with 8-bit integer data is usually called
'v4i8', the vector type associated with Q7 is usually called 'v4q7', the
vector type associated with 16-bit integer data is usually called
'v2i16', and the vector type associated with Q15 is usually called
'v2q15'. They can be defined in C as follows:
typedef signed char v4i8 __attribute__ ((vector_size(4)));
typedef signed char v4q7 __attribute__ ((vector_size(4)));
typedef short v2i16 __attribute__ ((vector_size(4)));
typedef short v2q15 __attribute__ ((vector_size(4)));
'v4i8', 'v4q7', 'v2i16' and 'v2q15' values are initialized in the same
way as aggregates. For example:
v4i8 a = {1, 2, 3, 4};
v4i8 b;
b = (v4i8) {5, 6, 7, 8};
v2q15 c = {0x0fcb, 0x3a75};
v2q15 d;
d = (v2q15) {0.1234 * 0x1.0p15, 0.4567 * 0x1.0p15};
_Note:_ The CPU's endianness determines the order in which values are
packed. On little-endian targets, the first value is the least
significant and the last value is the most significant. The opposite
order applies to big-endian targets. For example, the code above sets
the lowest byte of 'a' to '1' on little-endian targets and '4' on
big-endian targets.
_Note:_ Q7, Q15 and Q31 values must be initialized with their integer
representation. As shown in this example, the integer representation of
a Q7 value can be obtained by multiplying the fractional value by
'0x1.0p7'. The equivalent for Q15 values is to multiply by '0x1.0p15'.
The equivalent for Q31 values is to multiply by '0x1.0p31'.
The table below lists the 'v4i8' and 'v2q15' operations for which
hardware support exists. 'a' and 'b' are 'v4i8' values, and 'c' and 'd'
are 'v2q15' values.
C code MIPS instruction
'a + b' 'addu.qb'
'c + d' 'addq.ph'
'a - b' 'subu.qb'
'c - d' 'subq.ph'
The table below lists the 'v2i16' operation for which hardware support
exists for the DSP ASE REV 2. 'e' and 'f' are 'v2i16' values.
C code MIPS instruction
'e * f' 'mul.ph'
It is easier to describe the DSP built-in functions if we first define
the following types:
typedef int q31;
typedef int i32;
typedef unsigned int ui32;
typedef long long a64;
'q31' and 'i32' are actually the same as 'int', but we use 'q31' to
indicate a Q31 fractional value and 'i32' to indicate a 32-bit integer
value. Similarly, 'a64' is the same as 'long long', but we use 'a64' to
indicate values that are placed in one of the four DSP accumulators
('$ac0', '$ac1', '$ac2' or '$ac3').
Also, some built-in functions prefer or require immediate numbers as
parameters, because the corresponding DSP instructions accept both
immediate numbers and register operands, or accept immediate numbers
only. The immediate parameters are listed as follows.
imm0_3: 0 to 3.
imm0_7: 0 to 7.
imm0_15: 0 to 15.
imm0_31: 0 to 31.
imm0_63: 0 to 63.
imm0_255: 0 to 255.
imm_n32_31: -32 to 31.
imm_n512_511: -512 to 511.
The following built-in functions map directly to a particular MIPS DSP
instruction. Please refer to the architecture specification for details
on what each instruction does.
v2q15 __builtin_mips_addq_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_addq_s_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
q31 __builtin_mips_addq_s_w (q31, q31)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_addu_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_addu_s_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_subq_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_subq_s_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
q31 __builtin_mips_subq_s_w (q31, q31)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_subu_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_subu_s_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
i32 __builtin_mips_addsc (i32, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_addwc (i32, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_modsub (i32, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_raddu_w_qb (v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_absq_s_ph (v2q15)
q31 __builtin_mips_absq_s_w (q31)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_precrq_qb_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_precrq_ph_w (q31, q31)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_precrq_rs_ph_w (q31, q31)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_precrqu_s_qb_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
q31 __builtin_mips_preceq_w_phl (v2q15)
q31 __builtin_mips_preceq_w_phr (v2q15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_precequ_ph_qbl (v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_precequ_ph_qbr (v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_precequ_ph_qbla (v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_precequ_ph_qbra (v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_preceu_ph_qbl (v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_preceu_ph_qbr (v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_preceu_ph_qbla (v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_preceu_ph_qbra (v4i8)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_shll_qb (v4i8, imm0_7)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_shll_qb (v4i8, i32)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_shll_ph (v2q15, imm0_15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_shll_ph (v2q15, i32)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_shll_s_ph (v2q15, imm0_15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_shll_s_ph (v2q15, i32)
q31 __builtin_mips_shll_s_w (q31, imm0_31)
q31 __builtin_mips_shll_s_w (q31, i32)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_shrl_qb (v4i8, imm0_7)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_shrl_qb (v4i8, i32)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_shra_ph (v2q15, imm0_15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_shra_ph (v2q15, i32)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_shra_r_ph (v2q15, imm0_15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_shra_r_ph (v2q15, i32)
q31 __builtin_mips_shra_r_w (q31, imm0_31)
q31 __builtin_mips_shra_r_w (q31, i32)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_muleu_s_ph_qbl (v4i8, v2q15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_muleu_s_ph_qbr (v4i8, v2q15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_mulq_rs_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
q31 __builtin_mips_muleq_s_w_phl (v2q15, v2q15)
q31 __builtin_mips_muleq_s_w_phr (v2q15, v2q15)
a64 __builtin_mips_dpau_h_qbl (a64, v4i8, v4i8)
a64 __builtin_mips_dpau_h_qbr (a64, v4i8, v4i8)
a64 __builtin_mips_dpsu_h_qbl (a64, v4i8, v4i8)
a64 __builtin_mips_dpsu_h_qbr (a64, v4i8, v4i8)
a64 __builtin_mips_dpaq_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15)
a64 __builtin_mips_dpaq_sa_l_w (a64, q31, q31)
a64 __builtin_mips_dpsq_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15)
a64 __builtin_mips_dpsq_sa_l_w (a64, q31, q31)
a64 __builtin_mips_mulsaq_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15)
a64 __builtin_mips_maq_s_w_phl (a64, v2q15, v2q15)
a64 __builtin_mips_maq_s_w_phr (a64, v2q15, v2q15)
a64 __builtin_mips_maq_sa_w_phl (a64, v2q15, v2q15)
a64 __builtin_mips_maq_sa_w_phr (a64, v2q15, v2q15)
i32 __builtin_mips_bitrev (i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_insv (i32, i32)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_repl_qb (imm0_255)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_repl_qb (i32)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_repl_ph (imm_n512_511)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_repl_ph (i32)
void __builtin_mips_cmpu_eq_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
void __builtin_mips_cmpu_lt_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
void __builtin_mips_cmpu_le_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgu_eq_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgu_lt_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgu_le_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
void __builtin_mips_cmp_eq_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
void __builtin_mips_cmp_lt_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
void __builtin_mips_cmp_le_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
v4i8 __builtin_mips_pick_qb (v4i8, v4i8)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_pick_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
v2q15 __builtin_mips_packrl_ph (v2q15, v2q15)
i32 __builtin_mips_extr_w (a64, imm0_31)
i32 __builtin_mips_extr_w (a64, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_extr_r_w (a64, imm0_31)
i32 __builtin_mips_extr_s_h (a64, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_extr_rs_w (a64, imm0_31)
i32 __builtin_mips_extr_rs_w (a64, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_extr_s_h (a64, imm0_31)
i32 __builtin_mips_extr_r_w (a64, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_extp (a64, imm0_31)
i32 __builtin_mips_extp (a64, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_extpdp (a64, imm0_31)
i32 __builtin_mips_extpdp (a64, i32)
a64 __builtin_mips_shilo (a64, imm_n32_31)
a64 __builtin_mips_shilo (a64, i32)
a64 __builtin_mips_mthlip (a64, i32)
void __builtin_mips_wrdsp (i32, imm0_63)
i32 __builtin_mips_rddsp (imm0_63)
i32 __builtin_mips_lbux (void *, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_lhx (void *, i32)
i32 __builtin_mips_lwx (void *, i32)
a64 __builtin_mips_ldx (void *, i32) [MIPS64 only]
i32 __builtin_mips_bposge32 (void)
a64 __builtin_mips_madd (a64, i32, i32);
a64 __builtin_mips_maddu (a64, ui32, ui32);
a64 __builtin_mips_msub (a64, i32, i32);
a64 __builtin_mips_msubu (a64, ui32, ui32);
a64 __builtin_mips_mult (i32, i32);
a64 __builtin_mips_multu (ui32, ui32);
The following built-in functions map directly to a particular MIPS DSP
REV 2 instruction. Please refer to the architecture specification for
details on what each instruction does.
v4q7 __builtin_mips_absq_s_qb (v4q7);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_addu_ph (v2i16, v2i16);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_addu_s_ph (v2i16, v2i16);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_adduh_qb (v4i8, v4i8);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_adduh_r_qb (v4i8, v4i8);
i32 __builtin_mips_append (i32, i32, imm0_31);
i32 __builtin_mips_balign (i32, i32, imm0_3);
i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgdu_eq_qb (v4i8, v4i8);
i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgdu_lt_qb (v4i8, v4i8);
i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgdu_le_qb (v4i8, v4i8);
a64 __builtin_mips_dpa_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16);
a64 __builtin_mips_dps_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_mul_ph (v2i16, v2i16);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_mul_s_ph (v2i16, v2i16);
q31 __builtin_mips_mulq_rs_w (q31, q31);
v2q15 __builtin_mips_mulq_s_ph (v2q15, v2q15);
q31 __builtin_mips_mulq_s_w (q31, q31);
a64 __builtin_mips_mulsa_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_precr_qb_ph (v2i16, v2i16);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_precr_sra_ph_w (i32, i32, imm0_31);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_precr_sra_r_ph_w (i32, i32, imm0_31);
i32 __builtin_mips_prepend (i32, i32, imm0_31);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_shra_qb (v4i8, imm0_7);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_shra_r_qb (v4i8, imm0_7);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_shra_qb (v4i8, i32);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_shra_r_qb (v4i8, i32);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_shrl_ph (v2i16, imm0_15);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_shrl_ph (v2i16, i32);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_subu_ph (v2i16, v2i16);
v2i16 __builtin_mips_subu_s_ph (v2i16, v2i16);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_subuh_qb (v4i8, v4i8);
v4i8 __builtin_mips_subuh_r_qb (v4i8, v4i8);
v2q15 __builtin_mips_addqh_ph (v2q15, v2q15);
v2q15 __builtin_mips_addqh_r_ph (v2q15, v2q15);
q31 __builtin_mips_addqh_w (q31, q31);
q31 __builtin_mips_addqh_r_w (q31, q31);
v2q15 __builtin_mips_subqh_ph (v2q15, v2q15);
v2q15 __builtin_mips_subqh_r_ph (v2q15, v2q15);
q31 __builtin_mips_subqh_w (q31, q31);
q31 __builtin_mips_subqh_r_w (q31, q31);
a64 __builtin_mips_dpax_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16);
a64 __builtin_mips_dpsx_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16);
a64 __builtin_mips_dpaqx_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15);
a64 __builtin_mips_dpaqx_sa_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15);
a64 __builtin_mips_dpsqx_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15);
a64 __builtin_mips_dpsqx_sa_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15);
File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS Paired-Single Support, Next: MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions, Prev: MIPS DSP Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.14 MIPS Paired-Single Support
----------------------------------
The MIPS64 architecture includes a number of instructions that operate
on pairs of single-precision floating-point values. Each pair is packed
into a 64-bit floating-point register, with one element being designated
the "upper half" and the other being designated the "lower half".
GCC supports paired-single operations using both the generic vector
extensions (*note Vector Extensions::) and a collection of MIPS-specific
built-in functions. Both kinds of support are enabled by the
'-mpaired-single' command-line option.
The vector type associated with paired-single values is usually called
'v2sf'. It can be defined in C as follows:
typedef float v2sf __attribute__ ((vector_size (8)));
'v2sf' values are initialized in the same way as aggregates. For
example:
v2sf a = {1.5, 9.1};
v2sf b;
float e, f;
b = (v2sf) {e, f};
_Note:_ The CPU's endianness determines which value is stored in the
upper half of a register and which value is stored in the lower half.
On little-endian targets, the first value is the lower one and the
second value is the upper one. The opposite order applies to big-endian
targets. For example, the code above sets the lower half of 'a' to
'1.5' on little-endian targets and '9.1' on big-endian targets.
File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions, Next: MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA) Support, Prev: MIPS Paired-Single Support, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.15 MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions
----------------------------------------
GCC provides intrinsics to access the SIMD instructions provided by the
ST Microelectronics Loongson-2E and -2F processors. These intrinsics,
available after inclusion of the 'loongson.h' header file, operate on
the following 64-bit vector types:
* 'uint8x8_t', a vector of eight unsigned 8-bit integers;
* 'uint16x4_t', a vector of four unsigned 16-bit integers;
* 'uint32x2_t', a vector of two unsigned 32-bit integers;
* 'int8x8_t', a vector of eight signed 8-bit integers;
* 'int16x4_t', a vector of four signed 16-bit integers;
* 'int32x2_t', a vector of two signed 32-bit integers.
The intrinsics provided are listed below; each is named after the
machine instruction to which it corresponds, with suffixes added as
appropriate to distinguish intrinsics that expand to the same machine
instruction yet have different argument types. Refer to the
architecture documentation for a description of the functionality of
each instruction.
int16x4_t packsswh (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t);
int8x8_t packsshb (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t packushb (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint32x2_t paddw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t);
uint16x4_t paddh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t paddb_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
int32x2_t paddw_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t);
int16x4_t paddh_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t paddb_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
uint64_t paddd_u (uint64_t s, uint64_t t);
int64_t paddd_s (int64_t s, int64_t t);
int16x4_t paddsh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t paddsb (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
uint16x4_t paddush (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t paddusb (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
uint64_t pandn_ud (uint64_t s, uint64_t t);
uint32x2_t pandn_uw (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t);
uint16x4_t pandn_uh (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t pandn_ub (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
int64_t pandn_sd (int64_t s, int64_t t);
int32x2_t pandn_sw (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t);
int16x4_t pandn_sh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t pandn_sb (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
uint16x4_t pavgh (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t pavgb (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
uint32x2_t pcmpeqw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t);
uint16x4_t pcmpeqh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t pcmpeqb_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
int32x2_t pcmpeqw_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t);
int16x4_t pcmpeqh_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t pcmpeqb_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
uint32x2_t pcmpgtw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t);
uint16x4_t pcmpgth_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t pcmpgtb_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
int32x2_t pcmpgtw_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t);
int16x4_t pcmpgth_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t pcmpgtb_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
uint16x4_t pextrh_u (uint16x4_t s, int field);
int16x4_t pextrh_s (int16x4_t s, int field);
uint16x4_t pinsrh_0_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint16x4_t pinsrh_1_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint16x4_t pinsrh_2_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint16x4_t pinsrh_3_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
int16x4_t pinsrh_0_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int16x4_t pinsrh_1_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int16x4_t pinsrh_2_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int16x4_t pinsrh_3_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int32x2_t pmaddhw (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int16x4_t pmaxsh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t pmaxub (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
int16x4_t pminsh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t pminub (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
uint8x8_t pmovmskb_u (uint8x8_t s);
int8x8_t pmovmskb_s (int8x8_t s);
uint16x4_t pmulhuh (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
int16x4_t pmulhh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int16x4_t pmullh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int64_t pmuluw (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t);
uint8x8_t pasubub (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
uint16x4_t biadd (uint8x8_t s);
uint16x4_t psadbh (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
uint16x4_t pshufh_u (uint16x4_t dest, uint16x4_t s, uint8_t order);
int16x4_t pshufh_s (int16x4_t dest, int16x4_t s, uint8_t order);
uint16x4_t psllh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint8_t amount);
int16x4_t psllh_s (int16x4_t s, uint8_t amount);
uint32x2_t psllw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint8_t amount);
int32x2_t psllw_s (int32x2_t s, uint8_t amount);
uint16x4_t psrlh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint8_t amount);
int16x4_t psrlh_s (int16x4_t s, uint8_t amount);
uint32x2_t psrlw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint8_t amount);
int32x2_t psrlw_s (int32x2_t s, uint8_t amount);
uint16x4_t psrah_u (uint16x4_t s, uint8_t amount);
int16x4_t psrah_s (int16x4_t s, uint8_t amount);
uint32x2_t psraw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint8_t amount);
int32x2_t psraw_s (int32x2_t s, uint8_t amount);
uint32x2_t psubw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t);
uint16x4_t psubh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t psubb_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
int32x2_t psubw_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t);
int16x4_t psubh_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t psubb_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
uint64_t psubd_u (uint64_t s, uint64_t t);
int64_t psubd_s (int64_t s, int64_t t);
int16x4_t psubsh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t psubsb (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
uint16x4_t psubush (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t psubusb (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
uint32x2_t punpckhwd_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t);
uint16x4_t punpckhhw_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t punpckhbh_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
int32x2_t punpckhwd_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t);
int16x4_t punpckhhw_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t punpckhbh_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
uint32x2_t punpcklwd_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t);
uint16x4_t punpcklhw_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t);
uint8x8_t punpcklbh_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t);
int32x2_t punpcklwd_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t);
int16x4_t punpcklhw_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t);
int8x8_t punpcklbh_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t);
* Menu:
* Paired-Single Arithmetic::
* Paired-Single Built-in Functions::
* MIPS-3D Built-in Functions::
File: gcc.info, Node: Paired-Single Arithmetic, Next: Paired-Single Built-in Functions, Up: MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions
6.59.15.1 Paired-Single Arithmetic
..................................
The table below lists the 'v2sf' operations for which hardware support
exists. 'a', 'b' and 'c' are 'v2sf' values and 'x' is an integral
value.
C code MIPS instruction
'a + b' 'add.ps'
'a - b' 'sub.ps'
'-a' 'neg.ps'
'a * b' 'mul.ps'
'a * b + c' 'madd.ps'
'a * b - c' 'msub.ps'
'-(a * b + c)' 'nmadd.ps'
'-(a * b - c)' 'nmsub.ps'
'x ? a : b' 'movn.ps'/'movz.ps'
Note that the multiply-accumulate instructions can be disabled using
the command-line option '-mno-fused-madd'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Paired-Single Built-in Functions, Next: MIPS-3D Built-in Functions, Prev: Paired-Single Arithmetic, Up: MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions
6.59.15.2 Paired-Single Built-in Functions
..........................................
The following paired-single functions map directly to a particular MIPS
instruction. Please refer to the architecture specification for details
on what each instruction does.
'v2sf __builtin_mips_pll_ps (v2sf, v2sf)'
Pair lower lower ('pll.ps').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_pul_ps (v2sf, v2sf)'
Pair upper lower ('pul.ps').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_plu_ps (v2sf, v2sf)'
Pair lower upper ('plu.ps').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_puu_ps (v2sf, v2sf)'
Pair upper upper ('puu.ps').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_cvt_ps_s (float, float)'
Convert pair to paired single ('cvt.ps.s').
'float __builtin_mips_cvt_s_pl (v2sf)'
Convert pair lower to single ('cvt.s.pl').
'float __builtin_mips_cvt_s_pu (v2sf)'
Convert pair upper to single ('cvt.s.pu').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_abs_ps (v2sf)'
Absolute value ('abs.ps').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_alnv_ps (v2sf, v2sf, int)'
Align variable ('alnv.ps').
_Note:_ The value of the third parameter must be 0 or 4 modulo 8,
otherwise the result is unpredictable. Please read the instruction
description for details.
The following multi-instruction functions are also available. In each
case, COND can be any of the 16 floating-point conditions: 'f', 'un',
'eq', 'ueq', 'olt', 'ult', 'ole', 'ule', 'sf', 'ngle', 'seq', 'ngl',
'lt', 'nge', 'le' or 'ngt'.
'v2sf __builtin_mips_movt_c_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B, v2sf C, v2sf D)'
'v2sf __builtin_mips_movf_c_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B, v2sf C, v2sf D)'
Conditional move based on floating-point comparison ('c.COND.ps',
'movt.ps'/'movf.ps').
The 'movt' functions return the value X computed by:
c.COND.ps CC,A,B
mov.ps X,C
movt.ps X,D,CC
The 'movf' functions are similar but use 'movf.ps' instead of
'movt.ps'.
'int __builtin_mips_upper_c_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B)'
'int __builtin_mips_lower_c_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B)'
Comparison of two paired-single values ('c.COND.ps',
'bc1t'/'bc1f').
These functions compare A and B using 'c.COND.ps' and return either
the upper or lower half of the result. For example:
v2sf a, b;
if (__builtin_mips_upper_c_eq_ps (a, b))
upper_halves_are_equal ();
else
upper_halves_are_unequal ();
if (__builtin_mips_lower_c_eq_ps (a, b))
lower_halves_are_equal ();
else
lower_halves_are_unequal ();
File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS-3D Built-in Functions, Prev: Paired-Single Built-in Functions, Up: MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions
6.59.15.3 MIPS-3D Built-in Functions
....................................
The MIPS-3D Application-Specific Extension (ASE) includes additional
paired-single instructions that are designed to improve the performance
of 3D graphics operations. Support for these instructions is controlled
by the '-mips3d' command-line option.
The functions listed below map directly to a particular MIPS-3D
instruction. Please refer to the architecture specification for more
details on what each instruction does.
'v2sf __builtin_mips_addr_ps (v2sf, v2sf)'
Reduction add ('addr.ps').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_mulr_ps (v2sf, v2sf)'
Reduction multiply ('mulr.ps').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_cvt_pw_ps (v2sf)'
Convert paired single to paired word ('cvt.pw.ps').
'v2sf __builtin_mips_cvt_ps_pw (v2sf)'
Convert paired word to paired single ('cvt.ps.pw').
'float __builtin_mips_recip1_s (float)'
'double __builtin_mips_recip1_d (double)'
'v2sf __builtin_mips_recip1_ps (v2sf)'
Reduced-precision reciprocal (sequence step 1) ('recip1.FMT').
'float __builtin_mips_recip2_s (float, float)'
'double __builtin_mips_recip2_d (double, double)'
'v2sf __builtin_mips_recip2_ps (v2sf, v2sf)'
Reduced-precision reciprocal (sequence step 2) ('recip2.FMT').
'float __builtin_mips_rsqrt1_s (float)'
'double __builtin_mips_rsqrt1_d (double)'
'v2sf __builtin_mips_rsqrt1_ps (v2sf)'
Reduced-precision reciprocal square root (sequence step 1)
('rsqrt1.FMT').
'float __builtin_mips_rsqrt2_s (float, float)'
'double __builtin_mips_rsqrt2_d (double, double)'
'v2sf __builtin_mips_rsqrt2_ps (v2sf, v2sf)'
Reduced-precision reciprocal square root (sequence step 2)
('rsqrt2.FMT').
The following multi-instruction functions are also available. In each
case, COND can be any of the 16 floating-point conditions: 'f', 'un',
'eq', 'ueq', 'olt', 'ult', 'ole', 'ule', 'sf', 'ngle', 'seq', 'ngl',
'lt', 'nge', 'le' or 'ngt'.
'int __builtin_mips_cabs_COND_s (float A, float B)'
'int __builtin_mips_cabs_COND_d (double A, double B)'
Absolute comparison of two scalar values ('cabs.COND.FMT',
'bc1t'/'bc1f').
These functions compare A and B using 'cabs.COND.s' or
'cabs.COND.d' and return the result as a boolean value. For
example:
float a, b;
if (__builtin_mips_cabs_eq_s (a, b))
true ();
else
false ();
'int __builtin_mips_upper_cabs_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B)'
'int __builtin_mips_lower_cabs_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B)'
Absolute comparison of two paired-single values ('cabs.COND.ps',
'bc1t'/'bc1f').
These functions compare A and B using 'cabs.COND.ps' and return
either the upper or lower half of the result. For example:
v2sf a, b;
if (__builtin_mips_upper_cabs_eq_ps (a, b))
upper_halves_are_equal ();
else
upper_halves_are_unequal ();
if (__builtin_mips_lower_cabs_eq_ps (a, b))
lower_halves_are_equal ();
else
lower_halves_are_unequal ();
'v2sf __builtin_mips_movt_cabs_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B, v2sf C, v2sf D)'
'v2sf __builtin_mips_movf_cabs_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B, v2sf C, v2sf D)'
Conditional move based on absolute comparison ('cabs.COND.ps',
'movt.ps'/'movf.ps').
The 'movt' functions return the value X computed by:
cabs.COND.ps CC,A,B
mov.ps X,C
movt.ps X,D,CC
The 'movf' functions are similar but use 'movf.ps' instead of
'movt.ps'.
'int __builtin_mips_any_c_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B)'
'int __builtin_mips_all_c_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B)'
'int __builtin_mips_any_cabs_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B)'
'int __builtin_mips_all_cabs_COND_ps (v2sf A, v2sf B)'
Comparison of two paired-single values ('c.COND.ps'/'cabs.COND.ps',
'bc1any2t'/'bc1any2f').
These functions compare A and B using 'c.COND.ps' or
'cabs.COND.ps'. The 'any' forms return true if either result is
true and the 'all' forms return true if both results are true. For
example:
v2sf a, b;
if (__builtin_mips_any_c_eq_ps (a, b))
one_is_true ();
else
both_are_false ();
if (__builtin_mips_all_c_eq_ps (a, b))
both_are_true ();
else
one_is_false ();
'int __builtin_mips_any_c_COND_4s (v2sf A, v2sf B, v2sf C, v2sf D)'
'int __builtin_mips_all_c_COND_4s (v2sf A, v2sf B, v2sf C, v2sf D)'
'int __builtin_mips_any_cabs_COND_4s (v2sf A, v2sf B, v2sf C, v2sf D)'
'int __builtin_mips_all_cabs_COND_4s (v2sf A, v2sf B, v2sf C, v2sf D)'
Comparison of four paired-single values
('c.COND.ps'/'cabs.COND.ps', 'bc1any4t'/'bc1any4f').
These functions use 'c.COND.ps' or 'cabs.COND.ps' to compare A with
B and to compare C with D. The 'any' forms return true if any of
the four results are true and the 'all' forms return true if all
four results are true. For example:
v2sf a, b, c, d;
if (__builtin_mips_any_c_eq_4s (a, b, c, d))
some_are_true ();
else
all_are_false ();
if (__builtin_mips_all_c_eq_4s (a, b, c, d))
all_are_true ();
else
some_are_false ();
File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA) Support, Next: Other MIPS Built-in Functions, Prev: MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.16 MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA) Support
--------------------------------------------
* Menu:
* MIPS SIMD Architecture Built-in Functions::
GCC provides intrinsics to access the SIMD instructions provided by the
MSA MIPS SIMD Architecture. The interface is made available by
including '<msa.h>' and using '-mmsa -mhard-float -mfp64 -mnan=2008'.
For each '__builtin_msa_*', there is a shortened name of the intrinsic,
'__msa_*'.
MSA implements 128-bit wide vector registers, operating on 8-, 16-, 32-
and 64-bit integer, 16- and 32-bit fixed-point, or 32- and 64-bit
floating point data elements. The following vectors typedefs are
included in 'msa.h':
* 'v16i8', a vector of sixteen signed 8-bit integers;
* 'v16u8', a vector of sixteen unsigned 8-bit integers;
* 'v8i16', a vector of eight signed 16-bit integers;
* 'v8u16', a vector of eight unsigned 16-bit integers;
* 'v4i32', a vector of four signed 32-bit integers;
* 'v4u32', a vector of four unsigned 32-bit integers;
* 'v2i64', a vector of two signed 64-bit integers;
* 'v2u64', a vector of two unsigned 64-bit integers;
* 'v4f32', a vector of four 32-bit floats;
* 'v2f64', a vector of two 64-bit doubles.
Instructions and corresponding built-ins may have additional
restrictions and/or input/output values manipulated:
* 'imm0_1', an integer literal in range 0 to 1;
* 'imm0_3', an integer literal in range 0 to 3;
* 'imm0_7', an integer literal in range 0 to 7;
* 'imm0_15', an integer literal in range 0 to 15;
* 'imm0_31', an integer literal in range 0 to 31;
* 'imm0_63', an integer literal in range 0 to 63;
* 'imm0_255', an integer literal in range 0 to 255;
* 'imm_n16_15', an integer literal in range -16 to 15;
* 'imm_n512_511', an integer literal in range -512 to 511;
* 'imm_n1024_1022', an integer literal in range -512 to 511 left
shifted by 1 bit, i.e., -1024, -1022, ..., 1020, 1022;
* 'imm_n2048_2044', an integer literal in range -512 to 511 left
shifted by 2 bits, i.e., -2048, -2044, ..., 2040, 2044;
* 'imm_n4096_4088', an integer literal in range -512 to 511 left
shifted by 3 bits, i.e., -4096, -4088, ..., 4080, 4088;
* 'imm1_4', an integer literal in range 1 to 4;
* 'i32, i64, u32, u64, f32, f64', defined as follows:
{
typedef int i32;
#if __LONG_MAX__ == __LONG_LONG_MAX__
typedef long i64;
#else
typedef long long i64;
#endif
typedef unsigned int u32;
#if __LONG_MAX__ == __LONG_LONG_MAX__
typedef unsigned long u64;
#else
typedef unsigned long long u64;
#endif
typedef double f64;
typedef float f32;
}
File: gcc.info, Node: MIPS SIMD Architecture Built-in Functions, Up: MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA) Support
6.59.16.1 MIPS SIMD Architecture Built-in Functions
...................................................
The intrinsics provided are listed below; each is named after the
machine instruction.
v16i8 __builtin_msa_add_a_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_add_a_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_add_a_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_add_a_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_adds_a_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_adds_a_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_adds_a_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_adds_a_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_adds_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_adds_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_adds_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_adds_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_adds_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_adds_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_adds_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_adds_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_addv_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_addv_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_addv_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_addv_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_addvi_b (v16i8, imm0_31);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_addvi_h (v8i16, imm0_31);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_addvi_w (v4i32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_addvi_d (v2i64, imm0_31);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_and_v (v16u8, v16u8);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_andi_b (v16u8, imm0_255);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_asub_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_asub_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_asub_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_asub_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_asub_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_asub_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_asub_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_asub_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ave_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ave_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ave_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ave_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_ave_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_ave_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_ave_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_ave_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_aver_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_aver_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_aver_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_aver_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_aver_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_aver_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_aver_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_aver_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bclr_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_bclr_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_bclr_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_bclr_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bclri_b (v16u8, imm0_7);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_bclri_h (v8u16, imm0_15);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_bclri_w (v4u32, imm0_31);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_bclri_d (v2u64, imm0_63);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_binsl_b (v16u8, v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_binsl_h (v8u16, v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_binsl_w (v4u32, v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_binsl_d (v2u64, v2u64, v2u64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_binsli_b (v16u8, v16u8, imm0_7);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_binsli_h (v8u16, v8u16, imm0_15);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_binsli_w (v4u32, v4u32, imm0_31);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_binsli_d (v2u64, v2u64, imm0_63);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_binsr_b (v16u8, v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_binsr_h (v8u16, v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_binsr_w (v4u32, v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_binsr_d (v2u64, v2u64, v2u64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_binsri_b (v16u8, v16u8, imm0_7);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_binsri_h (v8u16, v8u16, imm0_15);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_binsri_w (v4u32, v4u32, imm0_31);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_binsri_d (v2u64, v2u64, imm0_63);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bmnz_v (v16u8, v16u8, v16u8);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bmnzi_b (v16u8, v16u8, imm0_255);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bmz_v (v16u8, v16u8, v16u8);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bmzi_b (v16u8, v16u8, imm0_255);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bneg_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_bneg_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_bneg_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_bneg_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bnegi_b (v16u8, imm0_7);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_bnegi_h (v8u16, imm0_15);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_bnegi_w (v4u32, imm0_31);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_bnegi_d (v2u64, imm0_63);
i32 __builtin_msa_bnz_b (v16u8);
i32 __builtin_msa_bnz_h (v8u16);
i32 __builtin_msa_bnz_w (v4u32);
i32 __builtin_msa_bnz_d (v2u64);
i32 __builtin_msa_bnz_v (v16u8);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bsel_v (v16u8, v16u8, v16u8);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bseli_b (v16u8, v16u8, imm0_255);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bset_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_bset_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_bset_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_bset_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_bseti_b (v16u8, imm0_7);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_bseti_h (v8u16, imm0_15);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_bseti_w (v4u32, imm0_31);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_bseti_d (v2u64, imm0_63);
i32 __builtin_msa_bz_b (v16u8);
i32 __builtin_msa_bz_h (v8u16);
i32 __builtin_msa_bz_w (v4u32);
i32 __builtin_msa_bz_d (v2u64);
i32 __builtin_msa_bz_v (v16u8);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ceq_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ceq_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ceq_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ceq_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ceqi_b (v16i8, imm_n16_15);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ceqi_h (v8i16, imm_n16_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ceqi_w (v4i32, imm_n16_15);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ceqi_d (v2i64, imm_n16_15);
i32 __builtin_msa_cfcmsa (imm0_31);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_cle_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_cle_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_cle_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_cle_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_cle_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_cle_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_cle_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_cle_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_clei_s_b (v16i8, imm_n16_15);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_clei_s_h (v8i16, imm_n16_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_clei_s_w (v4i32, imm_n16_15);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_clei_s_d (v2i64, imm_n16_15);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_clei_u_b (v16u8, imm0_31);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_clei_u_h (v8u16, imm0_31);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_clei_u_w (v4u32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_clei_u_d (v2u64, imm0_31);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_clt_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_clt_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_clt_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_clt_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_clt_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_clt_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_clt_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_clt_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_clti_s_b (v16i8, imm_n16_15);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_clti_s_h (v8i16, imm_n16_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_clti_s_w (v4i32, imm_n16_15);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_clti_s_d (v2i64, imm_n16_15);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_clti_u_b (v16u8, imm0_31);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_clti_u_h (v8u16, imm0_31);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_clti_u_w (v4u32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_clti_u_d (v2u64, imm0_31);
i32 __builtin_msa_copy_s_b (v16i8, imm0_15);
i32 __builtin_msa_copy_s_h (v8i16, imm0_7);
i32 __builtin_msa_copy_s_w (v4i32, imm0_3);
i64 __builtin_msa_copy_s_d (v2i64, imm0_1);
u32 __builtin_msa_copy_u_b (v16i8, imm0_15);
u32 __builtin_msa_copy_u_h (v8i16, imm0_7);
u32 __builtin_msa_copy_u_w (v4i32, imm0_3);
u64 __builtin_msa_copy_u_d (v2i64, imm0_1);
void __builtin_msa_ctcmsa (imm0_31, i32);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_div_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_div_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_div_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_div_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_div_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_div_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_div_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_div_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_dotp_s_h (v16i8, v16i8);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_dotp_s_w (v8i16, v8i16);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_dotp_s_d (v4i32, v4i32);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_dotp_u_h (v16u8, v16u8);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_dotp_u_w (v8u16, v8u16);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_dotp_u_d (v4u32, v4u32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_dpadd_s_h (v8i16, v16i8, v16i8);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_dpadd_s_w (v4i32, v8i16, v8i16);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_dpadd_s_d (v2i64, v4i32, v4i32);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_dpadd_u_h (v8u16, v16u8, v16u8);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_dpadd_u_w (v4u32, v8u16, v8u16);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_dpadd_u_d (v2u64, v4u32, v4u32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_dpsub_s_h (v8i16, v16i8, v16i8);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_dpsub_s_w (v4i32, v8i16, v8i16);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_dpsub_s_d (v2i64, v4i32, v4i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_dpsub_u_h (v8i16, v16u8, v16u8);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_dpsub_u_w (v4i32, v8u16, v8u16);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_dpsub_u_d (v2i64, v4u32, v4u32);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fadd_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fadd_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcaf_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcaf_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fceq_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fceq_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fclass_w (v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fclass_d (v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcle_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcle_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fclt_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fclt_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcne_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcne_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcor_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcor_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcueq_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcueq_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcule_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcule_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcult_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcult_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcun_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcun_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fcune_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fcune_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fdiv_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fdiv_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_fexdo_h (v4f32, v4f32);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fexdo_w (v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fexp2_w (v4f32, v4i32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fexp2_d (v2f64, v2i64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fexupl_w (v8i16);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fexupl_d (v4f32);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fexupr_w (v8i16);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fexupr_d (v4f32);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_ffint_s_w (v4i32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_ffint_s_d (v2i64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_ffint_u_w (v4u32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_ffint_u_d (v2u64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_ffql_w (v8i16);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_ffql_d (v4i32);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_ffqr_w (v8i16);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_ffqr_d (v4i32);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_fill_b (i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_fill_h (i32);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fill_w (i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fill_d (i64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_flog2_w (v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_flog2_d (v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fmadd_w (v4f32, v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fmadd_d (v2f64, v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fmax_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fmax_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fmax_a_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fmax_a_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fmin_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fmin_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fmin_a_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fmin_a_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fmsub_w (v4f32, v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fmsub_d (v2f64, v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fmul_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fmul_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_frint_w (v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_frint_d (v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_frcp_w (v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_frcp_d (v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_frsqrt_w (v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_frsqrt_d (v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsaf_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsaf_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fseq_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fseq_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsle_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsle_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fslt_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fslt_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsne_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsne_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsor_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsor_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fsqrt_w (v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fsqrt_d (v2f64);
v4f32 __builtin_msa_fsub_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2f64 __builtin_msa_fsub_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsueq_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsueq_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsule_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsule_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsult_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsult_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsun_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsun_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_fsune_w (v4f32, v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_fsune_d (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ftint_s_w (v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ftint_s_d (v2f64);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_ftint_u_w (v4f32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_ftint_u_d (v2f64);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ftq_h (v4f32, v4f32);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ftq_w (v2f64, v2f64);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ftrunc_s_w (v4f32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ftrunc_s_d (v2f64);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_ftrunc_u_w (v4f32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_ftrunc_u_d (v2f64);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_hadd_s_h (v16i8, v16i8);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_hadd_s_w (v8i16, v8i16);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_hadd_s_d (v4i32, v4i32);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_hadd_u_h (v16u8, v16u8);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_hadd_u_w (v8u16, v8u16);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_hadd_u_d (v4u32, v4u32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_hsub_s_h (v16i8, v16i8);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_hsub_s_w (v8i16, v8i16);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_hsub_s_d (v4i32, v4i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_hsub_u_h (v16u8, v16u8);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_hsub_u_w (v8u16, v8u16);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_hsub_u_d (v4u32, v4u32);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ilvev_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ilvev_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ilvev_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ilvev_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ilvl_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ilvl_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ilvl_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ilvl_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ilvod_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ilvod_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ilvod_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ilvod_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ilvr_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ilvr_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ilvr_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ilvr_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_insert_b (v16i8, imm0_15, i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_insert_h (v8i16, imm0_7, i32);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_insert_w (v4i32, imm0_3, i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_insert_d (v2i64, imm0_1, i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_insve_b (v16i8, imm0_15, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_insve_h (v8i16, imm0_7, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_insve_w (v4i32, imm0_3, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_insve_d (v2i64, imm0_1, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ld_b (void *, imm_n512_511);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ld_h (void *, imm_n1024_1022);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ld_w (void *, imm_n2048_2044);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ld_d (void *, imm_n4096_4088);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_ldi_b (imm_n512_511);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_ldi_h (imm_n512_511);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_ldi_w (imm_n512_511);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_ldi_d (imm_n512_511);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_madd_q_h (v8i16, v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_madd_q_w (v4i32, v4i32, v4i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_maddr_q_h (v8i16, v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_maddr_q_w (v4i32, v4i32, v4i32);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_maddv_b (v16i8, v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_maddv_h (v8i16, v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_maddv_w (v4i32, v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_maddv_d (v2i64, v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_max_a_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_max_a_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_max_a_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_max_a_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_max_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_max_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_max_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_max_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_max_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_max_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_max_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_max_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_maxi_s_b (v16i8, imm_n16_15);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_maxi_s_h (v8i16, imm_n16_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_maxi_s_w (v4i32, imm_n16_15);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_maxi_s_d (v2i64, imm_n16_15);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_maxi_u_b (v16u8, imm0_31);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_maxi_u_h (v8u16, imm0_31);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_maxi_u_w (v4u32, imm0_31);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_maxi_u_d (v2u64, imm0_31);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_min_a_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_min_a_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_min_a_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_min_a_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_min_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_min_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_min_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_min_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_min_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_min_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_min_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_min_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_mini_s_b (v16i8, imm_n16_15);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_mini_s_h (v8i16, imm_n16_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_mini_s_w (v4i32, imm_n16_15);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_mini_s_d (v2i64, imm_n16_15);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_mini_u_b (v16u8, imm0_31);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_mini_u_h (v8u16, imm0_31);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_mini_u_w (v4u32, imm0_31);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_mini_u_d (v2u64, imm0_31);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_mod_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_mod_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_mod_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_mod_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_mod_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_mod_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_mod_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_mod_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_move_v (v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_msub_q_h (v8i16, v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_msub_q_w (v4i32, v4i32, v4i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_msubr_q_h (v8i16, v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_msubr_q_w (v4i32, v4i32, v4i32);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_msubv_b (v16i8, v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_msubv_h (v8i16, v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_msubv_w (v4i32, v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_msubv_d (v2i64, v2i64, v2i64);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_mul_q_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_mul_q_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_mulr_q_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_mulr_q_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_mulv_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_mulv_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_mulv_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_mulv_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_nloc_b (v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_nloc_h (v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_nloc_w (v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_nloc_d (v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_nlzc_b (v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_nlzc_h (v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_nlzc_w (v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_nlzc_d (v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_nor_v (v16u8, v16u8);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_nori_b (v16u8, imm0_255);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_or_v (v16u8, v16u8);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_ori_b (v16u8, imm0_255);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_pckev_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_pckev_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_pckev_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_pckev_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_pckod_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_pckod_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_pckod_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_pckod_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_pcnt_b (v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_pcnt_h (v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_pcnt_w (v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_pcnt_d (v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_sat_s_b (v16i8, imm0_7);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_sat_s_h (v8i16, imm0_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_sat_s_w (v4i32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_sat_s_d (v2i64, imm0_63);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_sat_u_b (v16u8, imm0_7);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_sat_u_h (v8u16, imm0_15);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_sat_u_w (v4u32, imm0_31);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_sat_u_d (v2u64, imm0_63);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_shf_b (v16i8, imm0_255);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_shf_h (v8i16, imm0_255);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_shf_w (v4i32, imm0_255);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_sld_b (v16i8, v16i8, i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_sld_h (v8i16, v8i16, i32);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_sld_w (v4i32, v4i32, i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_sld_d (v2i64, v2i64, i32);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_sldi_b (v16i8, v16i8, imm0_15);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_sldi_h (v8i16, v8i16, imm0_7);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_sldi_w (v4i32, v4i32, imm0_3);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_sldi_d (v2i64, v2i64, imm0_1);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_sll_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_sll_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_sll_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_sll_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_slli_b (v16i8, imm0_7);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_slli_h (v8i16, imm0_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_slli_w (v4i32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_slli_d (v2i64, imm0_63);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_splat_b (v16i8, i32);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_splat_h (v8i16, i32);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_splat_w (v4i32, i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_splat_d (v2i64, i32);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_splati_b (v16i8, imm0_15);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_splati_h (v8i16, imm0_7);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_splati_w (v4i32, imm0_3);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_splati_d (v2i64, imm0_1);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_sra_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_sra_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_sra_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_sra_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_srai_b (v16i8, imm0_7);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_srai_h (v8i16, imm0_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_srai_w (v4i32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_srai_d (v2i64, imm0_63);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_srar_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_srar_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_srar_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_srar_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_srari_b (v16i8, imm0_7);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_srari_h (v8i16, imm0_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_srari_w (v4i32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_srari_d (v2i64, imm0_63);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_srl_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_srl_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_srl_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_srl_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_srli_b (v16i8, imm0_7);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_srli_h (v8i16, imm0_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_srli_w (v4i32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_srli_d (v2i64, imm0_63);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_srlr_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_srlr_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_srlr_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_srlr_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_srlri_b (v16i8, imm0_7);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_srlri_h (v8i16, imm0_15);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_srlri_w (v4i32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_srlri_d (v2i64, imm0_63);
void __builtin_msa_st_b (v16i8, void *, imm_n512_511);
void __builtin_msa_st_h (v8i16, void *, imm_n1024_1022);
void __builtin_msa_st_w (v4i32, void *, imm_n2048_2044);
void __builtin_msa_st_d (v2i64, void *, imm_n4096_4088);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_subs_s_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_subs_s_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_subs_s_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_subs_s_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_subs_u_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_subs_u_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_subs_u_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_subs_u_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_subsus_u_b (v16u8, v16i8);
v8u16 __builtin_msa_subsus_u_h (v8u16, v8i16);
v4u32 __builtin_msa_subsus_u_w (v4u32, v4i32);
v2u64 __builtin_msa_subsus_u_d (v2u64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_subsuu_s_b (v16u8, v16u8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_subsuu_s_h (v8u16, v8u16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_subsuu_s_w (v4u32, v4u32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_subsuu_s_d (v2u64, v2u64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_subv_b (v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_subv_h (v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_subv_w (v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_subv_d (v2i64, v2i64);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_subvi_b (v16i8, imm0_31);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_subvi_h (v8i16, imm0_31);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_subvi_w (v4i32, imm0_31);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_subvi_d (v2i64, imm0_31);
v16i8 __builtin_msa_vshf_b (v16i8, v16i8, v16i8);
v8i16 __builtin_msa_vshf_h (v8i16, v8i16, v8i16);
v4i32 __builtin_msa_vshf_w (v4i32, v4i32, v4i32);
v2i64 __builtin_msa_vshf_d (v2i64, v2i64, v2i64);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_xor_v (v16u8, v16u8);
v16u8 __builtin_msa_xori_b (v16u8, imm0_255);
File: gcc.info, Node: Other MIPS Built-in Functions, Next: MSP430 Built-in Functions, Prev: MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA) Support, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.17 Other MIPS Built-in Functions
-------------------------------------
GCC provides other MIPS-specific built-in functions:
'void __builtin_mips_cache (int OP, const volatile void *ADDR)'
Insert a 'cache' instruction with operands OP and ADDR. GCC
defines the preprocessor macro '___GCC_HAVE_BUILTIN_MIPS_CACHE'
when this function is available.
'unsigned int __builtin_mips_get_fcsr (void)'
'void __builtin_mips_set_fcsr (unsigned int VALUE)'
Get and set the contents of the floating-point control and status
register (FPU control register 31). These functions are only
available in hard-float code but can be called in both MIPS16 and
non-MIPS16 contexts.
'__builtin_mips_set_fcsr' can be used to change any bit of the
register except the condition codes, which GCC assumes are
preserved.
File: gcc.info, Node: MSP430 Built-in Functions, Next: NDS32 Built-in Functions, Prev: Other MIPS Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.18 MSP430 Built-in Functions
---------------------------------
GCC provides a couple of special builtin functions to aid in the writing
of interrupt handlers in C.
'__bic_SR_register_on_exit (int MASK)'
This clears the indicated bits in the saved copy of the status
register currently residing on the stack. This only works inside
interrupt handlers and the changes to the status register will only
take affect once the handler returns.
'__bis_SR_register_on_exit (int MASK)'
This sets the indicated bits in the saved copy of the status
register currently residing on the stack. This only works inside
interrupt handlers and the changes to the status register will only
take affect once the handler returns.
'__delay_cycles (long long CYCLES)'
This inserts an instruction sequence that takes exactly CYCLES
cycles (between 0 and about 17E9) to complete. The inserted
sequence may use jumps, loops, or no-ops, and does not interfere
with any other instructions. Note that CYCLES must be a
compile-time constant integer - that is, you must pass a number,
not a variable that may be optimized to a constant later. The
number of cycles delayed by this builtin is exact.
File: gcc.info, Node: NDS32 Built-in Functions, Next: picoChip Built-in Functions, Prev: MSP430 Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.19 NDS32 Built-in Functions
--------------------------------
These built-in functions are available for the NDS32 target:
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_nds32_isync (int *ADDR)
Insert an ISYNC instruction into the instruction stream where ADDR
is an instruction address for serialization.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_nds32_isb (void)
Insert an ISB instruction into the instruction stream.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_nds32_mfsr (int SR)
Return the content of a system register which is mapped by SR.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_nds32_mfusr (int USR)
Return the content of a user space register which is mapped by USR.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_nds32_mtsr (int VALUE, int SR)
Move the VALUE to a system register which is mapped by SR.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_nds32_mtusr (int VALUE, int USR)
Move the VALUE to a user space register which is mapped by USR.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_nds32_setgie_en (void)
Enable global interrupt.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_nds32_setgie_dis (void)
Disable global interrupt.
File: gcc.info, Node: picoChip Built-in Functions, Next: PowerPC Built-in Functions, Prev: NDS32 Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.20 picoChip Built-in Functions
-----------------------------------
GCC provides an interface to selected machine instructions from the
picoChip instruction set.
'int __builtin_sbc (int VALUE)'
Sign bit count. Return the number of consecutive bits in VALUE
that have the same value as the sign bit. The result is the number
of leading sign bits minus one, giving the number of redundant sign
bits in VALUE.
'int __builtin_byteswap (int VALUE)'
Byte swap. Return the result of swapping the upper and lower bytes
of VALUE.
'int __builtin_brev (int VALUE)'
Bit reversal. Return the result of reversing the bits in VALUE.
Bit 15 is swapped with bit 0, bit 14 is swapped with bit 1, and so
on.
'int __builtin_adds (int X, int Y)'
Saturating addition. Return the result of adding X and Y, storing
the value 32767 if the result overflows.
'int __builtin_subs (int X, int Y)'
Saturating subtraction. Return the result of subtracting Y from X,
storing the value -32768 if the result overflows.
'void __builtin_halt (void)'
Halt. The processor stops execution. This built-in is useful for
implementing assertions.
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC Built-in Functions, Next: PowerPC AltiVec/VSX Built-in Functions, Prev: picoChip Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.21 PowerPC Built-in Functions
----------------------------------
The following built-in functions are always available and can be used to
check the PowerPC target platform type:
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_cpu_init (void)
This function is a 'nop' on the PowerPC platform and is included
solely to maintain API compatibility with the x86 builtins.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_cpu_is (const char *CPUNAME)
This function returns a value of '1' if the run-time CPU is of type
CPUNAME and returns '0' otherwise
The '__builtin_cpu_is' function requires GLIBC 2.23 or newer which
exports the hardware capability bits. GCC defines the macro
'__BUILTIN_CPU_SUPPORTS__' if the '__builtin_cpu_supports' built-in
function is fully supported.
If GCC was configured to use a GLIBC before 2.23, the built-in
function '__builtin_cpu_is' always returns a 0 and the compiler
issues a warning.
The following CPU names can be detected:
'power9'
IBM POWER9 Server CPU.
'power8'
IBM POWER8 Server CPU.
'power7'
IBM POWER7 Server CPU.
'power6x'
IBM POWER6 Server CPU (RAW mode).
'power6'
IBM POWER6 Server CPU (Architected mode).
'power5+'
IBM POWER5+ Server CPU.
'power5'
IBM POWER5 Server CPU.
'ppc970'
IBM 970 Server CPU (ie, Apple G5).
'power4'
IBM POWER4 Server CPU.
'ppca2'
IBM A2 64-bit Embedded CPU
'ppc476'
IBM PowerPC 476FP 32-bit Embedded CPU.
'ppc464'
IBM PowerPC 464 32-bit Embedded CPU.
'ppc440'
PowerPC 440 32-bit Embedded CPU.
'ppc405'
PowerPC 405 32-bit Embedded CPU.
'ppc-cell-be'
IBM PowerPC Cell Broadband Engine Architecture CPU.
Here is an example:
#ifdef __BUILTIN_CPU_SUPPORTS__
if (__builtin_cpu_is ("power8"))
{
do_power8 (); // POWER8 specific implementation.
}
else
#endif
{
do_generic (); // Generic implementation.
}
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_cpu_supports (const char *FEATURE)
This function returns a value of '1' if the run-time CPU supports
the HWCAP feature FEATURE and returns '0' otherwise.
The '__builtin_cpu_supports' function requires GLIBC 2.23 or newer
which exports the hardware capability bits. GCC defines the macro
'__BUILTIN_CPU_SUPPORTS__' if the '__builtin_cpu_supports' built-in
function is fully supported.
If GCC was configured to use a GLIBC before 2.23, the built-in
function '__builtin_cpu_suports' always returns a 0 and the
compiler issues a warning.
The following features can be detected:
'4xxmac'
4xx CPU has a Multiply Accumulator.
'altivec'
CPU has a SIMD/Vector Unit.
'arch_2_05'
CPU supports ISA 2.05 (eg, POWER6)
'arch_2_06'
CPU supports ISA 2.06 (eg, POWER7)
'arch_2_07'
CPU supports ISA 2.07 (eg, POWER8)
'arch_3_00'
CPU supports ISA 3.0 (eg, POWER9)
'archpmu'
CPU supports the set of compatible performance monitoring
events.
'booke'
CPU supports the Embedded ISA category.
'cellbe'
CPU has a CELL broadband engine.
'dfp'
CPU has a decimal floating point unit.
'dscr'
CPU supports the data stream control register.
'ebb'
CPU supports event base branching.
'efpdouble'
CPU has a SPE double precision floating point unit.
'efpsingle'
CPU has a SPE single precision floating point unit.
'fpu'
CPU has a floating point unit.
'htm'
CPU has hardware transaction memory instructions.
'htm-nosc'
Kernel aborts hardware transactions when a syscall is made.
'ic_snoop'
CPU supports icache snooping capabilities.
'ieee128'
CPU supports 128-bit IEEE binary floating point instructions.
'isel'
CPU supports the integer select instruction.
'mmu'
CPU has a memory management unit.
'notb'
CPU does not have a timebase (eg, 601 and 403gx).
'pa6t'
CPU supports the PA Semi 6T CORE ISA.
'power4'
CPU supports ISA 2.00 (eg, POWER4)
'power5'
CPU supports ISA 2.02 (eg, POWER5)
'power5+'
CPU supports ISA 2.03 (eg, POWER5+)
'power6x'
CPU supports ISA 2.05 (eg, POWER6) extended opcodes mffgpr and
mftgpr.
'ppc32'
CPU supports 32-bit mode execution.
'ppc601'
CPU supports the old POWER ISA (eg, 601)
'ppc64'
CPU supports 64-bit mode execution.
'ppcle'
CPU supports a little-endian mode that uses address swizzling.
'smt'
CPU support simultaneous multi-threading.
'spe'
CPU has a signal processing extension unit.
'tar'
CPU supports the target address register.
'true_le'
CPU supports true little-endian mode.
'ucache'
CPU has unified I/D cache.
'vcrypto'
CPU supports the vector cryptography instructions.
'vsx'
CPU supports the vector-scalar extension.
Here is an example:
#ifdef __BUILTIN_CPU_SUPPORTS__
if (__builtin_cpu_supports ("fpu"))
{
asm("fadd %0,%1,%2" : "=d"(dst) : "d"(src1), "d"(src2));
}
else
#endif
{
dst = __fadd (src1, src2); // Software FP addition function.
}
These built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family of
processors:
float __builtin_recipdivf (float, float);
float __builtin_rsqrtf (float);
double __builtin_recipdiv (double, double);
double __builtin_rsqrt (double);
uint64_t __builtin_ppc_get_timebase ();
unsigned long __builtin_ppc_mftb ();
double __builtin_unpack_longdouble (long double, int);
long double __builtin_pack_longdouble (double, double);
__ibm128 __builtin_unpack_ibm128 (__ibm128, int);
__ibm128 __builtin_pack_ibm128 (double, double);
The 'vec_rsqrt', '__builtin_rsqrt', and '__builtin_rsqrtf' functions
generate multiple instructions to implement the reciprocal sqrt
functionality using reciprocal sqrt estimate instructions.
The '__builtin_recipdiv', and '__builtin_recipdivf' functions generate
multiple instructions to implement division using the reciprocal
estimate instructions.
The '__builtin_ppc_get_timebase' and '__builtin_ppc_mftb' functions
generate instructions to read the Time Base Register. The
'__builtin_ppc_get_timebase' function may generate multiple instructions
and always returns the 64 bits of the Time Base Register. The
'__builtin_ppc_mftb' function always generates one instruction and
returns the Time Base Register value as an unsigned long, throwing away
the most significant word on 32-bit environments.
The '__builtin_unpack_longdouble' function takes a 'long double'
argument and a compile time constant of 0 or 1. If the constant is 0,
the first 'double' within the 'long double' is returned, otherwise the
second 'double' is returned. The '__builtin_unpack_longdouble' function
is only availble if 'long double' uses the IBM extended double
representation.
The '__builtin_pack_longdouble' function takes two 'double' arguments
and returns a 'long double' value that combines the two arguments. The
'__builtin_pack_longdouble' function is only availble if 'long double'
uses the IBM extended double representation.
The '__builtin_unpack_ibm128' function takes a '__ibm128' argument and
a compile time constant of 0 or 1. If the constant is 0, the first
'double' within the '__ibm128' is returned, otherwise the second
'double' is returned.
The '__builtin_pack_ibm128' function takes two 'double' arguments and
returns a '__ibm128' value that combines the two arguments.
Additional built-in functions are available for the 64-bit PowerPC
family of processors, for efficient use of 128-bit floating point
('__float128') values.
Previous versions of GCC supported some 'q' builtins for IEEE 128-bit
floating point. These functions are now mapped into the equivalent
'f128' builtin functions.
__builtin_fabsq is mapped into __builtin_fabsf128
__builtin_copysignq is mapped into __builtin_copysignf128
__builtin_infq is mapped into __builtin_inff128
__builtin_huge_valq is mapped into __builtin_huge_valf128
__builtin_nanq is mapped into __builtin_nanf128
__builtin_nansq is mapped into __builtin_nansf128
The following built-in functions are available on Linux 64-bit systems
that use the ISA 3.0 instruction set.
'__float128 __builtin_sqrtf128 (__float128)'
Perform a 128-bit IEEE floating point square root operation.
'__float128 __builtin_fmaf128 (__float128, __float128, __float128)'
Perform a 128-bit IEEE floating point fused multiply and add
operation.
'__float128 __builtin_addf128_round_to_odd (__float128, __float128)'
Perform a 128-bit IEEE floating point add using round to odd as the
rounding mode.
'__float128 __builtin_subf128_round_to_odd (__float128, __float128)'
Perform a 128-bit IEEE floating point subtract using round to odd
as the rounding mode.
'__float128 __builtin_mulf128_round_to_odd (__float128, __float128)'
Perform a 128-bit IEEE floating point multiply using round to odd
as the rounding mode.
'__float128 __builtin_divf128_round_to_odd (__float128, __float128)'
Perform a 128-bit IEEE floating point divide using round to odd as
the rounding mode.
'__float128 __builtin_sqrtf128_round_to_odd (__float128)'
Perform a 128-bit IEEE floating point square root using round to
odd as the rounding mode.
'__float128 __builtin_fmaf128 (__float128, __float128, __float128)'
Perform a 128-bit IEEE floating point fused multiply and add
operation using round to odd as the rounding mode.
'double __builtin_truncf128_round_to_odd (__float128)'
Convert a 128-bit IEEE floating point value to 'double' using round
to odd as the rounding mode.
The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family
of processors, starting with ISA 2.05 or later ('-mcpu=power6' or
'-mcmpb'):
unsigned long long __builtin_cmpb (unsigned long long int, unsigned long long int);
unsigned int __builtin_cmpb (unsigned int, unsigned int);
The '__builtin_cmpb' function performs a byte-wise compare on the
contents of its two arguments, returning the result of the byte-wise
comparison as the returned value. For each byte comparison, the
corresponding byte of the return value holds 0xff if the input bytes are
equal and 0 if the input bytes are not equal. If either of the
arguments to this built-in function is wider than 32 bits, the function
call expands into the form that expects 'unsigned long long int'
arguments which is only available on 64-bit targets.
The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family
of processors, starting with ISA 2.06 or later ('-mcpu=power7' or
'-mpopcntd'):
long __builtin_bpermd (long, long);
int __builtin_divwe (int, int);
unsigned int __builtin_divweu (unsigned int, unsigned int);
long __builtin_divde (long, long);
unsigned long __builtin_divdeu (unsigned long, unsigned long);
unsigned int cdtbcd (unsigned int);
unsigned int cbcdtd (unsigned int);
unsigned int addg6s (unsigned int, unsigned int);
void __builtin_rs6000_speculation_barrier (void);
The '__builtin_divde' and '__builtin_divdeu' functions require a 64-bit
environment supporting ISA 2.06 or later.
The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family
of processors, starting with ISA 3.0 or later ('-mcpu=power9'):
long long __builtin_darn (void);
long long __builtin_darn_raw (void);
int __builtin_darn_32 (void);
unsigned int scalar_extract_exp (double source);
unsigned long long int scalar_extract_exp (__ieee128 source);
unsigned long long int scalar_extract_sig (double source);
unsigned __int128 scalar_extract_sig (__ieee128 source);
double
scalar_insert_exp (unsigned long long int significand, unsigned long long int exponent);
double
scalar_insert_exp (double significand, unsigned long long int exponent);
ieee_128
scalar_insert_exp (unsigned __int128 significand, unsigned long long int exponent);
ieee_128
scalar_insert_exp (ieee_128 significand, unsigned long long int exponent);
int scalar_cmp_exp_gt (double arg1, double arg2);
int scalar_cmp_exp_lt (double arg1, double arg2);
int scalar_cmp_exp_eq (double arg1, double arg2);
int scalar_cmp_exp_unordered (double arg1, double arg2);
bool scalar_test_data_class (float source, const int condition);
bool scalar_test_data_class (double source, const int condition);
bool scalar_test_data_class (__ieee128 source, const int condition);
bool scalar_test_neg (float source);
bool scalar_test_neg (double source);
bool scalar_test_neg (__ieee128 source);
vector _uint128_t vec_msum (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long,
vector _uint128_t);
vector _int128_t vec_msum (vector signed long long,
vector signed long long,
vector _int128_t);
int __builtin_byte_in_set (unsigned char u, unsigned long long set);
int __builtin_byte_in_range (unsigned char u, unsigned int range);
int __builtin_byte_in_either_range (unsigned char u, unsigned int ranges);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_lt (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal64 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_lt (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal128 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_lt_dd (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal64 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_lt_td (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal128 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_gt (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal64 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_gt (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal128 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_gt_dd (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal64 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_gt_td (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal128 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_eq (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal64 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_eq (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal128 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_eq_dd (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal64 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_eq_td (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal128 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_ov (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal64 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_ov (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal128 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_ov_dd (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal64 value);
int __builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_ov_td (unsigned int comparison, _Decimal128 value);
The '__builtin_darn' and '__builtin_darn_raw' functions require a
64-bit environment supporting ISA 3.0 or later. The '__builtin_darn'
function provides a 64-bit conditioned random number. The
'__builtin_darn_raw' function provides a 64-bit raw random number. The
'__builtin_darn_32' function provides a 32-bit random number.
The 'scalar_extract_exp' and 'scalar_extract_sig' functions require a
64-bit environment supporting ISA 3.0 or later. The
'scalar_extract_exp' and 'scalar_extract_sig' built-in functions return
the significand and the biased exponent value respectively of their
'source' arguments. When supplied with a 64-bit 'source' argument, the
result returned by 'scalar_extract_sig' has the '0x0010000000000000' bit
set if the function's 'source' argument is in normalized form.
Otherwise, this bit is set to 0. When supplied with a 128-bit 'source'
argument, the '0x00010000000000000000000000000000' bit of the result is
treated similarly. Note that the sign of the significand is not
represented in the result returned from the 'scalar_extract_sig'
function. Use the 'scalar_test_neg' function to test the sign of its
'double' argument. The 'vec_msum' functions perform a vector
multiply-sum, returning the result of arg1*arg2+arg3. ISA 3.0 adds
support for vec_msum returning a vector int128 result.
The 'scalar_insert_exp' functions require a 64-bit environment
supporting ISA 3.0 or later. When supplied with a 64-bit first
argument, the 'scalar_insert_exp' built-in function returns a
double-precision floating point value that is constructed by assembling
the values of its 'significand' and 'exponent' arguments. The sign of
the result is copied from the most significant bit of the 'significand'
argument. The significand and exponent components of the result are
composed of the least significant 11 bits of the 'exponent' argument and
the least significant 52 bits of the 'significand' argument
respectively.
When supplied with a 128-bit first argument, the 'scalar_insert_exp'
built-in function returns a quad-precision ieee floating point value.
The sign bit of the result is copied from the most significant bit of
the 'significand' argument. The significand and exponent components of
the result are composed of the least significant 15 bits of the
'exponent' argument and the least significant 112 bits of the
'significand' argument respectively.
The 'scalar_cmp_exp_gt', 'scalar_cmp_exp_lt', 'scalar_cmp_exp_eq', and
'scalar_cmp_exp_unordered' built-in functions return a non-zero value if
'arg1' is greater than, less than, equal to, or not comparable to 'arg2'
respectively. The arguments are not comparable if one or the other
equals NaN (not a number).
The 'scalar_test_data_class' built-in function returns 1 if any of the
condition tests enabled by the value of the 'condition' variable are
true, and 0 otherwise. The 'condition' argument must be a compile-time
constant integer with value not exceeding 127. The 'condition' argument
is encoded as a bitmask with each bit enabling the testing of a
different condition, as characterized by the following:
0x40 Test for NaN
0x20 Test for +Infinity
0x10 Test for -Infinity
0x08 Test for +Zero
0x04 Test for -Zero
0x02 Test for +Denormal
0x01 Test for -Denormal
The 'scalar_test_neg' built-in function returns 1 if its 'source'
argument holds a negative value, 0 otherwise.
The '__builtin_byte_in_set' function requires a 64-bit environment
supporting ISA 3.0 or later. This function returns a non-zero value if
and only if its 'u' argument exactly equals one of the eight bytes
contained within its 64-bit 'set' argument.
The '__builtin_byte_in_range' and '__builtin_byte_in_either_range'
require an environment supporting ISA 3.0 or later. For these two
functions, the 'range' argument is encoded as 4 bytes, organized as
'hi_1:lo_1:hi_2:lo_2'. The '__builtin_byte_in_range' function returns a
non-zero value if and only if its 'u' argument is within the range
bounded between 'lo_2' and 'hi_2' inclusive. The
'__builtin_byte_in_either_range' function returns non-zero if and only
if its 'u' argument is within either the range bounded between 'lo_1'
and 'hi_1' inclusive or the range bounded between 'lo_2' and 'hi_2'
inclusive.
The '__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_lt' function returns a non-zero value if and
only if the number of signficant digits of its 'value' argument is less
than its 'comparison' argument. The '__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_lt_dd' and
'__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_lt_td' functions behave similarly, but require
that the type of the 'value' argument be '__Decimal64' and
'__Decimal128' respectively.
The '__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_gt' function returns a non-zero value if and
only if the number of signficant digits of its 'value' argument is
greater than its 'comparison' argument. The
'__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_gt_dd' and '__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_gt_td'
functions behave similarly, but require that the type of the 'value'
argument be '__Decimal64' and '__Decimal128' respectively.
The '__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_eq' function returns a non-zero value if and
only if the number of signficant digits of its 'value' argument equals
its 'comparison' argument. The '__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_eq_dd' and
'__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_eq_td' functions behave similarly, but require
that the type of the 'value' argument be '__Decimal64' and
'__Decimal128' respectively.
The '__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_ov' function returns a non-zero value if and
only if its 'value' argument has an undefined number of significant
digits, such as when 'value' is an encoding of 'NaN'. The
'__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_ov_dd' and '__builtin_dfp_dtstsfi_ov_td'
functions behave similarly, but require that the type of the 'value'
argument be '__Decimal64' and '__Decimal128' respectively.
The following built-in functions are also available for the PowerPC
family of processors, starting with ISA 3.0 or later ('-mcpu=power9').
These string functions are described separately in order to group the
descriptions closer to the function prototypes:
int vec_all_nez (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_nez (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_nez (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_nez (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_nez (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_nez (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_eqz (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_eqz (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_eqz (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_eqz (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_eqz (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_eqz (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool char vec_cmpnez (vector signed char arg1, vector signed char arg2);
vector bool char vec_cmpnez (vector unsigned char arg1, vector unsigned char arg2);
vector bool short vec_cmpnez (vector signed short arg1, vector signed short arg2);
vector bool short vec_cmpnez (vector unsigned short arg1, vector unsigned short arg2);
vector bool int vec_cmpnez (vector signed int arg1, vector signed int arg2);
vector bool int vec_cmpnez (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed char vec_cnttz (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_cnttz (vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_cnttz (vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_cnttz (vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_cnttz (vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_cnttz (vector unsigned int);
vector signed long long vec_cnttz (vector signed long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_cnttz (vector unsigned long long);
signed int vec_cntlz_lsbb (vector signed char);
signed int vec_cntlz_lsbb (vector unsigned char);
signed int vec_cnttz_lsbb (vector signed char);
signed int vec_cnttz_lsbb (vector unsigned char);
unsigned int vec_first_match_index (vector signed char, vector signed char);
unsigned int vec_first_match_index (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
unsigned int vec_first_match_index (vector signed int, vector signed int);
unsigned int vec_first_match_index (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
unsigned int vec_first_match_index (vector signed short, vector signed short);
unsigned int vec_first_match_index (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
unsigned int vec_first_match_or_eos_index (vector signed char,
vector signed char);
unsigned int vec_first_match_or_eos_index (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
unsigned int vec_first_match_or_eos_index (vector signed int,
vector signed int);
unsigned int vec_first_match_or_eos_index (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
unsigned int vec_first_match_or_eos_index (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
unsigned int vec_first_match_or_eos_index (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_index (vector signed char,
vector signed char);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_index (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_index (vector signed int,
vector signed int);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_index (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_index (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_index (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_or_eos_index (vector signed char,
vector signed char);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_or_eos_index (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_or_eos_index (vector signed int,
vector signed int);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_or_eos_index (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_or_eos_index (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
unsigned int vec_first_mismatch_or_eos_index (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_pack_to_short_fp32 (vector float, vector float);
vector signed char vec_xl_be (signed long long, signed char *);
vector unsigned char vec_xl_be (signed long long, unsigned char *);
vector signed int vec_xl_be (signed long long, signed int *);
vector unsigned int vec_xl_be (signed long long, unsigned int *);
vector signed __int128 vec_xl_be (signed long long, signed __int128 *);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_xl_be (signed long long, unsigned __int128 *);
vector signed long long vec_xl_be (signed long long, signed long long *);
vector unsigned long long vec_xl_be (signed long long, unsigned long long *);
vector signed short vec_xl_be (signed long long, signed short *);
vector unsigned short vec_xl_be (signed long long, unsigned short *);
vector double vec_xl_be (signed long long, double *);
vector float vec_xl_be (signed long long, float *);
vector signed char vec_xl_len (signed char *addr, size_t len);
vector unsigned char vec_xl_len (unsigned char *addr, size_t len);
vector signed int vec_xl_len (signed int *addr, size_t len);
vector unsigned int vec_xl_len (unsigned int *addr, size_t len);
vector signed __int128 vec_xl_len (signed __int128 *addr, size_t len);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_xl_len (unsigned __int128 *addr, size_t len);
vector signed long long vec_xl_len (signed long long *addr, size_t len);
vector unsigned long long vec_xl_len (unsigned long long *addr, size_t len);
vector signed short vec_xl_len (signed short *addr, size_t len);
vector unsigned short vec_xl_len (unsigned short *addr, size_t len);
vector double vec_xl_len (double *addr, size_t len);
vector float vec_xl_len (float *addr, size_t len);
vector unsigned char vec_xl_len_r (unsigned char *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector signed char data, signed char *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector unsigned char data, unsigned char *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector signed int data, signed int *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector unsigned int data, unsigned int *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector unsigned __int128 data, unsigned __int128 *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector signed long long data, signed long long *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector unsigned long long data, unsigned long long *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector signed short data, signed short *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector unsigned short data, unsigned short *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector signed __int128 data, signed __int128 *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector double data, double *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len (vector float data, float *addr, size_t len);
void vec_xst_len_r (vector unsigned char data, unsigned char *addr, size_t len);
signed char vec_xlx (unsigned int index, vector signed char data);
unsigned char vec_xlx (unsigned int index, vector unsigned char data);
signed short vec_xlx (unsigned int index, vector signed short data);
unsigned short vec_xlx (unsigned int index, vector unsigned short data);
signed int vec_xlx (unsigned int index, vector signed int data);
unsigned int vec_xlx (unsigned int index, vector unsigned int data);
float vec_xlx (unsigned int index, vector float data);
signed char vec_xrx (unsigned int index, vector signed char data);
unsigned char vec_xrx (unsigned int index, vector unsigned char data);
signed short vec_xrx (unsigned int index, vector signed short data);
unsigned short vec_xrx (unsigned int index, vector unsigned short data);
signed int vec_xrx (unsigned int index, vector signed int data);
unsigned int vec_xrx (unsigned int index, vector unsigned int data);
float vec_xrx (unsigned int index, vector float data);
The 'vec_all_nez', 'vec_any_eqz', and 'vec_cmpnez' perform pairwise
comparisons between the elements at the same positions within their two
vector arguments. The 'vec_all_nez' function returns a non-zero value
if and only if all pairwise comparisons are not equal and no element of
either vector argument contains a zero. The 'vec_any_eqz' function
returns a non-zero value if and only if at least one pairwise comparison
is equal or if at least one element of either vector argument contains a
zero. The 'vec_cmpnez' function returns a vector of the same type as
its two arguments, within which each element consists of all ones to
denote that either the corresponding elements of the incoming arguments
are not equal or that at least one of the corresponding elements
contains zero. Otherwise, the element of the returned vector contains
all zeros.
The 'vec_cntlz_lsbb' function returns the count of the number of
consecutive leading byte elements (starting from position 0 within the
supplied vector argument) for which the least-significant bit equals
zero. The 'vec_cnttz_lsbb' function returns the count of the number of
consecutive trailing byte elements (starting from position 15 and
counting backwards within the supplied vector argument) for which the
least-significant bit equals zero.
The 'vec_xl_len' and 'vec_xst_len' functions require a 64-bit
environment supporting ISA 3.0 or later. The 'vec_xl_len' function
loads a variable length vector from memory. The 'vec_xst_len' function
stores a variable length vector to memory. With both the 'vec_xl_len'
and 'vec_xst_len' functions, the 'addr' argument represents the memory
address to or from which data will be transferred, and the 'len'
argument represents the number of bytes to be transferred, as computed
by the C expression 'min((len & 0xff), 16)'. If this expression's value
is not a multiple of the vector element's size, the behavior of this
function is undefined. In the case that the underlying computer is
configured to run in big-endian mode, the data transfer moves bytes 0 to
'(len - 1)' of the corresponding vector. In little-endian mode, the
data transfer moves bytes '(16 - len)' to '15' of the corresponding
vector. For the load function, any bytes of the result vector that are
not loaded from memory are set to zero. The value of the 'addr'
argument need not be aligned on a multiple of the vector's element size.
The 'vec_xlx' and 'vec_xrx' functions extract the single element
selected by the 'index' argument from the vector represented by the
'data' argument. The 'index' argument always specifies a byte offset,
regardless of the size of the vector element. With 'vec_xlx', 'index'
is the offset of the first byte of the element to be extracted. With
'vec_xrx', 'index' represents the last byte of the element to be
extracted, measured from the right end of the vector. In other words,
the last byte of the element to be extracted is found at position '(15 -
index)'. There is no requirement that 'index' be a multiple of the
vector element size. However, if the size of the vector element added
to 'index' is greater than 15, the content of the returned value is
undefined.
The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family
of processors when hardware decimal floating point ('-mhard-dfp') is
available:
long long __builtin_dxex (_Decimal64);
long long __builtin_dxexq (_Decimal128);
_Decimal64 __builtin_ddedpd (int, _Decimal64);
_Decimal128 __builtin_ddedpdq (int, _Decimal128);
_Decimal64 __builtin_denbcd (int, _Decimal64);
_Decimal128 __builtin_denbcdq (int, _Decimal128);
_Decimal64 __builtin_diex (long long, _Decimal64);
_Decimal128 _builtin_diexq (long long, _Decimal128);
_Decimal64 __builtin_dscli (_Decimal64, int);
_Decimal128 __builtin_dscliq (_Decimal128, int);
_Decimal64 __builtin_dscri (_Decimal64, int);
_Decimal128 __builtin_dscriq (_Decimal128, int);
unsigned long long __builtin_unpack_dec128 (_Decimal128, int);
_Decimal128 __builtin_pack_dec128 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long);
The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family
of processors when the Vector Scalar (vsx) instruction set is available:
unsigned long long __builtin_unpack_vector_int128 (vector __int128_t, int);
vector __int128_t __builtin_pack_vector_int128 (unsigned long long,
unsigned long long);
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC AltiVec/VSX Built-in Functions, Next: PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions, Prev: PowerPC Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.22 PowerPC AltiVec Built-in Functions
------------------------------------------
GCC provides an interface for the PowerPC family of processors to access
the AltiVec operations described in Motorola's AltiVec Programming
Interface Manual. The interface is made available by including
'<altivec.h>' and using '-maltivec' and '-mabi=altivec'. The interface
supports the following vector types.
vector unsigned char
vector signed char
vector bool char
vector unsigned short
vector signed short
vector bool short
vector pixel
vector unsigned int
vector signed int
vector bool int
vector float
If '-mvsx' is used the following additional vector types are
implemented.
vector unsigned long
vector signed long
vector double
The long types are only implemented for 64-bit code generation, and the
long type is only used in the floating point/integer conversion
instructions.
GCC's implementation of the high-level language interface available
from C and C++ code differs from Motorola's documentation in several
ways.
* A vector constant is a list of constant expressions within curly
braces.
* A vector initializer requires no cast if the vector constant is of
the same type as the variable it is initializing.
* If 'signed' or 'unsigned' is omitted, the signedness of the vector
type is the default signedness of the base type. The default
varies depending on the operating system, so a portable program
should always specify the signedness.
* Compiling with '-maltivec' adds keywords '__vector', 'vector',
'__pixel', 'pixel', '__bool' and 'bool'. When compiling ISO C, the
context-sensitive substitution of the keywords 'vector', 'pixel'
and 'bool' is disabled. To use them, you must include
'<altivec.h>' instead.
* GCC allows using a 'typedef' name as the type specifier for a
vector type, but only under the following circumstances:
* When using '__vector' instead of 'vector'; for example,
typedef signed short int16;
__vector int16 data;
* When using 'vector' in keyword-and-predefine mode; for
example,
typedef signed short int16;
vector int16 data;
Note that keyword-and-predefine mode is enabled by disabling
GNU extensions (e.g., by using '-std=c11') and including
'<altivec.h>'.
* For C, overloaded functions are implemented with macros so the
following does not work:
vec_add ((vector signed int){1, 2, 3, 4}, foo);
Since 'vec_add' is a macro, the vector constant in the example is
treated as four separate arguments. Wrap the entire argument in
parentheses for this to work.
_Note:_ Only the '<altivec.h>' interface is supported. Internally, GCC
uses built-in functions to achieve the functionality in the
aforementioned header file, but they are not supported and are subject
to change without notice.
GCC complies with the OpenPOWER 64-Bit ELF V2 ABI Specification, which
may be found at
<http://openpowerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/resources/leabi-prd/content/index.html>;.
Appendix A of this document lists the vector API interfaces that must be
provided by compliant compilers. Programmers should preferentially use
the interfaces described therein. However, historically GCC has
provided additional interfaces for access to vector instructions. These
are briefly described below.
The following interfaces are supported for the generic and specific
AltiVec operations and the AltiVec predicates. In cases where there is
a direct mapping between generic and specific operations, only the
generic names are shown here, although the specific operations can also
be used.
Arguments that are documented as 'const int' require literal integral
values within the range required for that operation.
vector signed char vec_abs (vector signed char);
vector signed short vec_abs (vector signed short);
vector signed int vec_abs (vector signed int);
vector float vec_abs (vector float);
vector signed char vec_abss (vector signed char);
vector signed short vec_abss (vector signed short);
vector signed int vec_abss (vector signed int);
vector signed char vec_add (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_add (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_add (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_add (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_add (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_add (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_add (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_add (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_add (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_add (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_add (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_add (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_add (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_add (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_add (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_add (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_add (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_add (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector float vec_add (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_vaddfp (vector float, vector float);
vector signed int vec_vadduwm (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vadduwm (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_vadduwm (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vadduwm (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vadduwm (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_vadduwm (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vadduhm (vector bool short,
vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_vadduhm (vector signed short,
vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_vadduhm (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vadduhm (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vadduhm (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_vadduhm (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vaddubm (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_vaddubm (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_vaddubm (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vaddubm (vector bool char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vaddubm (vector unsigned char,
vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_vaddubm (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned int vec_addc (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned char vec_adds (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_adds (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_adds (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_adds (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_adds (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_adds (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_adds (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_adds (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_adds (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_adds (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_adds (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_adds (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_adds (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_adds (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_adds (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_adds (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_adds (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_adds (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vaddsws (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vaddsws (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_vaddsws (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vadduws (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vadduws (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_vadduws (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vaddshs (vector bool short,
vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_vaddshs (vector signed short,
vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_vaddshs (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vadduhs (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vadduhs (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_vadduhs (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vaddsbs (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_vaddsbs (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_vaddsbs (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vaddubs (vector bool char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vaddubs (vector unsigned char,
vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_vaddubs (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_and (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_and (vector float, vector bool int);
vector float vec_and (vector bool int, vector float);
vector bool long long vec_and (vector bool long long int,
vector bool long long);
vector bool int vec_and (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_and (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_and (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_and (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_and (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_and (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_and (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_and (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_and (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_and (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_and (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_and (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_and (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_and (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_and (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector bool char vec_and (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_and (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_and (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_and (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_and (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_and (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_andc (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_andc (vector float, vector bool int);
vector float vec_andc (vector bool int, vector float);
vector bool int vec_andc (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_andc (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_andc (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_andc (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_andc (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_andc (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_andc (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_andc (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_andc (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_andc (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_andc (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_andc (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_andc (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_andc (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_andc (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector bool char vec_andc (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_andc (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_andc (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_andc (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_andc (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_andc (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_avg (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_avg (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_avg (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_avg (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_avg (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_avg (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vavgsw (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vavguw (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vavgsh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vavguh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vavgsb (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vavgub (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_copysign (vector float);
vector float vec_ceil (vector float);
vector signed int vec_cmpb (vector float, vector float);
vector bool char vec_cmpeq (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector bool short vec_cmpeq (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector bool int vec_cmpeq (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector bool char vec_cmpeq (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector bool char vec_cmpeq (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector bool short vec_cmpeq (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector bool short vec_cmpeq (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool int vec_cmpeq (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector bool int vec_cmpeq (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_cmpeq (vector float, vector float);
vector bool int vec_vcmpeqfp (vector float, vector float);
vector bool int vec_vcmpequw (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector bool int vec_vcmpequw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_vcmpequh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector bool short vec_vcmpequh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool char vec_vcmpequb (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector bool char vec_vcmpequb (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool int vec_cmpge (vector float, vector float);
vector bool char vec_cmpgt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_cmpgt (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector bool short vec_cmpgt (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool short vec_cmpgt (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector bool int vec_cmpgt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_cmpgt (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector bool int vec_cmpgt (vector float, vector float);
vector bool int vec_vcmpgtfp (vector float, vector float);
vector bool int vec_vcmpgtsw (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector bool int vec_vcmpgtuw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_vcmpgtsh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector bool short vec_vcmpgtuh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool char vec_vcmpgtsb (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector bool char vec_vcmpgtub (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool int vec_cmple (vector float, vector float);
vector bool char vec_cmplt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_cmplt (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector bool short vec_cmplt (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool short vec_cmplt (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector bool int vec_cmplt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_cmplt (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector bool int vec_cmplt (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_cpsgn (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_ctf (vector unsigned int, const int);
vector float vec_ctf (vector signed int, const int);
vector double vec_ctf (vector unsigned long, const int);
vector double vec_ctf (vector signed long, const int);
vector float vec_vcfsx (vector signed int, const int);
vector float vec_vcfux (vector unsigned int, const int);
vector signed int vec_cts (vector float, const int);
vector signed long vec_cts (vector double, const int);
vector unsigned int vec_ctu (vector float, const int);
vector unsigned long vec_ctu (vector double, const int);
vector double vec_doublee (vector float);
vector double vec_doublee (vector signed int);
vector double vec_doublee (vector unsigned int);
vector double vec_doubleo (vector float);
vector double vec_doubleo (vector signed int);
vector double vec_doubleo (vector unsigned int);
vector double vec_doubleh (vector float);
vector double vec_doubleh (vector signed int);
vector double vec_doubleh (vector unsigned int);
vector double vec_doublel (vector float);
vector double vec_doublel (vector signed int);
vector double vec_doublel (vector unsigned int);
void vec_dss (const int);
void vec_dssall (void);
void vec_dst (const vector unsigned char *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector signed char *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector bool char *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector unsigned short *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector signed short *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector bool short *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector pixel *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector unsigned int *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector signed int *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector bool int *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const vector float *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const unsigned char *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const signed char *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const unsigned short *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const short *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const unsigned int *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const int *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const unsigned long *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const long *, int, const int);
void vec_dst (const float *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector unsigned char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector signed char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector bool char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector unsigned short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector signed short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector bool short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector pixel *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector unsigned int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector signed int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector bool int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const vector float *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const unsigned char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const signed char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const unsigned short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const unsigned int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const unsigned long *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const long *, int, const int);
void vec_dstst (const float *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector unsigned char *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector signed char *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector bool char *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector unsigned short *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector signed short *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector bool short *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector pixel *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector unsigned int *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector signed int *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector bool int *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const vector float *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const unsigned char *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const signed char *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const unsigned short *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const short *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const unsigned int *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const int *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const unsigned long *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const long *, int, const int);
void vec_dststt (const float *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector unsigned char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector signed char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector bool char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector unsigned short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector signed short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector bool short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector pixel *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector unsigned int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector signed int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector bool int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const vector float *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const unsigned char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const signed char *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const unsigned short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const short *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const unsigned int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const int *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const unsigned long *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const long *, int, const int);
void vec_dstt (const float *, int, const int);
vector float vec_expte (vector float);
vector float vec_floor (vector float);
vector float vec_float (vector signed int);
vector float vec_float (vector unsigned int);
vector float vec_float2 (vector signed long long, vector signed long long);
vector float vec_float2 (vector unsigned long long, vector signed long long);
vector float vec_floate (vector double);
vector float vec_floate (vector signed long long);
vector float vec_floate (vector unsigned long long);
vector float vec_floato (vector double);
vector float vec_floato (vector signed long long);
vector float vec_floato (vector unsigned long long);
vector float vec_ld (int, const vector float *);
vector float vec_ld (int, const float *);
vector bool int vec_ld (int, const vector bool int *);
vector signed int vec_ld (int, const vector signed int *);
vector signed int vec_ld (int, const int *);
vector signed int vec_ld (int, const long *);
vector unsigned int vec_ld (int, const vector unsigned int *);
vector unsigned int vec_ld (int, const unsigned int *);
vector unsigned int vec_ld (int, const unsigned long *);
vector bool short vec_ld (int, const vector bool short *);
vector pixel vec_ld (int, const vector pixel *);
vector signed short vec_ld (int, const vector signed short *);
vector signed short vec_ld (int, const short *);
vector unsigned short vec_ld (int, const vector unsigned short *);
vector unsigned short vec_ld (int, const unsigned short *);
vector bool char vec_ld (int, const vector bool char *);
vector signed char vec_ld (int, const vector signed char *);
vector signed char vec_ld (int, const signed char *);
vector unsigned char vec_ld (int, const vector unsigned char *);
vector unsigned char vec_ld (int, const unsigned char *);
vector signed char vec_lde (int, const signed char *);
vector unsigned char vec_lde (int, const unsigned char *);
vector signed short vec_lde (int, const short *);
vector unsigned short vec_lde (int, const unsigned short *);
vector float vec_lde (int, const float *);
vector signed int vec_lde (int, const int *);
vector unsigned int vec_lde (int, const unsigned int *);
vector signed int vec_lde (int, const long *);
vector unsigned int vec_lde (int, const unsigned long *);
vector float vec_lvewx (int, float *);
vector signed int vec_lvewx (int, int *);
vector unsigned int vec_lvewx (int, unsigned int *);
vector signed int vec_lvewx (int, long *);
vector unsigned int vec_lvewx (int, unsigned long *);
vector signed short vec_lvehx (int, short *);
vector unsigned short vec_lvehx (int, unsigned short *);
vector signed char vec_lvebx (int, char *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvebx (int, unsigned char *);
vector float vec_ldl (int, const vector float *);
vector float vec_ldl (int, const float *);
vector bool int vec_ldl (int, const vector bool int *);
vector signed int vec_ldl (int, const vector signed int *);
vector signed int vec_ldl (int, const int *);
vector signed int vec_ldl (int, const long *);
vector unsigned int vec_ldl (int, const vector unsigned int *);
vector unsigned int vec_ldl (int, const unsigned int *);
vector unsigned int vec_ldl (int, const unsigned long *);
vector bool short vec_ldl (int, const vector bool short *);
vector pixel vec_ldl (int, const vector pixel *);
vector signed short vec_ldl (int, const vector signed short *);
vector signed short vec_ldl (int, const short *);
vector unsigned short vec_ldl (int, const vector unsigned short *);
vector unsigned short vec_ldl (int, const unsigned short *);
vector bool char vec_ldl (int, const vector bool char *);
vector signed char vec_ldl (int, const vector signed char *);
vector signed char vec_ldl (int, const signed char *);
vector unsigned char vec_ldl (int, const vector unsigned char *);
vector unsigned char vec_ldl (int, const unsigned char *);
vector float vec_loge (vector float);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile unsigned char *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile signed char *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile unsigned short *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile short *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile unsigned int *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile int *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile unsigned long *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile long *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile float *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile unsigned char *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile signed char *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile unsigned short *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile short *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile unsigned int *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile int *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile unsigned long *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile long *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile float *);
vector float vec_madd (vector float, vector float, vector float);
vector signed short vec_madds (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned char vec_max (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_max (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_max (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_max (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_max (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_max (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_max (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_max (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_max (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_max (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_max (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_max (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_max (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_max (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_max (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_max (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_max (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_max (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector float vec_max (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_vmaxfp (vector float, vector float);
vector signed int vec_vmaxsw (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vmaxsw (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_vmaxsw (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vmaxuw (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vmaxuw (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_vmaxuw (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vmaxsh (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_vmaxsh (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_vmaxsh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vmaxuh (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vmaxuh (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_vmaxuh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vmaxsb (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_vmaxsb (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_vmaxsb (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vmaxub (vector bool char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vmaxub (vector unsigned char,
vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_vmaxub (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_mergeh (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_mergeh (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_mergeh (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool short vec_mergeh (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector pixel vec_mergeh (vector pixel, vector pixel);
vector signed short vec_mergeh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_mergeh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector float vec_mergeh (vector float, vector float);
vector bool int vec_mergeh (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_mergeh (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_mergeh (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector float vec_vmrghw (vector float, vector float);
vector bool int vec_vmrghw (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_vmrghw (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vmrghw (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_vmrghh (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_vmrghh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vmrghh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector pixel vec_vmrghh (vector pixel, vector pixel);
vector bool char vec_vmrghb (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_vmrghb (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vmrghb (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_mergel (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_mergel (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_mergel (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool short vec_mergel (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector pixel vec_mergel (vector pixel, vector pixel);
vector signed short vec_mergel (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_mergel (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector float vec_mergel (vector float, vector float);
vector bool int vec_mergel (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_mergel (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_mergel (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector float vec_vmrglw (vector float, vector float);
vector signed int vec_vmrglw (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vmrglw (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_vmrglw (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector bool short vec_vmrglh (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_vmrglh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vmrglh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector pixel vec_vmrglh (vector pixel, vector pixel);
vector bool char vec_vmrglb (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_vmrglb (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vmrglb (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short vec_mfvscr (void);
vector unsigned char vec_min (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_min (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_min (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_min (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_min (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_min (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_min (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_min (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_min (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_min (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_min (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_min (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_min (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_min (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_min (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_min (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_min (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_min (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector float vec_min (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_vminfp (vector float, vector float);
vector signed int vec_vminsw (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vminsw (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_vminsw (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vminuw (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vminuw (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_vminuw (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vminsh (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_vminsh (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_vminsh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vminuh (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vminuh (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_vminuh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vminsb (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_vminsb (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_vminsb (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vminub (vector bool char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vminub (vector unsigned char,
vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_vminub (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_mladd (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_mladd (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_mladd (vector unsigned short,
vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_mladd (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_mradds (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_msum (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_msum (vector signed char,
vector unsigned char,
vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_msum (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_msum (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vmsumshm (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vmsumuhm (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_vmsummbm (vector signed char,
vector unsigned char,
vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vmsumubm (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_msums (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_msums (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vmsumshs (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vmsumuhs (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned int);
void vec_mtvscr (vector signed int);
void vec_mtvscr (vector unsigned int);
void vec_mtvscr (vector bool int);
void vec_mtvscr (vector signed short);
void vec_mtvscr (vector unsigned short);
void vec_mtvscr (vector bool short);
void vec_mtvscr (vector pixel);
void vec_mtvscr (vector signed char);
void vec_mtvscr (vector unsigned char);
void vec_mtvscr (vector bool char);
vector unsigned short vec_mule (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_mule (vector signed char,
vector signed char);
vector unsigned int vec_mule (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_mule (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned long long vec_mule (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed long long vec_mule (vector signed int,
vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vmulesh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_vmuleuh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_vmulesb (vector signed char,
vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_vmuleub (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short vec_mulo (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_mulo (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned int vec_mulo (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_mulo (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned long long vec_mulo (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed long long vec_mulo (vector signed int,
vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vmulosh (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_vmulouh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_vmulosb (vector signed char,
vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_vmuloub (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_nmsub (vector float, vector float, vector float);
vector signed char vec_nabs (vector signed char);
vector signed short vec_nabs (vector signed short);
vector signed int vec_nabs (vector signed int);
vector float vec_nabs (vector float);
vector double vec_nabs (vector double);
vector signed char vec_neg (vector signed char);
vector signed short vec_neg (vector signed short);
vector signed int vec_neg (vector signed int);
vector signed long long vec_neg (vector signed long long);
vector float char vec_neg (vector float);
vector double vec_neg (vector double);
vector float vec_nor (vector float, vector float);
vector signed int vec_nor (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_nor (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_nor (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed short vec_nor (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_nor (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool short vec_nor (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed char vec_nor (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_nor (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_nor (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector float vec_or (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_or (vector float, vector bool int);
vector float vec_or (vector bool int, vector float);
vector bool int vec_or (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_or (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_or (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_or (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_or (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_or (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_or (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_or (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_or (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_or (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_or (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_or (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_or (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_or (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_or (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector bool char vec_or (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_or (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_or (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_or (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_or (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_or (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_pack (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned char vec_pack (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool char vec_pack (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_pack (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned short vec_pack (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_pack (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector bool short vec_vpkuwum (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed short vec_vpkuwum (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned short vec_vpkuwum (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector bool char vec_vpkuhum (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed char vec_vpkuhum (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned char vec_vpkuhum (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector pixel vec_packpx (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned char vec_packs (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_packs (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_packs (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_packs (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector signed short vec_vpkswss (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned short vec_vpkuwus (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed char vec_vpkshss (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned char vec_vpkuhus (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned char vec_packsu (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned char vec_packsu (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_packsu (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned short vec_packsu (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned short vec_vpkswus (vector signed int,
vector signed int);
vector unsigned char vec_vpkshus (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector float vec_perm (vector float,
vector float,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed int vec_perm (vector signed int,
vector signed int,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned int vec_perm (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool int vec_perm (vector bool int,
vector bool int,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_perm (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short vec_perm (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool short vec_perm (vector bool short,
vector bool short,
vector unsigned char);
vector pixel vec_perm (vector pixel,
vector pixel,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_perm (vector signed char,
vector signed char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_perm (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_perm (vector bool char,
vector bool char,
vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_re (vector float);
vector bool char vec_reve (vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_reve (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_reve (vector unsigned char);
vector bool int vec_reve (vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_reve (vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_reve (vector unsigned int);
vector bool long long vec_reve (vector bool long long);
vector signed long long vec_reve (vector signed long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_reve (vector unsigned long long);
vector bool short vec_reve (vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_reve (vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_reve (vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_rl (vector signed char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_rl (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_rl (vector signed short, vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_rl (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_rl (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_rl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_vrlw (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vrlw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vrlh (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vrlh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vrlb (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vrlb (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_round (vector float);
vector float vec_recip (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_rsqrt (vector float);
vector float vec_rsqrte (vector float);
vector float vec_sel (vector float, vector float, vector bool int);
vector float vec_sel (vector float, vector float, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_sel (vector signed int,
vector signed int,
vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_sel (vector signed int,
vector signed int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_sel (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int,
vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_sel (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_sel (vector bool int,
vector bool int,
vector bool int);
vector bool int vec_sel (vector bool int,
vector bool int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_sel (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_sel (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_sel (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_sel (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool short vec_sel (vector bool short,
vector bool short,
vector bool short);
vector bool short vec_sel (vector bool short,
vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_sel (vector signed char,
vector signed char,
vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_sel (vector signed char,
vector signed char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_sel (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char,
vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_sel (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_sel (vector bool char,
vector bool char,
vector bool char);
vector bool char vec_sel (vector bool char,
vector bool char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed long long vec_signed (vector double);
vector signed int vec_signed (vector float);
vector signed int vec_signede (vector double);
vector signed int vec_signedo (vector double);
vector signed int vec_signed2 (vector double, vector double);
vector signed char vec_sl (vector signed char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_sl (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_sl (vector signed short, vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_sl (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_sl (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_sl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_vslw (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vslw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vslh (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vslh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vslb (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vslb (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_sld (vector float, vector float, const int);
vector double vec_sld (vector double, vector double, const int);
vector signed int vec_sld (vector signed int,
vector signed int,
const int);
vector unsigned int vec_sld (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int,
const int);
vector bool int vec_sld (vector bool int,
vector bool int,
const int);
vector signed short vec_sld (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
const int);
vector unsigned short vec_sld (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
const int);
vector bool short vec_sld (vector bool short,
vector bool short,
const int);
vector pixel vec_sld (vector pixel,
vector pixel,
const int);
vector signed char vec_sld (vector signed char,
vector signed char,
const int);
vector unsigned char vec_sld (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char,
const int);
vector bool char vec_sld (vector bool char,
vector bool char,
const int);
vector bool long long int vec_sld (vector bool long long int,
vector bool long long int, const int);
vector long long int vec_sld (vector long long int,
vector long long int, const int);
vector unsigned long long int vec_sld (vector unsigned long long int,
vector unsigned long long int,
const int);
vector signed char vec_sldw (vector signed char,
vector signed char,
const int);
vector unsigned char vec_sldw (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char,
const int);
vector signed short vec_sldw (vector signed short,
vector signed short,
const int);
vector unsigned short vec_sldw (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
const int);
vector signed int vec_sldw (vector signed int,
vector signed int,
const int);
vector unsigned int vec_sldw (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int,
const int);
vector signed long long vec_sldw (vector signed long long,
vector signed long long,
const int);
vector unsigned long long vec_sldw (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long,
const int);
vector signed int vec_sll (vector signed int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_sll (vector signed int,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_sll (vector signed int,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned int vec_sll (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_sll (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned int vec_sll (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool int vec_sll (vector bool int,
vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_sll (vector bool int,
vector unsigned short);
vector bool int vec_sll (vector bool int,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_sll (vector signed short,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_sll (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_sll (vector signed short,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short vec_sll (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned short vec_sll (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_sll (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned char);
vector long long int vec_sll (vector long long int,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long int vec_sll (vector unsigned long long int,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool short vec_sll (vector bool short, vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_sll (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
vector bool short vec_sll (vector bool short, vector unsigned char);
vector pixel vec_sll (vector pixel, vector unsigned int);
vector pixel vec_sll (vector pixel, vector unsigned short);
vector pixel vec_sll (vector pixel, vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_sll (vector signed char, vector unsigned int);
vector signed char vec_sll (vector signed char, vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_sll (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_sll (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned char vec_sll (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned char vec_sll (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_sll (vector bool char, vector unsigned int);
vector bool char vec_sll (vector bool char, vector unsigned short);
vector bool char vec_sll (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_slo (vector float, vector signed char);
vector float vec_slo (vector float, vector unsigned char);
vector signed int vec_slo (vector signed int, vector signed char);
vector signed int vec_slo (vector signed int, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned int vec_slo (vector unsigned int, vector signed char);
vector unsigned int vec_slo (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_slo (vector signed short, vector signed char);
vector signed short vec_slo (vector signed short, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short vec_slo (vector unsigned short,
vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_slo (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned char);
vector pixel vec_slo (vector pixel, vector signed char);
vector pixel vec_slo (vector pixel, vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_slo (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_slo (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_slo (vector unsigned char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_slo (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed long long vec_slo (vector signed long long, vector signed char);
vector signed long long vec_slo (vector signed long long, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long vec_slo (vector unsigned long long, vector signed char);
vector unsigned long long vec_slo (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_splat (vector signed char, const int);
vector unsigned char vec_splat (vector unsigned char, const int);
vector bool char vec_splat (vector bool char, const int);
vector signed short vec_splat (vector signed short, const int);
vector unsigned short vec_splat (vector unsigned short, const int);
vector bool short vec_splat (vector bool short, const int);
vector pixel vec_splat (vector pixel, const int);
vector float vec_splat (vector float, const int);
vector signed int vec_splat (vector signed int, const int);
vector unsigned int vec_splat (vector unsigned int, const int);
vector bool int vec_splat (vector bool int, const int);
vector signed long vec_splat (vector signed long, const int);
vector unsigned long vec_splat (vector unsigned long, const int);
vector signed char vec_splats (signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_splats (unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_splats (signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_splats (unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_splats (signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_splats (unsigned int);
vector float vec_splats (float);
vector float vec_vspltw (vector float, const int);
vector signed int vec_vspltw (vector signed int, const int);
vector unsigned int vec_vspltw (vector unsigned int, const int);
vector bool int vec_vspltw (vector bool int, const int);
vector bool short vec_vsplth (vector bool short, const int);
vector signed short vec_vsplth (vector signed short, const int);
vector unsigned short vec_vsplth (vector unsigned short, const int);
vector pixel vec_vsplth (vector pixel, const int);
vector signed char vec_vspltb (vector signed char, const int);
vector unsigned char vec_vspltb (vector unsigned char, const int);
vector bool char vec_vspltb (vector bool char, const int);
vector signed char vec_splat_s8 (const int);
vector signed short vec_splat_s16 (const int);
vector signed int vec_splat_s32 (const int);
vector unsigned char vec_splat_u8 (const int);
vector unsigned short vec_splat_u16 (const int);
vector unsigned int vec_splat_u32 (const int);
vector signed char vec_sr (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_sr (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_sr (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_sr (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_sr (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_sr (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_vsrw (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsrw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vsrh (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vsrh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vsrb (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vsrb (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_sra (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_sra (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_sra (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_sra (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_sra (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_sra (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_vsraw (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsraw (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vsrah (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vsrah (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vsrab (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vsrab (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed int vec_srl (vector signed int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_srl (vector signed int, vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_srl (vector signed int, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned int vec_srl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_srl (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned int vec_srl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char);
vector bool int vec_srl (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_srl (vector bool int, vector unsigned short);
vector bool int vec_srl (vector bool int, vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_srl (vector signed short, vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_srl (vector signed short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_srl (vector signed short, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short vec_srl (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned short vec_srl (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_srl (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned char);
vector long long int vec_srl (vector long long int,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long int vec_srl (vector unsigned long long int,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool short vec_srl (vector bool short, vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_srl (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
vector bool short vec_srl (vector bool short, vector unsigned char);
vector pixel vec_srl (vector pixel, vector unsigned int);
vector pixel vec_srl (vector pixel, vector unsigned short);
vector pixel vec_srl (vector pixel, vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_srl (vector signed char, vector unsigned int);
vector signed char vec_srl (vector signed char, vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_srl (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_srl (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned char vec_srl (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned char vec_srl (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_srl (vector bool char, vector unsigned int);
vector bool char vec_srl (vector bool char, vector unsigned short);
vector bool char vec_srl (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector float vec_sro (vector float, vector signed char);
vector float vec_sro (vector float, vector unsigned char);
vector signed int vec_sro (vector signed int, vector signed char);
vector signed int vec_sro (vector signed int, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned int vec_sro (vector unsigned int, vector signed char);
vector unsigned int vec_sro (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_sro (vector signed short, vector signed char);
vector signed short vec_sro (vector signed short, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short vec_sro (vector unsigned short,
vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_sro (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned char);
vector long long int vec_sro (vector long long int,
vector char);
vector long long int vec_sro (vector long long int,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long int vec_sro (vector unsigned long long int,
vector char);
vector unsigned long long int vec_sro (vector unsigned long long int,
vector unsigned char);
vector pixel vec_sro (vector pixel, vector signed char);
vector pixel vec_sro (vector pixel, vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_sro (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_sro (vector signed char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_sro (vector unsigned char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_sro (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
void vec_st (vector float, int, vector float *);
void vec_st (vector float, int, float *);
void vec_st (vector signed int, int, vector signed int *);
void vec_st (vector signed int, int, int *);
void vec_st (vector unsigned int, int, vector unsigned int *);
void vec_st (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_st (vector bool int, int, vector bool int *);
void vec_st (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_st (vector bool int, int, int *);
void vec_st (vector signed short, int, vector signed short *);
void vec_st (vector signed short, int, short *);
void vec_st (vector unsigned short, int, vector unsigned short *);
void vec_st (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_st (vector bool short, int, vector bool short *);
void vec_st (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_st (vector pixel, int, vector pixel *);
void vec_st (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_st (vector pixel, int, short *);
void vec_st (vector bool short, int, short *);
void vec_st (vector signed char, int, vector signed char *);
void vec_st (vector signed char, int, signed char *);
void vec_st (vector unsigned char, int, vector unsigned char *);
void vec_st (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_st (vector bool char, int, vector bool char *);
void vec_st (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_st (vector bool char, int, signed char *);
void vec_ste (vector signed char, int, signed char *);
void vec_ste (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_ste (vector bool char, int, signed char *);
void vec_ste (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_ste (vector signed short, int, short *);
void vec_ste (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_ste (vector bool short, int, short *);
void vec_ste (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_ste (vector pixel, int, short *);
void vec_ste (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_ste (vector float, int, float *);
void vec_ste (vector signed int, int, int *);
void vec_ste (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_ste (vector bool int, int, int *);
void vec_ste (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_stvewx (vector float, int, float *);
void vec_stvewx (vector signed int, int, int *);
void vec_stvewx (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_stvewx (vector bool int, int, int *);
void vec_stvewx (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_stvehx (vector signed short, int, short *);
void vec_stvehx (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_stvehx (vector bool short, int, short *);
void vec_stvehx (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_stvehx (vector pixel, int, short *);
void vec_stvehx (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_stvebx (vector signed char, int, signed char *);
void vec_stvebx (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_stvebx (vector bool char, int, signed char *);
void vec_stvebx (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_stl (vector float, int, vector float *);
void vec_stl (vector float, int, float *);
void vec_stl (vector signed int, int, vector signed int *);
void vec_stl (vector signed int, int, int *);
void vec_stl (vector unsigned int, int, vector unsigned int *);
void vec_stl (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_stl (vector bool int, int, vector bool int *);
void vec_stl (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_stl (vector bool int, int, int *);
void vec_stl (vector signed short, int, vector signed short *);
void vec_stl (vector signed short, int, short *);
void vec_stl (vector unsigned short, int, vector unsigned short *);
void vec_stl (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_stl (vector bool short, int, vector bool short *);
void vec_stl (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_stl (vector bool short, int, short *);
void vec_stl (vector pixel, int, vector pixel *);
void vec_stl (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_stl (vector pixel, int, short *);
void vec_stl (vector signed char, int, vector signed char *);
void vec_stl (vector signed char, int, signed char *);
void vec_stl (vector unsigned char, int, vector unsigned char *);
void vec_stl (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_stl (vector bool char, int, vector bool char *);
void vec_stl (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_stl (vector bool char, int, signed char *);
vector signed char vec_sub (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_sub (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_sub (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_sub (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_sub (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_sub (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed short vec_sub (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_sub (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_sub (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_sub (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_sub (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_sub (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed int vec_sub (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_sub (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_sub (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_sub (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_sub (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_sub (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector float vec_sub (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_vsubfp (vector float, vector float);
vector signed int vec_vsubuwm (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vsubuwm (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_vsubuwm (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsubuwm (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsubuwm (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsubuwm (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vsubuhm (vector bool short,
vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_vsubuhm (vector signed short,
vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_vsubuhm (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhm (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhm (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhm (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vsububm (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_vsububm (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_vsububm (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vsububm (vector bool char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vsububm (vector unsigned char,
vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_vsububm (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed int vec_subc (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_subc (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed __int128 vec_subc (vector signed __int128,
vector signed __int128);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_subc (vector unsigned __int128,
vector unsigned __int128);
vector signed int vec_sube (vector signed int, vector signed int,
vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_sube (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed __int128 vec_sube (vector signed __int128,
vector signed __int128,
vector signed __int128);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_sube (vector unsigned __int128,
vector unsigned __int128,
vector unsigned __int128);
vector signed int vec_subec (vector signed int, vector signed int,
vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_subec (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed __int128 vec_subec (vector signed __int128,
vector signed __int128,
vector signed __int128);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_subec (vector unsigned __int128,
vector unsigned __int128,
vector unsigned __int128);
vector unsigned char vec_subs (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_subs (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_subs (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_subs (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_subs (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_subs (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned short vec_subs (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_subs (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_subs (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed short vec_subs (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_subs (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_subs (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_subs (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_subs (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_subs (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_subs (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_subs (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_subs (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vsubsws (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vsubsws (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_vsubsws (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsubuws (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsubuws (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsubuws (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed short vec_vsubshs (vector bool short,
vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_vsubshs (vector signed short,
vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_vsubshs (vector signed short,
vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhs (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhs (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhs (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vsubsbs (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_vsubsbs (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_vsubsbs (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vsububs (vector bool char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_vsububs (vector unsigned char,
vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_vsububs (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned int vec_sum4s (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_sum4s (vector signed char, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_sum4s (vector signed short, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vsum4shs (vector signed short, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_vsum4sbs (vector signed char, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_vsum4ubs (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned int);
vector signed int vec_sum2s (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_sums (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector float vec_trunc (vector float);
vector signed long long vec_unsigned (vector double);
vector signed int vec_unsigned (vector float);
vector signed int vec_unsignede (vector double);
vector signed int vec_unsignedo (vector double);
vector signed int vec_unsigned2 (vector double, vector double);
vector signed short vec_unpackh (vector signed char);
vector bool short vec_unpackh (vector bool char);
vector signed int vec_unpackh (vector signed short);
vector bool int vec_unpackh (vector bool short);
vector unsigned int vec_unpackh (vector pixel);
vector double vec_unpackh (vector float);
vector bool int vec_vupkhsh (vector bool short);
vector signed int vec_vupkhsh (vector signed short);
vector unsigned int vec_vupkhpx (vector pixel);
vector bool short vec_vupkhsb (vector bool char);
vector signed short vec_vupkhsb (vector signed char);
vector signed short vec_unpackl (vector signed char);
vector bool short vec_unpackl (vector bool char);
vector unsigned int vec_unpackl (vector pixel);
vector signed int vec_unpackl (vector signed short);
vector bool int vec_unpackl (vector bool short);
vector double vec_unpackl (vector float);
vector unsigned int vec_vupklpx (vector pixel);
vector bool int vec_vupklsh (vector bool short);
vector signed int vec_vupklsh (vector signed short);
vector bool short vec_vupklsb (vector bool char);
vector signed short vec_vupklsb (vector signed char);
vector float vec_xor (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_xor (vector float, vector bool int);
vector float vec_xor (vector bool int, vector float);
vector bool int vec_xor (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_xor (vector bool int, vector signed int);
vector signed int vec_xor (vector signed int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_xor (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_xor (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_xor (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_xor (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool short vec_xor (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_xor (vector bool short, vector signed short);
vector signed short vec_xor (vector signed short, vector bool short);
vector signed short vec_xor (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_xor (vector bool short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_xor (vector unsigned short,
vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_xor (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_xor (vector bool char, vector signed char);
vector bool char vec_xor (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_xor (vector signed char, vector bool char);
vector signed char vec_xor (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_xor (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_xor (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_xor (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_eq (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_eq (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_eq (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_eq (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_eq (vector pixel, vector pixel);
int vec_all_eq (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_eq (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_eq (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_eq (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_ge (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_ge (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_ge (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_ge (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_ge (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_ge (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_ge (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_ge (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_ge (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_ge (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_ge (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_ge (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_ge (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_gt (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_gt (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_gt (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_gt (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_gt (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_gt (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_gt (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_gt (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_gt (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_gt (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_gt (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_gt (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_gt (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_in (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_le (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_le (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_le (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_le (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_le (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_le (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_le (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_le (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_le (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_le (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_le (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_le (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_le (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_le (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_le (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_le (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_le (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_le (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_le (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_lt (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_lt (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_lt (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_lt (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_lt (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_lt (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_lt (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_lt (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_lt (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_lt (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_lt (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_lt (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_lt (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_nan (vector float);
int vec_all_ne (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_ne (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool char, vector bool char);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_all_ne (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_ne (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool short, vector bool short);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_all_ne (vector pixel, vector pixel);
int vec_all_ne (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_ne (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool int, vector bool int);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_all_ne (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_all_ne (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_nge (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_ngt (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_nle (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_nlt (vector float, vector float);
int vec_all_numeric (vector float);
int vec_any_eq (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_eq (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_eq (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_eq (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_eq (vector pixel, vector pixel);
int vec_any_eq (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_eq (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_eq (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_eq (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_ge (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_ge (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_ge (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_ge (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_ge (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_ge (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_ge (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_ge (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_ge (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_ge (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_ge (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_ge (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_ge (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_gt (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_gt (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_gt (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_gt (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_gt (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_gt (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_gt (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_gt (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_gt (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_gt (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_gt (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_gt (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_gt (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_le (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_le (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_le (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_le (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_le (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_le (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_le (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_le (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_le (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_le (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_le (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_le (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_le (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_le (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_le (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_le (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_le (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_le (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_le (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_lt (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_lt (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_lt (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_lt (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_lt (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_lt (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_lt (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_lt (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_lt (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_lt (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_lt (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_lt (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_lt (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_nan (vector float);
int vec_any_ne (vector signed char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_ne (vector signed char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool char, vector bool char);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool char, vector unsigned char);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool char, vector signed char);
int vec_any_ne (vector signed short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_ne (vector signed short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool short, vector bool short);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool short, vector unsigned short);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool short, vector signed short);
int vec_any_ne (vector pixel, vector pixel);
int vec_any_ne (vector signed int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_ne (vector signed int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool int, vector bool int);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool int, vector unsigned int);
int vec_any_ne (vector bool int, vector signed int);
int vec_any_ne (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_nge (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_ngt (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_nle (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_nlt (vector float, vector float);
int vec_any_numeric (vector float);
int vec_any_out (vector float, vector float);
If the vector/scalar (VSX) instruction set is available, the following
additional functions are available:
vector double vec_abs (vector double);
vector double vec_add (vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_and (vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_and (vector double, vector bool long);
vector double vec_and (vector bool long, vector double);
vector long vec_and (vector long, vector long);
vector long vec_and (vector long, vector bool long);
vector long vec_and (vector bool long, vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_and (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector unsigned long vec_and (vector unsigned long, vector bool long);
vector unsigned long vec_and (vector bool long, vector unsigned long);
vector double vec_andc (vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_andc (vector double, vector bool long);
vector double vec_andc (vector bool long, vector double);
vector long vec_andc (vector long, vector long);
vector long vec_andc (vector long, vector bool long);
vector long vec_andc (vector bool long, vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_andc (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector unsigned long vec_andc (vector unsigned long, vector bool long);
vector unsigned long vec_andc (vector bool long, vector unsigned long);
vector double vec_ceil (vector double);
vector bool long vec_cmpeq (vector double, vector double);
vector bool long vec_cmpge (vector double, vector double);
vector bool long vec_cmpgt (vector double, vector double);
vector bool long vec_cmple (vector double, vector double);
vector bool long vec_cmplt (vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_cpsgn (vector double, vector double);
vector float vec_div (vector float, vector float);
vector double vec_div (vector double, vector double);
vector long vec_div (vector long, vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_div (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector double vec_floor (vector double);
vector signed long long vec_ld (int, const vector signed long long *);
vector signed long long vec_ld (int, const signed long long *);
vector unsigned long long vec_ld (int, const vector unsigned long long *);
vector unsigned long long vec_ld (int, const unsigned long long *);
vector __int128 vec_ld (int, const vector __int128 *);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_ld (int, const vector unsigned __int128 *);
vector __int128 vec_ld (int, const __int128 *);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_ld (int, const unsigned __int128 *);
vector double vec_ld (int, const vector double *);
vector double vec_ld (int, const double *);
vector double vec_ldl (int, const vector double *);
vector double vec_ldl (int, const double *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile double *);
vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile double *);
vector double vec_madd (vector double, vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_max (vector double, vector double);
vector signed long vec_mergeh (vector signed long, vector signed long);
vector signed long vec_mergeh (vector signed long, vector bool long);
vector signed long vec_mergeh (vector bool long, vector signed long);
vector unsigned long vec_mergeh (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector unsigned long vec_mergeh (vector unsigned long, vector bool long);
vector unsigned long vec_mergeh (vector bool long, vector unsigned long);
vector signed long vec_mergel (vector signed long, vector signed long);
vector signed long vec_mergel (vector signed long, vector bool long);
vector signed long vec_mergel (vector bool long, vector signed long);
vector unsigned long vec_mergel (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector unsigned long vec_mergel (vector unsigned long, vector bool long);
vector unsigned long vec_mergel (vector bool long, vector unsigned long);
vector double vec_min (vector double, vector double);
vector float vec_msub (vector float, vector float, vector float);
vector double vec_msub (vector double, vector double, vector double);
vector float vec_mul (vector float, vector float);
vector double vec_mul (vector double, vector double);
vector long vec_mul (vector long, vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_mul (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector float vec_nearbyint (vector float);
vector double vec_nearbyint (vector double);
vector float vec_nmadd (vector float, vector float, vector float);
vector double vec_nmadd (vector double, vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_nmsub (vector double, vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_nor (vector double, vector double);
vector long vec_nor (vector long, vector long);
vector long vec_nor (vector long, vector bool long);
vector long vec_nor (vector bool long, vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_nor (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector unsigned long vec_nor (vector unsigned long, vector bool long);
vector unsigned long vec_nor (vector bool long, vector unsigned long);
vector double vec_or (vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_or (vector double, vector bool long);
vector double vec_or (vector bool long, vector double);
vector long vec_or (vector long, vector long);
vector long vec_or (vector long, vector bool long);
vector long vec_or (vector bool long, vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_or (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector unsigned long vec_or (vector unsigned long, vector bool long);
vector unsigned long vec_or (vector bool long, vector unsigned long);
vector double vec_perm (vector double, vector double, vector unsigned char);
vector long vec_perm (vector long, vector long, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long vec_perm (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_permxor (vector bool char, vector bool char,
vector bool char);
vector unsigned char vec_permxor (vector signed char, vector signed char,
vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_permxor (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector double vec_rint (vector double);
vector double vec_recip (vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_rsqrt (vector double);
vector double vec_rsqrte (vector double);
vector double vec_sel (vector double, vector double, vector bool long);
vector double vec_sel (vector double, vector double, vector unsigned long);
vector long vec_sel (vector long, vector long, vector long);
vector long vec_sel (vector long, vector long, vector unsigned long);
vector long vec_sel (vector long, vector long, vector bool long);
vector unsigned long vec_sel (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long,
vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_sel (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long,
vector unsigned long);
vector unsigned long vec_sel (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long,
vector bool long);
vector double vec_splats (double);
vector signed long vec_splats (signed long);
vector unsigned long vec_splats (unsigned long);
vector float vec_sqrt (vector float);
vector double vec_sqrt (vector double);
void vec_st (vector signed long long, int, vector signed long long *);
void vec_st (vector signed long long, int, signed long long *);
void vec_st (vector unsigned long long, int, vector unsigned long long *);
void vec_st (vector unsigned long long, int, unsigned long long *);
void vec_st (vector bool long long, int, vector bool long long *);
void vec_st (vector bool long long, int, signed long long *);
void vec_st (vector bool long long, int, unsigned long long *);
void vec_st (vector double, int, vector double *);
void vec_st (vector double, int, double *);
vector double vec_sub (vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_trunc (vector double);
vector double vec_xl (int, vector double *);
vector double vec_xl (int, double *);
vector long long vec_xl (int, vector long long *);
vector long long vec_xl (int, long long *);
vector unsigned long long vec_xl (int, vector unsigned long long *);
vector unsigned long long vec_xl (int, unsigned long long *);
vector float vec_xl (int, vector float *);
vector float vec_xl (int, float *);
vector int vec_xl (int, vector int *);
vector int vec_xl (int, int *);
vector unsigned int vec_xl (int, vector unsigned int *);
vector unsigned int vec_xl (int, unsigned int *);
vector double vec_xor (vector double, vector double);
vector double vec_xor (vector double, vector bool long);
vector double vec_xor (vector bool long, vector double);
vector long vec_xor (vector long, vector long);
vector long vec_xor (vector long, vector bool long);
vector long vec_xor (vector bool long, vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_xor (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long);
vector unsigned long vec_xor (vector unsigned long, vector bool long);
vector unsigned long vec_xor (vector bool long, vector unsigned long);
void vec_xst (vector double, int, vector double *);
void vec_xst (vector double, int, double *);
void vec_xst (vector long long, int, vector long long *);
void vec_xst (vector long long, int, long long *);
void vec_xst (vector unsigned long long, int, vector unsigned long long *);
void vec_xst (vector unsigned long long, int, unsigned long long *);
void vec_xst (vector float, int, vector float *);
void vec_xst (vector float, int, float *);
void vec_xst (vector int, int, vector int *);
void vec_xst (vector int, int, int *);
void vec_xst (vector unsigned int, int, vector unsigned int *);
void vec_xst (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *);
int vec_all_eq (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_ge (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_gt (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_le (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_lt (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_nan (vector double);
int vec_all_ne (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_nge (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_ngt (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_nle (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_nlt (vector double, vector double);
int vec_all_numeric (vector double);
int vec_any_eq (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_ge (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_gt (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_le (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_lt (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_nan (vector double);
int vec_any_ne (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_nge (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_ngt (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_nle (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_nlt (vector double, vector double);
int vec_any_numeric (vector double);
vector double vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector double *);
vector double vec_vsx_ld (int, const double *);
vector float vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector float *);
vector float vec_vsx_ld (int, const float *);
vector bool int vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector bool int *);
vector signed int vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector signed int *);
vector signed int vec_vsx_ld (int, const int *);
vector signed int vec_vsx_ld (int, const long *);
vector unsigned int vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector unsigned int *);
vector unsigned int vec_vsx_ld (int, const unsigned int *);
vector unsigned int vec_vsx_ld (int, const unsigned long *);
vector bool short vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector bool short *);
vector pixel vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector pixel *);
vector signed short vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector signed short *);
vector signed short vec_vsx_ld (int, const short *);
vector unsigned short vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector unsigned short *);
vector unsigned short vec_vsx_ld (int, const unsigned short *);
vector bool char vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector bool char *);
vector signed char vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector signed char *);
vector signed char vec_vsx_ld (int, const signed char *);
vector unsigned char vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector unsigned char *);
vector unsigned char vec_vsx_ld (int, const unsigned char *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector double, int, vector double *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector double, int, double *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector float, int, vector float *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector float, int, float *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector signed int, int, vector signed int *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector signed int, int, int *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned int, int, vector unsigned int *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool int, int, vector bool int *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool int, int, int *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector signed short, int, vector signed short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector signed short, int, short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned short, int, vector unsigned short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool short, int, vector bool short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector pixel, int, vector pixel *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector pixel, int, short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool short, int, short *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector signed char, int, vector signed char *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector signed char, int, signed char *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned char, int, vector unsigned char *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool char, int, vector bool char *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *);
void vec_vsx_st (vector bool char, int, signed char *);
vector double vec_xxpermdi (vector double, vector double, const int);
vector float vec_xxpermdi (vector float, vector float, const int);
vector long long vec_xxpermdi (vector long long, vector long long, const int);
vector unsigned long long vec_xxpermdi (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long, const int);
vector int vec_xxpermdi (vector int, vector int, const int);
vector unsigned int vec_xxpermdi (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int, const int);
vector short vec_xxpermdi (vector short, vector short, const int);
vector unsigned short vec_xxpermdi (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short, const int);
vector signed char vec_xxpermdi (vector signed char, vector signed char,
const int);
vector unsigned char vec_xxpermdi (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char, const int);
vector double vec_xxsldi (vector double, vector double, int);
vector float vec_xxsldi (vector float, vector float, int);
vector long long vec_xxsldi (vector long long, vector long long, int);
vector unsigned long long vec_xxsldi (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long, int);
vector int vec_xxsldi (vector int, vector int, int);
vector unsigned int vec_xxsldi (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int, int);
vector short vec_xxsldi (vector short, vector short, int);
vector unsigned short vec_xxsldi (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short, int);
vector signed char vec_xxsldi (vector signed char, vector signed char, int);
vector unsigned char vec_xxsldi (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char, int);
Note that the 'vec_ld' and 'vec_st' built-in functions always generate
the AltiVec 'LVX' and 'STVX' instructions even if the VSX instruction
set is available. The 'vec_vsx_ld' and 'vec_vsx_st' built-in functions
always generate the VSX 'LXVD2X', 'LXVW4X', 'STXVD2X', and 'STXVW4X'
instructions.
If the ISA 2.07 additions to the vector/scalar (power8-vector)
instruction set are available, the following additional functions are
available for both 32-bit and 64-bit targets. For 64-bit targets, you
can use VECTOR LONG instead of VECTOR LONG LONG, VECTOR BOOL LONG
instead of VECTOR BOOL LONG LONG, and VECTOR UNSIGNED LONG instead of
VECTOR UNSIGNED LONG LONG.
vector long long vec_abs (vector long long);
vector long long vec_add (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_add (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
int vec_all_eq (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_all_ge (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_all_gt (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_all_le (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_all_le (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_all_lt (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_all_ne (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_any_eq (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_any_ge (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_any_gt (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_any_le (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_any_le (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_any_lt (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
int vec_any_ne (vector long long, vector long long);
int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long);
vector bool long long vec_cmpeq (vector bool long long, vector bool long long);
vector long long vec_eqv (vector long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_eqv (vector bool long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_eqv (vector long long, vector bool long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_eqv (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_eqv (vector bool long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_eqv (vector unsigned long long,
vector bool long long);
vector int vec_eqv (vector int, vector int);
vector int vec_eqv (vector bool int, vector int);
vector int vec_eqv (vector int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_eqv (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_eqv (vector bool unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_eqv (vector unsigned int,
vector bool unsigned int);
vector short vec_eqv (vector short, vector short);
vector short vec_eqv (vector bool short, vector short);
vector short vec_eqv (vector short, vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_eqv (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_eqv (vector bool unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_eqv (vector unsigned short,
vector bool unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_eqv (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_eqv (vector bool signed char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_eqv (vector signed char, vector bool signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_eqv (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_eqv (vector bool unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_eqv (vector unsigned char, vector bool unsigned char);
vector long long vec_max (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_max (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector signed int vec_mergee (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_mergee (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_mergee (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector signed int vec_mergeo (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_mergeo (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool int vec_mergeo (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector long long vec_min (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_min (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector signed long long vec_nabs (vector signed long long);
vector long long vec_nand (vector long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_nand (vector bool long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_nand (vector long long, vector bool long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_nand (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_nand (vector bool long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_nand (vector unsigned long long,
vector bool long long);
vector int vec_nand (vector int, vector int);
vector int vec_nand (vector bool int, vector int);
vector int vec_nand (vector int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_nand (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_nand (vector bool unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_nand (vector unsigned int,
vector bool unsigned int);
vector short vec_nand (vector short, vector short);
vector short vec_nand (vector bool short, vector short);
vector short vec_nand (vector short, vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_nand (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_nand (vector bool unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_nand (vector unsigned short,
vector bool unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_nand (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_nand (vector bool signed char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_nand (vector signed char, vector bool signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_nand (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_nand (vector bool unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_nand (vector unsigned char, vector bool unsigned char);
vector long long vec_orc (vector long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_orc (vector bool long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_orc (vector long long, vector bool long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_orc (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_orc (vector bool long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_orc (vector unsigned long long,
vector bool long long);
vector int vec_orc (vector int, vector int);
vector int vec_orc (vector bool int, vector int);
vector int vec_orc (vector int, vector bool int);
vector unsigned int vec_orc (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_orc (vector bool unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_orc (vector unsigned int,
vector bool unsigned int);
vector short vec_orc (vector short, vector short);
vector short vec_orc (vector bool short, vector short);
vector short vec_orc (vector short, vector bool short);
vector unsigned short vec_orc (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_orc (vector bool unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned short vec_orc (vector unsigned short,
vector bool unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_orc (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_orc (vector bool signed char, vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_orc (vector signed char, vector bool signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_orc (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_orc (vector bool unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_orc (vector unsigned char, vector bool unsigned char);
vector int vec_pack (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned int vec_pack (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector bool int vec_pack (vector bool long long, vector bool long long);
vector float vec_pack (vector double, vector double);
vector int vec_packs (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned int vec_packs (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
test_vsi_packsu_vssi_vssi (vector signed short x,
vector unsigned char vec_packsu (vector signed short, vector signed short )
vector unsigned char vec_packsu (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short )
vector unsigned short int vec_packsu (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector unsigned short int vec_packsu (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned int vec_packsu (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned int vec_packsu (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned int vec_packsu (vector signed long long,
vector signed long long);
vector unsigned char vec_popcnt (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_popcnt (vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short vec_popcnt (vector signed short);
vector unsigned short vec_popcnt (vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned int vec_popcnt (vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_popcnt (vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned long long vec_popcnt (vector signed long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_popcnt (vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_rl (vector long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_rl (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_sl (vector long long, vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_sl (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_sr (vector long long, vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long char vec_sr (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_sra (vector long long, vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_sra (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_sub (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_sub (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_unpackh (vector int);
vector unsigned long long vec_unpackh (vector unsigned int);
vector long long vec_unpackl (vector int);
vector unsigned long long vec_unpackl (vector unsigned int);
vector long long vec_vaddudm (vector long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_vaddudm (vector bool long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_vaddudm (vector long long, vector bool long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vaddudm (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vaddudm (vector bool unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vaddudm (vector unsigned long long,
vector bool unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_vbpermq (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector long long vec_vbpermq (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_bperm (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char vec_bperm (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long vec_bperm (vector unsigned __int128,
vector unsigned char);
vector long long vec_cntlz (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_cntlz (vector unsigned long long);
vector int vec_cntlz (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_cntlz (vector int);
vector short vec_cntlz (vector short);
vector unsigned short vec_cntlz (vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_cntlz (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_cntlz (vector unsigned char);
vector long long vec_vclz (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vclz (vector unsigned long long);
vector int vec_vclz (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_vclz (vector int);
vector short vec_vclz (vector short);
vector unsigned short vec_vclz (vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vclz (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vclz (vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_vclzb (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vclzb (vector unsigned char);
vector long long vec_vclzd (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vclzd (vector unsigned long long);
vector short vec_vclzh (vector short);
vector unsigned short vec_vclzh (vector unsigned short);
vector int vec_vclzw (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_vclzw (vector int);
vector signed char vec_vgbbd (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vgbbd (vector unsigned char);
vector long long vec_vmaxsd (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vmaxud (vector unsigned long long,
unsigned vector long long);
vector long long vec_vminsd (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vminud (vector long long,
vector long long);
vector int vec_vpksdss (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned int vec_vpksdss (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned int vec_vpkudus (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector int vec_vpkudum (vector long long, vector long long);
vector unsigned int vec_vpkudum (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector bool int vec_vpkudum (vector bool long long, vector bool long long);
vector long long vec_vpopcnt (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vpopcnt (vector unsigned long long);
vector int vec_vpopcnt (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_vpopcnt (vector int);
vector short vec_vpopcnt (vector short);
vector unsigned short vec_vpopcnt (vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vpopcnt (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vpopcnt (vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_vpopcntb (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vpopcntb (vector unsigned char);
vector long long vec_vpopcntd (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vpopcntd (vector unsigned long long);
vector short vec_vpopcnth (vector short);
vector unsigned short vec_vpopcnth (vector unsigned short);
vector int vec_vpopcntw (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_vpopcntw (vector int);
vector long long vec_vrld (vector long long, vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vrld (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_vsld (vector long long, vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_vsld (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_vsrad (vector long long, vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vsrad (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_vsrd (vector long long, vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long char vec_vsrd (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector long long vec_vsubudm (vector long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_vsubudm (vector bool long long, vector long long);
vector long long vec_vsubudm (vector long long, vector bool long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vsubudm (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vsubudm (vector bool long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vsubudm (vector unsigned long long,
vector bool long long);
vector long long vec_vupkhsw (vector int);
vector unsigned long long vec_vupkhsw (vector unsigned int);
vector long long vec_vupklsw (vector int);
vector unsigned long long vec_vupklsw (vector int);
If the ISA 2.07 additions to the vector/scalar (power8-vector)
instruction set are available, the following additional functions are
available for 64-bit targets. New vector types (VECTOR __INT128_T and
VECTOR __UINT128_T) are available to hold the __INT128_T and __UINT128_T
types to use these builtins.
The normal vector extract, and set operations work on VECTOR __INT128_T
and VECTOR __UINT128_T types, but the index value must be 0.
vector __int128_t vec_vaddcuq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vaddcuq (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t);
vector __int128_t vec_vadduqm (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vadduqm (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t);
vector __int128_t vec_vaddecuq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t,
vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vaddecuq (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t,
vector __uint128_t);
vector __int128_t vec_vaddeuqm (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t,
vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vaddeuqm (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t,
vector __uint128_t);
vector __int128_t vec_vsubecuq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t,
vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vsubecuq (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t,
vector __uint128_t);
vector __int128_t vec_vsubeuqm (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t,
vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vsubeuqm (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t,
vector __uint128_t);
vector __int128_t vec_vsubcuq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vsubcuq (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t);
__int128_t vec_vsubuqm (__int128_t, __int128_t);
__uint128_t vec_vsubuqm (__uint128_t, __uint128_t);
vector __int128_t __builtin_bcdadd (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
int __builtin_bcdadd_lt (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
int __builtin_bcdadd_eq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
int __builtin_bcdadd_gt (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
int __builtin_bcdadd_ov (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
vector __int128_t bcdsub (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
int __builtin_bcdsub_lt (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
int __builtin_bcdsub_eq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
int __builtin_bcdsub_gt (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
int __builtin_bcdsub_ov (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t);
If the ISA 3.0 instruction set additions ('-mcpu=power9') are
available:
vector unsigned long long vec_bperm (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned char);
vector bool char vec_cmpne (vector bool char, vector bool char);
vector bool char vec_cmpne (vector signed char, vector signed char);
vector bool char vec_cmpne (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector bool int vec_cmpne (vector bool int, vector bool int);
vector bool int vec_cmpne (vector signed int, vector signed int);
vector bool int vec_cmpne (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector bool long long vec_cmpne (vector bool long long, vector bool long long);
vector bool long long vec_cmpne (vector signed long long,
vector signed long long);
vector bool long long vec_cmpne (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector bool short vec_cmpne (vector bool short, vector bool short);
vector bool short vec_cmpne (vector signed short, vector signed short);
vector bool short vec_cmpne (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short);
vector bool long long vec_cmpne (vector double, vector double);
vector bool int vec_cmpne (vector float, vector float);
vector float vec_extract_fp32_from_shorth (vector unsigned short);
vector float vec_extract_fp32_from_shortl (vector unsigned short);
vector long long vec_vctz (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vctz (vector unsigned long long);
vector int vec_vctz (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_vctz (vector int);
vector short vec_vctz (vector short);
vector unsigned short vec_vctz (vector unsigned short);
vector signed char vec_vctz (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vctz (vector unsigned char);
vector signed char vec_vctzb (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_vctzb (vector unsigned char);
vector long long vec_vctzd (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vctzd (vector unsigned long long);
vector short vec_vctzh (vector short);
vector unsigned short vec_vctzh (vector unsigned short);
vector int vec_vctzw (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_vctzw (vector int);
vector unsigned long long vec_extract4b (vector unsigned char, const int);
vector unsigned char vec_insert4b (vector signed int, vector unsigned char,
const int);
vector unsigned char vec_insert4b (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char,
const int);
vector unsigned int vec_parity_lsbb (vector signed int);
vector unsigned int vec_parity_lsbb (vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_parity_lsbb (vector signed __int128);
vector unsigned __int128 vec_parity_lsbb (vector unsigned __int128);
vector unsigned long long vec_parity_lsbb (vector signed long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_parity_lsbb (vector unsigned long long);
vector int vec_vprtyb (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_vprtyb (vector unsigned int);
vector long long vec_vprtyb (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vprtyb (vector unsigned long long);
vector int vec_vprtybw (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_vprtybw (vector unsigned int);
vector long long vec_vprtybd (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_vprtybd (vector unsigned long long);
On 64-bit targets, if the ISA 3.0 additions ('-mcpu=power9') are
available:
vector long vec_vprtyb (vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_vprtyb (vector unsigned long);
vector __int128_t vec_vprtyb (vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vprtyb (vector __uint128_t);
vector long vec_vprtybd (vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_vprtybd (vector unsigned long);
vector __int128_t vec_vprtybq (vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_vprtybd (vector __uint128_t);
The following built-in vector functions are available for the PowerPC
family of processors, starting with ISA 3.0 or later ('-mcpu=power9'):
__vector unsigned char
vec_slv (__vector unsigned char src, __vector unsigned char shift_distance);
__vector unsigned char
vec_srv (__vector unsigned char src, __vector unsigned char shift_distance);
The 'vec_slv' and 'vec_srv' functions operate on all of the bytes of
their 'src' and 'shift_distance' arguments in parallel. The behavior of
the 'vec_slv' is as if there existed a temporary array of 17 unsigned
characters 'slv_array' within which elements 0 through 15 are the same
as the entries in the 'src' array and element 16 equals 0. The result
returned from the 'vec_slv' function is a '__vector' of 16 unsigned
characters within which element 'i' is computed using the C expression
'0xff & (*((unsigned short *)(slv_array + i)) << (0x07 &
shift_distance[i]))', with this resulting value coerced to the 'unsigned
char' type. The behavior of the 'vec_srv' is as if there existed a
temporary array of 17 unsigned characters 'srv_array' within which
element 0 equals zero and elements 1 through 16 equal the elements 0
through 15 of the 'src' array. The result returned from the 'vec_srv'
function is a '__vector' of 16 unsigned characters within which element
'i' is computed using the C expression '0xff & (*((unsigned short
*)(srv_array + i)) >> (0x07 & shift_distance[i]))', with this resulting
value coerced to the 'unsigned char' type.
The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family
of processors, starting with ISA 3.0 or later ('-mcpu=power9'):
__vector unsigned char
vec_absd (__vector unsigned char arg1, __vector unsigned char arg2);
__vector unsigned short
vec_absd (__vector unsigned short arg1, __vector unsigned short arg2);
__vector unsigned int
vec_absd (__vector unsigned int arg1, __vector unsigned int arg2);
__vector unsigned char
vec_absdb (__vector unsigned char arg1, __vector unsigned char arg2);
__vector unsigned short
vec_absdh (__vector unsigned short arg1, __vector unsigned short arg2);
__vector unsigned int
vec_absdw (__vector unsigned int arg1, __vector unsigned int arg2);
The 'vec_absd', 'vec_absdb', 'vec_absdh', and 'vec_absdw' built-in
functions each computes the absolute differences of the pairs of vector
elements supplied in its two vector arguments, placing the absolute
differences into the corresponding elements of the vector result.
The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family
of processors, starting with ISA 3.0 or later ('-mcpu=power9'):
__vector unsigned int
vec_extract_exp (__vector float source);
__vector unsigned long long int
vec_extract_exp (__vector double source);
__vector unsigned int
vec_extract_sig (__vector float source);
__vector unsigned long long int
vec_extract_sig (__vector double source);
__vector float
vec_insert_exp (__vector unsigned int significands,
__vector unsigned int exponents);
__vector float
vec_insert_exp (__vector unsigned float significands,
__vector unsigned int exponents);
__vector double
vec_insert_exp (__vector unsigned long long int significands,
__vector unsigned long long int exponents);
__vector double
vec_insert_exp (__vector unsigned double significands,
__vector unsigned long long int exponents);
__vector bool int vec_test_data_class (__vector float source,
const int condition);
__vector bool long long int vec_test_data_class (__vector double source,
const int condition);
The 'vec_extract_sig' and 'vec_extract_exp' built-in functions return
vectors representing the significands and biased exponent values of
their 'source' arguments respectively. Within the result vector
returned by 'vec_extract_sig', the '0x800000' bit of each vector element
returned when the function's 'source' argument is of type 'float' is set
to 1 if the corresponding floating point value is in normalized form.
Otherwise, this bit is set to 0. When the 'source' argument is of type
'double', the '0x10000000000000' bit within each of the result vector's
elements is set according to the same rules. Note that the sign of the
significand is not represented in the result returned from the
'vec_extract_sig' function. To extract the sign bits, use the
'vec_cpsgn' function, which returns a new vector within which all of the
sign bits of its second argument vector are overwritten with the sign
bits copied from the coresponding elements of its first argument vector,
and all other (non-sign) bits of the second argument vector are copied
unchanged into the result vector.
The 'vec_insert_exp' built-in functions return a vector of single- or
double-precision floating point values constructed by assembling the
values of their 'significands' and 'exponents' arguments into the
corresponding elements of the returned vector. The sign of each element
of the result is copied from the most significant bit of the
corresponding entry within the 'significands' argument. Note that the
relevant bits of the 'significands' argument are the same, for both
integer and floating point types. The significand and exponent
components of each element of the result are composed of the least
significant bits of the corresponding 'significands' element and the
least significant bits of the corresponding 'exponents' element.
The 'vec_test_data_class' built-in function returns a vector
representing the results of testing the 'source' vector for the
condition selected by the 'condition' argument. The 'condition'
argument must be a compile-time constant integer with value not
exceeding 127. The 'condition' argument is encoded as a bitmask with
each bit enabling the testing of a different condition, as characterized
by the following:
0x40 Test for NaN
0x20 Test for +Infinity
0x10 Test for -Infinity
0x08 Test for +Zero
0x04 Test for -Zero
0x02 Test for +Denormal
0x01 Test for -Denormal
If any of the enabled test conditions is true, the corresponding entry
in the result vector is -1. Otherwise (all of the enabled test
conditions are false), the corresponding entry of the result vector is
0.
The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family
of processors, starting with ISA 3.0 or later ('-mcpu=power9'):
vector unsigned int vec_rlmi (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned long long vec_rlmi (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned int vec_rlnm (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned long long vec_rlnm (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned int vec_vrlnm (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned long long vec_vrlnm (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
The result of 'vec_rlmi' is obtained by rotating each element of the
first argument vector left and inserting it under mask into the second
argument vector. The third argument vector contains the mask beginning
in bits 11:15, the mask end in bits 19:23, and the shift count in bits
27:31, of each element.
The result of 'vec_rlnm' is obtained by rotating each element of the
first argument vector left and ANDing it with a mask specified by the
second and third argument vectors. The second argument vector contains
the shift count for each element in the low-order byte. The third
argument vector contains the mask end for each element in the low-order
byte, with the mask begin in the next higher byte.
The result of 'vec_vrlnm' is obtained by rotating each element of the
first argument vector left and ANDing it with a mask. The second
argument vector contains the mask beginning in bits 11:15, the mask end
in bits 19:23, and the shift count in bits 27:31, of each element.
If the ISA 3.0 instruction set additions ('-mcpu=power9') are
available:
vector signed bool char vec_revb (vector signed char);
vector signed char vec_revb (vector signed char);
vector unsigned char vec_revb (vector unsigned char);
vector bool short vec_revb (vector bool short);
vector short vec_revb (vector short);
vector unsigned short vec_revb (vector unsigned short);
vector bool int vec_revb (vector bool int);
vector int vec_revb (vector int);
vector unsigned int vec_revb (vector unsigned int);
vector float vec_revb (vector float);
vector bool long long vec_revb (vector bool long long);
vector long long vec_revb (vector long long);
vector unsigned long long vec_revb (vector unsigned long long);
vector double vec_revb (vector double);
On 64-bit targets, if the ISA 3.0 additions ('-mcpu=power9') are
available:
vector long vec_revb (vector long);
vector unsigned long vec_revb (vector unsigned long);
vector __int128_t vec_revb (vector __int128_t);
vector __uint128_t vec_revb (vector __uint128_t);
The 'vec_revb' built-in function reverses the bytes on an element by
element basis. A vector of 'vector unsigned char' or 'vector signed
char' reverses the bytes in the whole word.
If the cryptographic instructions are enabled ('-mcrypto' or
'-mcpu=power8'), the following builtins are enabled.
vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vsbox (vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned char vec_sbox_be (vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vcipher (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned char vec_cipher_be (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vcipherlast
(vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned char vec_cipherlast_be (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vncipher (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned char vec_ncipher_be (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vncipherlast
(vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned char vec_ncipherlast_be (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned char __builtin_crypto_vpermxor (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short __builtin_crypto_vpermxor (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned int __builtin_crypto_vpermxor (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vpermxor (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned char __builtin_crypto_vpmsumb (vector unsigned char,
vector unsigned char);
vector unsigned short __builtin_crypto_vpmsumh (vector unsigned short,
vector unsigned short);
vector unsigned int __builtin_crypto_vpmsumw (vector unsigned int,
vector unsigned int);
vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vpmsumd (vector unsigned long long,
vector unsigned long long);
vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vshasigmad
(vector unsigned long long, int, int);
vector unsigned int __builtin_crypto_vshasigmaw (vector unsigned int,
int, int);
The second argument to __BUILTIN_CRYPTO_VSHASIGMAD and
__BUILTIN_CRYPTO_VSHASIGMAW must be a constant integer that is 0 or 1.
The third argument to these built-in functions must be a constant
integer in the range of 0 to 15.
If the ISA 3.0 instruction set additions are enabled ('-mcpu=power9'),
the following additional functions are available for both 32-bit and
64-bit targets.
vector short vec_xl (int, vector short *); vector short vec_xl (int,
short *); vector unsigned short vec_xl (int, vector unsigned short *);
vector unsigned short vec_xl (int, unsigned short *); vector char vec_xl
(int, vector char *); vector char vec_xl (int, char *); vector unsigned
char vec_xl (int, vector unsigned char *); vector unsigned char vec_xl
(int, unsigned char *);
void vec_xst (vector short, int, vector short *); void vec_xst (vector
short, int, short *); void vec_xst (vector unsigned short, int, vector
unsigned short *); void vec_xst (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned
short *); void vec_xst (vector char, int, vector char *); void vec_xst
(vector char, int, char *); void vec_xst (vector unsigned char, int,
vector unsigned char *); void vec_xst (vector unsigned char, int,
unsigned char *);
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions, Next: PowerPC Atomic Memory Operation Functions, Prev: PowerPC AltiVec/VSX Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.23 PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions
----------------------------------------------------------------
GCC provides two interfaces for accessing the Hardware Transactional
Memory (HTM) instructions available on some of the PowerPC family of
processors (eg, POWER8). The two interfaces come in a low level
interface, consisting of built-in functions specific to PowerPC and a
higher level interface consisting of inline functions that are common
between PowerPC and S/390.
6.59.23.1 PowerPC HTM Low Level Built-in Functions
..................................................
The following low level built-in functions are available with '-mhtm' or
'-mcpu=CPU' where CPU is 'power8' or later. They all generate the
machine instruction that is part of the name.
The HTM builtins (with the exception of '__builtin_tbegin') return the
full 4-bit condition register value set by their associated hardware
instruction. The header file 'htmintrin.h' defines some macros that can
be used to decipher the return value. The '__builtin_tbegin' builtin
returns a simple true or false value depending on whether a transaction
was successfully started or not. The arguments of the builtins match
exactly the type and order of the associated hardware instruction's
operands, except for the '__builtin_tcheck' builtin, which does not take
any input arguments. Refer to the ISA manual for a description of each
instruction's operands.
unsigned int __builtin_tbegin (unsigned int)
unsigned int __builtin_tend (unsigned int)
unsigned int __builtin_tabort (unsigned int)
unsigned int __builtin_tabortdc (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int)
unsigned int __builtin_tabortdci (unsigned int, unsigned int, int)
unsigned int __builtin_tabortwc (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int)
unsigned int __builtin_tabortwci (unsigned int, unsigned int, int)
unsigned int __builtin_tcheck (void)
unsigned int __builtin_treclaim (unsigned int)
unsigned int __builtin_trechkpt (void)
unsigned int __builtin_tsr (unsigned int)
In addition to the above HTM built-ins, we have added built-ins for
some common extended mnemonics of the HTM instructions:
unsigned int __builtin_tendall (void)
unsigned int __builtin_tresume (void)
unsigned int __builtin_tsuspend (void)
Note that the semantics of the above HTM builtins are required to mimic
the locking semantics used for critical sections. Builtins that are
used to create a new transaction or restart a suspended transaction must
have lock acquisition like semantics while those builtins that end or
suspend a transaction must have lock release like semantics.
Specifically, this must mimic lock semantics as specified by C++11, for
example: Lock acquisition is as-if an execution of
__atomic_exchange_n(&globallock,1,__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE) that returns 0, and
lock release is as-if an execution of
__atomic_store(&globallock,0,__ATOMIC_RELEASE), with globallock being an
implicit implementation-defined lock used for all transactions. The HTM
instructions associated with with the builtins inherently provide the
correct acquisition and release hardware barriers required. However,
the compiler must also be prohibited from moving loads and stores across
the builtins in a way that would violate their semantics. This has been
accomplished by adding memory barriers to the associated HTM
instructions (which is a conservative approach to provide acquire and
release semantics). Earlier versions of the compiler did not treat the
HTM instructions as memory barriers. A '__TM_FENCE__' macro has been
added, which can be used to determine whether the current compiler
treats HTM instructions as memory barriers or not. This allows the user
to explicitly add memory barriers to their code when using an older
version of the compiler.
The following set of built-in functions are available to gain access to
the HTM specific special purpose registers.
unsigned long __builtin_get_texasr (void)
unsigned long __builtin_get_texasru (void)
unsigned long __builtin_get_tfhar (void)
unsigned long __builtin_get_tfiar (void)
void __builtin_set_texasr (unsigned long);
void __builtin_set_texasru (unsigned long);
void __builtin_set_tfhar (unsigned long);
void __builtin_set_tfiar (unsigned long);
Example usage of these low level built-in functions may look like:
#include <htmintrin.h>
int num_retries = 10;
while (1)
{
if (__builtin_tbegin (0))
{
/* Transaction State Initiated. */
if (is_locked (lock))
__builtin_tabort (0);
... transaction code...
__builtin_tend (0);
break;
}
else
{
/* Transaction State Failed. Use locks if the transaction
failure is "persistent" or we've tried too many times. */
if (num_retries-- <= 0
|| _TEXASRU_FAILURE_PERSISTENT (__builtin_get_texasru ()))
{
acquire_lock (lock);
... non transactional fallback path...
release_lock (lock);
break;
}
}
}
One final built-in function has been added that returns the value of
the 2-bit Transaction State field of the Machine Status Register (MSR)
as stored in 'CR0'.
unsigned long __builtin_ttest (void)
This built-in can be used to determine the current transaction state
using the following code example:
#include <htmintrin.h>
unsigned char tx_state = _HTM_STATE (__builtin_ttest ());
if (tx_state == _HTM_TRANSACTIONAL)
{
/* Code to use in transactional state. */
}
else if (tx_state == _HTM_NONTRANSACTIONAL)
{
/* Code to use in non-transactional state. */
}
else if (tx_state == _HTM_SUSPENDED)
{
/* Code to use in transaction suspended state. */
}
6.59.23.2 PowerPC HTM High Level Inline Functions
.................................................
The following high level HTM interface is made available by including
'<htmxlintrin.h>' and using '-mhtm' or '-mcpu=CPU' where CPU is 'power8'
or later. This interface is common between PowerPC and S/390, allowing
users to write one HTM source implementation that can be compiled and
executed on either system.
long __TM_simple_begin (void)
long __TM_begin (void* const TM_buff)
long __TM_end (void)
void __TM_abort (void)
void __TM_named_abort (unsigned char const code)
void __TM_resume (void)
void __TM_suspend (void)
long __TM_is_user_abort (void* const TM_buff)
long __TM_is_named_user_abort (void* const TM_buff, unsigned char *code)
long __TM_is_illegal (void* const TM_buff)
long __TM_is_footprint_exceeded (void* const TM_buff)
long __TM_nesting_depth (void* const TM_buff)
long __TM_is_nested_too_deep(void* const TM_buff)
long __TM_is_conflict(void* const TM_buff)
long __TM_is_failure_persistent(void* const TM_buff)
long __TM_failure_address(void* const TM_buff)
long long __TM_failure_code(void* const TM_buff)
Using these common set of HTM inline functions, we can create a more
portable version of the HTM example in the previous section that will
work on either PowerPC or S/390:
#include <htmxlintrin.h>
int num_retries = 10;
TM_buff_type TM_buff;
while (1)
{
if (__TM_begin (TM_buff) == _HTM_TBEGIN_STARTED)
{
/* Transaction State Initiated. */
if (is_locked (lock))
__TM_abort ();
... transaction code...
__TM_end ();
break;
}
else
{
/* Transaction State Failed. Use locks if the transaction
failure is "persistent" or we've tried too many times. */
if (num_retries-- <= 0
|| __TM_is_failure_persistent (TM_buff))
{
acquire_lock (lock);
... non transactional fallback path...
release_lock (lock);
break;
}
}
}
File: gcc.info, Node: PowerPC Atomic Memory Operation Functions, Next: RX Built-in Functions, Prev: PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.24 PowerPC Atomic Memory Operation Functions
-------------------------------------------------
ISA 3.0 of the PowerPC added new atomic memory operation (amo)
instructions. GCC provides support for these instructions in 64-bit
environments. All of the functions are declared in the include file
'amo.h'.
The functions supported are:
#include <amo.h>
uint32_t amo_lwat_add (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
uint32_t amo_lwat_xor (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
uint32_t amo_lwat_ior (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
uint32_t amo_lwat_and (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
uint32_t amo_lwat_umax (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
uint32_t amo_lwat_umin (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
uint32_t amo_lwat_swap (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
int32_t amo_lwat_sadd (int32_t *, int32_t);
int32_t amo_lwat_smax (int32_t *, int32_t);
int32_t amo_lwat_smin (int32_t *, int32_t);
int32_t amo_lwat_sswap (int32_t *, int32_t);
uint64_t amo_ldat_add (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
uint64_t amo_ldat_xor (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
uint64_t amo_ldat_ior (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
uint64_t amo_ldat_and (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
uint64_t amo_ldat_umax (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
uint64_t amo_ldat_umin (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
uint64_t amo_ldat_swap (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
int64_t amo_ldat_sadd (int64_t *, int64_t);
int64_t amo_ldat_smax (int64_t *, int64_t);
int64_t amo_ldat_smin (int64_t *, int64_t);
int64_t amo_ldat_sswap (int64_t *, int64_t);
void amo_stwat_add (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
void amo_stwat_xor (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
void amo_stwat_ior (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
void amo_stwat_and (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
void amo_stwat_umax (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
void amo_stwat_umin (uint32_t *, uint32_t);
void amo_stwat_sadd (int32_t *, int32_t);
void amo_stwat_smax (int32_t *, int32_t);
void amo_stwat_smin (int32_t *, int32_t);
void amo_stdat_add (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
void amo_stdat_xor (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
void amo_stdat_ior (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
void amo_stdat_and (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
void amo_stdat_umax (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
void amo_stdat_umin (uint64_t *, uint64_t);
void amo_stdat_sadd (int64_t *, int64_t);
void amo_stdat_smax (int64_t *, int64_t);
void amo_stdat_smin (int64_t *, int64_t);
File: gcc.info, Node: RX Built-in Functions, Next: S/390 System z Built-in Functions, Prev: PowerPC Atomic Memory Operation Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.25 RX Built-in Functions
-----------------------------
GCC supports some of the RX instructions which cannot be expressed in
the C programming language via the use of built-in functions. The
following functions are supported:
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_brk (void)
Generates the 'brk' machine instruction.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_clrpsw (int)
Generates the 'clrpsw' machine instruction to clear the specified
bit in the processor status word.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_int (int)
Generates the 'int' machine instruction to generate an interrupt
with the specified value.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_machi (int, int)
Generates the 'machi' machine instruction to add the result of
multiplying the top 16 bits of the two arguments into the
accumulator.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_maclo (int, int)
Generates the 'maclo' machine instruction to add the result of
multiplying the bottom 16 bits of the two arguments into the
accumulator.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_mulhi (int, int)
Generates the 'mulhi' machine instruction to place the result of
multiplying the top 16 bits of the two arguments into the
accumulator.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_mullo (int, int)
Generates the 'mullo' machine instruction to place the result of
multiplying the bottom 16 bits of the two arguments into the
accumulator.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_rx_mvfachi (void)
Generates the 'mvfachi' machine instruction to read the top 32 bits
of the accumulator.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_rx_mvfacmi (void)
Generates the 'mvfacmi' machine instruction to read the middle 32
bits of the accumulator.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_rx_mvfc (int)
Generates the 'mvfc' machine instruction which reads the control
register specified in its argument and returns its value.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_mvtachi (int)
Generates the 'mvtachi' machine instruction to set the top 32 bits
of the accumulator.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_mvtaclo (int)
Generates the 'mvtaclo' machine instruction to set the bottom 32
bits of the accumulator.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_mvtc (int reg, int val)
Generates the 'mvtc' machine instruction which sets control
register number 'reg' to 'val'.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_mvtipl (int)
Generates the 'mvtipl' machine instruction set the interrupt
priority level.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_racw (int)
Generates the 'racw' machine instruction to round the accumulator
according to the specified mode.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_rx_revw (int)
Generates the 'revw' machine instruction which swaps the bytes in
the argument so that bits 0-7 now occupy bits 8-15 and vice versa,
and also bits 16-23 occupy bits 24-31 and vice versa.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_rmpa (void)
Generates the 'rmpa' machine instruction which initiates a repeated
multiply and accumulate sequence.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_round (float)
Generates the 'round' machine instruction which returns the
floating-point argument rounded according to the current rounding
mode set in the floating-point status word register.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_rx_sat (int)
Generates the 'sat' machine instruction which returns the saturated
value of the argument.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_setpsw (int)
Generates the 'setpsw' machine instruction to set the specified bit
in the processor status word.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_rx_wait (void)
Generates the 'wait' machine instruction.
File: gcc.info, Node: S/390 System z Built-in Functions, Next: SH Built-in Functions, Prev: RX Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.26 S/390 System z Built-in Functions
-----------------------------------------
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_tbegin (void*)
Generates the 'tbegin' machine instruction starting a
non-constrained hardware transaction. If the parameter is non-NULL
the memory area is used to store the transaction diagnostic buffer
and will be passed as first operand to 'tbegin'. This buffer can
be defined using the 'struct __htm_tdb' C struct defined in
'htmintrin.h' and must reside on a double-word boundary. The
second tbegin operand is set to '0xff0c'. This enables
save/restore of all GPRs and disables aborts for FPR and AR
manipulations inside the transaction body. The condition code set
by the tbegin instruction is returned as integer value. The tbegin
instruction by definition overwrites the content of all FPRs. The
compiler will generate code which saves and restores the FPRs. For
soft-float code it is recommended to used the '*_nofloat' variant.
In order to prevent a TDB from being written it is required to pass
a constant zero value as parameter. Passing a zero value through a
variable is not sufficient. Although modifications of access
registers inside the transaction will not trigger an transaction
abort it is not supported to actually modify them. Access
registers do not get saved when entering a transaction. They will
have undefined state when reaching the abort code.
Macros for the possible return codes of tbegin are defined in the
'htmintrin.h' header file:
'_HTM_TBEGIN_STARTED'
'tbegin' has been executed as part of normal processing. The
transaction body is supposed to be executed.
'_HTM_TBEGIN_INDETERMINATE'
The transaction was aborted due to an indeterminate condition which
might be persistent.
'_HTM_TBEGIN_TRANSIENT'
The transaction aborted due to a transient failure. The
transaction should be re-executed in that case.
'_HTM_TBEGIN_PERSISTENT'
The transaction aborted due to a persistent failure. Re-execution
under same circumstances will not be productive.
-- Macro: _HTM_FIRST_USER_ABORT_CODE
The '_HTM_FIRST_USER_ABORT_CODE' defined in 'htmintrin.h' specifies
the first abort code which can be used for '__builtin_tabort'.
Values below this threshold are reserved for machine use.
-- Data type: struct __htm_tdb
The 'struct __htm_tdb' defined in 'htmintrin.h' describes the
structure of the transaction diagnostic block as specified in the
Principles of Operation manual chapter 5-91.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_tbegin_nofloat (void*)
Same as '__builtin_tbegin' but without FPR saves and restores.
Using this variant in code making use of FPRs will leave the FPRs
in undefined state when entering the transaction abort handler
code.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_tbegin_retry (void*, int)
In addition to '__builtin_tbegin' a loop for transient failures is
generated. If tbegin returns a condition code of 2 the transaction
will be retried as often as specified in the second argument. The
perform processor assist instruction is used to tell the CPU about
the number of fails so far.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_tbegin_retry_nofloat (void*, int)
Same as '__builtin_tbegin_retry' but without FPR saves and
restores. Using this variant in code making use of FPRs will leave
the FPRs in undefined state when entering the transaction abort
handler code.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_tbeginc (void)
Generates the 'tbeginc' machine instruction starting a constrained
hardware transaction. The second operand is set to '0xff08'.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_tend (void)
Generates the 'tend' machine instruction finishing a transaction
and making the changes visible to other threads. The condition
code generated by tend is returned as integer value.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_tabort (int)
Generates the 'tabort' machine instruction with the specified abort
code. Abort codes from 0 through 255 are reserved and will result
in an error message.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_tx_assist (int)
Generates the 'ppa rX,rY,1' machine instruction. Where the integer
parameter is loaded into rX and a value of zero is loaded into rY.
The integer parameter specifies the number of times the transaction
repeatedly aborted.
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_tx_nesting_depth (void)
Generates the 'etnd' machine instruction. The current nesting
depth is returned as integer value. For a nesting depth of 0 the
code is not executed as part of an transaction.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_non_tx_store (uint64_t *,
uint64_t)
Generates the 'ntstg' machine instruction. The second argument is
written to the first arguments location. The store operation will
not be rolled-back in case of an transaction abort.
File: gcc.info, Node: SH Built-in Functions, Next: SPARC VIS Built-in Functions, Prev: S/390 System z Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.27 SH Built-in Functions
-----------------------------
The following built-in functions are supported on the SH1, SH2, SH3 and
SH4 families of processors:
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_set_thread_pointer (void *PTR)
Sets the 'GBR' register to the specified value PTR. This is
usually used by system code that manages threads and execution
contexts. The compiler normally does not generate code that
modifies the contents of 'GBR' and thus the value is preserved
across function calls. Changing the 'GBR' value in user code must
be done with caution, since the compiler might use 'GBR' in order
to access thread local variables.
-- Built-in Function: void * __builtin_thread_pointer (void)
Returns the value that is currently set in the 'GBR' register.
Memory loads and stores that use the thread pointer as a base
address are turned into 'GBR' based displacement loads and stores,
if possible. For example:
struct my_tcb
{
int a, b, c, d, e;
};
int get_tcb_value (void)
{
// Generate 'mov.l @(8,gbr),r0' instruction
return ((my_tcb*)__builtin_thread_pointer ())->c;
}
-- Built-in Function: unsigned int __builtin_sh_get_fpscr (void)
Returns the value that is currently set in the 'FPSCR' register.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_sh_set_fpscr (unsigned int VAL)
Sets the 'FPSCR' register to the specified value VAL, while
preserving the current values of the FR, SZ and PR bits.
File: gcc.info, Node: SPARC VIS Built-in Functions, Next: SPU Built-in Functions, Prev: SH Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.28 SPARC VIS Built-in Functions
------------------------------------
GCC supports SIMD operations on the SPARC using both the generic vector
extensions (*note Vector Extensions::) as well as built-in functions for
the SPARC Visual Instruction Set (VIS). When you use the '-mvis' switch,
the VIS extension is exposed as the following built-in functions:
typedef int v1si __attribute__ ((vector_size (4)));
typedef int v2si __attribute__ ((vector_size (8)));
typedef short v4hi __attribute__ ((vector_size (8)));
typedef short v2hi __attribute__ ((vector_size (4)));
typedef unsigned char v8qi __attribute__ ((vector_size (8)));
typedef unsigned char v4qi __attribute__ ((vector_size (4)));
void __builtin_vis_write_gsr (int64_t);
int64_t __builtin_vis_read_gsr (void);
void * __builtin_vis_alignaddr (void *, long);
void * __builtin_vis_alignaddrl (void *, long);
int64_t __builtin_vis_faligndatadi (int64_t, int64_t);
v2si __builtin_vis_faligndatav2si (v2si, v2si);
v4hi __builtin_vis_faligndatav4hi (v4si, v4si);
v8qi __builtin_vis_faligndatav8qi (v8qi, v8qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fexpand (v4qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8x16 (v4qi, v4hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8x16au (v4qi, v2hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8x16al (v4qi, v2hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8sux16 (v8qi, v4hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8ulx16 (v8qi, v4hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fmuld8sux16 (v4qi, v2hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fmuld8ulx16 (v4qi, v2hi);
v4qi __builtin_vis_fpack16 (v4hi);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpack32 (v2si, v8qi);
v2hi __builtin_vis_fpackfix (v2si);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpmerge (v4qi, v4qi);
int64_t __builtin_vis_pdist (v8qi, v8qi, int64_t);
long __builtin_vis_edge8 (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge8l (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge16 (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge16l (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge32 (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge32l (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_fcmple16 (v4hi, v4hi);
long __builtin_vis_fcmple32 (v2si, v2si);
long __builtin_vis_fcmpne16 (v4hi, v4hi);
long __builtin_vis_fcmpne32 (v2si, v2si);
long __builtin_vis_fcmpgt16 (v4hi, v4hi);
long __builtin_vis_fcmpgt32 (v2si, v2si);
long __builtin_vis_fcmpeq16 (v4hi, v4hi);
long __builtin_vis_fcmpeq32 (v2si, v2si);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpadd16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2hi __builtin_vis_fpadd16s (v2hi, v2hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fpadd32 (v2si, v2si);
v1si __builtin_vis_fpadd32s (v1si, v1si);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpsub16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2hi __builtin_vis_fpsub16s (v2hi, v2hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fpsub32 (v2si, v2si);
v1si __builtin_vis_fpsub32s (v1si, v1si);
long __builtin_vis_array8 (long, long);
long __builtin_vis_array16 (long, long);
long __builtin_vis_array32 (long, long);
When you use the '-mvis2' switch, the VIS version 2.0 built-in
functions also become available:
long __builtin_vis_bmask (long, long);
int64_t __builtin_vis_bshuffledi (int64_t, int64_t);
v2si __builtin_vis_bshufflev2si (v2si, v2si);
v4hi __builtin_vis_bshufflev2si (v4hi, v4hi);
v8qi __builtin_vis_bshufflev2si (v8qi, v8qi);
long __builtin_vis_edge8n (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge8ln (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge16n (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge16ln (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge32n (void *, void *);
long __builtin_vis_edge32ln (void *, void *);
When you use the '-mvis3' switch, the VIS version 3.0 built-in
functions also become available:
void __builtin_vis_cmask8 (long);
void __builtin_vis_cmask16 (long);
void __builtin_vis_cmask32 (long);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fchksm16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fsll16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fslas16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fsrl16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fsra16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fsll16 (v2si, v2si);
v2si __builtin_vis_fslas16 (v2si, v2si);
v2si __builtin_vis_fsrl16 (v2si, v2si);
v2si __builtin_vis_fsra16 (v2si, v2si);
long __builtin_vis_pdistn (v8qi, v8qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fmean16 (v4hi, v4hi);
int64_t __builtin_vis_fpadd64 (int64_t, int64_t);
int64_t __builtin_vis_fpsub64 (int64_t, int64_t);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpadds16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2hi __builtin_vis_fpadds16s (v2hi, v2hi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpsubs16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2hi __builtin_vis_fpsubs16s (v2hi, v2hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fpadds32 (v2si, v2si);
v1si __builtin_vis_fpadds32s (v1si, v1si);
v2si __builtin_vis_fpsubs32 (v2si, v2si);
v1si __builtin_vis_fpsubs32s (v1si, v1si);
long __builtin_vis_fucmple8 (v8qi, v8qi);
long __builtin_vis_fucmpne8 (v8qi, v8qi);
long __builtin_vis_fucmpgt8 (v8qi, v8qi);
long __builtin_vis_fucmpeq8 (v8qi, v8qi);
float __builtin_vis_fhadds (float, float);
double __builtin_vis_fhaddd (double, double);
float __builtin_vis_fhsubs (float, float);
double __builtin_vis_fhsubd (double, double);
float __builtin_vis_fnhadds (float, float);
double __builtin_vis_fnhaddd (double, double);
int64_t __builtin_vis_umulxhi (int64_t, int64_t);
int64_t __builtin_vis_xmulx (int64_t, int64_t);
int64_t __builtin_vis_xmulxhi (int64_t, int64_t);
When you use the '-mvis4' switch, the VIS version 4.0 built-in
functions also become available:
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpadd8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpadds8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpaddus8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpaddus16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpsub8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpsubs8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpsubus8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpsubus16 (v4hi, v4hi);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmple8 (v8qi, v8qi);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpgt8 (v8qi, v8qi);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpule16 (v4hi, v4hi);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpugt16 (v4hi, v4hi);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpule32 (v2si, v2si);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpugt32 (v2si, v2si);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpmax8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpmax16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fpmax32 (v2si, v2si);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpmaxu8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpmaxu16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fpmaxu32 (v2si, v2si);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpmin8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpmin16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fpmin32 (v2si, v2si);
v8qi __builtin_vis_fpminu8 (v8qi, v8qi);
v4hi __builtin_vis_fpminu16 (v4hi, v4hi);
v2si __builtin_vis_fpminu32 (v2si, v2si);
When you use the '-mvis4b' switch, the VIS version 4.0B built-in
functions also become available:
v8qi __builtin_vis_dictunpack8 (double, int);
v4hi __builtin_vis_dictunpack16 (double, int);
v2si __builtin_vis_dictunpack32 (double, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmple8shl (v8qi, v8qi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpgt8shl (v8qi, v8qi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpeq8shl (v8qi, v8qi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpne8shl (v8qi, v8qi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmple16shl (v4hi, v4hi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpgt16shl (v4hi, v4hi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpeq16shl (v4hi, v4hi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpne16shl (v4hi, v4hi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmple32shl (v2si, v2si, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpgt32shl (v2si, v2si, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpeq32shl (v2si, v2si, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpne32shl (v2si, v2si, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpule8shl (v8qi, v8qi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpugt8shl (v8qi, v8qi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpule16shl (v4hi, v4hi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpugt16shl (v4hi, v4hi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpule32shl (v2si, v2si, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpugt32shl (v2si, v2si, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpde8shl (v8qi, v8qi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpde16shl (v4hi, v4hi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpde32shl (v2si, v2si, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpur8shl (v8qi, v8qi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpur16shl (v4hi, v4hi, int);
long __builtin_vis_fpcmpur32shl (v2si, v2si, int);
File: gcc.info, Node: SPU Built-in Functions, Next: TI C6X Built-in Functions, Prev: SPARC VIS Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.29 SPU Built-in Functions
------------------------------
GCC provides extensions for the SPU processor as described in the
Sony/Toshiba/IBM SPU Language Extensions Specification. GCC's
implementation differs in several ways.
* The optional extension of specifying vector constants in
parentheses is not supported.
* A vector initializer requires no cast if the vector constant is of
the same type as the variable it is initializing.
* If 'signed' or 'unsigned' is omitted, the signedness of the vector
type is the default signedness of the base type. The default
varies depending on the operating system, so a portable program
should always specify the signedness.
* By default, the keyword '__vector' is added. The macro 'vector' is
defined in '<spu_intrinsics.h>' and can be undefined.
* GCC allows using a 'typedef' name as the type specifier for a
vector type.
* For C, overloaded functions are implemented with macros so the
following does not work:
spu_add ((vector signed int){1, 2, 3, 4}, foo);
Since 'spu_add' is a macro, the vector constant in the example is
treated as four separate arguments. Wrap the entire argument in
parentheses for this to work.
* The extended version of '__builtin_expect' is not supported.
_Note:_ Only the interface described in the aforementioned
specification is supported. Internally, GCC uses built-in functions to
implement the required functionality, but these are not supported and
are subject to change without notice.
File: gcc.info, Node: TI C6X Built-in Functions, Next: TILE-Gx Built-in Functions, Prev: SPU Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.30 TI C6X Built-in Functions
---------------------------------
GCC provides intrinsics to access certain instructions of the TI C6X
processors. These intrinsics, listed below, are available after
inclusion of the 'c6x_intrinsics.h' header file. They map directly to
C6X instructions.
int _sadd (int, int)
int _ssub (int, int)
int _sadd2 (int, int)
int _ssub2 (int, int)
long long _mpy2 (int, int)
long long _smpy2 (int, int)
int _add4 (int, int)
int _sub4 (int, int)
int _saddu4 (int, int)
int _smpy (int, int)
int _smpyh (int, int)
int _smpyhl (int, int)
int _smpylh (int, int)
int _sshl (int, int)
int _subc (int, int)
int _avg2 (int, int)
int _avgu4 (int, int)
int _clrr (int, int)
int _extr (int, int)
int _extru (int, int)
int _abs (int)
int _abs2 (int)
File: gcc.info, Node: TILE-Gx Built-in Functions, Next: TILEPro Built-in Functions, Prev: TI C6X Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.31 TILE-Gx Built-in Functions
----------------------------------
GCC provides intrinsics to access every instruction of the TILE-Gx
processor. The intrinsics are of the form:
unsigned long long __insn_OP (...)
Where OP is the name of the instruction. Refer to the ISA manual for
the complete list of instructions.
GCC also provides intrinsics to directly access the network registers.
The intrinsics are:
unsigned long long __tile_idn0_receive (void)
unsigned long long __tile_idn1_receive (void)
unsigned long long __tile_udn0_receive (void)
unsigned long long __tile_udn1_receive (void)
unsigned long long __tile_udn2_receive (void)
unsigned long long __tile_udn3_receive (void)
void __tile_idn_send (unsigned long long)
void __tile_udn_send (unsigned long long)
The intrinsic 'void __tile_network_barrier (void)' is used to guarantee
that no network operations before it are reordered with those after it.
File: gcc.info, Node: TILEPro Built-in Functions, Next: x86 Built-in Functions, Prev: TILE-Gx Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.32 TILEPro Built-in Functions
----------------------------------
GCC provides intrinsics to access every instruction of the TILEPro
processor. The intrinsics are of the form:
unsigned __insn_OP (...)
where OP is the name of the instruction. Refer to the ISA manual for
the complete list of instructions.
GCC also provides intrinsics to directly access the network registers.
The intrinsics are:
unsigned __tile_idn0_receive (void)
unsigned __tile_idn1_receive (void)
unsigned __tile_sn_receive (void)
unsigned __tile_udn0_receive (void)
unsigned __tile_udn1_receive (void)
unsigned __tile_udn2_receive (void)
unsigned __tile_udn3_receive (void)
void __tile_idn_send (unsigned)
void __tile_sn_send (unsigned)
void __tile_udn_send (unsigned)
The intrinsic 'void __tile_network_barrier (void)' is used to guarantee
that no network operations before it are reordered with those after it.
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 Built-in Functions, Next: x86 transactional memory intrinsics, Prev: TILEPro Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.33 x86 Built-in Functions
------------------------------
These built-in functions are available for the x86-32 and x86-64 family
of computers, depending on the command-line switches used.
If you specify command-line switches such as '-msse', the compiler
could use the extended instruction sets even if the built-ins are not
used explicitly in the program. For this reason, applications that
perform run-time CPU detection must compile separate files for each
supported architecture, using the appropriate flags. In particular, the
file containing the CPU detection code should be compiled without these
options.
The following machine modes are available for use with MMX built-in
functions (*note Vector Extensions::): 'V2SI' for a vector of two 32-bit
integers, 'V4HI' for a vector of four 16-bit integers, and 'V8QI' for a
vector of eight 8-bit integers. Some of the built-in functions operate
on MMX registers as a whole 64-bit entity, these use 'V1DI' as their
mode.
If 3DNow! extensions are enabled, 'V2SF' is used as a mode for a vector
of two 32-bit floating-point values.
If SSE extensions are enabled, 'V4SF' is used for a vector of four
32-bit floating-point values. Some instructions use a vector of four
32-bit integers, these use 'V4SI'. Finally, some instructions operate
on an entire vector register, interpreting it as a 128-bit integer,
these use mode 'TI'.
The x86-32 and x86-64 family of processors use additional built-in
functions for efficient use of 'TF' ('__float128') 128-bit floating
point and 'TC' 128-bit complex floating-point values.
The following floating-point built-in functions are always available.
All of them implement the function that is part of the name.
__float128 __builtin_fabsq (__float128)
__float128 __builtin_copysignq (__float128, __float128)
The following built-in functions are always available.
'__float128 __builtin_infq (void)'
Similar to '__builtin_inf', except the return type is '__float128'.
'__float128 __builtin_huge_valq (void)'
Similar to '__builtin_huge_val', except the return type is
'__float128'.
'__float128 __builtin_nanq (void)'
Similar to '__builtin_nan', except the return type is '__float128'.
'__float128 __builtin_nansq (void)'
Similar to '__builtin_nans', except the return type is
'__float128'.
The following built-in function is always available.
'void __builtin_ia32_pause (void)'
Generates the 'pause' machine instruction with a compiler memory
barrier.
The following built-in functions are always available and can be used
to check the target platform type.
-- Built-in Function: void __builtin_cpu_init (void)
This function runs the CPU detection code to check the type of CPU
and the features supported. This built-in function needs to be
invoked along with the built-in functions to check CPU type and
features, '__builtin_cpu_is' and '__builtin_cpu_supports', only
when used in a function that is executed before any constructors
are called. The CPU detection code is automatically executed in a
very high priority constructor.
For example, this function has to be used in 'ifunc' resolvers that
check for CPU type using the built-in functions '__builtin_cpu_is'
and '__builtin_cpu_supports', or in constructors on targets that
don't support constructor priority.
static void (*resolve_memcpy (void)) (void)
{
// ifunc resolvers fire before constructors, explicitly call the init
// function.
__builtin_cpu_init ();
if (__builtin_cpu_supports ("ssse3"))
return ssse3_memcpy; // super fast memcpy with ssse3 instructions.
else
return default_memcpy;
}
void *memcpy (void *, const void *, size_t)
__attribute__ ((ifunc ("resolve_memcpy")));
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_cpu_is (const char *CPUNAME)
This function returns a positive integer if the run-time CPU is of
type CPUNAME and returns '0' otherwise. The following CPU names
can be detected:
'intel'
Intel CPU.
'atom'
Intel Atom CPU.
'core2'
Intel Core 2 CPU.
'corei7'
Intel Core i7 CPU.
'nehalem'
Intel Core i7 Nehalem CPU.
'westmere'
Intel Core i7 Westmere CPU.
'sandybridge'
Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge CPU.
'amd'
AMD CPU.
'amdfam10h'
AMD Family 10h CPU.
'barcelona'
AMD Family 10h Barcelona CPU.
'shanghai'
AMD Family 10h Shanghai CPU.
'istanbul'
AMD Family 10h Istanbul CPU.
'btver1'
AMD Family 14h CPU.
'amdfam15h'
AMD Family 15h CPU.
'bdver1'
AMD Family 15h Bulldozer version 1.
'bdver2'
AMD Family 15h Bulldozer version 2.
'bdver3'
AMD Family 15h Bulldozer version 3.
'bdver4'
AMD Family 15h Bulldozer version 4.
'btver2'
AMD Family 16h CPU.
'amdfam17h'
AMD Family 17h CPU.
'znver1'
AMD Family 17h Zen version 1.
Here is an example:
if (__builtin_cpu_is ("corei7"))
{
do_corei7 (); // Core i7 specific implementation.
}
else
{
do_generic (); // Generic implementation.
}
-- Built-in Function: int __builtin_cpu_supports (const char *FEATURE)
This function returns a positive integer if the run-time CPU
supports FEATURE and returns '0' otherwise. The following features
can be detected:
'cmov'
CMOV instruction.
'mmx'
MMX instructions.
'popcnt'
POPCNT instruction.
'sse'
SSE instructions.
'sse2'
SSE2 instructions.
'sse3'
SSE3 instructions.
'ssse3'
SSSE3 instructions.
'sse4.1'
SSE4.1 instructions.
'sse4.2'
SSE4.2 instructions.
'avx'
AVX instructions.
'avx2'
AVX2 instructions.
'avx512f'
AVX512F instructions.
Here is an example:
if (__builtin_cpu_supports ("popcnt"))
{
asm("popcnt %1,%0" : "=r"(count) : "rm"(n) : "cc");
}
else
{
count = generic_countbits (n); //generic implementation.
}
The following built-in functions are made available by '-mmmx'. All of
them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v8qi __builtin_ia32_paddb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_paddw (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_paddd (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_psubb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psubw (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_psubd (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_paddsb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_paddsw (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_psubsb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psubsw (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_paddusb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_paddusw (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_psubusb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psubusw (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmullw (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhw (v4hi, v4hi)
di __builtin_ia32_pand (di, di)
di __builtin_ia32_pandn (di,di)
di __builtin_ia32_por (di, di)
di __builtin_ia32_pxor (di, di)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqw (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqd (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtw (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtd (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_punpckhbw (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_punpckhwd (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_punpckhdq (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_punpcklbw (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_punpcklwd (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_punpckldq (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_packsswb (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_packssdw (v2si, v2si)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_packuswb (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psllw (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pslld (v2si, v2si)
v1di __builtin_ia32_psllq (v1di, v1di)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psrlw (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_psrld (v2si, v2si)
v1di __builtin_ia32_psrlq (v1di, v1di)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psraw (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_psrad (v2si, v2si)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psllwi (v4hi, int)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pslldi (v2si, int)
v1di __builtin_ia32_psllqi (v1di, int)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psrlwi (v4hi, int)
v2si __builtin_ia32_psrldi (v2si, int)
v1di __builtin_ia32_psrlqi (v1di, int)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psrawi (v4hi, int)
v2si __builtin_ia32_psradi (v2si, int)
The following built-in functions are made available either with
'-msse', or with '-m3dnowa'. All of them generate the machine
instruction that is part of the name.
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhuw (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_pavgb (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pavgw (v4hi, v4hi)
v1di __builtin_ia32_psadbw (v8qi, v8qi)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxub (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsw (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_pminub (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pminsw (v4hi, v4hi)
int __builtin_ia32_pmovmskb (v8qi)
void __builtin_ia32_maskmovq (v8qi, v8qi, char *)
void __builtin_ia32_movntq (di *, di)
void __builtin_ia32_sfence (void)
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
int __builtin_ia32_comieq (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_comineq (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_comilt (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_comile (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_comigt (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_comige (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomieq (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomineq (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomilt (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomile (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomigt (v4sf, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomige (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_addps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_subps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_mulps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_divps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_addss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_subss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_mulss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_divss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpeqps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpltps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpleps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpgtps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpgeps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpunordps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpneqps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpnltps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpnleps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpngtps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpngeps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpordps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpeqss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpltss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpless (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpunordss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpneqss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpnltss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpnless (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpordss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_maxps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_maxss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_minps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_minss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_andps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_andnps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_orps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_xorps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_movss (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_movhlps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_movlhps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_unpckhps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_unpcklps (v4sf, v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtpi2ps (v4sf, v2si)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtsi2ss (v4sf, int)
v2si __builtin_ia32_cvtps2pi (v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_cvtss2si (v4sf)
v2si __builtin_ia32_cvttps2pi (v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_cvttss2si (v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_rcpps (v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_rsqrtps (v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_sqrtps (v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_rcpss (v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_rsqrtss (v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_sqrtss (v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_shufps (v4sf, v4sf, int)
void __builtin_ia32_movntps (float *, v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_movmskps (v4sf)
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse' is used.
'v4sf __builtin_ia32_loadups (float *)'
Generates the 'movups' machine instruction as a load from memory.
'void __builtin_ia32_storeups (float *, v4sf)'
Generates the 'movups' machine instruction as a store to memory.
'v4sf __builtin_ia32_loadss (float *)'
Generates the 'movss' machine instruction as a load from memory.
'v4sf __builtin_ia32_loadhps (v4sf, const v2sf *)'
Generates the 'movhps' machine instruction as a load from memory.
'v4sf __builtin_ia32_loadlps (v4sf, const v2sf *)'
Generates the 'movlps' machine instruction as a load from memory
'void __builtin_ia32_storehps (v2sf *, v4sf)'
Generates the 'movhps' machine instruction as a store to memory.
'void __builtin_ia32_storelps (v2sf *, v4sf)'
Generates the 'movlps' machine instruction as a store to memory.
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse2' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
int __builtin_ia32_comisdeq (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_comisdlt (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_comisdle (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_comisdgt (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_comisdge (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_comisdneq (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdeq (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdlt (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdle (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdgt (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdge (v2df, v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdneq (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpeqpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpltpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmplepd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpgtpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpgepd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpunordpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpneqpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpnltpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpnlepd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpngtpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpngepd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpordpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpeqsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpltsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmplesd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpunordsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpneqsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpnltsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpnlesd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpordsd (v2df, v2df)
v2di __builtin_ia32_paddq (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psubq (v2di, v2di)
v2df __builtin_ia32_addpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_subpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_mulpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_divpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_addsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_subsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_mulsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_divsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_minpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_maxpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_minsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_maxsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_andpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_andnpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_orpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_xorpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_movsd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_unpckhpd (v2df, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_unpcklpd (v2df, v2df)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_paddb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_paddw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_paddd128 (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_paddq128 (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_psubb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_psubw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psubd128 (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psubq128 (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmullw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pand128 (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pandn128 (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_por128 (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pxor128 (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pavgb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pavgw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqd128 (v4si, v4si)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtd128 (v4si, v4si)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxub128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pminub128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pminsw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_punpckhbw128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_punpckhwd128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_punpckhdq128 (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_punpckhqdq128 (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_punpcklbw128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_punpcklwd128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_punpckldq128 (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_punpcklqdq128 (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_packsswb128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_packssdw128 (v4si, v4si)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_packuswb128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhuw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
void __builtin_ia32_maskmovdqu (v16qi, v16qi)
v2df __builtin_ia32_loadupd (double *)
void __builtin_ia32_storeupd (double *, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_loadhpd (v2df, double const *)
v2df __builtin_ia32_loadlpd (v2df, double const *)
int __builtin_ia32_movmskpd (v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_pmovmskb128 (v16qi)
void __builtin_ia32_movnti (int *, int)
void __builtin_ia32_movnti64 (long long int *, long long int)
void __builtin_ia32_movntpd (double *, v2df)
void __builtin_ia32_movntdq (v2df *, v2df)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pshufd (v4si, int)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pshuflw (v8hi, int)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pshufhw (v8hi, int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psadbw128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v2df __builtin_ia32_sqrtpd (v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_sqrtsd (v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_shufpd (v2df, v2df, int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtdq2pd (v4si)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtdq2ps (v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2dq (v2df)
v2si __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2pi (v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2ps (v2df)
v4si __builtin_ia32_cvttpd2dq (v2df)
v2si __builtin_ia32_cvttpd2pi (v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtpi2pd (v2si)
int __builtin_ia32_cvtsd2si (v2df)
int __builtin_ia32_cvttsd2si (v2df)
long long __builtin_ia32_cvtsd2si64 (v2df)
long long __builtin_ia32_cvttsd2si64 (v2df)
v4si __builtin_ia32_cvtps2dq (v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtps2pd (v4sf)
v4si __builtin_ia32_cvttps2dq (v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtsi2sd (v2df, int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtsi642sd (v2df, long long)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtsd2ss (v4sf, v2df)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtss2sd (v2df, v4sf)
void __builtin_ia32_clflush (const void *)
void __builtin_ia32_lfence (void)
void __builtin_ia32_mfence (void)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_loaddqu (const char *)
void __builtin_ia32_storedqu (char *, v16qi)
v1di __builtin_ia32_pmuludq (v2si, v2si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pmuludq128 (v4si, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_psllw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pslld128 (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psllq128 (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_psrlw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psrld128 (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psrlq128 (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_psraw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psrad128 (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pslldqi128 (v2di, int)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_psllwi128 (v8hi, int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pslldi128 (v4si, int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psllqi128 (v2di, int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psrldqi128 (v2di, int)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_psrlwi128 (v8hi, int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psrldi128 (v4si, int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psrlqi128 (v2di, int)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_psrawi128 (v8hi, int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psradi128 (v4si, int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pmaddwd128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_movq128 (v2di)
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse3' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v2df __builtin_ia32_addsubpd (v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_addsubps (v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_haddpd (v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_haddps (v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_hsubpd (v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_hsubps (v4sf, v4sf)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_lddqu (char const *)
void __builtin_ia32_monitor (void *, unsigned int, unsigned int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_movshdup (v4sf)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_movsldup (v4sf)
void __builtin_ia32_mwait (unsigned int, unsigned int)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mssse3' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v2si __builtin_ia32_phaddd (v2si, v2si)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_phaddw (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_phaddsw (v4hi, v4hi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_phsubd (v2si, v2si)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_phsubw (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_phsubsw (v4hi, v4hi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmaddubsw (v8qi, v8qi)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhrsw (v4hi, v4hi)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_pshufb (v8qi, v8qi)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_psignb (v8qi, v8qi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_psignd (v2si, v2si)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_psignw (v4hi, v4hi)
v1di __builtin_ia32_palignr (v1di, v1di, int)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_pabsb (v8qi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pabsd (v2si)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pabsw (v4hi)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mssse3' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v4si __builtin_ia32_phaddd128 (v4si, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_phaddw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_phaddsw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_phsubd128 (v4si, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_phsubw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_phsubsw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmaddubsw128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhrsw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pshufb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_psignb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psignd128 (v4si, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_psignw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_palignr128 (v2di, v2di, int)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pabsb128 (v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pabsd128 (v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pabsw128 (v8hi)
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse4.1' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v2df __builtin_ia32_blendpd (v2df, v2df, const int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_blendps (v4sf, v4sf, const int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_blendvpd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_blendvps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_dppd (v2df, v2df, const int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_dpps (v4sf, v4sf, const int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_insertps128 (v4sf, v4sf, const int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_movntdqa (v2di *);
v16qi __builtin_ia32_mpsadbw128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_packusdw128 (v4si, v4si)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pblendvb128 (v16qi, v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pblendw128 (v8hi, v8hi, const int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_phminposuw128 (v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pmaxsd128 (v4si, v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pmaxud128 (v4si, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxuw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pminsb128 (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pminsd128 (v4si, v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pminud128 (v4si, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pminuw128 (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbd128 (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbq128 (v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbw128 (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxdq128 (v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pmovsxwd128 (v8hi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxwq128 (v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbd128 (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbq128 (v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbw128 (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxdq128 (v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pmovzxwd128 (v8hi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxwq128 (v8hi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pmuldq128 (v4si, v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pmulld128 (v4si, v4si)
int __builtin_ia32_ptestc128 (v2di, v2di)
int __builtin_ia32_ptestnzc128 (v2di, v2di)
int __builtin_ia32_ptestz128 (v2di, v2di)
v2df __builtin_ia32_roundpd (v2df, const int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_roundps (v4sf, const int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_roundsd (v2df, v2df, const int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_roundss (v4sf, v4sf, const int)
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse4.1' is used.
'v4sf __builtin_ia32_vec_set_v4sf (v4sf, float, const int)'
Generates the 'insertps' machine instruction.
'int __builtin_ia32_vec_ext_v16qi (v16qi, const int)'
Generates the 'pextrb' machine instruction.
'v16qi __builtin_ia32_vec_set_v16qi (v16qi, int, const int)'
Generates the 'pinsrb' machine instruction.
'v4si __builtin_ia32_vec_set_v4si (v4si, int, const int)'
Generates the 'pinsrd' machine instruction.
'v2di __builtin_ia32_vec_set_v2di (v2di, long long, const int)'
Generates the 'pinsrq' machine instruction in 64bit mode.
The following built-in functions are changed to generate new SSE4.1
instructions when '-msse4.1' is used.
'float __builtin_ia32_vec_ext_v4sf (v4sf, const int)'
Generates the 'extractps' machine instruction.
'int __builtin_ia32_vec_ext_v4si (v4si, const int)'
Generates the 'pextrd' machine instruction.
'long long __builtin_ia32_vec_ext_v2di (v2di, const int)'
Generates the 'pextrq' machine instruction in 64bit mode.
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse4.2' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpestrm128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestri128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestria128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestric128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestrio128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestris128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestriz128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpistrm128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistri128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistria128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistric128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistrio128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistris128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int)
int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistriz128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtq (v2di, v2di)
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse4.2' is used.
'unsigned int __builtin_ia32_crc32qi (unsigned int, unsigned char)'
Generates the 'crc32b' machine instruction.
'unsigned int __builtin_ia32_crc32hi (unsigned int, unsigned short)'
Generates the 'crc32w' machine instruction.
'unsigned int __builtin_ia32_crc32si (unsigned int, unsigned int)'
Generates the 'crc32l' machine instruction.
'unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_crc32di (unsigned long long, unsigned long long)'
Generates the 'crc32q' machine instruction.
The following built-in functions are changed to generate new SSE4.2
instructions when '-msse4.2' is used.
'int __builtin_popcount (unsigned int)'
Generates the 'popcntl' machine instruction.
'int __builtin_popcountl (unsigned long)'
Generates the 'popcntl' or 'popcntq' machine instruction, depending
on the size of 'unsigned long'.
'int __builtin_popcountll (unsigned long long)'
Generates the 'popcntq' machine instruction.
The following built-in functions are available when '-mavx' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v4df __builtin_ia32_addpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_addps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_addsubpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_addsubps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_andnpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_andnps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_andpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_andps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_blendpd256 (v4df,v4df,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_blendps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_blendvpd256 (v4df,v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_blendvps256 (v8sf,v8sf,v8sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmppd (v2df,v2df,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_cmppd256 (v4df,v4df,int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpps (v4sf,v4sf,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_cmpps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpsd (v2df,v2df,int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpss (v4sf,v4sf,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_cvtdq2pd256 (v4si)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_cvtdq2ps256 (v8si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2dq256 (v4df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2ps256 (v4df)
v8si __builtin_ia32_cvtps2dq256 (v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_cvtps2pd256 (v4sf)
v4si __builtin_ia32_cvttpd2dq256 (v4df)
v8si __builtin_ia32_cvttps2dq256 (v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_divpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_divps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_dpps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_haddpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_haddps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_hsubpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_hsubps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_lddqu256 (pcchar)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_loaddqu256 (pcchar)
v4df __builtin_ia32_loadupd256 (pcdouble)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_loadups256 (pcfloat)
v2df __builtin_ia32_maskloadpd (pcv2df,v2df)
v4df __builtin_ia32_maskloadpd256 (pcv4df,v4df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_maskloadps (pcv4sf,v4sf)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_maskloadps256 (pcv8sf,v8sf)
void __builtin_ia32_maskstorepd (pv2df,v2df,v2df)
void __builtin_ia32_maskstorepd256 (pv4df,v4df,v4df)
void __builtin_ia32_maskstoreps (pv4sf,v4sf,v4sf)
void __builtin_ia32_maskstoreps256 (pv8sf,v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_maxpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_maxps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_minpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_minps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_movddup256 (v4df)
int __builtin_ia32_movmskpd256 (v4df)
int __builtin_ia32_movmskps256 (v8sf)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_movshdup256 (v8sf)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_movsldup256 (v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_mulpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_mulps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_orpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_orps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_pd_pd256 (v4df)
v4df __builtin_ia32_pd256_pd (v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_ps_ps256 (v8sf)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_ps256_ps (v4sf)
int __builtin_ia32_ptestc256 (v4di,v4di,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_ptestnzc256 (v4di,v4di,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_ptestz256 (v4di,v4di,ptest)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_rcpps256 (v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_roundpd256 (v4df,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_roundps256 (v8sf,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_rsqrtps_nr256 (v8sf)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_rsqrtps256 (v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_shufpd256 (v4df,v4df,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_shufps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_si_si256 (v8si)
v8si __builtin_ia32_si256_si (v4si)
v4df __builtin_ia32_sqrtpd256 (v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_sqrtps_nr256 (v8sf)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_sqrtps256 (v8sf)
void __builtin_ia32_storedqu256 (pchar,v32qi)
void __builtin_ia32_storeupd256 (pdouble,v4df)
void __builtin_ia32_storeups256 (pfloat,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_subpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_subps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_unpckhpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_unpckhps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_unpcklpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_unpcklps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastf128_pd256 (pcv2df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastf128_ps256 (pcv4sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastsd256 (pcdouble)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastss (pcfloat)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastss256 (pcfloat)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vextractf128_pd256 (v4df,int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vextractf128_ps256 (v8sf,int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vextractf128_si256 (v8si,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vinsertf128_pd256 (v4df,v2df,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vinsertf128_ps256 (v8sf,v4sf,int)
v8si __builtin_ia32_vinsertf128_si256 (v8si,v4si,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vperm2f128_pd256 (v4df,v4df,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vperm2f128_ps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int)
v8si __builtin_ia32_vperm2f128_si256 (v8si,v8si,int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vpermil2pd (v2df,v2df,v2di,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vpermil2pd256 (v4df,v4df,v4di,int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vpermil2ps (v4sf,v4sf,v4si,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vpermil2ps256 (v8sf,v8sf,v8si,int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vpermilpd (v2df,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vpermilpd256 (v4df,int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vpermilps (v4sf,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vpermilps256 (v8sf,int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vpermilvarpd (v2df,v2di)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vpermilvarpd256 (v4df,v4di)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vpermilvarps (v4sf,v4si)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vpermilvarps256 (v8sf,v8si)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestcpd (v2df,v2df,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestcpd256 (v4df,v4df,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestcps (v4sf,v4sf,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestcps256 (v8sf,v8sf,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestnzcpd (v2df,v2df,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestnzcpd256 (v4df,v4df,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestnzcps (v4sf,v4sf,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestnzcps256 (v8sf,v8sf,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestzpd (v2df,v2df,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestzpd256 (v4df,v4df,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestzps (v4sf,v4sf,ptest)
int __builtin_ia32_vtestzps256 (v8sf,v8sf,ptest)
void __builtin_ia32_vzeroall (void)
void __builtin_ia32_vzeroupper (void)
v4df __builtin_ia32_xorpd256 (v4df,v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_xorps256 (v8sf,v8sf)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mavx2' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v32qi __builtin_ia32_mpsadbw256 (v32qi,v32qi,int)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pabsb256 (v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pabsw256 (v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pabsd256 (v8si)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_packssdw256 (v8si,v8si)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_packsswb256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_packusdw256 (v8si,v8si)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_packuswb256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_paddb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_paddw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_paddd256 (v8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_paddq256 (v4di,v4di)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_paddsb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_paddsw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_paddusb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_paddusw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v4di __builtin_ia32_palignr256 (v4di,v4di,int)
v4di __builtin_ia32_andsi256 (v4di,v4di)
v4di __builtin_ia32_andnotsi256 (v4di,v4di)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pavgb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pavgw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pblendvb256 (v32qi,v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pblendw256 (v16hi,v16hi,int)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqd256 (c8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqq256 (v4di,v4di)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtw256 (16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtd256 (v8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtq256 (v4di,v4di)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_phaddw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_phaddd256 (v8si,v8si)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_phaddsw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_phsubw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_phsubd256 (v8si,v8si)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_phsubsw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pmaddubsw256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmaddwd256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pmaxsd256 (v8si,v8si)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxub256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxuw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pmaxud256 (v8si,v8si)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pminsb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pminsw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pminsd256 (v8si,v8si)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pminub256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pminuw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pminud256 (v8si,v8si)
int __builtin_ia32_pmovmskb256 (v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbw256 (v16qi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbd256 (v16qi)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbq256 (v16qi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pmovsxwd256 (v8hi)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxwq256 (v8hi)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxdq256 (v4si)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbw256 (v16qi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbd256 (v16qi)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbq256 (v16qi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pmovzxwd256 (v8hi)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxwq256 (v8hi)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxdq256 (v4si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pmuldq256 (v8si,v8si)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhrsw256 (v16hi, v16hi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhuw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmullw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pmulld256 (v8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pmuludq256 (v8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_por256 (v4di,v4di)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psadbw256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pshufb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pshufd256 (v8si,int)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pshufhw256 (v16hi,int)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pshuflw256 (v16hi,int)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_psignb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psignw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psignd256 (v8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pslldqi256 (v4di,int)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psllwi256 (16hi,int)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psllw256(v16hi,v8hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pslldi256 (v8si,int)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pslld256(v8si,v4si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_psllqi256 (v4di,int)
v4di __builtin_ia32_psllq256(v4di,v2di)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psrawi256 (v16hi,int)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psraw256 (v16hi,v8hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psradi256 (v8si,int)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psrad256 (v8si,v4si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_psrldqi256 (v4di, int)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psrlwi256 (v16hi,int)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psrlw256 (v16hi,v8hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psrldi256 (v8si,int)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psrld256 (v8si,v4si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_psrlqi256 (v4di,int)
v4di __builtin_ia32_psrlq256(v4di,v2di)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_psubb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v32hi __builtin_ia32_psubw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psubd256 (v8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_psubq256 (v4di,v4di)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_psubsb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psubsw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_psubusb256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_psubusw256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_punpckhbw256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_punpckhwd256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_punpckhdq256 (v8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_punpckhqdq256 (v4di,v4di)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_punpcklbw256 (v32qi,v32qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_punpcklwd256 (v16hi,v16hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_punpckldq256 (v8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_punpcklqdq256 (v4di,v4di)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pxor256 (v4di,v4di)
v4di __builtin_ia32_movntdqa256 (pv4di)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastss_ps (v4sf)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastss_ps256 (v4sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastsd_pd256 (v2df)
v4di __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastsi256 (v2di)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pblendd128 (v4si,v4si)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pblendd256 (v8si,v8si)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastb256 (v16qi)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastw256 (v8hi)
v8si __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastd256 (v4si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastq256 (v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastb128 (v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastw128 (v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastd128 (v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastq128 (v2di)
v8si __builtin_ia32_permvarsi256 (v8si,v8si)
v4df __builtin_ia32_permdf256 (v4df,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_permvarsf256 (v8sf,v8sf)
v4di __builtin_ia32_permdi256 (v4di,int)
v4di __builtin_ia32_permti256 (v4di,v4di,int)
v4di __builtin_ia32_extract128i256 (v4di,int)
v4di __builtin_ia32_insert128i256 (v4di,v2di,int)
v8si __builtin_ia32_maskloadd256 (pcv8si,v8si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_maskloadq256 (pcv4di,v4di)
v4si __builtin_ia32_maskloadd (pcv4si,v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_maskloadq (pcv2di,v2di)
void __builtin_ia32_maskstored256 (pv8si,v8si,v8si)
void __builtin_ia32_maskstoreq256 (pv4di,v4di,v4di)
void __builtin_ia32_maskstored (pv4si,v4si,v4si)
void __builtin_ia32_maskstoreq (pv2di,v2di,v2di)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psllv8si (v8si,v8si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psllv4si (v4si,v4si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_psllv4di (v4di,v4di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psllv2di (v2di,v2di)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psrav8si (v8si,v8si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psrav4si (v4si,v4si)
v8si __builtin_ia32_psrlv8si (v8si,v8si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_psrlv4si (v4si,v4si)
v4di __builtin_ia32_psrlv4di (v4di,v4di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_psrlv2di (v2di,v2di)
v2df __builtin_ia32_gathersiv2df (v2df, pcdouble,v4si,v2df,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_gathersiv4df (v4df, pcdouble,v4si,v4df,int)
v2df __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv2df (v2df, pcdouble,v2di,v2df,int)
v4df __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4df (v4df, pcdouble,v4di,v4df,int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_gathersiv4sf (v4sf, pcfloat,v4si,v4sf,int)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_gathersiv8sf (v8sf, pcfloat,v8si,v8sf,int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4sf (v4sf, pcfloat,v2di,v4sf,int)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4sf256 (v4sf, pcfloat,v4di,v4sf,int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_gathersiv2di (v2di, pcint64,v4si,v2di,int)
v4di __builtin_ia32_gathersiv4di (v4di, pcint64,v4si,v4di,int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv2di (v2di, pcint64,v2di,v2di,int)
v4di __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4di (v4di, pcint64,v4di,v4di,int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_gathersiv4si (v4si, pcint,v4si,v4si,int)
v8si __builtin_ia32_gathersiv8si (v8si, pcint,v8si,v8si,int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4si (v4si, pcint,v2di,v4si,int)
v4si __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4si256 (v4si, pcint,v4di,v4si,int)
The following built-in functions are available when '-maes' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v2di __builtin_ia32_aesenc128 (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_aesenclast128 (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_aesdec128 (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_aesdeclast128 (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_aeskeygenassist128 (v2di, const int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_aesimc128 (v2di)
The following built-in function is available when '-mpclmul' is used.
'v2di __builtin_ia32_pclmulqdq128 (v2di, v2di, const int)'
Generates the 'pclmulqdq' machine instruction.
The following built-in function is available when '-mfsgsbase' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdfsbase32 (void)
unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_rdfsbase64 (void)
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdgsbase32 (void)
unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_rdgsbase64 (void)
void _writefsbase_u32 (unsigned int)
void _writefsbase_u64 (unsigned long long)
void _writegsbase_u32 (unsigned int)
void _writegsbase_u64 (unsigned long long)
The following built-in function is available when '-mrdrnd' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdrand16_step (unsigned short *)
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdrand32_step (unsigned int *)
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdrand64_step (unsigned long long *)
The following built-in functions are available when '-msse4a' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
void __builtin_ia32_movntsd (double *, v2df)
void __builtin_ia32_movntss (float *, v4sf)
v2di __builtin_ia32_extrq (v2di, v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_extrqi (v2di, const unsigned int, const unsigned int)
v2di __builtin_ia32_insertq (v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_insertqi (v2di, v2di, const unsigned int, const unsigned int)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mxop' is used.
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfrczpd (v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfrczps (v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfrczsd (v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfrczss (v4sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vfrczpd256 (v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfrczps256 (v8sf)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcmov (v2di, v2di, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v2di (v2di, v2di, v2di)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v4si (v4si, v4si, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v8hi (v8hi, v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v16qi (v16qi, v16qi, v16qi)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v2df (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v4sf (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v4di __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v4di256 (v4di, v4di, v4di)
v8si __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v8si256 (v8si, v8si, v8si)
v16hi __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v16hi256 (v16hi, v16hi, v16hi)
v32qi __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v32qi256 (v32qi, v32qi, v32qi)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v4df256 (v4df, v4df, v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v8sf256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqb (v16qi, v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqw (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqd (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqq (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomequb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomequd (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomequq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomequw (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqw (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalsed (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseq (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseub (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseud (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseuq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseuw (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalsew (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomged (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeq (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeub (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeud (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeuq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeuw (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgew (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtd (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtq (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtub (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtud (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtuq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtuw (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtw (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomleb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomled (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomleq (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomleub (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomleud (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomleuq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomleuw (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomlew (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomltb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomltd (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomltq (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomltub (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomltud (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomltuq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomltuw (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomltw (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomneb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomned (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomneq (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomneub (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomneud (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomneuq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomneuw (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomnew (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrued (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueq (v2di, v2di)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueub (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueud (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueuq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueuw (v8hi, v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomtruew (v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vphaddbd (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vphaddbq (v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vphaddbw (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vphadddq (v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vphaddubd (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vphaddubq (v16qi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vphaddubw (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vphaddudq (v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vphadduwd (v8hi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vphadduwq (v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vphaddwd (v8hi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vphaddwq (v8hi)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vphsubbw (v16qi)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vphsubdq (v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vphsubwd (v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmacsdd (v4si, v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpmacsdqh (v4si, v4si, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpmacsdql (v4si, v4si, v2di)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmacssdd (v4si, v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpmacssdqh (v4si, v4si, v2di)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpmacssdql (v4si, v4si, v2di)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmacsswd (v8hi, v8hi, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpmacssww (v8hi, v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmacswd (v8hi, v8hi, v4si)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpmacsww (v8hi, v8hi, v8hi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmadcsswd (v8hi, v8hi, v4si)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmadcswd (v8hi, v8hi, v4si)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpperm (v16qi, v16qi, v16qi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vprotb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vprotd (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vprotq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vprotw (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpshab (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpshad (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpshaq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpshaw (v8hi, v8hi)
v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpshlb (v16qi, v16qi)
v4si __builtin_ia32_vpshld (v4si, v4si)
v2di __builtin_ia32_vpshlq (v2di, v2di)
v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpshlw (v8hi, v8hi)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mfma4' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddpd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddss (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubpd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubsd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubss (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddpd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddsd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddss (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubpd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubsd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubss (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsubpd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsubps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubaddpd (v2df, v2df, v2df)
v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubaddps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsubpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsubps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf)
v4df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubaddpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df)
v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubaddps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mlwp' is used.
void __builtin_ia32_llwpcb16 (void *);
void __builtin_ia32_llwpcb32 (void *);
void __builtin_ia32_llwpcb64 (void *);
void * __builtin_ia32_llwpcb16 (void);
void * __builtin_ia32_llwpcb32 (void);
void * __builtin_ia32_llwpcb64 (void);
void __builtin_ia32_lwpval16 (unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned short)
void __builtin_ia32_lwpval32 (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int)
void __builtin_ia32_lwpval64 (unsigned __int64, unsigned int, unsigned int)
unsigned char __builtin_ia32_lwpins16 (unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned short)
unsigned char __builtin_ia32_lwpins32 (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int)
unsigned char __builtin_ia32_lwpins64 (unsigned __int64, unsigned int, unsigned int)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mbmi' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_bextr_u32(unsigned int, unsigned int);
unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_bextr_u64 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long);
The following built-in functions are available when '-mbmi2' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
unsigned int _bzhi_u32 (unsigned int, unsigned int)
unsigned int _pdep_u32 (unsigned int, unsigned int)
unsigned int _pext_u32 (unsigned int, unsigned int)
unsigned long long _bzhi_u64 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long)
unsigned long long _pdep_u64 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long)
unsigned long long _pext_u64 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mlzcnt' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
unsigned short __builtin_ia32_lzcnt_u16(unsigned short);
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_lzcnt_u32(unsigned int);
unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_lzcnt_u64 (unsigned long long);
The following built-in functions are available when '-mfxsr' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
void __builtin_ia32_fxsave (void *)
void __builtin_ia32_fxrstor (void *)
void __builtin_ia32_fxsave64 (void *)
void __builtin_ia32_fxrstor64 (void *)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mxsave' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
void __builtin_ia32_xsave (void *, long long)
void __builtin_ia32_xrstor (void *, long long)
void __builtin_ia32_xsave64 (void *, long long)
void __builtin_ia32_xrstor64 (void *, long long)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mxsaveopt' is
used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the
name.
void __builtin_ia32_xsaveopt (void *, long long)
void __builtin_ia32_xsaveopt64 (void *, long long)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mtbm' is used.
Both of them generate the immediate form of the bextr machine
instruction.
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_bextri_u32 (unsigned int,
const unsigned int);
unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_bextri_u64 (unsigned long long,
const unsigned long long);
The following built-in functions are available when '-m3dnow' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
void __builtin_ia32_femms (void)
v8qi __builtin_ia32_pavgusb (v8qi, v8qi)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pf2id (v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfacc (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfadd (v2sf, v2sf)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pfcmpeq (v2sf, v2sf)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pfcmpge (v2sf, v2sf)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pfcmpgt (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfmax (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfmin (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfmul (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfrcp (v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfrcpit1 (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfrcpit2 (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfrsqrt (v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfsub (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfsubr (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pi2fd (v2si)
v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhrw (v4hi, v4hi)
The following built-in functions are available when '-m3dnowa' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
v2si __builtin_ia32_pf2iw (v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfnacc (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfpnacc (v2sf, v2sf)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pi2fw (v2si)
v2sf __builtin_ia32_pswapdsf (v2sf)
v2si __builtin_ia32_pswapdsi (v2si)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mrtm' is used
They are used for restricted transactional memory. These are the
internal low level functions. Normally the functions in *note x86
transactional memory intrinsics:: should be used instead.
int __builtin_ia32_xbegin ()
void __builtin_ia32_xend ()
void __builtin_ia32_xabort (status)
int __builtin_ia32_xtest ()
The following built-in functions are available when '-mmwaitx' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
void __builtin_ia32_monitorx (void *, unsigned int, unsigned int)
void __builtin_ia32_mwaitx (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mclzero' is used.
All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name.
void __builtin_i32_clzero (void *)
The following built-in functions are available when '-mpku' is used.
They generate reads and writes to PKRU.
void __builtin_ia32_wrpkru (unsigned int)
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdpkru ()
The following built-in functions are available when '-mcet' or
'-mshstk' option is used. They support shadow stack machine
instructions from Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET). Each
built-in function generates the machine instruction that is part of the
function's name. These are the internal low-level functions. Normally
the functions in *note x86 control-flow protection intrinsics:: should
be used instead.
unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdsspd (void)
unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_rdsspq (void)
void __builtin_ia32_incsspd (unsigned int)
void __builtin_ia32_incsspq (unsigned long long)
void __builtin_ia32_saveprevssp(void);
void __builtin_ia32_rstorssp(void *);
void __builtin_ia32_wrssd(unsigned int, void *);
void __builtin_ia32_wrssq(unsigned long long, void *);
void __builtin_ia32_wrussd(unsigned int, void *);
void __builtin_ia32_wrussq(unsigned long long, void *);
void __builtin_ia32_setssbsy(void);
void __builtin_ia32_clrssbsy(void *);
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 transactional memory intrinsics, Next: x86 control-flow protection intrinsics, Prev: x86 Built-in Functions, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.34 x86 Transactional Memory Intrinsics
-------------------------------------------
These hardware transactional memory intrinsics for x86 allow you to use
memory transactions with RTM (Restricted Transactional Memory). This
support is enabled with the '-mrtm' option. For using HLE (Hardware
Lock Elision) see *note x86 specific memory model extensions for
transactional memory:: instead.
A memory transaction commits all changes to memory in an atomic way, as
visible to other threads. If the transaction fails it is rolled back
and all side effects discarded.
Generally there is no guarantee that a memory transaction ever succeeds
and suitable fallback code always needs to be supplied.
-- RTM Function: unsigned _xbegin ()
Start a RTM (Restricted Transactional Memory) transaction. Returns
'_XBEGIN_STARTED' when the transaction started successfully (note
this is not 0, so the constant has to be explicitly tested).
If the transaction aborts, all side effects are undone and an abort
code encoded as a bit mask is returned. The following macros are
defined:
'_XABORT_EXPLICIT'
Transaction was explicitly aborted with '_xabort'. The
parameter passed to '_xabort' is available with
'_XABORT_CODE(status)'.
'_XABORT_RETRY'
Transaction retry is possible.
'_XABORT_CONFLICT'
Transaction abort due to a memory conflict with another
thread.
'_XABORT_CAPACITY'
Transaction abort due to the transaction using too much
memory.
'_XABORT_DEBUG'
Transaction abort due to a debug trap.
'_XABORT_NESTED'
Transaction abort in an inner nested transaction.
There is no guarantee any transaction ever succeeds, so there
always needs to be a valid fallback path.
-- RTM Function: void _xend ()
Commit the current transaction. When no transaction is active this
faults. All memory side effects of the transaction become visible
to other threads in an atomic manner.
-- RTM Function: int _xtest ()
Return a nonzero value if a transaction is currently active,
otherwise 0.
-- RTM Function: void _xabort (status)
Abort the current transaction. When no transaction is active this
is a no-op. The STATUS is an 8-bit constant; its value is encoded
in the return value from '_xbegin'.
Here is an example showing handling for '_XABORT_RETRY' and a fallback
path for other failures:
#include <immintrin.h>
int n_tries, max_tries;
unsigned status = _XABORT_EXPLICIT;
...
for (n_tries = 0; n_tries < max_tries; n_tries++)
{
status = _xbegin ();
if (status == _XBEGIN_STARTED || !(status & _XABORT_RETRY))
break;
}
if (status == _XBEGIN_STARTED)
{
... transaction code...
_xend ();
}
else
{
... non-transactional fallback path...
}
Note that, in most cases, the transactional and non-transactional code
must synchronize together to ensure consistency.
File: gcc.info, Node: x86 control-flow protection intrinsics, Prev: x86 transactional memory intrinsics, Up: Target Builtins
6.59.35 x86 Control-Flow Protection Intrinsics
----------------------------------------------
-- CET Function: ret_type _get_ssp (void)
Get the current value of shadow stack pointer if shadow stack
support from Intel CET is enabled in the hardware or '0' otherwise.
The 'ret_type' is 'unsigned long long' for 64-bit targets and
'unsigned int' for 32-bit targets.
-- CET Function: void _inc_ssp (unsigned int)
Increment the current shadow stack pointer by the size specified by
the function argument. The argument is masked to a byte value for
security reasons, so to increment by more than 255 bytes you must
call the function multiple times.
The shadow stack unwind code looks like:
#include <immintrin.h>
/* Unwind the shadow stack for EH. */
#define _Unwind_Frames_Extra(x) \
do \
{ \
_Unwind_Word ssp = _get_ssp (); \
if (ssp != 0) \
{ \
_Unwind_Word tmp = (x); \
while (tmp > 255) \
{ \
_inc_ssp (tmp); \
tmp -= 255; \
} \
_inc_ssp (tmp); \
} \
} \
while (0)
This code runs unconditionally on all 64-bit processors. For 32-bit
processors the code runs on those that support multi-byte NOP
instructions.
File: gcc.info, Node: Target Format Checks, Next: Pragmas, Prev: Target Builtins, Up: C Extensions
6.60 Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines
=========================================================
For some target machines, GCC supports additional options to the format
attribute (*note Declaring Attributes of Functions: Function
Attributes.).
* Menu:
* Solaris Format Checks::
* Darwin Format Checks::
File: gcc.info, Node: Solaris Format Checks, Next: Darwin Format Checks, Up: Target Format Checks
6.60.1 Solaris Format Checks
----------------------------
Solaris targets support the 'cmn_err' (or '__cmn_err__') format check.
'cmn_err' accepts a subset of the standard 'printf' conversions, and the
two-argument '%b' conversion for displaying bit-fields. See the Solaris
man page for 'cmn_err' for more information.
File: gcc.info, Node: Darwin Format Checks, Prev: Solaris Format Checks, Up: Target Format Checks
6.60.2 Darwin Format Checks
---------------------------
Darwin targets support the 'CFString' (or '__CFString__') in the format
attribute context. Declarations made with such attribution are parsed
for correct syntax and format argument types. However, parsing of the
format string itself is currently undefined and is not carried out by
this version of the compiler.
Additionally, 'CFStringRefs' (defined by the 'CoreFoundation' headers)
may also be used as format arguments. Note that the relevant headers
are only likely to be available on Darwin (OSX) installations. On such
installations, the XCode and system documentation provide descriptions
of 'CFString', 'CFStringRefs' and associated functions.
File: gcc.info, Node: Pragmas, Next: Unnamed Fields, Prev: Target Format Checks, Up: C Extensions
6.61 Pragmas Accepted by GCC
============================
GCC supports several types of pragmas, primarily in order to compile
code originally written for other compilers. Note that in general we do
not recommend the use of pragmas; *Note Function Attributes::, for
further explanation.
* Menu:
* AArch64 Pragmas::
* ARM Pragmas::
* M32C Pragmas::
* MeP Pragmas::
* RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas::
* S/390 Pragmas::
* Darwin Pragmas::
* Solaris Pragmas::
* Symbol-Renaming Pragmas::
* Structure-Layout Pragmas::
* Weak Pragmas::
* Diagnostic Pragmas::
* Visibility Pragmas::
* Push/Pop Macro Pragmas::
* Function Specific Option Pragmas::
* Loop-Specific Pragmas::
File: gcc.info, Node: AArch64 Pragmas, Next: ARM Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.1 AArch64 Pragmas
----------------------
The pragmas defined by the AArch64 target correspond to the AArch64
target function attributes. They can be specified as below:
#pragma GCC target("string")
where 'STRING' can be any string accepted as an AArch64 target
attribute. *Note AArch64 Function Attributes::, for more details on the
permissible values of 'string'.
File: gcc.info, Node: ARM Pragmas, Next: M32C Pragmas, Prev: AArch64 Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.2 ARM Pragmas
------------------
The ARM target defines pragmas for controlling the default addition of
'long_call' and 'short_call' attributes to functions. *Note Function
Attributes::, for information about the effects of these attributes.
'long_calls'
Set all subsequent functions to have the 'long_call' attribute.
'no_long_calls'
Set all subsequent functions to have the 'short_call' attribute.
'long_calls_off'
Do not affect the 'long_call' or 'short_call' attributes of
subsequent functions.
File: gcc.info, Node: M32C Pragmas, Next: MeP Pragmas, Prev: ARM Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.3 M32C Pragmas
-------------------
'GCC memregs NUMBER'
Overrides the command-line option '-memregs=' for the current file.
Use with care! This pragma must be before any function in the
file, and mixing different memregs values in different objects may
make them incompatible. This pragma is useful when a
performance-critical function uses a memreg for temporary values,
as it may allow you to reduce the number of memregs used.
'ADDRESS NAME ADDRESS'
For any declared symbols matching NAME, this does three things to
that symbol: it forces the symbol to be located at the given
address (a number), it forces the symbol to be volatile, and it
changes the symbol's scope to be static. This pragma exists for
compatibility with other compilers, but note that the common
'1234H' numeric syntax is not supported (use '0x1234' instead).
Example:
#pragma ADDRESS port3 0x103
char port3;
File: gcc.info, Node: MeP Pragmas, Next: RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas, Prev: M32C Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.4 MeP Pragmas
------------------
'custom io_volatile (on|off)'
Overrides the command-line option '-mio-volatile' for the current
file. Note that for compatibility with future GCC releases, this
option should only be used once before any 'io' variables in each
file.
'GCC coprocessor available REGISTERS'
Specifies which coprocessor registers are available to the register
allocator. REGISTERS may be a single register, register range
separated by ellipses, or comma-separated list of those. Example:
#pragma GCC coprocessor available $c0...$c10, $c28
'GCC coprocessor call_saved REGISTERS'
Specifies which coprocessor registers are to be saved and restored
by any function using them. REGISTERS may be a single register,
register range separated by ellipses, or comma-separated list of
those. Example:
#pragma GCC coprocessor call_saved $c4...$c6, $c31
'GCC coprocessor subclass '(A|B|C|D)' = REGISTERS'
Creates and defines a register class. These register classes can
be used by inline 'asm' constructs. REGISTERS may be a single
register, register range separated by ellipses, or comma-separated
list of those. Example:
#pragma GCC coprocessor subclass 'B' = $c2, $c4, $c6
asm ("cpfoo %0" : "=B" (x));
'GCC disinterrupt NAME , NAME ...'
For the named functions, the compiler adds code to disable
interrupts for the duration of those functions. If any functions
so named are not encountered in the source, a warning is emitted
that the pragma is not used. Examples:
#pragma disinterrupt foo
#pragma disinterrupt bar, grill
int foo () { ... }
'GCC call NAME , NAME ...'
For the named functions, the compiler always uses a
register-indirect call model when calling the named functions.
Examples:
extern int foo ();
#pragma call foo
File: gcc.info, Node: RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas, Next: S/390 Pragmas, Prev: MeP Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.5 RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas
----------------------------------
The RS/6000 and PowerPC targets define one pragma for controlling
whether or not the 'longcall' attribute is added to function
declarations by default. This pragma overrides the '-mlongcall' option,
but not the 'longcall' and 'shortcall' attributes. *Note RS/6000 and
PowerPC Options::, for more information about when long calls are and
are not necessary.
'longcall (1)'
Apply the 'longcall' attribute to all subsequent function
declarations.
'longcall (0)'
Do not apply the 'longcall' attribute to subsequent function
declarations.
File: gcc.info, Node: S/390 Pragmas, Next: Darwin Pragmas, Prev: RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.6 S/390 Pragmas
--------------------
The pragmas defined by the S/390 target correspond to the S/390 target
function attributes and some the additional options:
'zvector'
'no-zvector'
Note that options of the pragma, unlike options of the target
attribute, do change the value of preprocessor macros like '__VEC__'.
They can be specified as below:
#pragma GCC target("string[,string]...")
#pragma GCC target("string"[,"string"]...)
File: gcc.info, Node: Darwin Pragmas, Next: Solaris Pragmas, Prev: S/390 Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.7 Darwin Pragmas
---------------------
The following pragmas are available for all architectures running the
Darwin operating system. These are useful for compatibility with other
Mac OS compilers.
'mark TOKENS...'
This pragma is accepted, but has no effect.
'options align=ALIGNMENT'
This pragma sets the alignment of fields in structures. The values
of ALIGNMENT may be 'mac68k', to emulate m68k alignment, or
'power', to emulate PowerPC alignment. Uses of this pragma nest
properly; to restore the previous setting, use 'reset' for the
ALIGNMENT.
'segment TOKENS...'
This pragma is accepted, but has no effect.
'unused (VAR [, VAR]...)'
This pragma declares variables to be possibly unused. GCC does not
produce warnings for the listed variables. The effect is similar
to that of the 'unused' attribute, except that this pragma may
appear anywhere within the variables' scopes.
File: gcc.info, Node: Solaris Pragmas, Next: Symbol-Renaming Pragmas, Prev: Darwin Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.8 Solaris Pragmas
----------------------
The Solaris target supports '#pragma redefine_extname' (*note
Symbol-Renaming Pragmas::). It also supports additional '#pragma'
directives for compatibility with the system compiler.
'align ALIGNMENT (VARIABLE [, VARIABLE]...)'
Increase the minimum alignment of each VARIABLE to ALIGNMENT. This
is the same as GCC's 'aligned' attribute *note Variable
Attributes::). Macro expansion occurs on the arguments to this
pragma when compiling C and Objective-C. It does not currently
occur when compiling C++, but this is a bug which may be fixed in a
future release.
'fini (FUNCTION [, FUNCTION]...)'
This pragma causes each listed FUNCTION to be called after main, or
during shared module unloading, by adding a call to the '.fini'
section.
'init (FUNCTION [, FUNCTION]...)'
This pragma causes each listed FUNCTION to be called during
initialization (before 'main') or during shared module loading, by
adding a call to the '.init' section.
File: gcc.info, Node: Symbol-Renaming Pragmas, Next: Structure-Layout Pragmas, Prev: Solaris Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.9 Symbol-Renaming Pragmas
------------------------------
GCC supports a '#pragma' directive that changes the name used in
assembly for a given declaration. While this pragma is supported on all
platforms, it is intended primarily to provide compatibility with the
Solaris system headers. This effect can also be achieved using the asm
labels extension (*note Asm Labels::).
'redefine_extname OLDNAME NEWNAME'
This pragma gives the C function OLDNAME the assembly symbol
NEWNAME. The preprocessor macro '__PRAGMA_REDEFINE_EXTNAME' is
defined if this pragma is available (currently on all platforms).
This pragma and the asm labels extension interact in a complicated
manner. Here are some corner cases you may want to be aware of:
1. This pragma silently applies only to declarations with external
linkage. Asm labels do not have this restriction.
2. In C++, this pragma silently applies only to declarations with "C"
linkage. Again, asm labels do not have this restriction.
3. If either of the ways of changing the assembly name of a
declaration are applied to a declaration whose assembly name has
already been determined (either by a previous use of one of these
features, or because the compiler needed the assembly name in order
to generate code), and the new name is different, a warning issues
and the name does not change.
4. The OLDNAME used by '#pragma redefine_extname' is always the
C-language name.
File: gcc.info, Node: Structure-Layout Pragmas, Next: Weak Pragmas, Prev: Symbol-Renaming Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.10 Structure-Layout Pragmas
--------------------------------
For compatibility with Microsoft Windows compilers, GCC supports a set
of '#pragma' directives that change the maximum alignment of members of
structures (other than zero-width bit-fields), unions, and classes
subsequently defined. The N value below always is required to be a
small power of two and specifies the new alignment in bytes.
1. '#pragma pack(N)' simply sets the new alignment.
2. '#pragma pack()' sets the alignment to the one that was in effect
when compilation started (see also command-line option
'-fpack-struct[=N]' *note Code Gen Options::).
3. '#pragma pack(push[,N])' pushes the current alignment setting on an
internal stack and then optionally sets the new alignment.
4. '#pragma pack(pop)' restores the alignment setting to the one saved
at the top of the internal stack (and removes that stack entry).
Note that '#pragma pack([N])' does not influence this internal
stack; thus it is possible to have '#pragma pack(push)' followed by
multiple '#pragma pack(N)' instances and finalized by a single
'#pragma pack(pop)'.
Some targets, e.g. x86 and PowerPC, support the '#pragma ms_struct'
directive which lays out structures and unions subsequently defined as
the documented '__attribute__ ((ms_struct))'.
1. '#pragma ms_struct on' turns on the Microsoft layout.
2. '#pragma ms_struct off' turns off the Microsoft layout.
3. '#pragma ms_struct reset' goes back to the default layout.
Most targets also support the '#pragma scalar_storage_order' directive
which lays out structures and unions subsequently defined as the
documented '__attribute__ ((scalar_storage_order))'.
1. '#pragma scalar_storage_order big-endian' sets the storage order of
the scalar fields to big-endian.
2. '#pragma scalar_storage_order little-endian' sets the storage order
of the scalar fields to little-endian.
3. '#pragma scalar_storage_order default' goes back to the endianness
that was in effect when compilation started (see also command-line
option '-fsso-struct=ENDIANNESS' *note C Dialect Options::).
File: gcc.info, Node: Weak Pragmas, Next: Diagnostic Pragmas, Prev: Structure-Layout Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.11 Weak Pragmas
--------------------
For compatibility with SVR4, GCC supports a set of '#pragma' directives
for declaring symbols to be weak, and defining weak aliases.
'#pragma weak SYMBOL'
This pragma declares SYMBOL to be weak, as if the declaration had
the attribute of the same name. The pragma may appear before or
after the declaration of SYMBOL. It is not an error for SYMBOL to
never be defined at all.
'#pragma weak SYMBOL1 = SYMBOL2'
This pragma declares SYMBOL1 to be a weak alias of SYMBOL2. It is
an error if SYMBOL2 is not defined in the current translation unit.
File: gcc.info, Node: Diagnostic Pragmas, Next: Visibility Pragmas, Prev: Weak Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.12 Diagnostic Pragmas
--------------------------
GCC allows the user to selectively enable or disable certain types of
diagnostics, and change the kind of the diagnostic. For example, a
project's policy might require that all sources compile with '-Werror'
but certain files might have exceptions allowing specific types of
warnings. Or, a project might selectively enable diagnostics and treat
them as errors depending on which preprocessor macros are defined.
'#pragma GCC diagnostic KIND OPTION'
Modifies the disposition of a diagnostic. Note that not all
diagnostics are modifiable; at the moment only warnings (normally
controlled by '-W...') can be controlled, and not all of them. Use
'-fdiagnostics-show-option' to determine which diagnostics are
controllable and which option controls them.
KIND is 'error' to treat this diagnostic as an error, 'warning' to
treat it like a warning (even if '-Werror' is in effect), or
'ignored' if the diagnostic is to be ignored. OPTION is a double
quoted string that matches the command-line option.
#pragma GCC diagnostic warning "-Wformat"
#pragma GCC diagnostic error "-Wformat"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat"
Note that these pragmas override any command-line options. GCC
keeps track of the location of each pragma, and issues diagnostics
according to the state as of that point in the source file. Thus,
pragmas occurring after a line do not affect diagnostics caused by
that line.
'#pragma GCC diagnostic push'
'#pragma GCC diagnostic pop'
Causes GCC to remember the state of the diagnostics as of each
'push', and restore to that point at each 'pop'. If a 'pop' has no
matching 'push', the command-line options are restored.
#pragma GCC diagnostic error "-Wuninitialized"
foo(a); /* error is given for this one */
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wuninitialized"
foo(b); /* no diagnostic for this one */
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
foo(c); /* error is given for this one */
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
foo(d); /* depends on command-line options */
GCC also offers a simple mechanism for printing messages during
compilation.
'#pragma message STRING'
Prints STRING as a compiler message on compilation. The message is
informational only, and is neither a compilation warning nor an
error.
#pragma message "Compiling " __FILE__ "..."
STRING may be parenthesized, and is printed with location
information. For example,
#define DO_PRAGMA(x) _Pragma (#x)
#define TODO(x) DO_PRAGMA(message ("TODO - " #x))
TODO(Remember to fix this)
prints '/tmp/file.c:4: note: #pragma message: TODO - Remember to
fix this'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Visibility Pragmas, Next: Push/Pop Macro Pragmas, Prev: Diagnostic Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.13 Visibility Pragmas
--------------------------
'#pragma GCC visibility push(VISIBILITY)'
'#pragma GCC visibility pop'
This pragma allows the user to set the visibility for multiple
declarations without having to give each a visibility attribute
(*note Function Attributes::).
In C++, '#pragma GCC visibility' affects only namespace-scope
declarations. Class members and template specializations are not
affected; if you want to override the visibility for a particular
member or instantiation, you must use an attribute.
File: gcc.info, Node: Push/Pop Macro Pragmas, Next: Function Specific Option Pragmas, Prev: Visibility Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.14 Push/Pop Macro Pragmas
------------------------------
For compatibility with Microsoft Windows compilers, GCC supports
'#pragma push_macro("MACRO_NAME")' and '#pragma
pop_macro("MACRO_NAME")'.
'#pragma push_macro("MACRO_NAME")'
This pragma saves the value of the macro named as MACRO_NAME to the
top of the stack for this macro.
'#pragma pop_macro("MACRO_NAME")'
This pragma sets the value of the macro named as MACRO_NAME to the
value on top of the stack for this macro. If the stack for
MACRO_NAME is empty, the value of the macro remains unchanged.
For example:
#define X 1
#pragma push_macro("X")
#undef X
#define X -1
#pragma pop_macro("X")
int x [X];
In this example, the definition of X as 1 is saved by '#pragma
push_macro' and restored by '#pragma pop_macro'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Function Specific Option Pragmas, Next: Loop-Specific Pragmas, Prev: Push/Pop Macro Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.15 Function Specific Option Pragmas
----------------------------------------
'#pragma GCC target ("STRING"...)'
This pragma allows you to set target specific options for functions
defined later in the source file. One or more strings can be
specified. Each function that is defined after this point is as if
'attribute((target("STRING")))' was specified for that function.
The parenthesis around the options is optional. *Note Function
Attributes::, for more information about the 'target' attribute and
the attribute syntax.
The '#pragma GCC target' pragma is presently implemented for x86,
ARM, AArch64, PowerPC, S/390, and Nios II targets only.
'#pragma GCC optimize ("STRING"...)'
This pragma allows you to set global optimization options for
functions defined later in the source file. One or more strings
can be specified. Each function that is defined after this point
is as if 'attribute((optimize("STRING")))' was specified for that
function. The parenthesis around the options is optional. *Note
Function Attributes::, for more information about the 'optimize'
attribute and the attribute syntax.
'#pragma GCC push_options'
'#pragma GCC pop_options'
These pragmas maintain a stack of the current target and
optimization options. It is intended for include files where you
temporarily want to switch to using a different '#pragma GCC
target' or '#pragma GCC optimize' and then to pop back to the
previous options.
'#pragma GCC reset_options'
This pragma clears the current '#pragma GCC target' and '#pragma
GCC optimize' to use the default switches as specified on the
command line.
File: gcc.info, Node: Loop-Specific Pragmas, Prev: Function Specific Option Pragmas, Up: Pragmas
6.61.16 Loop-Specific Pragmas
-----------------------------
'#pragma GCC ivdep'
With this pragma, the programmer asserts that there are no
loop-carried dependencies which would prevent consecutive
iterations of the following loop from executing concurrently with
SIMD (single instruction multiple data) instructions.
For example, the compiler can only unconditionally vectorize the
following loop with the pragma:
void foo (int n, int *a, int *b, int *c)
{
int i, j;
#pragma GCC ivdep
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
a[i] = b[i] + c[i];
}
In this example, using the 'restrict' qualifier had the same
effect. In the following example, that would not be possible.
Assume k < -m or k >= m. Only with the pragma, the compiler knows
that it can unconditionally vectorize the following loop:
void ignore_vec_dep (int *a, int k, int c, int m)
{
#pragma GCC ivdep
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
a[i] = a[i + k] * c;
}
'#pragma GCC unroll N'
You can use this pragma to control how many times a loop should be
unrolled. It must be placed immediately before a 'for', 'while' or
'do' loop or a '#pragma GCC ivdep', and applies only to the loop
that follows. N is an integer constant expression specifying the
unrolling factor. The values of 0 and 1 block any unrolling of the
loop.
File: gcc.info, Node: Unnamed Fields, Next: Thread-Local, Prev: Pragmas, Up: C Extensions
6.62 Unnamed Structure and Union Fields
=======================================
As permitted by ISO C11 and for compatibility with other compilers, GCC
allows you to define a structure or union that contains, as fields,
structures and unions without names. For example:
struct {
int a;
union {
int b;
float c;
};
int d;
} foo;
In this example, you are able to access members of the unnamed union
with code like 'foo.b'. Note that only unnamed structs and unions are
allowed, you may not have, for example, an unnamed 'int'.
You must never create such structures that cause ambiguous field
definitions. For example, in this structure:
struct {
int a;
struct {
int a;
};
} foo;
it is ambiguous which 'a' is being referred to with 'foo.a'. The
compiler gives errors for such constructs.
Unless '-fms-extensions' is used, the unnamed field must be a structure
or union definition without a tag (for example, 'struct { int a; };').
If '-fms-extensions' is used, the field may also be a definition with a
tag such as 'struct foo { int a; };', a reference to a previously
defined structure or union such as 'struct foo;', or a reference to a
'typedef' name for a previously defined structure or union type.
The option '-fplan9-extensions' enables '-fms-extensions' as well as
two other extensions. First, a pointer to a structure is automatically
converted to a pointer to an anonymous field for assignments and
function calls. For example:
struct s1 { int a; };
struct s2 { struct s1; };
extern void f1 (struct s1 *);
void f2 (struct s2 *p) { f1 (p); }
In the call to 'f1' inside 'f2', the pointer 'p' is converted into a
pointer to the anonymous field.
Second, when the type of an anonymous field is a 'typedef' for a
'struct' or 'union', code may refer to the field using the name of the
'typedef'.
typedef struct { int a; } s1;
struct s2 { s1; };
s1 f1 (struct s2 *p) { return p->s1; }
These usages are only permitted when they are not ambiguous.
File: gcc.info, Node: Thread-Local, Next: Binary constants, Prev: Unnamed Fields, Up: C Extensions
6.63 Thread-Local Storage
=========================
Thread-local storage (TLS) is a mechanism by which variables are
allocated such that there is one instance of the variable per extant
thread. The runtime model GCC uses to implement this originates in the
IA-64 processor-specific ABI, but has since been migrated to other
processors as well. It requires significant support from the linker
('ld'), dynamic linker ('ld.so'), and system libraries ('libc.so' and
'libpthread.so'), so it is not available everywhere.
At the user level, the extension is visible with a new storage class
keyword: '__thread'. For example:
__thread int i;
extern __thread struct state s;
static __thread char *p;
The '__thread' specifier may be used alone, with the 'extern' or
'static' specifiers, but with no other storage class specifier. When
used with 'extern' or 'static', '__thread' must appear immediately after
the other storage class specifier.
The '__thread' specifier may be applied to any global, file-scoped
static, function-scoped static, or static data member of a class. It
may not be applied to block-scoped automatic or non-static data member.
When the address-of operator is applied to a thread-local variable, it
is evaluated at run time and returns the address of the current thread's
instance of that variable. An address so obtained may be used by any
thread. When a thread terminates, any pointers to thread-local
variables in that thread become invalid.
No static initialization may refer to the address of a thread-local
variable.
In C++, if an initializer is present for a thread-local variable, it
must be a CONSTANT-EXPRESSION, as defined in 5.19.2 of the ANSI/ISO C++
standard.
See ELF Handling For Thread-Local Storage
(https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/tls.pdf) for a detailed explanation of
the four thread-local storage addressing models, and how the runtime is
expected to function.
* Menu:
* C99 Thread-Local Edits::
* C++98 Thread-Local Edits::
File: gcc.info, Node: C99 Thread-Local Edits, Next: C++98 Thread-Local Edits, Up: Thread-Local
6.63.1 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Edits for Thread-Local Storage
-------------------------------------------------------
The following are a set of changes to ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (aka C99) that
document the exact semantics of the language extension.
* '5.1.2 Execution environments'
Add new text after paragraph 1
Within either execution environment, a "thread" is a flow of
control within a program. It is implementation defined
whether or not there may be more than one thread associated
with a program. It is implementation defined how threads
beyond the first are created, the name and type of the
function called at thread startup, and how threads may be
terminated. However, objects with thread storage duration
shall be initialized before thread startup.
* '6.2.4 Storage durations of objects'
Add new text before paragraph 3
An object whose identifier is declared with the storage-class
specifier '__thread' has "thread storage duration". Its
lifetime is the entire execution of the thread, and its stored
value is initialized only once, prior to thread startup.
* '6.4.1 Keywords'
Add '__thread'.
* '6.7.1 Storage-class specifiers'
Add '__thread' to the list of storage class specifiers in paragraph
1.
Change paragraph 2 to
With the exception of '__thread', at most one storage-class
specifier may be given [...]. The '__thread' specifier may be
used alone, or immediately following 'extern' or 'static'.
Add new text after paragraph 6
The declaration of an identifier for a variable that has block
scope that specifies '__thread' shall also specify either
'extern' or 'static'.
The '__thread' specifier shall be used only with variables.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++98 Thread-Local Edits, Prev: C99 Thread-Local Edits, Up: Thread-Local
6.63.2 ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Edits for Thread-Local Storage
--------------------------------------------------------
The following are a set of changes to ISO/IEC 14882:1998 (aka C++98)
that document the exact semantics of the language extension.
* [intro.execution]
New text after paragraph 4
A "thread" is a flow of control within the abstract machine.
It is implementation defined whether or not there may be more
than one thread.
New text after paragraph 7
It is unspecified whether additional action must be taken to
ensure when and whether side effects are visible to other
threads.
* [lex.key]
Add '__thread'.
* [basic.start.main]
Add after paragraph 5
The thread that begins execution at the 'main' function is
called the "main thread". It is implementation defined how
functions beginning threads other than the main thread are
designated or typed. A function so designated, as well as the
'main' function, is called a "thread startup function". It is
implementation defined what happens if a thread startup
function returns. It is implementation defined what happens
to other threads when any thread calls 'exit'.
* [basic.start.init]
Add after paragraph 4
The storage for an object of thread storage duration shall be
statically initialized before the first statement of the
thread startup function. An object of thread storage duration
shall not require dynamic initialization.
* [basic.start.term]
Add after paragraph 3
The type of an object with thread storage duration shall not
have a non-trivial destructor, nor shall it be an array type
whose elements (directly or indirectly) have non-trivial
destructors.
* [basic.stc]
Add "thread storage duration" to the list in paragraph 1.
Change paragraph 2
Thread, static, and automatic storage durations are associated
with objects introduced by declarations [...].
Add '__thread' to the list of specifiers in paragraph 3.
* [basic.stc.thread]
New section before [basic.stc.static]
The keyword '__thread' applied to a non-local object gives the
object thread storage duration.
A local variable or class data member declared both 'static'
and '__thread' gives the variable or member thread storage
duration.
* [basic.stc.static]
Change paragraph 1
All objects that have neither thread storage duration, dynamic
storage duration nor are local [...].
* [dcl.stc]
Add '__thread' to the list in paragraph 1.
Change paragraph 1
With the exception of '__thread', at most one
STORAGE-CLASS-SPECIFIER shall appear in a given
DECL-SPECIFIER-SEQ. The '__thread' specifier may be used
alone, or immediately following the 'extern' or 'static'
specifiers. [...]
Add after paragraph 5
The '__thread' specifier can be applied only to the names of
objects and to anonymous unions.
* [class.mem]
Add after paragraph 6
Non-'static' members shall not be '__thread'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Binary constants, Prev: Thread-Local, Up: C Extensions
6.64 Binary Constants using the '0b' Prefix
===========================================
Integer constants can be written as binary constants, consisting of a
sequence of '0' and '1' digits, prefixed by '0b' or '0B'. This is
particularly useful in environments that operate a lot on the bit level
(like microcontrollers).
The following statements are identical:
i = 42;
i = 0x2a;
i = 052;
i = 0b101010;
The type of these constants follows the same rules as for octal or
hexadecimal integer constants, so suffixes like 'L' or 'UL' can be
applied.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Extensions, Next: Objective-C, Prev: C Extensions, Up: Top
7 Extensions to the C++ Language
********************************
The GNU compiler provides these extensions to the C++ language (and you
can also use most of the C language extensions in your C++ programs).
If you want to write code that checks whether these features are
available, you can test for the GNU compiler the same way as for C
programs: check for a predefined macro '__GNUC__'. You can also use
'__GNUG__' to test specifically for GNU C++ (*note Predefined Macros:
(cpp)Common Predefined Macros.).
* Menu:
* C++ Volatiles:: What constitutes an access to a volatile object.
* Restricted Pointers:: C99 restricted pointers and references.
* Vague Linkage:: Where G++ puts inlines, vtables and such.
* C++ Interface:: You can use a single C++ header file for both
declarations and definitions.
* Template Instantiation:: Methods for ensuring that exactly one copy of
each needed template instantiation is emitted.
* Bound member functions:: You can extract a function pointer to the
method denoted by a '->*' or '.*' expression.
* C++ Attributes:: Variable, function, and type attributes for C++ only.
* Function Multiversioning:: Declaring multiple function versions.
* Type Traits:: Compiler support for type traits.
* C++ Concepts:: Improved support for generic programming.
* Deprecated Features:: Things will disappear from G++.
* Backwards Compatibility:: Compatibilities with earlier definitions of C++.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Volatiles, Next: Restricted Pointers, Up: C++ Extensions
7.1 When is a Volatile C++ Object Accessed?
===========================================
The C++ standard differs from the C standard in its treatment of
volatile objects. It fails to specify what constitutes a volatile
access, except to say that C++ should behave in a similar manner to C
with respect to volatiles, where possible. However, the different
lvalueness of expressions between C and C++ complicate the behavior.
G++ behaves the same as GCC for volatile access, *Note Volatiles: C
Extensions, for a description of GCC's behavior.
The C and C++ language specifications differ when an object is accessed
in a void context:
volatile int *src = SOMEVALUE;
*src;
The C++ standard specifies that such expressions do not undergo lvalue
to rvalue conversion, and that the type of the dereferenced object may
be incomplete. The C++ standard does not specify explicitly that it is
lvalue to rvalue conversion that is responsible for causing an access.
There is reason to believe that it is, because otherwise certain simple
expressions become undefined. However, because it would surprise most
programmers, G++ treats dereferencing a pointer to volatile object of
complete type as GCC would do for an equivalent type in C. When the
object has incomplete type, G++ issues a warning; if you wish to force
an error, you must force a conversion to rvalue with, for instance, a
static cast.
When using a reference to volatile, G++ does not treat equivalent
expressions as accesses to volatiles, but instead issues a warning that
no volatile is accessed. The rationale for this is that otherwise it
becomes difficult to determine where volatile access occur, and not
possible to ignore the return value from functions returning volatile
references. Again, if you wish to force a read, cast the reference to
an rvalue.
G++ implements the same behavior as GCC does when assigning to a
volatile object--there is no reread of the assigned-to object, the
assigned rvalue is reused. Note that in C++ assignment expressions are
lvalues, and if used as an lvalue, the volatile object is referred to.
For instance, VREF refers to VOBJ, as expected, in the following
example:
volatile int vobj;
volatile int &vref = vobj = SOMETHING;
File: gcc.info, Node: Restricted Pointers, Next: Vague Linkage, Prev: C++ Volatiles, Up: C++ Extensions
7.2 Restricting Pointer Aliasing
================================
As with the C front end, G++ understands the C99 feature of restricted
pointers, specified with the '__restrict__', or '__restrict' type
qualifier. Because you cannot compile C++ by specifying the '-std=c99'
language flag, 'restrict' is not a keyword in C++.
In addition to allowing restricted pointers, you can specify restricted
references, which indicate that the reference is not aliased in the
local context.
void fn (int *__restrict__ rptr, int &__restrict__ rref)
{
/* ... */
}
In the body of 'fn', RPTR points to an unaliased integer and RREF refers
to a (different) unaliased integer.
You may also specify whether a member function's THIS pointer is
unaliased by using '__restrict__' as a member function qualifier.
void T::fn () __restrict__
{
/* ... */
}
Within the body of 'T::fn', THIS has the effective definition 'T
*__restrict__ const this'. Notice that the interpretation of a
'__restrict__' member function qualifier is different to that of 'const'
or 'volatile' qualifier, in that it is applied to the pointer rather
than the object. This is consistent with other compilers that implement
restricted pointers.
As with all outermost parameter qualifiers, '__restrict__' is ignored
in function definition matching. This means you only need to specify
'__restrict__' in a function definition, rather than in a function
prototype as well.
File: gcc.info, Node: Vague Linkage, Next: C++ Interface, Prev: Restricted Pointers, Up: C++ Extensions
7.3 Vague Linkage
=================
There are several constructs in C++ that require space in the object
file but are not clearly tied to a single translation unit. We say that
these constructs have "vague linkage". Typically such constructs are
emitted wherever they are needed, though sometimes we can be more
clever.
Inline Functions
Inline functions are typically defined in a header file which can
be included in many different compilations. Hopefully they can
usually be inlined, but sometimes an out-of-line copy is necessary,
if the address of the function is taken or if inlining fails. In
general, we emit an out-of-line copy in all translation units where
one is needed. As an exception, we only emit inline virtual
functions with the vtable, since it always requires a copy.
Local static variables and string constants used in an inline
function are also considered to have vague linkage, since they must
be shared between all inlined and out-of-line instances of the
function.
VTables
C++ virtual functions are implemented in most compilers using a
lookup table, known as a vtable. The vtable contains pointers to
the virtual functions provided by a class, and each object of the
class contains a pointer to its vtable (or vtables, in some
multiple-inheritance situations). If the class declares any
non-inline, non-pure virtual functions, the first one is chosen as
the "key method" for the class, and the vtable is only emitted in
the translation unit where the key method is defined.
_Note:_ If the chosen key method is later defined as inline, the
vtable is still emitted in every translation unit that defines it.
Make sure that any inline virtuals are declared inline in the class
body, even if they are not defined there.
'type_info' objects
C++ requires information about types to be written out in order to
implement 'dynamic_cast', 'typeid' and exception handling. For
polymorphic classes (classes with virtual functions), the
'type_info' object is written out along with the vtable so that
'dynamic_cast' can determine the dynamic type of a class object at
run time. For all other types, we write out the 'type_info' object
when it is used: when applying 'typeid' to an expression, throwing
an object, or referring to a type in a catch clause or exception
specification.
Template Instantiations
Most everything in this section also applies to template
instantiations, but there are other options as well. *Note Where's
the Template?: Template Instantiation.
When used with GNU ld version 2.8 or later on an ELF system such as
GNU/Linux or Solaris 2, or on Microsoft Windows, duplicate copies of
these constructs will be discarded at link time. This is known as
COMDAT support.
On targets that don't support COMDAT, but do support weak symbols, GCC
uses them. This way one copy overrides all the others, but the unused
copies still take up space in the executable.
For targets that do not support either COMDAT or weak symbols, most
entities with vague linkage are emitted as local symbols to avoid
duplicate definition errors from the linker. This does not happen for
local statics in inlines, however, as having multiple copies almost
certainly breaks things.
*Note Declarations and Definitions in One Header: C++ Interface, for
another way to control placement of these constructs.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Interface, Next: Template Instantiation, Prev: Vague Linkage, Up: C++ Extensions
7.4 C++ Interface and Implementation Pragmas
============================================
'#pragma interface' and '#pragma implementation' provide the user with a
way of explicitly directing the compiler to emit entities with vague
linkage (and debugging information) in a particular translation unit.
_Note:_ These '#pragma's have been superceded as of GCC 2.7.2 by COMDAT
support and the "key method" heuristic mentioned in *note Vague
Linkage::. Using them can actually cause your program to grow due to
unnecessary out-of-line copies of inline functions.
'#pragma interface'
'#pragma interface "SUBDIR/OBJECTS.h"'
Use this directive in _header files_ that define object classes, to
save space in most of the object files that use those classes.
Normally, local copies of certain information (backup copies of
inline member functions, debugging information, and the internal
tables that implement virtual functions) must be kept in each
object file that includes class definitions. You can use this
pragma to avoid such duplication. When a header file containing
'#pragma interface' is included in a compilation, this auxiliary
information is not generated (unless the main input source file
itself uses '#pragma implementation'). Instead, the object files
contain references to be resolved at link time.
The second form of this directive is useful for the case where you
have multiple headers with the same name in different directories.
If you use this form, you must specify the same string to '#pragma
implementation'.
'#pragma implementation'
'#pragma implementation "OBJECTS.h"'
Use this pragma in a _main input file_, when you want full output
from included header files to be generated (and made globally
visible). The included header file, in turn, should use '#pragma
interface'. Backup copies of inline member functions, debugging
information, and the internal tables used to implement virtual
functions are all generated in implementation files.
If you use '#pragma implementation' with no argument, it applies to
an include file with the same basename(1) as your source file. For
example, in 'allclass.cc', giving just '#pragma implementation' by
itself is equivalent to '#pragma implementation "allclass.h"'.
Use the string argument if you want a single implementation file to
include code from multiple header files. (You must also use
'#include' to include the header file; '#pragma implementation'
only specifies how to use the file--it doesn't actually include
it.)
There is no way to split up the contents of a single header file
into multiple implementation files.
'#pragma implementation' and '#pragma interface' also have an effect on
function inlining.
If you define a class in a header file marked with '#pragma interface',
the effect on an inline function defined in that class is similar to an
explicit 'extern' declaration--the compiler emits no code at all to
define an independent version of the function. Its definition is used
only for inlining with its callers.
Conversely, when you include the same header file in a main source file
that declares it as '#pragma implementation', the compiler emits code
for the function itself; this defines a version of the function that can
be found via pointers (or by callers compiled without inlining). If all
calls to the function can be inlined, you can avoid emitting the
function by compiling with '-fno-implement-inlines'. If any calls are
not inlined, you will get linker errors.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) A file's "basename" is the name stripped of all leading path
information and of trailing suffixes, such as '.h' or '.C' or '.cc'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Template Instantiation, Next: Bound member functions, Prev: C++ Interface, Up: C++ Extensions
7.5 Where's the Template?
=========================
C++ templates were the first language feature to require more
intelligence from the environment than was traditionally found on a UNIX
system. Somehow the compiler and linker have to make sure that each
template instance occurs exactly once in the executable if it is needed,
and not at all otherwise. There are two basic approaches to this
problem, which are referred to as the Borland model and the Cfront
model.
Borland model
Borland C++ solved the template instantiation problem by adding the
code equivalent of common blocks to their linker; the compiler
emits template instances in each translation unit that uses them,
and the linker collapses them together. The advantage of this
model is that the linker only has to consider the object files
themselves; there is no external complexity to worry about. The
disadvantage is that compilation time is increased because the
template code is being compiled repeatedly. Code written for this
model tends to include definitions of all templates in the header
file, since they must be seen to be instantiated.
Cfront model
The AT&T C++ translator, Cfront, solved the template instantiation
problem by creating the notion of a template repository, an
automatically maintained place where template instances are stored.
A more modern version of the repository works as follows: As
individual object files are built, the compiler places any template
definitions and instantiations encountered in the repository. At
link time, the link wrapper adds in the objects in the repository
and compiles any needed instances that were not previously emitted.
The advantages of this model are more optimal compilation speed and
the ability to use the system linker; to implement the Borland
model a compiler vendor also needs to replace the linker. The
disadvantages are vastly increased complexity, and thus potential
for error; for some code this can be just as transparent, but in
practice it can been very difficult to build multiple programs in
one directory and one program in multiple directories. Code
written for this model tends to separate definitions of non-inline
member templates into a separate file, which should be compiled
separately.
G++ implements the Borland model on targets where the linker supports
it, including ELF targets (such as GNU/Linux), Mac OS X and Microsoft
Windows. Otherwise G++ implements neither automatic model.
You have the following options for dealing with template
instantiations:
1. Do nothing. Code written for the Borland model works fine, but
each translation unit contains instances of each of the templates
it uses. The duplicate instances will be discarded by the linker,
but in a large program, this can lead to an unacceptable amount of
code duplication in object files or shared libraries.
Duplicate instances of a template can be avoided by defining an
explicit instantiation in one object file, and preventing the
compiler from doing implicit instantiations in any other object
files by using an explicit instantiation declaration, using the
'extern template' syntax:
extern template int max (int, int);
This syntax is defined in the C++ 2011 standard, but has been
supported by G++ and other compilers since well before 2011.
Explicit instantiations can be used for the largest or most
frequently duplicated instances, without having to know exactly
which other instances are used in the rest of the program. You can
scatter the explicit instantiations throughout your program,
perhaps putting them in the translation units where the instances
are used or the translation units that define the templates
themselves; you can put all of the explicit instantiations you need
into one big file; or you can create small files like
#include "Foo.h"
#include "Foo.cc"
template class Foo<int>;
template ostream& operator <<
(ostream&, const Foo<int>&);
for each of the instances you need, and create a template
instantiation library from those.
This is the simplest option, but also offers flexibility and
fine-grained control when necessary. It is also the most portable
alternative and programs using this approach will work with most
modern compilers.
2. Compile your template-using code with '-frepo'. The compiler
generates files with the extension '.rpo' listing all of the
template instantiations used in the corresponding object files that
could be instantiated there; the link wrapper, 'collect2', then
updates the '.rpo' files to tell the compiler where to place those
instantiations and rebuild any affected object files. The
link-time overhead is negligible after the first pass, as the
compiler continues to place the instantiations in the same files.
This can be a suitable option for application code written for the
Borland model, as it usually just works. Code written for the
Cfront model needs to be modified so that the template definitions
are available at one or more points of instantiation; usually this
is as simple as adding '#include <tmethods.cc>' to the end of each
template header.
For library code, if you want the library to provide all of the
template instantiations it needs, just try to link all of its
object files together; the link will fail, but cause the
instantiations to be generated as a side effect. Be warned,
however, that this may cause conflicts if multiple libraries try to
provide the same instantiations. For greater control, use explicit
instantiation as described in the next option.
3. Compile your code with '-fno-implicit-templates' to disable the
implicit generation of template instances, and explicitly
instantiate all the ones you use. This approach requires more
knowledge of exactly which instances you need than do the others,
but it's less mysterious and allows greater control if you want to
ensure that only the intended instances are used.
If you are using Cfront-model code, you can probably get away with
not using '-fno-implicit-templates' when compiling files that don't
'#include' the member template definitions.
If you use one big file to do the instantiations, you may want to
compile it without '-fno-implicit-templates' so you get all of the
instances required by your explicit instantiations (but not by any
other files) without having to specify them as well.
In addition to forward declaration of explicit instantiations (with
'extern'), G++ has extended the template instantiation syntax to
support instantiation of the compiler support data for a template
class (i.e. the vtable) without instantiating any of its members
(with 'inline'), and instantiation of only the static data members
of a template class, without the support data or member functions
(with 'static'):
inline template class Foo<int>;
static template class Foo<int>;
File: gcc.info, Node: Bound member functions, Next: C++ Attributes, Prev: Template Instantiation, Up: C++ Extensions
7.6 Extracting the Function Pointer from a Bound Pointer to Member Function
===========================================================================
In C++, pointer to member functions (PMFs) are implemented using a wide
pointer of sorts to handle all the possible call mechanisms; the PMF
needs to store information about how to adjust the 'this' pointer, and
if the function pointed to is virtual, where to find the vtable, and
where in the vtable to look for the member function. If you are using
PMFs in an inner loop, you should really reconsider that decision. If
that is not an option, you can extract the pointer to the function that
would be called for a given object/PMF pair and call it directly inside
the inner loop, to save a bit of time.
Note that you still pay the penalty for the call through a function
pointer; on most modern architectures, such a call defeats the branch
prediction features of the CPU. This is also true of normal virtual
function calls.
The syntax for this extension is
extern A a;
extern int (A::*fp)();
typedef int (*fptr)(A *);
fptr p = (fptr)(a.*fp);
For PMF constants (i.e. expressions of the form '&Klasse::Member'), no
object is needed to obtain the address of the function. They can be
converted to function pointers directly:
fptr p1 = (fptr)(&A::foo);
You must specify '-Wno-pmf-conversions' to use this extension.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Attributes, Next: Function Multiversioning, Prev: Bound member functions, Up: C++ Extensions
7.7 C++-Specific Variable, Function, and Type Attributes
========================================================
Some attributes only make sense for C++ programs.
'abi_tag ("TAG", ...)'
The 'abi_tag' attribute can be applied to a function, variable, or
class declaration. It modifies the mangled name of the entity to
incorporate the tag name, in order to distinguish the function or
class from an earlier version with a different ABI; perhaps the
class has changed size, or the function has a different return type
that is not encoded in the mangled name.
The attribute can also be applied to an inline namespace, but does
not affect the mangled name of the namespace; in this case it is
only used for '-Wabi-tag' warnings and automatic tagging of
functions and variables. Tagging inline namespaces is generally
preferable to tagging individual declarations, but the latter is
sometimes necessary, such as when only certain members of a class
need to be tagged.
The argument can be a list of strings of arbitrary length. The
strings are sorted on output, so the order of the list is
unimportant.
A redeclaration of an entity must not add new ABI tags, since doing
so would change the mangled name.
The ABI tags apply to a name, so all instantiations and
specializations of a template have the same tags. The attribute
will be ignored if applied to an explicit specialization or
instantiation.
The '-Wabi-tag' flag enables a warning about a class which does not
have all the ABI tags used by its subobjects and virtual functions;
for users with code that needs to coexist with an earlier ABI,
using this option can help to find all affected types that need to
be tagged.
When a type involving an ABI tag is used as the type of a variable
or return type of a function where that tag is not already present
in the signature of the function, the tag is automatically applied
to the variable or function. '-Wabi-tag' also warns about this
situation; this warning can be avoided by explicitly tagging the
variable or function or moving it into a tagged inline namespace.
'init_priority (PRIORITY)'
In Standard C++, objects defined at namespace scope are guaranteed
to be initialized in an order in strict accordance with that of
their definitions _in a given translation unit_. No guarantee is
made for initializations across translation units. However, GNU
C++ allows users to control the order of initialization of objects
defined at namespace scope with the 'init_priority' attribute by
specifying a relative PRIORITY, a constant integral expression
currently bounded between 101 and 65535 inclusive. Lower numbers
indicate a higher priority.
In the following example, 'A' would normally be created before 'B',
but the 'init_priority' attribute reverses that order:
Some_Class A __attribute__ ((init_priority (2000)));
Some_Class B __attribute__ ((init_priority (543)));
Note that the particular values of PRIORITY do not matter; only
their relative ordering.
'warn_unused'
For C++ types with non-trivial constructors and/or destructors it
is impossible for the compiler to determine whether a variable of
this type is truly unused if it is not referenced. This type
attribute informs the compiler that variables of this type should
be warned about if they appear to be unused, just like variables of
fundamental types.
This attribute is appropriate for types which just represent a
value, such as 'std::string'; it is not appropriate for types which
control a resource, such as 'std::lock_guard'.
This attribute is also accepted in C, but it is unnecessary because
C does not have constructors or destructors.
File: gcc.info, Node: Function Multiversioning, Next: Type Traits, Prev: C++ Attributes, Up: C++ Extensions
7.8 Function Multiversioning
============================
With the GNU C++ front end, for x86 targets, you may specify multiple
versions of a function, where each function is specialized for a
specific target feature. At runtime, the appropriate version of the
function is automatically executed depending on the characteristics of
the execution platform. Here is an example.
__attribute__ ((target ("default")))
int foo ()
{
// The default version of foo.
return 0;
}
__attribute__ ((target ("sse4.2")))
int foo ()
{
// foo version for SSE4.2
return 1;
}
__attribute__ ((target ("arch=atom")))
int foo ()
{
// foo version for the Intel ATOM processor
return 2;
}
__attribute__ ((target ("arch=amdfam10")))
int foo ()
{
// foo version for the AMD Family 0x10 processors.
return 3;
}
int main ()
{
int (*p)() = &foo;
assert ((*p) () == foo ());
return 0;
}
In the above example, four versions of function foo are created. The
first version of foo with the target attribute "default" is the default
version. This version gets executed when no other target specific
version qualifies for execution on a particular platform. A new version
of foo is created by using the same function signature but with a
different target string. Function foo is called or a pointer to it is
taken just like a regular function. GCC takes care of doing the
dispatching to call the right version at runtime. Refer to the GCC wiki
on Function Multiversioning
(http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/FunctionMultiVersioning) for more details.
File: gcc.info, Node: Type Traits, Next: C++ Concepts, Prev: Function Multiversioning, Up: C++ Extensions
7.9 Type Traits
===============
The C++ front end implements syntactic extensions that allow
compile-time determination of various characteristics of a type (or of a
pair of types).
'__has_nothrow_assign (type)'
If 'type' is const qualified or is a reference type then the trait
is false. Otherwise if '__has_trivial_assign (type)' is true then
the trait is true, else if 'type' is a cv class or union type with
copy assignment operators that are known not to throw an exception
then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall
be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of
unknown bound.
'__has_nothrow_copy (type)'
If '__has_trivial_copy (type)' is true then the trait is true, else
if 'type' is a cv class or union type with copy constructors that
are known not to throw an exception then the trait is true, else it
is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type, (possibly
cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__has_nothrow_constructor (type)'
If '__has_trivial_constructor (type)' is true then the trait is
true, else if 'type' is a cv class or union type (or array thereof)
with a default constructor that is known not to throw an exception
then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall
be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of
unknown bound.
'__has_trivial_assign (type)'
If 'type' is const qualified or is a reference type then the trait
is false. Otherwise if '__is_pod (type)' is true then the trait is
true, else if 'type' is a cv class or union type with a trivial
copy assignment ([class.copy]) then the trait is true, else it is
false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type, (possibly
cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__has_trivial_copy (type)'
If '__is_pod (type)' is true or 'type' is a reference type then the
trait is true, else if 'type' is a cv class or union type with a
trivial copy constructor ([class.copy]) then the trait is true,
else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type,
(possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__has_trivial_constructor (type)'
If '__is_pod (type)' is true then the trait is true, else if 'type'
is a cv class or union type (or array thereof) with a trivial
default constructor ([class.ctor]) then the trait is true, else it
is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type, (possibly
cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__has_trivial_destructor (type)'
If '__is_pod (type)' is true or 'type' is a reference type then the
trait is true, else if 'type' is a cv class or union type (or array
thereof) with a trivial destructor ([class.dtor]) then the trait is
true, else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type,
(possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__has_virtual_destructor (type)'
If 'type' is a class type with a virtual destructor ([class.dtor])
then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall
be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of
unknown bound.
'__is_abstract (type)'
If 'type' is an abstract class ([class.abstract]) then the trait is
true, else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type,
(possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__is_base_of (base_type, derived_type)'
If 'base_type' is a base class of 'derived_type' ([class.derived])
then the trait is true, otherwise it is false. Top-level cv
qualifications of 'base_type' and 'derived_type' are ignored. For
the purposes of this trait, a class type is considered is own base.
Requires: if '__is_class (base_type)' and '__is_class
(derived_type)' are true and 'base_type' and 'derived_type' are not
the same type (disregarding cv-qualifiers), 'derived_type' shall be
a complete type. A diagnostic is produced if this requirement is
not met.
'__is_class (type)'
If 'type' is a cv class type, and not a union type
([basic.compound]) the trait is true, else it is false.
'__is_empty (type)'
If '__is_class (type)' is false then the trait is false. Otherwise
'type' is considered empty if and only if: 'type' has no non-static
data members, or all non-static data members, if any, are
bit-fields of length 0, and 'type' has no virtual members, and
'type' has no virtual base classes, and 'type' has no base classes
'base_type' for which '__is_empty (base_type)' is false. Requires:
'type' shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or
an array of unknown bound.
'__is_enum (type)'
If 'type' is a cv enumeration type ([basic.compound]) the trait is
true, else it is false.
'__is_literal_type (type)'
If 'type' is a literal type ([basic.types]) the trait is true, else
it is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type, (possibly
cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__is_pod (type)'
If 'type' is a cv POD type ([basic.types]) then the trait is true,
else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type,
(possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__is_polymorphic (type)'
If 'type' is a polymorphic class ([class.virtual]) then the trait
is true, else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete
type, (possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__is_standard_layout (type)'
If 'type' is a standard-layout type ([basic.types]) the trait is
true, else it is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type,
(possibly cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__is_trivial (type)'
If 'type' is a trivial type ([basic.types]) the trait is true, else
it is false. Requires: 'type' shall be a complete type, (possibly
cv-qualified) 'void', or an array of unknown bound.
'__is_union (type)'
If 'type' is a cv union type ([basic.compound]) the trait is true,
else it is false.
'__underlying_type (type)'
The underlying type of 'type'. Requires: 'type' shall be an
enumeration type ([dcl.enum]).
'__integer_pack (length)'
When used as the pattern of a pack expansion within a template
definition, expands to a template argument pack containing integers
from '0' to 'length-1'. This is provided for efficient
implementation of 'std::make_integer_sequence'.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Concepts, Next: Deprecated Features, Prev: Type Traits, Up: C++ Extensions
7.10 C++ Concepts
=================
C++ concepts provide much-improved support for generic programming. In
particular, they allow the specification of constraints on template
arguments. The constraints are used to extend the usual overloading and
partial specialization capabilities of the language, allowing generic
data structures and algorithms to be "refined" based on their properties
rather than their type names.
The following keywords are reserved for concepts.
'assumes'
States an expression as an assumption, and if possible, verifies
that the assumption is valid. For example, 'assume(n > 0)'.
'axiom'
Introduces an axiom definition. Axioms introduce requirements on
values.
'forall'
Introduces a universally quantified object in an axiom. For
example, 'forall (int n) n + 0 == n').
'concept'
Introduces a concept definition. Concepts are sets of syntactic
and semantic requirements on types and their values.
'requires'
Introduces constraints on template arguments or requirements for a
member function of a class template.
The front end also exposes a number of internal mechanism that can be
used to simplify the writing of type traits. Note that some of these
traits are likely to be removed in the future.
'__is_same (type1, type2)'
A binary type trait: true whenever the type arguments are the same.
File: gcc.info, Node: Deprecated Features, Next: Backwards Compatibility, Prev: C++ Concepts, Up: C++ Extensions
7.11 Deprecated Features
========================
In the past, the GNU C++ compiler was extended to experiment with new
features, at a time when the C++ language was still evolving. Now that
the C++ standard is complete, some of those features are superseded by
superior alternatives. Using the old features might cause a warning in
some cases that the feature will be dropped in the future. In other
cases, the feature might be gone already.
While the list below is not exhaustive, it documents some of the
options that are now deprecated or have been removed:
'-fno-for-scope'
'-ffriend-injection'
These two options provide compatibility with pre-standard C++.
*Note Backwards Compatibility::.
G++ allows a virtual function returning 'void *' to be overridden by
one returning a different pointer type. This extension to the covariant
return type rules is now deprecated and will be removed from a future
version.
The use of default arguments in function pointers, function typedefs
and other places where they are not permitted by the standard is
deprecated and will be removed from a future version of G++.
G++ allows floating-point literals to appear in integral constant
expressions, e.g. ' enum E { e = int(2.2 * 3.7) } ' This extension is
deprecated and will be removed from a future version.
G++ allows static data members of const floating-point type to be
declared with an initializer in a class definition. The standard only
allows initializers for static members of const integral types and const
enumeration types so this extension has been deprecated and will be
removed from a future version.
G++ allows attributes to follow a parenthesized direct initializer,
e.g. ' int f (0) __attribute__ ((something)); ' This extension has been
ignored since G++ 3.3 and is deprecated.
G++ allows anonymous structs and unions to have members that are not
public non-static data members (i.e. fields). These extensions are
deprecated.
File: gcc.info, Node: Backwards Compatibility, Prev: Deprecated Features, Up: C++ Extensions
7.12 Backwards Compatibility
============================
Now that there is a definitive ISO standard C++, G++ has a specification
to adhere to. The C++ language evolved over time, and features that
used to be acceptable in previous drafts of the standard, such as the
ARM [Annotated C++ Reference Manual], are no longer accepted. In order
to allow compilation of C++ written to such drafts, G++ contains some
backwards compatibilities. _All such backwards compatibility features
are liable to disappear in future versions of G++._ They should be
considered deprecated. *Note Deprecated Features::.
'For scope'
If a variable is declared at for scope, it used to remain in scope
until the end of the scope that contained the for statement (rather
than just within the for scope). The deprecated '-fno-for-scope'
option enables this non-standard behavior. Without the option, G++
retains this, but issues a warning, if such a variable is accessed
outside the for scope.
The behavior is deprecated, only available with '-std=c++98'
'-std=gnu++98' languages and you must use the '-fpermissive' option
to enable it. The behavior will be removed.
'Friend Injection'
The '-ffriend-injection' option makes injected friends visible to
regular name lookup, unlike standard C++. This option is
deprecated and will be removed.
'Implicit C language'
Old C system header files did not contain an 'extern "C" {...}'
scope to set the language. On such systems, all header files are
implicitly scoped inside a C language scope. Also, an empty
prototype '()' is treated as an unspecified number of arguments,
rather than no arguments, as C++ demands.
File: gcc.info, Node: Objective-C, Next: Compatibility, Prev: C++ Extensions, Up: Top
8 GNU Objective-C Features
**************************
This document is meant to describe some of the GNU Objective-C features.
It is not intended to teach you Objective-C. There are several resources
on the Internet that present the language.
* Menu:
* GNU Objective-C runtime API::
* Executing code before main::
* Type encoding::
* Garbage Collection::
* Constant string objects::
* compatibility_alias::
* Exceptions::
* Synchronization::
* Fast enumeration::
* Messaging with the GNU Objective-C runtime::
File: gcc.info, Node: GNU Objective-C runtime API, Next: Executing code before main, Up: Objective-C
8.1 GNU Objective-C Runtime API
===============================
This section is specific for the GNU Objective-C runtime. If you are
using a different runtime, you can skip it.
The GNU Objective-C runtime provides an API that allows you to interact
with the Objective-C runtime system, querying the live runtime
structures and even manipulating them. This allows you for example to
inspect and navigate classes, methods and protocols; to define new
classes or new methods, and even to modify existing classes or
protocols.
If you are using a "Foundation" library such as GNUstep-Base, this
library will provide you with a rich set of functionality to do most of
the inspection tasks, and you probably will only need direct access to
the GNU Objective-C runtime API to define new classes or methods.
* Menu:
* Modern GNU Objective-C runtime API::
* Traditional GNU Objective-C runtime API::
File: gcc.info, Node: Modern GNU Objective-C runtime API, Next: Traditional GNU Objective-C runtime API, Up: GNU Objective-C runtime API
8.1.1 Modern GNU Objective-C Runtime API
----------------------------------------
The GNU Objective-C runtime provides an API which is similar to the one
provided by the "Objective-C 2.0" Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime. The
API is documented in the public header files of the GNU Objective-C
runtime:
* 'objc/objc.h': this is the basic Objective-C header file, defining
the basic Objective-C types such as 'id', 'Class' and 'BOOL'. You
have to include this header to do almost anything with Objective-C.
* 'objc/runtime.h': this header declares most of the public runtime
API functions allowing you to inspect and manipulate the
Objective-C runtime data structures. These functions are fairly
standardized across Objective-C runtimes and are almost identical
to the Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime ones. It does not declare
functions in some specialized areas (constructing and forwarding
message invocations, threading) which are in the other headers
below. You have to include 'objc/objc.h' and 'objc/runtime.h' to
use any of the functions, such as 'class_getName()', declared in
'objc/runtime.h'.
* 'objc/message.h': this header declares public functions used to
construct, deconstruct and forward message invocations. Because
messaging is done in quite a different way on different runtimes,
functions in this header are specific to the GNU Objective-C
runtime implementation.
* 'objc/objc-exception.h': this header declares some public functions
related to Objective-C exceptions. For example functions in this
header allow you to throw an Objective-C exception from plain C/C++
code.
* 'objc/objc-sync.h': this header declares some public functions
related to the Objective-C '@synchronized()' syntax, allowing you
to emulate an Objective-C '@synchronized()' block in plain C/C++
code.
* 'objc/thr.h': this header declares a public runtime API threading
layer that is only provided by the GNU Objective-C runtime. It
declares functions such as 'objc_mutex_lock()', which provide a
platform-independent set of threading functions.
The header files contain detailed documentation for each function in
the GNU Objective-C runtime API.
File: gcc.info, Node: Traditional GNU Objective-C runtime API, Prev: Modern GNU Objective-C runtime API, Up: GNU Objective-C runtime API
8.1.2 Traditional GNU Objective-C Runtime API
---------------------------------------------
The GNU Objective-C runtime used to provide a different API, which we
call the "traditional" GNU Objective-C runtime API. Functions belonging
to this API are easy to recognize because they use a different naming
convention, such as 'class_get_super_class()' (traditional API) instead
of 'class_getSuperclass()' (modern API). Software using this API
includes the file 'objc/objc-api.h' where it is declared.
Starting with GCC 4.7.0, the traditional GNU runtime API is no longer
available.
File: gcc.info, Node: Executing code before main, Next: Type encoding, Prev: GNU Objective-C runtime API, Up: Objective-C
8.2 '+load': Executing Code before 'main'
=========================================
This section is specific for the GNU Objective-C runtime. If you are
using a different runtime, you can skip it.
The GNU Objective-C runtime provides a way that allows you to execute
code before the execution of the program enters the 'main' function.
The code is executed on a per-class and a per-category basis, through a
special class method '+load'.
This facility is very useful if you want to initialize global variables
which can be accessed by the program directly, without sending a message
to the class first. The usual way to initialize global variables, in
the '+initialize' method, might not be useful because '+initialize' is
only called when the first message is sent to a class object, which in
some cases could be too late.
Suppose for example you have a 'FileStream' class that declares
'Stdin', 'Stdout' and 'Stderr' as global variables, like below:
FileStream *Stdin = nil;
FileStream *Stdout = nil;
FileStream *Stderr = nil;
@implementation FileStream
+ (void)initialize
{
Stdin = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:0];
Stdout = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:1];
Stderr = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:2];
}
/* Other methods here */
@end
In this example, the initialization of 'Stdin', 'Stdout' and 'Stderr'
in '+initialize' occurs too late. The programmer can send a message to
one of these objects before the variables are actually initialized, thus
sending messages to the 'nil' object. The '+initialize' method which
actually initializes the global variables is not invoked until the first
message is sent to the class object. The solution would require these
variables to be initialized just before entering 'main'.
The correct solution of the above problem is to use the '+load' method
instead of '+initialize':
@implementation FileStream
+ (void)load
{
Stdin = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:0];
Stdout = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:1];
Stderr = [[FileStream new] initWithFd:2];
}
/* Other methods here */
@end
The '+load' is a method that is not overridden by categories. If a
class and a category of it both implement '+load', both methods are
invoked. This allows some additional initializations to be performed in
a category.
This mechanism is not intended to be a replacement for '+initialize'.
You should be aware of its limitations when you decide to use it instead
of '+initialize'.
* Menu:
* What you can and what you cannot do in +load::
File: gcc.info, Node: What you can and what you cannot do in +load, Up: Executing code before main
8.2.1 What You Can and Cannot Do in '+load'
-------------------------------------------
'+load' is to be used only as a last resort. Because it is executed
very early, most of the Objective-C runtime machinery will not be ready
when '+load' is executed; hence '+load' works best for executing C code
that is independent on the Objective-C runtime.
The '+load' implementation in the GNU runtime guarantees you the
following things:
* you can write whatever C code you like;
* you can allocate and send messages to objects whose class is
implemented in the same file;
* the '+load' implementation of all super classes of a class are
executed before the '+load' of that class is executed;
* the '+load' implementation of a class is executed before the
'+load' implementation of any category.
In particular, the following things, even if they can work in a
particular case, are not guaranteed:
* allocation of or sending messages to arbitrary objects;
* allocation of or sending messages to objects whose classes have a
category implemented in the same file;
* sending messages to Objective-C constant strings ('@"this is a
constant string"');
You should make no assumptions about receiving '+load' in sibling
classes when you write '+load' of a class. The order in which sibling
classes receive '+load' is not guaranteed.
The order in which '+load' and '+initialize' are called could be
problematic if this matters. If you don't allocate objects inside
'+load', it is guaranteed that '+load' is called before '+initialize'.
If you create an object inside '+load' the '+initialize' method of
object's class is invoked even if '+load' was not invoked. Note if you
explicitly call '+load' on a class, '+initialize' will be called first.
To avoid possible problems try to implement only one of these methods.
The '+load' method is also invoked when a bundle is dynamically loaded
into your running program. This happens automatically without any
intervening operation from you. When you write bundles and you need to
write '+load' you can safely create and send messages to objects whose
classes already exist in the running program. The same restrictions as
above apply to classes defined in bundle.
File: gcc.info, Node: Type encoding, Next: Garbage Collection, Prev: Executing code before main, Up: Objective-C
8.3 Type Encoding
=================
This is an advanced section. Type encodings are used extensively by the
compiler and by the runtime, but you generally do not need to know about
them to use Objective-C.
The Objective-C compiler generates type encodings for all the types.
These type encodings are used at runtime to find out information about
selectors and methods and about objects and classes.
The types are encoded in the following way:
'_Bool' 'B'
'char' 'c'
'unsigned char' 'C'
'short' 's'
'unsigned short' 'S'
'int' 'i'
'unsigned int' 'I'
'long' 'l'
'unsigned long' 'L'
'long long' 'q'
'unsigned long 'Q'
long'
'float' 'f'
'double' 'd'
'long double' 'D'
'void' 'v'
'id' '@'
'Class' '#'
'SEL' ':'
'char*' '*'
'enum' an 'enum' is encoded exactly as the integer type
that the compiler uses for it, which depends on the
enumeration values. Often the compiler users
'unsigned int', which is then encoded as 'I'.
unknown type '?'
Complex types 'j' followed by the inner type. For example
'_Complex double' is encoded as "jd".
bit-fields 'b' followed by the starting position of the
bit-field, the type of the bit-field and the size of
the bit-field (the bit-fields encoding was changed
from the NeXT's compiler encoding, see below)
The encoding of bit-fields has changed to allow bit-fields to be
properly handled by the runtime functions that compute sizes and
alignments of types that contain bit-fields. The previous encoding
contained only the size of the bit-field. Using only this information
it is not possible to reliably compute the size occupied by the
bit-field. This is very important in the presence of the Boehm's
garbage collector because the objects are allocated using the typed
memory facility available in this collector. The typed memory
allocation requires information about where the pointers are located
inside the object.
The position in the bit-field is the position, counting in bits, of the
bit closest to the beginning of the structure.
The non-atomic types are encoded as follows:
pointers '^' followed by the pointed type.
arrays '[' followed by the number of elements in the array
followed by the type of the elements followed by ']'
structures '{' followed by the name of the structure (or '?' if the
structure is unnamed), the '=' sign, the type of the
members and by '}'
unions '(' followed by the name of the structure (or '?' if the
union is unnamed), the '=' sign, the type of the members
followed by ')'
vectors '![' followed by the vector_size (the number of bytes
composing the vector) followed by a comma, followed by
the alignment (in bytes) of the vector, followed by the
type of the elements followed by ']'
Here are some types and their encodings, as they are generated by the
compiler on an i386 machine:
Objective-C type Compiler encoding
int a[10]; '[10i]'
struct { '{?=i[3f]b128i3b131i2c}'
int i;
float f[3];
int a:3;
int b:2;
char c;
}
int a __attribute__ ((vector_size (16)));'![16,16i]' (alignment
depends on the machine)
In addition to the types the compiler also encodes the type specifiers.
The table below describes the encoding of the current Objective-C type
specifiers:
Specifier Encoding
'const' 'r'
'in' 'n'
'inout' 'N'
'out' 'o'
'bycopy' 'O'
'byref' 'R'
'oneway' 'V'
The type specifiers are encoded just before the type. Unlike types
however, the type specifiers are only encoded when they appear in method
argument types.
Note how 'const' interacts with pointers:
Objective-C type Compiler encoding
const int 'ri'
const int* '^ri'
int *const 'r^i'
'const int*' is a pointer to a 'const int', and so is encoded as '^ri'.
'int* const', instead, is a 'const' pointer to an 'int', and so is
encoded as 'r^i'.
Finally, there is a complication when encoding 'const char *' versus
'char * const'. Because 'char *' is encoded as '*' and not as '^c',
there is no way to express the fact that 'r' applies to the pointer or
to the pointee.
Hence, it is assumed as a convention that 'r*' means 'const char *'
(since it is what is most often meant), and there is no way to encode
'char *const'. 'char *const' would simply be encoded as '*', and the
'const' is lost.
* Menu:
* Legacy type encoding::
* @encode::
* Method signatures::
File: gcc.info, Node: Legacy type encoding, Next: @encode, Up: Type encoding
8.3.1 Legacy Type Encoding
--------------------------
Unfortunately, historically GCC used to have a number of bugs in its
encoding code. The NeXT runtime expects GCC to emit type encodings in
this historical format (compatible with GCC-3.3), so when using the NeXT
runtime, GCC will introduce on purpose a number of incorrect encodings:
* the read-only qualifier of the pointee gets emitted before the '^'.
The read-only qualifier of the pointer itself gets ignored, unless
it is a typedef. Also, the 'r' is only emitted for the outermost
type.
* 32-bit longs are encoded as 'l' or 'L', but not always. For
typedefs, the compiler uses 'i' or 'I' instead if encoding a struct
field or a pointer.
* 'enum's are always encoded as 'i' (int) even if they are actually
unsigned or long.
In addition to that, the NeXT runtime uses a different encoding for
bitfields. It encodes them as 'b' followed by the size, without a bit
offset or the underlying field type.
File: gcc.info, Node: @encode, Next: Method signatures, Prev: Legacy type encoding, Up: Type encoding
8.3.2 '@encode'
---------------
GNU Objective-C supports the '@encode' syntax that allows you to create
a type encoding from a C/Objective-C type. For example, '@encode(int)'
is compiled by the compiler into '"i"'.
'@encode' does not support type qualifiers other than 'const'. For
example, '@encode(const char*)' is valid and is compiled into '"r*"',
while '@encode(bycopy char *)' is invalid and will cause a compilation
error.
File: gcc.info, Node: Method signatures, Prev: @encode, Up: Type encoding
8.3.3 Method Signatures
-----------------------
This section documents the encoding of method types, which is rarely
needed to use Objective-C. You should skip it at a first reading; the
runtime provides functions that will work on methods and can walk
through the list of parameters and interpret them for you. These
functions are part of the public "API" and are the preferred way to
interact with method signatures from user code.
But if you need to debug a problem with method signatures and need to
know how they are implemented (i.e., the "ABI"), read on.
Methods have their "signature" encoded and made available to the
runtime. The "signature" encodes all the information required to
dynamically build invocations of the method at runtime: return type and
arguments.
The "signature" is a null-terminated string, composed of the following:
* The return type, including type qualifiers. For example, a method
returning 'int' would have 'i' here.
* The total size (in bytes) required to pass all the parameters.
This includes the two hidden parameters (the object 'self' and the
method selector '_cmd').
* Each argument, with the type encoding, followed by the offset (in
bytes) of the argument in the list of parameters.
For example, a method with no arguments and returning 'int' would have
the signature 'i8@0:4' if the size of a pointer is 4. The signature is
interpreted as follows: the 'i' is the return type (an 'int'), the '8'
is the total size of the parameters in bytes (two pointers each of size
4), the '@0' is the first parameter (an object at byte offset '0') and
':4' is the second parameter (a 'SEL' at byte offset '4').
You can easily find more examples by running the "strings" program on
an Objective-C object file compiled by GCC. You'll see a lot of strings
that look very much like 'i8@0:4'. They are signatures of Objective-C
methods.
File: gcc.info, Node: Garbage Collection, Next: Constant string objects, Prev: Type encoding, Up: Objective-C
8.4 Garbage Collection
======================
This section is specific for the GNU Objective-C runtime. If you are
using a different runtime, you can skip it.
Support for garbage collection with the GNU runtime has been added by
using a powerful conservative garbage collector, known as the
Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector.
To enable the support for it you have to configure the compiler using
an additional argument, '--enable-objc-gc'. This will build the
boehm-gc library, and build an additional runtime library which has
several enhancements to support the garbage collector. The new library
has a new name, 'libobjc_gc.a' to not conflict with the
non-garbage-collected library.
When the garbage collector is used, the objects are allocated using the
so-called typed memory allocation mechanism available in the
Boehm-Demers-Weiser collector. This mode requires precise information
on where pointers are located inside objects. This information is
computed once per class, immediately after the class has been
initialized.
There is a new runtime function 'class_ivar_set_gcinvisible()' which
can be used to declare a so-called "weak pointer" reference. Such a
pointer is basically hidden for the garbage collector; this can be
useful in certain situations, especially when you want to keep track of
the allocated objects, yet allow them to be collected. This kind of
pointers can only be members of objects, you cannot declare a global
pointer as a weak reference. Every type which is a pointer type can be
declared a weak pointer, including 'id', 'Class' and 'SEL'.
Here is an example of how to use this feature. Suppose you want to
implement a class whose instances hold a weak pointer reference; the
following class does this:
@interface WeakPointer : Object
{
const void* weakPointer;
}
- initWithPointer:(const void*)p;
- (const void*)weakPointer;
@end
@implementation WeakPointer
+ (void)initialize
{
if (self == objc_lookUpClass ("WeakPointer"))
class_ivar_set_gcinvisible (self, "weakPointer", YES);
}
- initWithPointer:(const void*)p
{
weakPointer = p;
return self;
}
- (const void*)weakPointer
{
return weakPointer;
}
@end
Weak pointers are supported through a new type character specifier
represented by the '!' character. The 'class_ivar_set_gcinvisible()'
function adds or removes this specifier to the string type description
of the instance variable named as argument.
File: gcc.info, Node: Constant string objects, Next: compatibility_alias, Prev: Garbage Collection, Up: Objective-C
8.5 Constant String Objects
===========================
GNU Objective-C provides constant string objects that are generated
directly by the compiler. You declare a constant string object by
prefixing a C constant string with the character '@':
id myString = @"this is a constant string object";
The constant string objects are by default instances of the
'NXConstantString' class which is provided by the GNU Objective-C
runtime. To get the definition of this class you must include the
'objc/NXConstStr.h' header file.
User defined libraries may want to implement their own constant string
class. To be able to support them, the GNU Objective-C compiler
provides a new command line options
'-fconstant-string-class=CLASS-NAME'. The provided class should adhere
to a strict structure, the same as 'NXConstantString''s structure:
@interface MyConstantStringClass
{
Class isa;
char *c_string;
unsigned int len;
}
@end
'NXConstantString' inherits from 'Object'; user class libraries may
choose to inherit the customized constant string class from a different
class than 'Object'. There is no requirement in the methods the
constant string class has to implement, but the final ivar layout of the
class must be the compatible with the given structure.
When the compiler creates the statically allocated constant string
object, the 'c_string' field will be filled by the compiler with the
string; the 'length' field will be filled by the compiler with the
string length; the 'isa' pointer will be filled with 'NULL' by the
compiler, and it will later be fixed up automatically at runtime by the
GNU Objective-C runtime library to point to the class which was set by
the '-fconstant-string-class' option when the object file is loaded (if
you wonder how it works behind the scenes, the name of the class to use,
and the list of static objects to fixup, are stored by the compiler in
the object file in a place where the GNU runtime library will find them
at runtime).
As a result, when a file is compiled with the '-fconstant-string-class'
option, all the constant string objects will be instances of the class
specified as argument to this option. It is possible to have multiple
compilation units referring to different constant string classes,
neither the compiler nor the linker impose any restrictions in doing
this.
File: gcc.info, Node: compatibility_alias, Next: Exceptions, Prev: Constant string objects, Up: Objective-C
8.6 'compatibility_alias'
=========================
The keyword '@compatibility_alias' allows you to define a class name as
equivalent to another class name. For example:
@compatibility_alias WOApplication GSWApplication;
tells the compiler that each time it encounters 'WOApplication' as a
class name, it should replace it with 'GSWApplication' (that is,
'WOApplication' is just an alias for 'GSWApplication').
There are some constraints on how this can be used--
* 'WOApplication' (the alias) must not be an existing class;
* 'GSWApplication' (the real class) must be an existing class.
File: gcc.info, Node: Exceptions, Next: Synchronization, Prev: compatibility_alias, Up: Objective-C
8.7 Exceptions
==============
GNU Objective-C provides exception support built into the language, as
in the following example:
@try {
...
@throw expr;
...
}
@catch (AnObjCClass *exc) {
...
@throw expr;
...
@throw;
...
}
@catch (AnotherClass *exc) {
...
}
@catch (id allOthers) {
...
}
@finally {
...
@throw expr;
...
}
The '@throw' statement may appear anywhere in an Objective-C or
Objective-C++ program; when used inside of a '@catch' block, the
'@throw' may appear without an argument (as shown above), in which case
the object caught by the '@catch' will be rethrown.
Note that only (pointers to) Objective-C objects may be thrown and
caught using this scheme. When an object is thrown, it will be caught
by the nearest '@catch' clause capable of handling objects of that type,
analogously to how 'catch' blocks work in C++ and Java. A '@catch(id
...)' clause (as shown above) may also be provided to catch any and all
Objective-C exceptions not caught by previous '@catch' clauses (if any).
The '@finally' clause, if present, will be executed upon exit from the
immediately preceding '@try ... @catch' section. This will happen
regardless of whether any exceptions are thrown, caught or rethrown
inside the '@try ... @catch' section, analogously to the behavior of the
'finally' clause in Java.
There are several caveats to using the new exception mechanism:
* The '-fobjc-exceptions' command line option must be used when
compiling Objective-C files that use exceptions.
* With the GNU runtime, exceptions are always implemented as "native"
exceptions and it is recommended that the '-fexceptions' and
'-shared-libgcc' options are used when linking.
* With the NeXT runtime, although currently designed to be binary
compatible with 'NS_HANDLER'-style idioms provided by the
'NSException' class, the new exceptions can only be used on Mac OS
X 10.3 (Panther) and later systems, due to additional functionality
needed in the NeXT Objective-C runtime.
* As mentioned above, the new exceptions do not support handling
types other than Objective-C objects. Furthermore, when used from
Objective-C++, the Objective-C exception model does not
interoperate with C++ exceptions at this time. This means you
cannot '@throw' an exception from Objective-C and 'catch' it in
C++, or vice versa (i.e., 'throw ... @catch').
File: gcc.info, Node: Synchronization, Next: Fast enumeration, Prev: Exceptions, Up: Objective-C
8.8 Synchronization
===================
GNU Objective-C provides support for synchronized blocks:
@synchronized (ObjCClass *guard) {
...
}
Upon entering the '@synchronized' block, a thread of execution shall
first check whether a lock has been placed on the corresponding 'guard'
object by another thread. If it has, the current thread shall wait
until the other thread relinquishes its lock. Once 'guard' becomes
available, the current thread will place its own lock on it, execute the
code contained in the '@synchronized' block, and finally relinquish the
lock (thereby making 'guard' available to other threads).
Unlike Java, Objective-C does not allow for entire methods to be marked
'@synchronized'. Note that throwing exceptions out of '@synchronized'
blocks is allowed, and will cause the guarding object to be unlocked
properly.
Because of the interactions between synchronization and exception
handling, you can only use '@synchronized' when compiling with
exceptions enabled, that is with the command line option
'-fobjc-exceptions'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Fast enumeration, Next: Messaging with the GNU Objective-C runtime, Prev: Synchronization, Up: Objective-C
8.9 Fast Enumeration
====================
* Menu:
* Using fast enumeration::
* c99-like fast enumeration syntax::
* Fast enumeration details::
* Fast enumeration protocol::
File: gcc.info, Node: Using fast enumeration, Next: c99-like fast enumeration syntax, Up: Fast enumeration
8.9.1 Using Fast Enumeration
----------------------------
GNU Objective-C provides support for the fast enumeration syntax:
id array = ...;
id object;
for (object in array)
{
/* Do something with 'object' */
}
'array' needs to be an Objective-C object (usually a collection object,
for example an array, a dictionary or a set) which implements the "Fast
Enumeration Protocol" (see below). If you are using a Foundation
library such as GNUstep Base or Apple Cocoa Foundation, all collection
objects in the library implement this protocol and can be used in this
way.
The code above would iterate over all objects in 'array'. For each of
them, it assigns it to 'object', then executes the 'Do something with
'object'' statements.
Here is a fully worked-out example using a Foundation library (which
provides the implementation of 'NSArray', 'NSString' and 'NSLog'):
NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: @"1", @"2", @"3", nil];
NSString *object;
for (object in array)
NSLog (@"Iterating over %@", object);
File: gcc.info, Node: c99-like fast enumeration syntax, Next: Fast enumeration details, Prev: Using fast enumeration, Up: Fast enumeration
8.9.2 C99-Like Fast Enumeration Syntax
--------------------------------------
A c99-like declaration syntax is also allowed:
id array = ...;
for (id object in array)
{
/* Do something with 'object' */
}
this is completely equivalent to:
id array = ...;
{
id object;
for (object in array)
{
/* Do something with 'object' */
}
}
but can save some typing.
Note that the option '-std=c99' is not required to allow this syntax in
Objective-C.
File: gcc.info, Node: Fast enumeration details, Next: Fast enumeration protocol, Prev: c99-like fast enumeration syntax, Up: Fast enumeration
8.9.3 Fast Enumeration Details
------------------------------
Here is a more technical description with the gory details. Consider
the code
for (OBJECT EXPRESSION in COLLECTION EXPRESSION)
{
STATEMENTS
}
here is what happens when you run it:
* 'COLLECTION EXPRESSION' is evaluated exactly once and the result is
used as the collection object to iterate over. This means it is
safe to write code such as 'for (object in [NSDictionary
keyEnumerator]) ...'.
* the iteration is implemented by the compiler by repeatedly getting
batches of objects from the collection object using the fast
enumeration protocol (see below), then iterating over all objects
in the batch. This is faster than a normal enumeration where
objects are retrieved one by one (hence the name "fast
enumeration").
* if there are no objects in the collection, then 'OBJECT EXPRESSION'
is set to 'nil' and the loop immediately terminates.
* if there are objects in the collection, then for each object in the
collection (in the order they are returned) 'OBJECT EXPRESSION' is
set to the object, then 'STATEMENTS' are executed.
* 'STATEMENTS' can contain 'break' and 'continue' commands, which
will abort the iteration or skip to the next loop iteration as
expected.
* when the iteration ends because there are no more objects to
iterate over, 'OBJECT EXPRESSION' is set to 'nil'. This allows you
to determine whether the iteration finished because a 'break'
command was used (in which case 'OBJECT EXPRESSION' will remain set
to the last object that was iterated over) or because it iterated
over all the objects (in which case 'OBJECT EXPRESSION' will be set
to 'nil').
* 'STATEMENTS' must not make any changes to the collection object; if
they do, it is a hard error and the fast enumeration terminates by
invoking 'objc_enumerationMutation', a runtime function that
normally aborts the program but which can be customized by
Foundation libraries via 'objc_set_mutation_handler' to do
something different, such as raising an exception.
File: gcc.info, Node: Fast enumeration protocol, Prev: Fast enumeration details, Up: Fast enumeration
8.9.4 Fast Enumeration Protocol
-------------------------------
If you want your own collection object to be usable with fast
enumeration, you need to have it implement the method
- (unsigned long) countByEnumeratingWithState: (NSFastEnumerationState *)state
objects: (id *)objects
count: (unsigned long)len;
where 'NSFastEnumerationState' must be defined in your code as follows:
typedef struct
{
unsigned long state;
id *itemsPtr;
unsigned long *mutationsPtr;
unsigned long extra[5];
} NSFastEnumerationState;
If no 'NSFastEnumerationState' is defined in your code, the compiler
will automatically replace 'NSFastEnumerationState *' with 'struct
__objcFastEnumerationState *', where that type is silently defined by
the compiler in an identical way. This can be confusing and we
recommend that you define 'NSFastEnumerationState' (as shown above)
instead.
The method is called repeatedly during a fast enumeration to retrieve
batches of objects. Each invocation of the method should retrieve the
next batch of objects.
The return value of the method is the number of objects in the current
batch; this should not exceed 'len', which is the maximum size of a
batch as requested by the caller. The batch itself is returned in the
'itemsPtr' field of the 'NSFastEnumerationState' struct.
To help with returning the objects, the 'objects' array is a C array
preallocated by the caller (on the stack) of size 'len'. In many cases
you can put the objects you want to return in that 'objects' array, then
do 'itemsPtr = objects'. But you don't have to; if your collection
already has the objects to return in some form of C array, it could
return them from there instead.
The 'state' and 'extra' fields of the 'NSFastEnumerationState'
structure allows your collection object to keep track of the state of
the enumeration. In a simple array implementation, 'state' may keep
track of the index of the last object that was returned, and 'extra' may
be unused.
The 'mutationsPtr' field of the 'NSFastEnumerationState' is used to
keep track of mutations. It should point to a number; before working on
each object, the fast enumeration loop will check that this number has
not changed. If it has, a mutation has happened and the fast
enumeration will abort. So, 'mutationsPtr' could be set to point to
some sort of version number of your collection, which is increased by
one every time there is a change (for example when an object is added or
removed). Or, if you are content with less strict mutation checks, it
could point to the number of objects in your collection or some other
value that can be checked to perform an approximate check that the
collection has not been mutated.
Finally, note how we declared the 'len' argument and the return value
to be of type 'unsigned long'. They could also be declared to be of
type 'unsigned int' and everything would still work.
File: gcc.info, Node: Messaging with the GNU Objective-C runtime, Prev: Fast enumeration, Up: Objective-C
8.10 Messaging with the GNU Objective-C Runtime
===============================================
This section is specific for the GNU Objective-C runtime. If you are
using a different runtime, you can skip it.
The implementation of messaging in the GNU Objective-C runtime is
designed to be portable, and so is based on standard C.
Sending a message in the GNU Objective-C runtime is composed of two
separate steps. First, there is a call to the lookup function,
'objc_msg_lookup ()' (or, in the case of messages to super,
'objc_msg_lookup_super ()'). This runtime function takes as argument
the receiver and the selector of the method to be called; it returns the
'IMP', that is a pointer to the function implementing the method. The
second step of method invocation consists of casting this pointer
function to the appropriate function pointer type, and calling the
function pointed to it with the right arguments.
For example, when the compiler encounters a method invocation such as
'[object init]', it compiles it into a call to 'objc_msg_lookup (object,
@selector(init))' followed by a cast of the returned value to the
appropriate function pointer type, and then it calls it.
* Menu:
* Dynamically registering methods::
* Forwarding hook::
File: gcc.info, Node: Dynamically registering methods, Next: Forwarding hook, Up: Messaging with the GNU Objective-C runtime
8.10.1 Dynamically Registering Methods
--------------------------------------
If 'objc_msg_lookup()' does not find a suitable method implementation,
because the receiver does not implement the required method, it tries to
see if the class can dynamically register the method.
To do so, the runtime checks if the class of the receiver implements
the method
+ (BOOL) resolveInstanceMethod: (SEL)selector;
in the case of an instance method, or
+ (BOOL) resolveClassMethod: (SEL)selector;
in the case of a class method. If the class implements it, the runtime
invokes it, passing as argument the selector of the original method, and
if it returns 'YES', the runtime tries the lookup again, which could now
succeed if a matching method was added dynamically by
'+resolveInstanceMethod:' or '+resolveClassMethod:'.
This allows classes to dynamically register methods (by adding them to
the class using 'class_addMethod') when they are first called. To do
so, a class should implement '+resolveInstanceMethod:' (or, depending on
the case, '+resolveClassMethod:') and have it recognize the selectors of
methods that can be registered dynamically at runtime, register them,
and return 'YES'. It should return 'NO' for methods that it does not
dynamically registered at runtime.
If '+resolveInstanceMethod:' (or '+resolveClassMethod:') is not
implemented or returns 'NO', the runtime then tries the forwarding hook.
Support for '+resolveInstanceMethod:' and 'resolveClassMethod:' was
added to the GNU Objective-C runtime in GCC version 4.6.
File: gcc.info, Node: Forwarding hook, Prev: Dynamically registering methods, Up: Messaging with the GNU Objective-C runtime
8.10.2 Forwarding Hook
----------------------
The GNU Objective-C runtime provides a hook, called
'__objc_msg_forward2', which is called by 'objc_msg_lookup()' when it
cannot find a method implementation in the runtime tables and after
calling '+resolveInstanceMethod:' and '+resolveClassMethod:' has been
attempted and did not succeed in dynamically registering the method.
To configure the hook, you set the global variable
'__objc_msg_forward2' to a function with the same argument and return
types of 'objc_msg_lookup()'. When 'objc_msg_lookup()' can not find a
method implementation, it invokes the hook function you provided to get
a method implementation to return. So, in practice
'__objc_msg_forward2' allows you to extend 'objc_msg_lookup()' by adding
some custom code that is called to do a further lookup when no standard
method implementation can be found using the normal lookup.
This hook is generally reserved for "Foundation" libraries such as
GNUstep Base, which use it to implement their high-level method
forwarding API, typically based around the 'forwardInvocation:' method.
So, unless you are implementing your own "Foundation" library, you
should not set this hook.
In a typical forwarding implementation, the '__objc_msg_forward2' hook
function determines the argument and return type of the method that is
being looked up, and then creates a function that takes these arguments
and has that return type, and returns it to the caller. Creating this
function is non-trivial and is typically performed using a dedicated
library such as 'libffi'.
The forwarding method implementation thus created is returned by
'objc_msg_lookup()' and is executed as if it was a normal method
implementation. When the forwarding method implementation is called, it
is usually expected to pack all arguments into some sort of object
(typically, an 'NSInvocation' in a "Foundation" library), and hand it
over to the programmer ('forwardInvocation:') who is then allowed to
manipulate the method invocation using a high-level API provided by the
"Foundation" library. For example, the programmer may want to examine
the method invocation arguments and name and potentially change them
before forwarding the method invocation to one or more local objects
('performInvocation:') or even to remote objects (by using Distributed
Objects or some other mechanism). When all this completes, the return
value is passed back and must be returned correctly to the original
caller.
Note that the GNU Objective-C runtime currently provides no support for
method forwarding or method invocations other than the
'__objc_msg_forward2' hook.
If the forwarding hook does not exist or returns 'NULL', the runtime
currently attempts forwarding using an older, deprecated API, and if
that fails, it aborts the program. In future versions of the GNU
Objective-C runtime, the runtime will immediately abort.
File: gcc.info, Node: Compatibility, Next: Gcov, Prev: Objective-C, Up: Top
9 Binary Compatibility
**********************
Binary compatibility encompasses several related concepts:
"application binary interface (ABI)"
The set of runtime conventions followed by all of the tools that
deal with binary representations of a program, including compilers,
assemblers, linkers, and language runtime support. Some ABIs are
formal with a written specification, possibly designed by multiple
interested parties. Others are simply the way things are actually
done by a particular set of tools.
"ABI conformance"
A compiler conforms to an ABI if it generates code that follows all
of the specifications enumerated by that ABI. A library conforms
to an ABI if it is implemented according to that ABI. An
application conforms to an ABI if it is built using tools that
conform to that ABI and does not contain source code that
specifically changes behavior specified by the ABI.
"calling conventions"
Calling conventions are a subset of an ABI that specify of how
arguments are passed and function results are returned.
"interoperability"
Different sets of tools are interoperable if they generate files
that can be used in the same program. The set of tools includes
compilers, assemblers, linkers, libraries, header files, startup
files, and debuggers. Binaries produced by different sets of tools
are not interoperable unless they implement the same ABI. This
applies to different versions of the same tools as well as tools
from different vendors.
"intercallability"
Whether a function in a binary built by one set of tools can call a
function in a binary built by a different set of tools is a subset
of interoperability.
"implementation-defined features"
Language standards include lists of implementation-defined features
whose behavior can vary from one implementation to another. Some
of these features are normally covered by a platform's ABI and
others are not. The features that are not covered by an ABI
generally affect how a program behaves, but not intercallability.
"compatibility"
Conformance to the same ABI and the same behavior of
implementation-defined features are both relevant for
compatibility.
The application binary interface implemented by a C or C++ compiler
affects code generation and runtime support for:
* size and alignment of data types
* layout of structured types
* calling conventions
* register usage conventions
* interfaces for runtime arithmetic support
* object file formats
In addition, the application binary interface implemented by a C++
compiler affects code generation and runtime support for:
* name mangling
* exception handling
* invoking constructors and destructors
* layout, alignment, and padding of classes
* layout and alignment of virtual tables
Some GCC compilation options cause the compiler to generate code that
does not conform to the platform's default ABI. Other options cause
different program behavior for implementation-defined features that are
not covered by an ABI. These options are provided for consistency with
other compilers that do not follow the platform's default ABI or the
usual behavior of implementation-defined features for the platform. Be
very careful about using such options.
Most platforms have a well-defined ABI that covers C code, but ABIs
that cover C++ functionality are not yet common.
Starting with GCC 3.2, GCC binary conventions for C++ are based on a
written, vendor-neutral C++ ABI that was designed to be specific to
64-bit Itanium but also includes generic specifications that apply to
any platform. This C++ ABI is also implemented by other compiler
vendors on some platforms, notably GNU/Linux and BSD systems. We have
tried hard to provide a stable ABI that will be compatible with future
GCC releases, but it is possible that we will encounter problems that
make this difficult. Such problems could include different
interpretations of the C++ ABI by different vendors, bugs in the ABI, or
bugs in the implementation of the ABI in different compilers. GCC's
'-Wabi' switch warns when G++ generates code that is probably not
compatible with the C++ ABI.
The C++ library used with a C++ compiler includes the Standard C++
Library, with functionality defined in the C++ Standard, plus language
runtime support. The runtime support is included in a C++ ABI, but
there is no formal ABI for the Standard C++ Library. Two
implementations of that library are interoperable if one follows the
de-facto ABI of the other and if they are both built with the same
compiler, or with compilers that conform to the same ABI for C++
compiler and runtime support.
When G++ and another C++ compiler conform to the same C++ ABI, but the
implementations of the Standard C++ Library that they normally use do
not follow the same ABI for the Standard C++ Library, object files built
with those compilers can be used in the same program only if they use
the same C++ library. This requires specifying the location of the C++
library header files when invoking the compiler whose usual library is
not being used. The location of GCC's C++ header files depends on how
the GCC build was configured, but can be seen by using the G++ '-v'
option. With default configuration options for G++ 3.3 the compile line
for a different C++ compiler needs to include
-IGCC_INSTALL_DIRECTORY/include/c++/3.3
Similarly, compiling code with G++ that must use a C++ library other
than the GNU C++ library requires specifying the location of the header
files for that other library.
The most straightforward way to link a program to use a particular C++
library is to use a C++ driver that specifies that C++ library by
default. The 'g++' driver, for example, tells the linker where to find
GCC's C++ library ('libstdc++') plus the other libraries and startup
files it needs, in the proper order.
If a program must use a different C++ library and it's not possible to
do the final link using a C++ driver that uses that library by default,
it is necessary to tell 'g++' the location and name of that library. It
might also be necessary to specify different startup files and other
runtime support libraries, and to suppress the use of GCC's support
libraries with one or more of the options '-nostdlib', '-nostartfiles',
and '-nodefaultlibs'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Gcov, Next: Gcov-tool, Prev: Compatibility, Up: Top
10 'gcov'--a Test Coverage Program
**********************************
'gcov' is a tool you can use in conjunction with GCC to test code
coverage in your programs.
* Menu:
* Gcov Intro:: Introduction to gcov.
* Invoking Gcov:: How to use gcov.
* Gcov and Optimization:: Using gcov with GCC optimization.
* Gcov Data Files:: The files used by gcov.
* Cross-profiling:: Data file relocation.
File: gcc.info, Node: Gcov Intro, Next: Invoking Gcov, Up: Gcov
10.1 Introduction to 'gcov'
===========================
'gcov' is a test coverage program. Use it in concert with GCC to
analyze your programs to help create more efficient, faster running code
and to discover untested parts of your program. You can use 'gcov' as a
profiling tool to help discover where your optimization efforts will
best affect your code. You can also use 'gcov' along with the other
profiling tool, 'gprof', to assess which parts of your code use the
greatest amount of computing time.
Profiling tools help you analyze your code's performance. Using a
profiler such as 'gcov' or 'gprof', you can find out some basic
performance statistics, such as:
* how often each line of code executes
* what lines of code are actually executed
* how much computing time each section of code uses
Once you know these things about how your code works when compiled, you
can look at each module to see which modules should be optimized.
'gcov' helps you determine where to work on optimization.
Software developers also use coverage testing in concert with
testsuites, to make sure software is actually good enough for a release.
Testsuites can verify that a program works as expected; a coverage
program tests to see how much of the program is exercised by the
testsuite. Developers can then determine what kinds of test cases need
to be added to the testsuites to create both better testing and a better
final product.
You should compile your code without optimization if you plan to use
'gcov' because the optimization, by combining some lines of code into
one function, may not give you as much information as you need to look
for 'hot spots' where the code is using a great deal of computer time.
Likewise, because 'gcov' accumulates statistics by line (at the lowest
resolution), it works best with a programming style that places only one
statement on each line. If you use complicated macros that expand to
loops or to other control structures, the statistics are less
helpful--they only report on the line where the macro call appears. If
your complex macros behave like functions, you can replace them with
inline functions to solve this problem.
'gcov' creates a logfile called 'SOURCEFILE.gcov' which indicates how
many times each line of a source file 'SOURCEFILE.c' has executed. You
can use these logfiles along with 'gprof' to aid in fine-tuning the
performance of your programs. 'gprof' gives timing information you can
use along with the information you get from 'gcov'.
'gcov' works only on code compiled with GCC. It is not compatible with
any other profiling or test coverage mechanism.
File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking Gcov, Next: Gcov and Optimization, Prev: Gcov Intro, Up: Gcov
10.2 Invoking 'gcov'
====================
gcov [OPTIONS] FILES
'gcov' accepts the following options:
'-a'
'--all-blocks'
Write individual execution counts for every basic block. Normally
gcov outputs execution counts only for the main blocks of a line.
With this option you can determine if blocks within a single line
are not being executed.
'-b'
'--branch-probabilities'
Write branch frequencies to the output file, and write branch
summary info to the standard output. This option allows you to see
how often each branch in your program was taken. Unconditional
branches will not be shown, unless the '-u' option is given.
'-c'
'--branch-counts'
Write branch frequencies as the number of branches taken, rather
than the percentage of branches taken.
'-d'
'--display-progress'
Display the progress on the standard output.
'-f'
'--function-summaries'
Output summaries for each function in addition to the file level
summary.
'-h'
'--help'
Display help about using 'gcov' (on the standard output), and exit
without doing any further processing.
'-i'
'--intermediate-format'
Output gcov file in an easy-to-parse intermediate text format that
can be used by 'lcov' or other tools. The output is a single
'.gcov' file per '.gcda' file. No source code is required.
The format of the intermediate '.gcov' file is plain text with one
entry per line
version:GCC_VERSION
file:SOURCE_FILE_NAME
function:START_LINE_NUMBER,END_LINE_NUMBER,EXECUTION_COUNT,FUNCTION_NAME
lcount:LINE NUMBER,EXECUTION_COUNT,HAS_UNEXECUTED_BLOCK
branch:LINE_NUMBER,BRANCH_COVERAGE_TYPE
Where the BRANCH_COVERAGE_TYPE is
notexec (Branch not executed)
taken (Branch executed and taken)
nottaken (Branch executed, but not taken)
There can be multiple FILE entries in an intermediate gcov file.
All entries following a FILE pertain to that source file until the
next FILE entry. If there are multiple functions that start on a
single line, then corresponding lcount is repeated multiple times.
Here is a sample when '-i' is used in conjunction with '-b' option:
version: 8.1.0 20180103
file:tmp.cpp
function:7,7,0,_ZN3FooIcEC2Ev
function:7,7,1,_ZN3FooIiEC2Ev
function:8,8,0,_ZN3FooIcE3incEv
function:8,8,2,_ZN3FooIiE3incEv
function:18,37,1,main
lcount:7,0,1
lcount:7,1,0
lcount:8,0,1
lcount:8,2,0
lcount:18,1,0
lcount:21,1,0
branch:21,taken
branch:21,nottaken
lcount:23,1,0
branch:23,taken
branch:23,nottaken
lcount:24,1,0
branch:24,taken
branch:24,nottaken
lcount:25,1,0
lcount:27,11,0
branch:27,taken
branch:27,taken
lcount:28,10,0
lcount:30,1,1
branch:30,nottaken
branch:30,taken
lcount:32,1,0
branch:32,nottaken
branch:32,taken
lcount:33,0,1
branch:33,notexec
branch:33,notexec
lcount:35,1,0
branch:35,taken
branch:35,nottaken
lcount:36,1,0
'-j'
'--human-readable'
Write counts in human readable format (like 24k).
'-k'
'--use-colors'
Use colors for lines of code that have zero coverage. We use red
color for non-exceptional lines and cyan for exceptional. Same
colors are used for basic blocks with '-a' option.
'-l'
'--long-file-names'
Create long file names for included source files. For example, if
the header file 'x.h' contains code, and was included in the file
'a.c', then running 'gcov' on the file 'a.c' will produce an output
file called 'a.c##x.h.gcov' instead of 'x.h.gcov'. This can be
useful if 'x.h' is included in multiple source files and you want
to see the individual contributions. If you use the '-p' option,
both the including and included file names will be complete path
names.
'-m'
'--demangled-names'
Display demangled function names in output. The default is to show
mangled function names.
'-n'
'--no-output'
Do not create the 'gcov' output file.
'-o DIRECTORY|FILE'
'--object-directory DIRECTORY'
'--object-file FILE'
Specify either the directory containing the gcov data files, or the
object path name. The '.gcno', and '.gcda' data files are searched
for using this option. If a directory is specified, the data files
are in that directory and named after the input file name, without
its extension. If a file is specified here, the data files are
named after that file, without its extension.
'-p'
'--preserve-paths'
Preserve complete path information in the names of generated
'.gcov' files. Without this option, just the filename component is
used. With this option, all directories are used, with '/'
characters translated to '#' characters, '.' directory components
removed and unremoveable '..' components renamed to '^'. This is
useful if sourcefiles are in several different directories.
'-r'
'--relative-only'
Only output information about source files with a relative pathname
(after source prefix elision). Absolute paths are usually system
header files and coverage of any inline functions therein is
normally uninteresting.
'-s DIRECTORY'
'--source-prefix DIRECTORY'
A prefix for source file names to remove when generating the output
coverage files. This option is useful when building in a separate
directory, and the pathname to the source directory is not wanted
when determining the output file names. Note that this prefix
detection is applied before determining whether the source file is
absolute.
'-u'
'--unconditional-branches'
When branch probabilities are given, include those of unconditional
branches. Unconditional branches are normally not interesting.
'-v'
'--version'
Display the 'gcov' version number (on the standard output), and
exit without doing any further processing.
'-w'
'--verbose'
Print verbose informations related to basic blocks and arcs.
'-x'
'--hash-filenames'
By default, gcov uses the full pathname of the source files to
create an output filename. This can lead to long filenames that
can overflow filesystem limits. This option creates names of the
form 'SOURCE-FILE##MD5.gcov', where the SOURCE-FILE component is
the final filename part and the MD5 component is calculated from
the full mangled name that would have been used otherwise.
'gcov' should be run with the current directory the same as that when
you invoked the compiler. Otherwise it will not be able to locate the
source files. 'gcov' produces files called 'MANGLEDNAME.gcov' in the
current directory. These contain the coverage information of the source
file they correspond to. One '.gcov' file is produced for each source
(or header) file containing code, which was compiled to produce the data
files. The MANGLEDNAME part of the output file name is usually simply
the source file name, but can be something more complicated if the '-l'
or '-p' options are given. Refer to those options for details.
If you invoke 'gcov' with multiple input files, the contributions from
each input file are summed. Typically you would invoke it with the same
list of files as the final link of your executable.
The '.gcov' files contain the ':' separated fields along with program
source code. The format is
EXECUTION_COUNT:LINE_NUMBER:SOURCE LINE TEXT
Additional block information may succeed each line, when requested by
command line option. The EXECUTION_COUNT is '-' for lines containing no
code. Unexecuted lines are marked '#####' or '=====', depending on
whether they are reachable by non-exceptional paths or only exceptional
paths such as C++ exception handlers, respectively. Given '-a' option,
unexecuted blocks are marked '$$$$$' or '%%%%%', depending on whether a
basic block is reachable via non-exceptional or exceptional paths.
Executed basic blocks having a statement with zero EXECUTION_COUNT end
with '*' character and are colored with magenta color with '-k' option.
The functionality is not supported in Ada.
Note that GCC can completely remove the bodies of functions that are
not needed - for instance if they are inlined everywhere. Such
functions are marked with '-', which can be confusing. Use the
'-fkeep-inline-functions' and '-fkeep-static-functions' options to
retain these functions and allow gcov to properly show their
EXECUTION_COUNT.
Some lines of information at the start have LINE_NUMBER of zero. These
preamble lines are of the form
-:0:TAG:VALUE
The ordering and number of these preamble lines will be augmented as
'gcov' development progresses -- do not rely on them remaining
unchanged. Use TAG to locate a particular preamble line.
The additional block information is of the form
TAG INFORMATION
The INFORMATION is human readable, but designed to be simple enough for
machine parsing too.
When printing percentages, 0% and 100% are only printed when the values
are _exactly_ 0% and 100% respectively. Other values which would
conventionally be rounded to 0% or 100% are instead printed as the
nearest non-boundary value.
When using 'gcov', you must first compile your program with two special
GCC options: '-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage'. This tells the compiler
to generate additional information needed by gcov (basically a flow
graph of the program) and also includes additional code in the object
files for generating the extra profiling information needed by gcov.
These additional files are placed in the directory where the object file
is located.
Running the program will cause profile output to be generated. For
each source file compiled with '-fprofile-arcs', an accompanying '.gcda'
file will be placed in the object file directory.
Running 'gcov' with your program's source file names as arguments will
now produce a listing of the code along with frequency of execution for
each line. For example, if your program is called 'tmp.cpp', this is
what you see when you use the basic 'gcov' facility:
$ g++ -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage tmp.cpp
$ a.out
$ gcov tmp.cpp -m
File 'tmp.cpp'
Lines executed:92.86% of 14
Creating 'tmp.cpp.gcov'
The file 'tmp.cpp.gcov' contains output from 'gcov'. Here is a sample:
-: 0:Source:tmp.cpp
-: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
-: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
-: 0:Runs:1
-: 0:Programs:1
-: 1:#include <stdio.h>
-: 2:
-: 3:template<class T>
-: 4:class Foo
-: 5:{
-: 6: public:
1*: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<char>::Foo():
#####: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<int>::Foo():
1: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
2*: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<char>::inc():
#####: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<int>::inc():
2: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
-: 9:
-: 10: private:
-: 11: int b;
-: 12:};
-: 13:
-: 14:template class Foo<int>;
-: 15:template class Foo<char>;
-: 16:
-: 17:int
1: 18:main (void)
-: 19:{
-: 20: int i, total;
1: 21: Foo<int> counter;
-: 22:
1: 23: counter.inc();
1: 24: counter.inc();
1: 25: total = 0;
-: 26:
11: 27: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
10: 28: total += i;
-: 29:
1*: 30: int v = total > 100 ? 1 : 2;
-: 31:
1: 32: if (total != 45)
#####: 33: printf ("Failure\n");
-: 34: else
1: 35: printf ("Success\n");
1: 36: return 0;
-: 37:}
Note that line 7 is shown in the report multiple times. First
occurrence presents total number of execution of the line and the next
two belong to instances of class Foo constructors. As you can also see,
line 30 contains some unexecuted basic blocks and thus execution count
has asterisk symbol.
When you use the '-a' option, you will get individual block counts, and
the output looks like this:
-: 0:Source:tmp.cpp
-: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
-: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
-: 0:Runs:1
-: 0:Programs:1
-: 1:#include <stdio.h>
-: 2:
-: 3:template<class T>
-: 4:class Foo
-: 5:{
-: 6: public:
1*: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<char>::Foo():
#####: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<int>::Foo():
1: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
2*: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<char>::inc():
#####: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<int>::inc():
2: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
-: 9:
-: 10: private:
-: 11: int b;
-: 12:};
-: 13:
-: 14:template class Foo<int>;
-: 15:template class Foo<char>;
-: 16:
-: 17:int
1: 18:main (void)
-: 19:{
-: 20: int i, total;
1: 21: Foo<int> counter;
1: 21-block 0
-: 22:
1: 23: counter.inc();
1: 23-block 0
1: 24: counter.inc();
1: 24-block 0
1: 25: total = 0;
-: 26:
11: 27: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
1: 27-block 0
11: 27-block 1
10: 28: total += i;
10: 28-block 0
-: 29:
1*: 30: int v = total > 100 ? 1 : 2;
1: 30-block 0
%%%%%: 30-block 1
1: 30-block 2
-: 31:
1: 32: if (total != 45)
1: 32-block 0
#####: 33: printf ("Failure\n");
%%%%%: 33-block 0
-: 34: else
1: 35: printf ("Success\n");
1: 35-block 0
1: 36: return 0;
1: 36-block 0
-: 37:}
In this mode, each basic block is only shown on one line - the last
line of the block. A multi-line block will only contribute to the
execution count of that last line, and other lines will not be shown to
contain code, unless previous blocks end on those lines. The total
execution count of a line is shown and subsequent lines show the
execution counts for individual blocks that end on that line. After
each block, the branch and call counts of the block will be shown, if
the '-b' option is given.
Because of the way GCC instruments calls, a call count can be shown
after a line with no individual blocks. As you can see, line 33
contains a basic block that was not executed.
When you use the '-b' option, your output looks like this:
-: 0:Source:tmp.cpp
-: 0:Graph:tmp.gcno
-: 0:Data:tmp.gcda
-: 0:Runs:1
-: 0:Programs:1
-: 1:#include <stdio.h>
-: 2:
-: 3:template<class T>
-: 4:class Foo
-: 5:{
-: 6: public:
1*: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<char>::Foo():
function Foo<char>::Foo() called 0 returned 0% blocks executed 0%
#####: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
Foo<int>::Foo():
function Foo<int>::Foo() called 1 returned 100% blocks executed 100%
1: 7: Foo(): b (1000) {}
------------------
2*: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<char>::inc():
function Foo<char>::inc() called 0 returned 0% blocks executed 0%
#####: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
Foo<int>::inc():
function Foo<int>::inc() called 2 returned 100% blocks executed 100%
2: 8: void inc () { b++; }
------------------
-: 9:
-: 10: private:
-: 11: int b;
-: 12:};
-: 13:
-: 14:template class Foo<int>;
-: 15:template class Foo<char>;
-: 16:
-: 17:int
function main called 1 returned 100% blocks executed 81%
1: 18:main (void)
-: 19:{
-: 20: int i, total;
1: 21: Foo<int> counter;
call 0 returned 100%
branch 1 taken 100% (fallthrough)
branch 2 taken 0% (throw)
-: 22:
1: 23: counter.inc();
call 0 returned 100%
branch 1 taken 100% (fallthrough)
branch 2 taken 0% (throw)
1: 24: counter.inc();
call 0 returned 100%
branch 1 taken 100% (fallthrough)
branch 2 taken 0% (throw)
1: 25: total = 0;
-: 26:
11: 27: for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
branch 0 taken 91% (fallthrough)
branch 1 taken 9%
10: 28: total += i;
-: 29:
1*: 30: int v = total > 100 ? 1 : 2;
branch 0 taken 0% (fallthrough)
branch 1 taken 100%
-: 31:
1: 32: if (total != 45)
branch 0 taken 0% (fallthrough)
branch 1 taken 100%
#####: 33: printf ("Failure\n");
call 0 never executed
branch 1 never executed
branch 2 never executed
-: 34: else
1: 35: printf ("Success\n");
call 0 returned 100%
branch 1 taken 100% (fallthrough)
branch 2 taken 0% (throw)
1: 36: return 0;
-: 37:}
For each function, a line is printed showing how many times the
function is called, how many times it returns and what percentage of the
function's blocks were executed.
For each basic block, a line is printed after the last line of the
basic block describing the branch or call that ends the basic block.
There can be multiple branches and calls listed for a single source line
if there are multiple basic blocks that end on that line. In this case,
the branches and calls are each given a number. There is no simple way
to map these branches and calls back to source constructs. In general,
though, the lowest numbered branch or call will correspond to the
leftmost construct on the source line.
For a branch, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage
indicating the number of times the branch was taken divided by the
number of times the branch was executed will be printed. Otherwise, the
message "never executed" is printed.
For a call, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage
indicating the number of times the call returned divided by the number
of times the call was executed will be printed. This will usually be
100%, but may be less for functions that call 'exit' or 'longjmp', and
thus may not return every time they are called.
The execution counts are cumulative. If the example program were
executed again without removing the '.gcda' file, the count for the
number of times each line in the source was executed would be added to
the results of the previous run(s). This is potentially useful in
several ways. For example, it could be used to accumulate data over a
number of program runs as part of a test verification suite, or to
provide more accurate long-term information over a large number of
program runs.
The data in the '.gcda' files is saved immediately before the program
exits. For each source file compiled with '-fprofile-arcs', the
profiling code first attempts to read in an existing '.gcda' file; if
the file doesn't match the executable (differing number of basic block
counts) it will ignore the contents of the file. It then adds in the
new execution counts and finally writes the data to the file.
File: gcc.info, Node: Gcov and Optimization, Next: Gcov Data Files, Prev: Invoking Gcov, Up: Gcov
10.3 Using 'gcov' with GCC Optimization
=======================================
If you plan to use 'gcov' to help optimize your code, you must first
compile your program with two special GCC options: '-fprofile-arcs
-ftest-coverage'. Aside from that, you can use any other GCC options;
but if you want to prove that every single line in your program was
executed, you should not compile with optimization at the same time. On
some machines the optimizer can eliminate some simple code lines by
combining them with other lines. For example, code like this:
if (a != b)
c = 1;
else
c = 0;
can be compiled into one instruction on some machines. In this case,
there is no way for 'gcov' to calculate separate execution counts for
each line because there isn't separate code for each line. Hence the
'gcov' output looks like this if you compiled the program with
optimization:
100: 12:if (a != b)
100: 13: c = 1;
100: 14:else
100: 15: c = 0;
The output shows that this block of code, combined by optimization,
executed 100 times. In one sense this result is correct, because there
was only one instruction representing all four of these lines. However,
the output does not indicate how many times the result was 0 and how
many times the result was 1.
Inlineable functions can create unexpected line counts. Line counts
are shown for the source code of the inlineable function, but what is
shown depends on where the function is inlined, or if it is not inlined
at all.
If the function is not inlined, the compiler must emit an out of line
copy of the function, in any object file that needs it. If 'fileA.o'
and 'fileB.o' both contain out of line bodies of a particular inlineable
function, they will also both contain coverage counts for that function.
When 'fileA.o' and 'fileB.o' are linked together, the linker will, on
many systems, select one of those out of line bodies for all calls to
that function, and remove or ignore the other. Unfortunately, it will
not remove the coverage counters for the unused function body. Hence
when instrumented, all but one use of that function will show zero
counts.
If the function is inlined in several places, the block structure in
each location might not be the same. For instance, a condition might
now be calculable at compile time in some instances. Because the
coverage of all the uses of the inline function will be shown for the
same source lines, the line counts themselves might seem inconsistent.
Long-running applications can use the '__gcov_reset' and '__gcov_dump'
facilities to restrict profile collection to the program region of
interest. Calling '__gcov_reset(void)' will clear all profile counters
to zero, and calling '__gcov_dump(void)' will cause the profile
information collected at that point to be dumped to '.gcda' output
files. Instrumented applications use a static destructor with priority
99 to invoke the '__gcov_dump' function. Thus '__gcov_dump' is executed
after all user defined static destructors, as well as handlers
registered with 'atexit'. If an executable loads a dynamic shared
object via dlopen functionality, '-Wl,--dynamic-list-data' is needed to
dump all profile data.
File: gcc.info, Node: Gcov Data Files, Next: Cross-profiling, Prev: Gcov and Optimization, Up: Gcov
10.4 Brief Description of 'gcov' Data Files
===========================================
'gcov' uses two files for profiling. The names of these files are
derived from the original _object_ file by substituting the file suffix
with either '.gcno', or '.gcda'. The files contain coverage and profile
data stored in a platform-independent format. The '.gcno' files are
placed in the same directory as the object file. By default, the
'.gcda' files are also stored in the same directory as the object file,
but the GCC '-fprofile-dir' option may be used to store the '.gcda'
files in a separate directory.
The '.gcno' notes file is generated when the source file is compiled
with the GCC '-ftest-coverage' option. It contains information to
reconstruct the basic block graphs and assign source line numbers to
blocks.
The '.gcda' count data file is generated when a program containing
object files built with the GCC '-fprofile-arcs' option is executed. A
separate '.gcda' file is created for each object file compiled with this
option. It contains arc transition counts, value profile counts, and
some summary information.
It is not recommended to access the coverage files directly. Consumers
should use the intermediate format that is provided by 'gcov' tool via
'--intermediate-format' option.
File: gcc.info, Node: Cross-profiling, Prev: Gcov Data Files, Up: Gcov
10.5 Data File Relocation to Support Cross-Profiling
====================================================
Running the program will cause profile output to be generated. For each
source file compiled with '-fprofile-arcs', an accompanying '.gcda' file
will be placed in the object file directory. That implicitly requires
running the program on the same system as it was built or having the
same absolute directory structure on the target system. The program
will try to create the needed directory structure, if it is not already
present.
To support cross-profiling, a program compiled with '-fprofile-arcs'
can relocate the data files based on two environment variables:
* GCOV_PREFIX contains the prefix to add to the absolute paths in the
object file. Prefix can be absolute, or relative. The default is
no prefix.
* GCOV_PREFIX_STRIP indicates the how many initial directory names to
strip off the hardwired absolute paths. Default value is 0.
_Note:_ If GCOV_PREFIX_STRIP is set without GCOV_PREFIX is
undefined, then a relative path is made out of the hardwired
absolute paths.
For example, if the object file '/user/build/foo.o' was built with
'-fprofile-arcs', the final executable will try to create the data file
'/user/build/foo.gcda' when running on the target system. This will
fail if the corresponding directory does not exist and it is unable to
create it. This can be overcome by, for example, setting the
environment as 'GCOV_PREFIX=/target/run' and 'GCOV_PREFIX_STRIP=1'.
Such a setting will name the data file '/target/run/build/foo.gcda'.
You must move the data files to the expected directory tree in order to
use them for profile directed optimizations ('-fprofile-use'), or to use
the 'gcov' tool.
File: gcc.info, Node: Gcov-tool, Next: Gcov-dump, Prev: Gcov, Up: Top
11 'gcov-tool'--an Offline Gcda Profile Processing Tool
*******************************************************
'gcov-tool' is a tool you can use in conjunction with GCC to manipulate
or process gcda profile files offline.
* Menu:
* Gcov-tool Intro:: Introduction to gcov-tool.
* Invoking Gcov-tool:: How to use gcov-tool.
File: gcc.info, Node: Gcov-tool Intro, Next: Invoking Gcov-tool, Up: Gcov-tool
11.1 Introduction to 'gcov-tool'
================================
'gcov-tool' is an offline tool to process gcc's gcda profile files.
Current gcov-tool supports the following functionalities:
* merge two sets of profiles with weights.
* read one set of profile and rewrite profile contents. One can
scale or normalize the count values.
Examples of the use cases for this tool are:
* Collect the profiles for different set of inputs, and use this tool
to merge them. One can specify the weight to factor in the
relative importance of each input.
* Rewrite the profile after removing a subset of the gcda files,
while maintaining the consistency of the summary and the histogram.
* It can also be used to debug or libgcov code as the tools shares
the majority code as the runtime library.
Note that for the merging operation, this profile generated offline may
contain slight different values from the online merged profile. Here
are a list of typical differences:
* histogram difference: This offline tool recomputes the histogram
after merging the counters. The resulting histogram, therefore, is
precise. The online merging does not have this capability - the
histogram is merged from two histograms and the result is an
approximation.
* summary checksum difference: Summary checksum uses a CRC32
operation. The value depends on the link list order of gcov-info
objects. This order is different in gcov-tool from that in the
online merge. It's expected to have different summary checksums.
It does not really matter as the compiler does not use this
checksum anywhere.
* value profile counter values difference: Some counter values for
value profile are runtime dependent, like heap addresses. It's
normal to see some difference in these kind of counters.
File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking Gcov-tool, Prev: Gcov-tool Intro, Up: Gcov-tool
11.2 Invoking 'gcov-tool'
=========================
gcov-tool [GLOBAL-OPTIONS] SUB_COMMAND [SUB_COMMAND-OPTIONS] PROFILE_DIR
'gcov-tool' accepts the following options:
'-h'
'--help'
Display help about using 'gcov-tool' (on the standard output), and
exit without doing any further processing.
'-v'
'--version'
Display the 'gcov-tool' version number (on the standard output),
and exit without doing any further processing.
'merge'
Merge two profile directories.
'-o DIRECTORY'
'--output DIRECTORY'
Set the output profile directory. Default output directory
name is MERGED_PROFILE.
'-v'
'--verbose'
Set the verbose mode.
'-w W1,W2'
'--weight W1,W2'
Set the merge weights of the DIRECTORY1 and DIRECTORY2,
respectively. The default weights are 1 for both.
'rewrite'
Read the specified profile directory and rewrite to a new
directory.
'-n LONG_LONG_VALUE'
'--normalize <long_long_value>'
Normalize the profile. The specified value is the max counter
value in the new profile.
'-o DIRECTORY'
'--output DIRECTORY'
Set the output profile directory. Default output name is
REWRITE_PROFILE.
'-s FLOAT_OR_SIMPLE-FRAC_VALUE'
'--scale FLOAT_OR_SIMPLE-FRAC_VALUE'
Scale the profile counters. The specified value can be in
floating point value, or simple fraction value form, such 1,
2, 2/3, and 5/3.
'-v'
'--verbose'
Set the verbose mode.
'overlap'
Compute the overlap score between the two specified profile
directories. The overlap score is computed based on the arc
profiles. It is defined as the sum of min (p1_counter[i] /
p1_sum_all, p2_counter[i] / p2_sum_all), for all arc counter i,
where p1_counter[i] and p2_counter[i] are two matched counters and
p1_sum_all and p2_sum_all are the sum of counter values in profile
1 and profile 2, respectively.
'-f'
'--function'
Print function level overlap score.
'-F'
'--fullname'
Print full gcda filename.
'-h'
'--hotonly'
Only print info for hot objects/functions.
'-o'
'--object'
Print object level overlap score.
'-t FLOAT'
'--hot_threshold <float>'
Set the threshold for hot counter value.
'-v'
'--verbose'
Set the verbose mode.
File: gcc.info, Node: Gcov-dump, Next: Trouble, Prev: Gcov-tool, Up: Top
12 'gcov-dump'--an Offline Gcda and Gcno Profile Dump Tool
**********************************************************
* Menu:
* Gcov-dump Intro:: Introduction to gcov-dump.
* Invoking Gcov-dump:: How to use gcov-dump.
File: gcc.info, Node: Gcov-dump Intro, Next: Invoking Gcov-dump, Up: Gcov-dump
12.1 Introduction to 'gcov-dump'
================================
'gcov-dump' is a tool you can use in conjunction with GCC to dump
content of gcda and gcno profile files offline.
File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking Gcov-dump, Prev: Gcov-dump Intro, Up: Gcov-dump
12.2 Invoking 'gcov-dump'
=========================
Usage: gcov-dump [OPTION] ... GCOVFILES
'gcov-dump' accepts the following options:
'-h'
'--help'
Display help about using 'gcov-dump' (on the standard output), and
exit without doing any further processing.
'-l'
'--long'
Dump content of records.
'-p'
'--positions'
Dump positions of records.
'-v'
'--version'
Display the 'gcov-dump' version number (on the standard output),
and exit without doing any further processing.
'-w'
'--working-sets'
Dump working set computed from summary.
File: gcc.info, Node: Trouble, Next: Bugs, Prev: Gcov-dump, Up: Top
13 Known Causes of Trouble with GCC
***********************************
This section describes known problems that affect users of GCC. Most of
these are not GCC bugs per se--if they were, we would fix them. But the
result for a user may be like the result of a bug.
Some of these problems are due to bugs in other software, some are
missing features that are too much work to add, and some are places
where people's opinions differ as to what is best.
* Menu:
* Actual Bugs:: Bugs we will fix later.
* Interoperation:: Problems using GCC with other compilers,
and with certain linkers, assemblers and debuggers.
* Incompatibilities:: GCC is incompatible with traditional C.
* Fixed Headers:: GCC uses corrected versions of system header files.
This is necessary, but doesn't always work smoothly.
* Standard Libraries:: GCC uses the system C library, which might not be
compliant with the ISO C standard.
* Disappointments:: Regrettable things we cannot change, but not quite bugs.
* C++ Misunderstandings:: Common misunderstandings with GNU C++.
* Non-bugs:: Things we think are right, but some others disagree.
* Warnings and Errors:: Which problems in your code get warnings,
and which get errors.
File: gcc.info, Node: Actual Bugs, Next: Interoperation, Up: Trouble
13.1 Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet
=====================================
* The 'fixincludes' script interacts badly with automounters; if the
directory of system header files is automounted, it tends to be
unmounted while 'fixincludes' is running. This would seem to be a
bug in the automounter. We don't know any good way to work around
it.
File: gcc.info, Node: Interoperation, Next: Incompatibilities, Prev: Actual Bugs, Up: Trouble
13.2 Interoperation
===================
This section lists various difficulties encountered in using GCC
together with other compilers or with the assemblers, linkers, libraries
and debuggers on certain systems.
* On many platforms, GCC supports a different ABI for C++ than do
other compilers, so the object files compiled by GCC cannot be used
with object files generated by another C++ compiler.
An area where the difference is most apparent is name mangling.
The use of different name mangling is intentional, to protect you
from more subtle problems. Compilers differ as to many internal
details of C++ implementation, including: how class instances are
laid out, how multiple inheritance is implemented, and how virtual
function calls are handled. If the name encoding were made the
same, your programs would link against libraries provided from
other compilers--but the programs would then crash when run.
Incompatible libraries are then detected at link time, rather than
at run time.
* On some BSD systems, including some versions of Ultrix, use of
profiling causes static variable destructors (currently used only
in C++) not to be run.
* On a SPARC, GCC aligns all values of type 'double' on an 8-byte
boundary, and it expects every 'double' to be so aligned. The Sun
compiler usually gives 'double' values 8-byte alignment, with one
exception: function arguments of type 'double' may not be aligned.
As a result, if a function compiled with Sun CC takes the address
of an argument of type 'double' and passes this pointer of type
'double *' to a function compiled with GCC, dereferencing the
pointer may cause a fatal signal.
One way to solve this problem is to compile your entire program
with GCC. Another solution is to modify the function that is
compiled with Sun CC to copy the argument into a local variable;
local variables are always properly aligned. A third solution is
to modify the function that uses the pointer to dereference it via
the following function 'access_double' instead of directly with
'*':
inline double
access_double (double *unaligned_ptr)
{
union d2i { double d; int i[2]; };
union d2i *p = (union d2i *) unaligned_ptr;
union d2i u;
u.i[0] = p->i[0];
u.i[1] = p->i[1];
return u.d;
}
Storing into the pointer can be done likewise with the same union.
* On Solaris, the 'malloc' function in the 'libmalloc.a' library may
allocate memory that is only 4 byte aligned. Since GCC on the
SPARC assumes that doubles are 8 byte aligned, this may result in a
fatal signal if doubles are stored in memory allocated by the
'libmalloc.a' library.
The solution is to not use the 'libmalloc.a' library. Use instead
'malloc' and related functions from 'libc.a'; they do not have this
problem.
* On the HP PA machine, ADB sometimes fails to work on functions
compiled with GCC. Specifically, it fails to work on functions
that use 'alloca' or variable-size arrays. This is because GCC
doesn't generate HP-UX unwind descriptors for such functions. It
may even be impossible to generate them.
* Debugging ('-g') is not supported on the HP PA machine, unless you
use the preliminary GNU tools.
* Taking the address of a label may generate errors from the HP-UX PA
assembler. GAS for the PA does not have this problem.
* Using floating point parameters for indirect calls to static
functions will not work when using the HP assembler. There simply
is no way for GCC to specify what registers hold arguments for
static functions when using the HP assembler. GAS for the PA does
not have this problem.
* In extremely rare cases involving some very large functions you may
receive errors from the HP linker complaining about an out of
bounds unconditional branch offset. This used to occur more often
in previous versions of GCC, but is now exceptionally rare. If you
should run into it, you can work around by making your function
smaller.
* GCC compiled code sometimes emits warnings from the HP-UX assembler
of the form:
(warning) Use of GR3 when
frame >= 8192 may cause conflict.
These warnings are harmless and can be safely ignored.
* In extremely rare cases involving some very large functions you may
receive errors from the AIX Assembler complaining about a
displacement that is too large. If you should run into it, you can
work around by making your function smaller.
* The 'libstdc++.a' library in GCC relies on the SVR4 dynamic linker
semantics which merges global symbols between libraries and
applications, especially necessary for C++ streams functionality.
This is not the default behavior of AIX shared libraries and
dynamic linking. 'libstdc++.a' is built on AIX with
"runtime-linking" enabled so that symbol merging can occur. To
utilize this feature, the application linked with 'libstdc++.a'
must include the '-Wl,-brtl' flag on the link line. G++ cannot
impose this because this option may interfere with the semantics of
the user program and users may not always use 'g++' to link his or
her application. Applications are not required to use the
'-Wl,-brtl' flag on the link line--the rest of the 'libstdc++.a'
library which is not dependent on the symbol merging semantics will
continue to function correctly.
* An application can interpose its own definition of functions for
functions invoked by 'libstdc++.a' with "runtime-linking" enabled
on AIX. To accomplish this the application must be linked with
"runtime-linking" option and the functions explicitly must be
exported by the application ('-Wl,-brtl,-bE:exportfile').
* AIX on the RS/6000 provides support (NLS) for environments outside
of the United States. Compilers and assemblers use NLS to support
locale-specific representations of various objects including
floating-point numbers ('.' vs ',' for separating decimal
fractions). There have been problems reported where the library
linked with GCC does not produce the same floating-point formats
that the assembler accepts. If you have this problem, set the
'LANG' environment variable to 'C' or 'En_US'.
* Even if you specify '-fdollars-in-identifiers', you cannot
successfully use '$' in identifiers on the RS/6000 due to a
restriction in the IBM assembler. GAS supports these identifiers.
File: gcc.info, Node: Incompatibilities, Next: Fixed Headers, Prev: Interoperation, Up: Trouble
13.3 Incompatibilities of GCC
=============================
There are several noteworthy incompatibilities between GNU C and K&R
(non-ISO) versions of C.
* GCC normally makes string constants read-only. If several
identical-looking string constants are used, GCC stores only one
copy of the string.
One consequence is that you cannot call 'mktemp' with a string
constant argument. The function 'mktemp' always alters the string
its argument points to.
Another consequence is that 'sscanf' does not work on some very old
systems when passed a string constant as its format control string
or input. This is because 'sscanf' incorrectly tries to write into
the string constant. Likewise 'fscanf' and 'scanf'.
The solution to these problems is to change the program to use
'char'-array variables with initialization strings for these
purposes instead of string constants.
* '-2147483648' is positive.
This is because 2147483648 cannot fit in the type 'int', so
(following the ISO C rules) its data type is 'unsigned long int'.
Negating this value yields 2147483648 again.
* GCC does not substitute macro arguments when they appear inside of
string constants. For example, the following macro in GCC
#define foo(a) "a"
will produce output '"a"' regardless of what the argument A is.
* When you use 'setjmp' and 'longjmp', the only automatic variables
guaranteed to remain valid are those declared 'volatile'. This is
a consequence of automatic register allocation. Consider this
function:
jmp_buf j;
foo ()
{
int a, b;
a = fun1 ();
if (setjmp (j))
return a;
a = fun2 ();
/* 'longjmp (j)' may occur in 'fun3'. */
return a + fun3 ();
}
Here 'a' may or may not be restored to its first value when the
'longjmp' occurs. If 'a' is allocated in a register, then its
first value is restored; otherwise, it keeps the last value stored
in it.
If you use the '-W' option with the '-O' option, you will get a
warning when GCC thinks such a problem might be possible.
* Programs that use preprocessing directives in the middle of macro
arguments do not work with GCC. For example, a program like this
will not work:
foobar (
#define luser
hack)
ISO C does not permit such a construct.
* K&R compilers allow comments to cross over an inclusion boundary
(i.e. started in an include file and ended in the including file).
* Declarations of external variables and functions within a block
apply only to the block containing the declaration. In other
words, they have the same scope as any other declaration in the
same place.
In some other C compilers, an 'extern' declaration affects all the
rest of the file even if it happens within a block.
* In traditional C, you can combine 'long', etc., with a typedef
name, as shown here:
typedef int foo;
typedef long foo bar;
In ISO C, this is not allowed: 'long' and other type modifiers
require an explicit 'int'.
* PCC allows typedef names to be used as function parameters.
* Traditional C allows the following erroneous pair of declarations
to appear together in a given scope:
typedef int foo;
typedef foo foo;
* GCC treats all characters of identifiers as significant. According
to K&R-1 (2.2), "No more than the first eight characters are
significant, although more may be used.". Also according to K&R-1
(2.2), "An identifier is a sequence of letters and digits; the
first character must be a letter. The underscore _ counts as a
letter.", but GCC also allows dollar signs in identifiers.
* PCC allows whitespace in the middle of compound assignment
operators such as '+='. GCC, following the ISO standard, does not
allow this.
* GCC complains about unterminated character constants inside of
preprocessing conditionals that fail. Some programs have English
comments enclosed in conditionals that are guaranteed to fail; if
these comments contain apostrophes, GCC will probably report an
error. For example, this code would produce an error:
#if 0
You can't expect this to work.
#endif
The best solution to such a problem is to put the text into an
actual C comment delimited by '/*...*/'.
* Many user programs contain the declaration 'long time ();'. In the
past, the system header files on many systems did not actually
declare 'time', so it did not matter what type your program
declared it to return. But in systems with ISO C headers, 'time'
is declared to return 'time_t', and if that is not the same as
'long', then 'long time ();' is erroneous.
The solution is to change your program to use appropriate system
headers ('<time.h>' on systems with ISO C headers) and not to
declare 'time' if the system header files declare it, or failing
that to use 'time_t' as the return type of 'time'.
* When compiling functions that return 'float', PCC converts it to a
double. GCC actually returns a 'float'. If you are concerned with
PCC compatibility, you should declare your functions to return
'double'; you might as well say what you mean.
* When compiling functions that return structures or unions, GCC
output code normally uses a method different from that used on most
versions of Unix. As a result, code compiled with GCC cannot call
a structure-returning function compiled with PCC, and vice versa.
The method used by GCC is as follows: a structure or union which is
1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes long is returned like a scalar. A structure or
union with any other size is stored into an address supplied by the
caller (usually in a special, fixed register, but on some machines
it is passed on the stack). The target hook
'TARGET_STRUCT_VALUE_RTX' tells GCC where to pass this address.
By contrast, PCC on most target machines returns structures and
unions of any size by copying the data into an area of static
storage, and then returning the address of that storage as if it
were a pointer value. The caller must copy the data from that
memory area to the place where the value is wanted. GCC does not
use this method because it is slower and nonreentrant.
On some newer machines, PCC uses a reentrant convention for all
structure and union returning. GCC on most of these machines uses
a compatible convention when returning structures and unions in
memory, but still returns small structures and unions in registers.
You can tell GCC to use a compatible convention for all structure
and union returning with the option '-fpcc-struct-return'.
* GCC complains about program fragments such as '0x74ae-0x4000' which
appear to be two hexadecimal constants separated by the minus
operator. Actually, this string is a single "preprocessing token".
Each such token must correspond to one token in C. Since this does
not, GCC prints an error message. Although it may appear obvious
that what is meant is an operator and two values, the ISO C
standard specifically requires that this be treated as erroneous.
A "preprocessing token" is a "preprocessing number" if it begins
with a digit and is followed by letters, underscores, digits,
periods and 'e+', 'e-', 'E+', 'E-', 'p+', 'p-', 'P+', or 'P-'
character sequences. (In strict C90 mode, the sequences 'p+',
'p-', 'P+' and 'P-' cannot appear in preprocessing numbers.)
To make the above program fragment valid, place whitespace in front
of the minus sign. This whitespace will end the preprocessing
number.
File: gcc.info, Node: Fixed Headers, Next: Standard Libraries, Prev: Incompatibilities, Up: Trouble
13.4 Fixed Header Files
=======================
GCC needs to install corrected versions of some system header files.
This is because most target systems have some header files that won't
work with GCC unless they are changed. Some have bugs, some are
incompatible with ISO C, and some depend on special features of other
compilers.
Installing GCC automatically creates and installs the fixed header
files, by running a program called 'fixincludes'. Normally, you don't
need to pay attention to this. But there are cases where it doesn't do
the right thing automatically.
* If you update the system's header files, such as by installing a
new system version, the fixed header files of GCC are not
automatically updated. They can be updated using the 'mkheaders'
script installed in 'LIBEXECDIR/gcc/TARGET/VERSION/install-tools/'.
* On some systems, header file directories contain machine-specific
symbolic links in certain places. This makes it possible to share
most of the header files among hosts running the same version of
the system on different machine models.
The programs that fix the header files do not understand this
special way of using symbolic links; therefore, the directory of
fixed header files is good only for the machine model used to build
it.
It is possible to make separate sets of fixed header files for the
different machine models, and arrange a structure of symbolic links
so as to use the proper set, but you'll have to do this by hand.
File: gcc.info, Node: Standard Libraries, Next: Disappointments, Prev: Fixed Headers, Up: Trouble
13.5 Standard Libraries
=======================
GCC by itself attempts to be a conforming freestanding implementation.
*Note Language Standards Supported by GCC: Standards, for details of
what this means. Beyond the library facilities required of such an
implementation, the rest of the C library is supplied by the vendor of
the operating system. If that C library doesn't conform to the C
standards, then your programs might get warnings (especially when using
'-Wall') that you don't expect.
For example, the 'sprintf' function on SunOS 4.1.3 returns 'char *'
while the C standard says that 'sprintf' returns an 'int'. The
'fixincludes' program could make the prototype for this function match
the Standard, but that would be wrong, since the function will still
return 'char *'.
If you need a Standard compliant library, then you need to find one, as
GCC does not provide one. The GNU C library (called 'glibc') provides
ISO C, POSIX, BSD, SystemV and X/Open compatibility for GNU/Linux and
HURD-based GNU systems; no recent version of it supports other systems,
though some very old versions did. Version 2.2 of the GNU C library
includes nearly complete C99 support. You could also ask your operating
system vendor if newer libraries are available.
File: gcc.info, Node: Disappointments, Next: C++ Misunderstandings, Prev: Standard Libraries, Up: Trouble
13.6 Disappointments and Misunderstandings
==========================================
These problems are perhaps regrettable, but we don't know any practical
way around them.
* Certain local variables aren't recognized by debuggers when you
compile with optimization.
This occurs because sometimes GCC optimizes the variable out of
existence. There is no way to tell the debugger how to compute the
value such a variable "would have had", and it is not clear that
would be desirable anyway. So GCC simply does not mention the
eliminated variable when it writes debugging information.
You have to expect a certain amount of disagreement between the
executable and your source code, when you use optimization.
* Users often think it is a bug when GCC reports an error for code
like this:
int foo (struct mumble *);
struct mumble { ... };
int foo (struct mumble *x)
{ ... }
This code really is erroneous, because the scope of 'struct mumble'
in the prototype is limited to the argument list containing it. It
does not refer to the 'struct mumble' defined with file scope
immediately below--they are two unrelated types with similar names
in different scopes.
But in the definition of 'foo', the file-scope type is used because
that is available to be inherited. Thus, the definition and the
prototype do not match, and you get an error.
This behavior may seem silly, but it's what the ISO standard
specifies. It is easy enough for you to make your code work by
moving the definition of 'struct mumble' above the prototype. It's
not worth being incompatible with ISO C just to avoid an error for
the example shown above.
* Accesses to bit-fields even in volatile objects works by accessing
larger objects, such as a byte or a word. You cannot rely on what
size of object is accessed in order to read or write the bit-field;
it may even vary for a given bit-field according to the precise
usage.
If you care about controlling the amount of memory that is
accessed, use volatile but do not use bit-fields.
* GCC comes with shell scripts to fix certain known problems in
system header files. They install corrected copies of various
header files in a special directory where only GCC will normally
look for them. The scripts adapt to various systems by searching
all the system header files for the problem cases that we know
about.
If new system header files are installed, nothing automatically
arranges to update the corrected header files. They can be updated
using the 'mkheaders' script installed in
'LIBEXECDIR/gcc/TARGET/VERSION/install-tools/'.
* On 68000 and x86 systems, for instance, you can get paradoxical
results if you test the precise values of floating point numbers.
For example, you can find that a floating point value which is not
a NaN is not equal to itself. This results from the fact that the
floating point registers hold a few more bits of precision than fit
in a 'double' in memory. Compiled code moves values between memory
and floating point registers at its convenience, and moving them
into memory truncates them.
You can partially avoid this problem by using the '-ffloat-store'
option (*note Optimize Options::).
* On AIX and other platforms without weak symbol support, templates
need to be instantiated explicitly and symbols for static members
of templates will not be generated.
* On AIX, GCC scans object files and library archives for static
constructors and destructors when linking an application before the
linker prunes unreferenced symbols. This is necessary to prevent
the AIX linker from mistakenly assuming that static constructor or
destructor are unused and removing them before the scanning can
occur. All static constructors and destructors found will be
referenced even though the modules in which they occur may not be
used by the program. This may lead to both increased executable
size and unexpected symbol references.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Misunderstandings, Next: Non-bugs, Prev: Disappointments, Up: Trouble
13.7 Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++
==========================================
C++ is a complex language and an evolving one, and its standard
definition (the ISO C++ standard) was only recently completed. As a
result, your C++ compiler may occasionally surprise you, even when its
behavior is correct. This section discusses some areas that frequently
give rise to questions of this sort.
* Menu:
* Static Definitions:: Static member declarations are not definitions
* Name lookup:: Name lookup, templates, and accessing members of base classes
* Temporaries:: Temporaries may vanish before you expect
* Copy Assignment:: Copy Assignment operators copy virtual bases twice
File: gcc.info, Node: Static Definitions, Next: Name lookup, Up: C++ Misunderstandings
13.7.1 Declare _and_ Define Static Members
------------------------------------------
When a class has static data members, it is not enough to _declare_ the
static member; you must also _define_ it. For example:
class Foo
{
...
void method();
static int bar;
};
This declaration only establishes that the class 'Foo' has an 'int'
named 'Foo::bar', and a member function named 'Foo::method'. But you
still need to define _both_ 'method' and 'bar' elsewhere. According to
the ISO standard, you must supply an initializer in one (and only one)
source file, such as:
int Foo::bar = 0;
Other C++ compilers may not correctly implement the standard behavior.
As a result, when you switch to 'g++' from one of these compilers, you
may discover that a program that appeared to work correctly in fact does
not conform to the standard: 'g++' reports as undefined symbols any
static data members that lack definitions.
File: gcc.info, Node: Name lookup, Next: Temporaries, Prev: Static Definitions, Up: C++ Misunderstandings
13.7.2 Name Lookup, Templates, and Accessing Members of Base Classes
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The C++ standard prescribes that all names that are not dependent on
template parameters are bound to their present definitions when parsing
a template function or class.(1) Only names that are dependent are
looked up at the point of instantiation. For example, consider
void foo(double);
struct A {
template <typename T>
void f () {
foo (1); // 1
int i = N; // 2
T t;
t.bar(); // 3
foo (t); // 4
}
static const int N;
};
Here, the names 'foo' and 'N' appear in a context that does not depend
on the type of 'T'. The compiler will thus require that they are
defined in the context of use in the template, not only before the point
of instantiation, and will here use '::foo(double)' and 'A::N',
respectively. In particular, it will convert the integer value to a
'double' when passing it to '::foo(double)'.
Conversely, 'bar' and the call to 'foo' in the fourth marked line are
used in contexts that do depend on the type of 'T', so they are only
looked up at the point of instantiation, and you can provide
declarations for them after declaring the template, but before
instantiating it. In particular, if you instantiate 'A::f<int>', the
last line will call an overloaded '::foo(int)' if one was provided, even
if after the declaration of 'struct A'.
This distinction between lookup of dependent and non-dependent names is
called two-stage (or dependent) name lookup. G++ implements it since
version 3.4.
Two-stage name lookup sometimes leads to situations with behavior
different from non-template codes. The most common is probably this:
template <typename T> struct Base {
int i;
};
template <typename T> struct Derived : public Base<T> {
int get_i() { return i; }
};
In 'get_i()', 'i' is not used in a dependent context, so the compiler
will look for a name declared at the enclosing namespace scope (which is
the global scope here). It will not look into the base class, since
that is dependent and you may declare specializations of 'Base' even
after declaring 'Derived', so the compiler cannot really know what 'i'
would refer to. If there is no global variable 'i', then you will get
an error message.
In order to make it clear that you want the member of the base class,
you need to defer lookup until instantiation time, at which the base
class is known. For this, you need to access 'i' in a dependent
context, by either using 'this->i' (remember that 'this' is of type
'Derived<T>*', so is obviously dependent), or using 'Base<T>::i'.
Alternatively, 'Base<T>::i' might be brought into scope by a
'using'-declaration.
Another, similar example involves calling member functions of a base
class:
template <typename T> struct Base {
int f();
};
template <typename T> struct Derived : Base<T> {
int g() { return f(); };
};
Again, the call to 'f()' is not dependent on template arguments (there
are no arguments that depend on the type 'T', and it is also not
otherwise specified that the call should be in a dependent context).
Thus a global declaration of such a function must be available, since
the one in the base class is not visible until instantiation time. The
compiler will consequently produce the following error message:
x.cc: In member function `int Derived<T>::g()':
x.cc:6: error: there are no arguments to `f' that depend on a template
parameter, so a declaration of `f' must be available
x.cc:6: error: (if you use `-fpermissive', G++ will accept your code, but
allowing the use of an undeclared name is deprecated)
To make the code valid either use 'this->f()', or 'Base<T>::f()'.
Using the '-fpermissive' flag will also let the compiler accept the
code, by marking all function calls for which no declaration is visible
at the time of definition of the template for later lookup at
instantiation time, as if it were a dependent call. We do not recommend
using '-fpermissive' to work around invalid code, and it will also only
catch cases where functions in base classes are called, not where
variables in base classes are used (as in the example above).
Note that some compilers (including G++ versions prior to 3.4) get
these examples wrong and accept above code without an error. Those
compilers do not implement two-stage name lookup correctly.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) The C++ standard just uses the term "dependent" for names that
depend on the type or value of template parameters. This shorter term
will also be used in the rest of this section.
File: gcc.info, Node: Temporaries, Next: Copy Assignment, Prev: Name lookup, Up: C++ Misunderstandings
13.7.3 Temporaries May Vanish Before You Expect
-----------------------------------------------
It is dangerous to use pointers or references to _portions_ of a
temporary object. The compiler may very well delete the object before
you expect it to, leaving a pointer to garbage. The most common place
where this problem crops up is in classes like string classes,
especially ones that define a conversion function to type 'char *' or
'const char *'--which is one reason why the standard 'string' class
requires you to call the 'c_str' member function. However, any class
that returns a pointer to some internal structure is potentially subject
to this problem.
For example, a program may use a function 'strfunc' that returns
'string' objects, and another function 'charfunc' that operates on
pointers to 'char':
string strfunc ();
void charfunc (const char *);
void
f ()
{
const char *p = strfunc().c_str();
...
charfunc (p);
...
charfunc (p);
}
In this situation, it may seem reasonable to save a pointer to the C
string returned by the 'c_str' member function and use that rather than
call 'c_str' repeatedly. However, the temporary string created by the
call to 'strfunc' is destroyed after 'p' is initialized, at which point
'p' is left pointing to freed memory.
Code like this may run successfully under some other compilers,
particularly obsolete cfront-based compilers that delete temporaries
along with normal local variables. However, the GNU C++ behavior is
standard-conforming, so if your program depends on late destruction of
temporaries it is not portable.
The safe way to write such code is to give the temporary a name, which
forces it to remain until the end of the scope of the name. For
example:
const string& tmp = strfunc ();
charfunc (tmp.c_str ());
File: gcc.info, Node: Copy Assignment, Prev: Temporaries, Up: C++ Misunderstandings
13.7.4 Implicit Copy-Assignment for Virtual Bases
-------------------------------------------------
When a base class is virtual, only one subobject of the base class
belongs to each full object. Also, the constructors and destructors are
invoked only once, and called from the most-derived class. However,
such objects behave unspecified when being assigned. For example:
struct Base{
char *name;
Base(char *n) : name(strdup(n)){}
Base& operator= (const Base& other){
free (name);
name = strdup (other.name);
}
};
struct A:virtual Base{
int val;
A():Base("A"){}
};
struct B:virtual Base{
int bval;
B():Base("B"){}
};
struct Derived:public A, public B{
Derived():Base("Derived"){}
};
void func(Derived &d1, Derived &d2)
{
d1 = d2;
}
The C++ standard specifies that 'Base::Base' is only called once when
constructing or copy-constructing a Derived object. It is unspecified
whether 'Base::operator=' is called more than once when the implicit
copy-assignment for Derived objects is invoked (as it is inside 'func'
in the example).
G++ implements the "intuitive" algorithm for copy-assignment: assign
all direct bases, then assign all members. In that algorithm, the
virtual base subobject can be encountered more than once. In the
example, copying proceeds in the following order: 'val', 'name' (via
'strdup'), 'bval', and 'name' again.
If application code relies on copy-assignment, a user-defined
copy-assignment operator removes any uncertainties. With such an
operator, the application can define whether and how the virtual base
subobject is assigned.
File: gcc.info, Node: Non-bugs, Next: Warnings and Errors, Prev: C++ Misunderstandings, Up: Trouble
13.8 Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make
==========================================
This section lists changes that people frequently request, but which we
do not make because we think GCC is better without them.
* Checking the number and type of arguments to a function which has
an old-fashioned definition and no prototype.
Such a feature would work only occasionally--only for calls that
appear in the same file as the called function, following the
definition. The only way to check all calls reliably is to add a
prototype for the function. But adding a prototype eliminates the
motivation for this feature. So the feature is not worthwhile.
* Warning about using an expression whose type is signed as a shift
count.
Shift count operands are probably signed more often than unsigned.
Warning about this would cause far more annoyance than good.
* Warning about assigning a signed value to an unsigned variable.
Such assignments must be very common; warning about them would
cause more annoyance than good.
* Warning when a non-void function value is ignored.
C contains many standard functions that return a value that most
programs choose to ignore. One obvious example is 'printf'.
Warning about this practice only leads the defensive programmer to
clutter programs with dozens of casts to 'void'. Such casts are
required so frequently that they become visual noise. Writing
those casts becomes so automatic that they no longer convey useful
information about the intentions of the programmer. For functions
where the return value should never be ignored, use the
'warn_unused_result' function attribute (*note Function
Attributes::).
* Making '-fshort-enums' the default.
This would cause storage layout to be incompatible with most other
C compilers. And it doesn't seem very important, given that you
can get the same result in other ways. The case where it matters
most is when the enumeration-valued object is inside a structure,
and in that case you can specify a field width explicitly.
* Making bit-fields unsigned by default on particular machines where
"the ABI standard" says to do so.
The ISO C standard leaves it up to the implementation whether a
bit-field declared plain 'int' is signed or not. This in effect
creates two alternative dialects of C.
The GNU C compiler supports both dialects; you can specify the
signed dialect with '-fsigned-bitfields' and the unsigned dialect
with '-funsigned-bitfields'. However, this leaves open the
question of which dialect to use by default.
Currently, the preferred dialect makes plain bit-fields signed,
because this is simplest. Since 'int' is the same as 'signed int'
in every other context, it is cleanest for them to be the same in
bit-fields as well.
Some computer manufacturers have published Application Binary
Interface standards which specify that plain bit-fields should be
unsigned. It is a mistake, however, to say anything about this
issue in an ABI. This is because the handling of plain bit-fields
distinguishes two dialects of C. Both dialects are meaningful on
every type of machine. Whether a particular object file was
compiled using signed bit-fields or unsigned is of no concern to
other object files, even if they access the same bit-fields in the
same data structures.
A given program is written in one or the other of these two
dialects. The program stands a chance to work on most any machine
if it is compiled with the proper dialect. It is unlikely to work
at all if compiled with the wrong dialect.
Many users appreciate the GNU C compiler because it provides an
environment that is uniform across machines. These users would be
inconvenienced if the compiler treated plain bit-fields differently
on certain machines.
Occasionally users write programs intended only for a particular
machine type. On these occasions, the users would benefit if the
GNU C compiler were to support by default the same dialect as the
other compilers on that machine. But such applications are rare.
And users writing a program to run on more than one type of machine
cannot possibly benefit from this kind of compatibility.
This is why GCC does and will treat plain bit-fields in the same
fashion on all types of machines (by default).
There are some arguments for making bit-fields unsigned by default
on all machines. If, for example, this becomes a universal de
facto standard, it would make sense for GCC to go along with it.
This is something to be considered in the future.
(Of course, users strongly concerned about portability should
indicate explicitly in each bit-field whether it is signed or not.
In this way, they write programs which have the same meaning in
both C dialects.)
* Undefining '__STDC__' when '-ansi' is not used.
Currently, GCC defines '__STDC__' unconditionally. This provides
good results in practice.
Programmers normally use conditionals on '__STDC__' to ask whether
it is safe to use certain features of ISO C, such as function
prototypes or ISO token concatenation. Since plain 'gcc' supports
all the features of ISO C, the correct answer to these questions is
"yes".
Some users try to use '__STDC__' to check for the availability of
certain library facilities. This is actually incorrect usage in an
ISO C program, because the ISO C standard says that a conforming
freestanding implementation should define '__STDC__' even though it
does not have the library facilities. 'gcc -ansi -pedantic' is a
conforming freestanding implementation, and it is therefore
required to define '__STDC__', even though it does not come with an
ISO C library.
Sometimes people say that defining '__STDC__' in a compiler that
does not completely conform to the ISO C standard somehow violates
the standard. This is illogical. The standard is a standard for
compilers that claim to support ISO C, such as 'gcc -ansi'--not for
other compilers such as plain 'gcc'. Whatever the ISO C standard
says is relevant to the design of plain 'gcc' without '-ansi' only
for pragmatic reasons, not as a requirement.
GCC normally defines '__STDC__' to be 1, and in addition defines
'__STRICT_ANSI__' if you specify the '-ansi' option, or a '-std'
option for strict conformance to some version of ISO C. On some
hosts, system include files use a different convention, where
'__STDC__' is normally 0, but is 1 if the user specifies strict
conformance to the C Standard. GCC follows the host convention
when processing system include files, but when processing user
files it follows the usual GNU C convention.
* Undefining '__STDC__' in C++.
Programs written to compile with C++-to-C translators get the value
of '__STDC__' that goes with the C compiler that is subsequently
used. These programs must test '__STDC__' to determine what kind
of C preprocessor that compiler uses: whether they should
concatenate tokens in the ISO C fashion or in the traditional
fashion.
These programs work properly with GNU C++ if '__STDC__' is defined.
They would not work otherwise.
In addition, many header files are written to provide prototypes in
ISO C but not in traditional C. Many of these header files can
work without change in C++ provided '__STDC__' is defined. If
'__STDC__' is not defined, they will all fail, and will all need to
be changed to test explicitly for C++ as well.
* Deleting "empty" loops.
Historically, GCC has not deleted "empty" loops under the
assumption that the most likely reason you would put one in a
program is to have a delay, so deleting them will not make real
programs run any faster.
However, the rationale here is that optimization of a nonempty loop
cannot produce an empty one. This held for carefully written C
compiled with less powerful optimizers but is not always the case
for carefully written C++ or with more powerful optimizers. Thus
GCC will remove operations from loops whenever it can determine
those operations are not externally visible (apart from the time
taken to execute them, of course). In case the loop can be proved
to be finite, GCC will also remove the loop itself.
Be aware of this when performing timing tests, for instance the
following loop can be completely removed, provided
'some_expression' can provably not change any global state.
{
int sum = 0;
int ix;
for (ix = 0; ix != 10000; ix++)
sum += some_expression;
}
Even though 'sum' is accumulated in the loop, no use is made of
that summation, so the accumulation can be removed.
* Making side effects happen in the same order as in some other
compiler.
It is never safe to depend on the order of evaluation of side
effects. For example, a function call like this may very well
behave differently from one compiler to another:
void func (int, int);
int i = 2;
func (i++, i++);
There is no guarantee (in either the C or the C++ standard language
definitions) that the increments will be evaluated in any
particular order. Either increment might happen first. 'func'
might get the arguments '2, 3', or it might get '3, 2', or even '2,
2'.
* Making certain warnings into errors by default.
Some ISO C testsuites report failure when the compiler does not
produce an error message for a certain program.
ISO C requires a "diagnostic" message for certain kinds of invalid
programs, but a warning is defined by GCC to count as a diagnostic.
If GCC produces a warning but not an error, that is correct ISO C
support. If testsuites call this "failure", they should be run
with the GCC option '-pedantic-errors', which will turn these
warnings into errors.
File: gcc.info, Node: Warnings and Errors, Prev: Non-bugs, Up: Trouble
13.9 Warning Messages and Error Messages
========================================
The GNU compiler can produce two kinds of diagnostics: errors and
warnings. Each kind has a different purpose:
"Errors" report problems that make it impossible to compile your
program. GCC reports errors with the source file name and line
number where the problem is apparent.
"Warnings" report other unusual conditions in your code that _may_
indicate a problem, although compilation can (and does) proceed.
Warning messages also report the source file name and line number,
but include the text 'warning:' to distinguish them from error
messages.
Warnings may indicate danger points where you should check to make sure
that your program really does what you intend; or the use of obsolete
features; or the use of nonstandard features of GNU C or C++. Many
warnings are issued only if you ask for them, with one of the '-W'
options (for instance, '-Wall' requests a variety of useful warnings).
GCC always tries to compile your program if possible; it never
gratuitously rejects a program whose meaning is clear merely because
(for instance) it fails to conform to a standard. In some cases,
however, the C and C++ standards specify that certain extensions are
forbidden, and a diagnostic _must_ be issued by a conforming compiler.
The '-pedantic' option tells GCC to issue warnings in such cases;
'-pedantic-errors' says to make them errors instead. This does not mean
that _all_ non-ISO constructs get warnings or errors.
*Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options, for
more detail on these and related command-line options.
File: gcc.info, Node: Bugs, Next: Service, Prev: Trouble, Up: Top
14 Reporting Bugs
*****************
Your bug reports play an essential role in making GCC reliable.
When you encounter a problem, the first thing to do is to see if it is
already known. *Note Trouble::. If it isn't known, then you should
report the problem.
* Menu:
* Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug?
* Reporting: Bug Reporting. How to report a bug effectively.
File: gcc.info, Node: Bug Criteria, Next: Bug Reporting, Up: Bugs
14.1 Have You Found a Bug?
==========================
If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some
guidelines:
* If the compiler gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that
is a compiler bug. Reliable compilers never crash.
* If the compiler produces invalid assembly code, for any input
whatever (except an 'asm' statement), that is a compiler bug,
unless the compiler reports errors (not just warnings) which would
ordinarily prevent the assembler from being run.
* If the compiler produces valid assembly code that does not
correctly execute the input source code, that is a compiler bug.
However, you must double-check to make sure, because you may have a
program whose behavior is undefined, which happened by chance to
give the desired results with another C or C++ compiler.
For example, in many nonoptimizing compilers, you can write 'x;' at
the end of a function instead of 'return x;', with the same
results. But the value of the function is undefined if 'return' is
omitted; it is not a bug when GCC produces different results.
Problems often result from expressions with two increment
operators, as in 'f (*p++, *p++)'. Your previous compiler might
have interpreted that expression the way you intended; GCC might
interpret it another way. Neither compiler is wrong. The bug is
in your code.
After you have localized the error to a single source line, it
should be easy to check for these things. If your program is
correct and well defined, you have found a compiler bug.
* If the compiler produces an error message for valid input, that is
a compiler bug.
* If the compiler does not produce an error message for invalid
input, that is a compiler bug. However, you should note that your
idea of "invalid input" might be someone else's idea of "an
extension" or "support for traditional practice".
* If you are an experienced user of one of the languages GCC
supports, your suggestions for improvement of GCC are welcome in
any case.
File: gcc.info, Node: Bug Reporting, Prev: Bug Criteria, Up: Bugs
14.2 How and Where to Report Bugs
=================================
Bugs should be reported to the bug database at
<http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>;.
File: gcc.info, Node: Service, Next: Contributing, Prev: Bugs, Up: Top
15 How To Get Help with GCC
***************************
If you need help installing, using or changing GCC, there are two ways
to find it:
* Send a message to a suitable network mailing list. First try
<gcc-help AT gcc.org> (for help installing or using GCC), and if
that brings no response, try <gcc AT gcc.org>. For help changing
GCC, ask <gcc AT gcc.org>. If you think you have found a bug in
GCC, please report it following the instructions at *note Bug
Reporting::.
* Look in the service directory for someone who might help you for a
fee. The service directory is found at
<http://www.fsf.org/resources/service>;.
For further information, see <http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#support>;.
File: gcc.info, Node: Contributing, Next: Funding, Prev: Service, Up: Top
16 Contributing to GCC Development
**********************************
If you would like to help pretest GCC releases to assure they work well,
current development sources are available via Git (see
<http://gcc.gnu.org/git.html>;). Source and binary snapshots are also
available for FTP; see <http://gcc.gnu.org/snapshots.html>;.
If you would like to work on improvements to GCC, please read the
advice at these URLs:
<http://gcc.gnu.org/contribute.html>;
<http://gcc.gnu.org/contributewhy.html>;
for information on how to make useful contributions and avoid
duplication of effort. Suggested projects are listed at
<http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/>;.
File: gcc.info, Node: Funding, Next: GNU Project, Prev: Contributing, Up: Top
Funding Free Software
*********************
If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes
sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its
development. The most effective approach known is to encourage
commercial redistributors to donate.
Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by
encouraging for-a-fee distributors to donate part of their selling price
to free software developers--the Free Software Foundation, and others.
The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and expect
it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them partly by
how much they give to free software development. Show distributors they
must compete to be the one who gives the most.
To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can
compare, such as, "We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project
for each disk sold." Don't be satisfied with a vague promise, such as
"A portion of the profits are donated," since it doesn't give a basis
for comparison.
Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very
meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions
can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit. If
the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less
than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all.
Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful
too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do,
and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term
difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of
a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a
program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports
contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult
ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU Compiler Collection contribute
more; major new features or packages contribute the most.
By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the
proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can
assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software.
Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted
without royalty; alteration is not permitted.
File: gcc.info, Node: GNU Project, Next: Copying, Prev: Funding, Up: Top
The GNU Project and GNU/Linux
*****************************
The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop a complete Unix-like
operating system which is free software: the GNU system. (GNU is a
recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix"; it is pronounced "guh-NEW".)
Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are
now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as "Linux",
they are more accurately called GNU/Linux systems.
For more information, see:
<http://www.gnu.org/>;
<http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html>;
File: gcc.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: GNU Project, Up: Top
GNU General Public License
**************************
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>;
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
========
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version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS"
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE
RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES
AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE
THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA
BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely
approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in
connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of
liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
===========================
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state
the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>;.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice
like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type 'show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type 'show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands 'show w' and 'show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your
program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
the GNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>;.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first,
please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>;.
File: gcc.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Contributors, Prev: Copying, Up: Top
GNU Free Documentation License
******************************
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<http://fsf.org/>;
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard
network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
<http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>;.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
File: gcc.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Option Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
Contributors to GCC
*******************
The GCC project would like to thank its many contributors. Without them
the project would not have been nearly as successful as it has been.
Any omissions in this list are accidental. Feel free to contact
<law AT redhat.com> or <gerald AT pfeifer.com> if you have been left out or
some of your contributions are not listed. Please keep this list in
alphabetical order.
* Analog Devices helped implement the support for complex data types
and iterators.
* John David Anglin for threading-related fixes and improvements to
libstdc++-v3, and the HP-UX port.
* James van Artsdalen wrote the code that makes efficient use of the
Intel 80387 register stack.
* Abramo and Roberto Bagnara for the SysV68 Motorola 3300 Delta
Series port.
* Alasdair Baird for various bug fixes.
* Giovanni Bajo for analyzing lots of complicated C++ problem
reports.
* Peter Barada for his work to improve code generation for new
ColdFire cores.
* Gerald Baumgartner added the signature extension to the C++ front
end.
* Godmar Back for his Java improvements and encouragement.
* Scott Bambrough for help porting the Java compiler.
* Wolfgang Bangerth for processing tons of bug reports.
* Jon Beniston for his Microsoft Windows port of Java and port to
Lattice Mico32.
* Daniel Berlin for better DWARF 2 support, faster/better
optimizations, improved alias analysis, plus migrating GCC to
Bugzilla.
* Geoff Berry for his Java object serialization work and various
patches.
* David Binderman tests weekly snapshots of GCC trunk against Fedora
Rawhide for several architectures.
* Laurynas Biveinis for memory management work and DJGPP port fixes.
* Uros Bizjak for the implementation of x87 math built-in functions
and for various middle end and i386 back end improvements and bug
fixes.
* Eric Blake for helping to make GCJ and libgcj conform to the
specifications.
* Janne Blomqvist for contributions to GNU Fortran.
* Hans-J. Boehm for his garbage collector, IA-64 libffi port, and
other Java work.
* Segher Boessenkool for helping maintain the PowerPC port and the
instruction combiner plus various contributions to the middle end.
* Neil Booth for work on cpplib, lang hooks, debug hooks and other
miscellaneous clean-ups.
* Steven Bosscher for integrating the GNU Fortran front end into GCC
and for contributing to the tree-ssa branch.
* Eric Botcazou for fixing middle- and backend bugs left and right.
* Per Bothner for his direction via the steering committee and
various improvements to the infrastructure for supporting new
languages. Chill front end implementation. Initial
implementations of cpplib, fix-header, config.guess, libio, and
past C++ library (libg++) maintainer. Dreaming up, designing and
implementing much of GCJ.
* Devon Bowen helped port GCC to the Tahoe.
* Don Bowman for mips-vxworks contributions.
* James Bowman for the FT32 port.
* Dave Brolley for work on cpplib and Chill.
* Paul Brook for work on the ARM architecture and maintaining GNU
Fortran.
* Robert Brown implemented the support for Encore 32000 systems.
* Christian Bruel for improvements to local store elimination.
* Herman A.J. ten Brugge for various fixes.
* Joerg Brunsmann for Java compiler hacking and help with the GCJ
FAQ.
* Joe Buck for his direction via the steering committee from its
creation to 2013.
* Craig Burley for leadership of the G77 Fortran effort.
* Tobias Burnus for contributions to GNU Fortran.
* Stephan Buys for contributing Doxygen notes for libstdc++.
* Paolo Carlini for libstdc++ work: lots of efficiency improvements
to the C++ strings, streambufs and formatted I/O, hard detective
work on the frustrating localization issues, and keeping up with
the problem reports.
* John Carr for his alias work, SPARC hacking, infrastructure
improvements, previous contributions to the steering committee,
loop optimizations, etc.
* Stephane Carrez for 68HC11 and 68HC12 ports.
* Steve Chamberlain for support for the Renesas SH and H8 processors
and the PicoJava processor, and for GCJ config fixes.
* Glenn Chambers for help with the GCJ FAQ.
* John-Marc Chandonia for various libgcj patches.
* Denis Chertykov for contributing and maintaining the AVR port, the
first GCC port for an 8-bit architecture.
* Kito Cheng for his work on the RISC-V port, including bringing up
the test suite and maintenance.
* Scott Christley for his Objective-C contributions.
* Eric Christopher for his Java porting help and clean-ups.
* Branko Cibej for more warning contributions.
* The GNU Classpath project for all of their merged runtime code.
* Nick Clifton for arm, mcore, fr30, v850, m32r, msp430 rx work,
'--help', and other random hacking.
* Michael Cook for libstdc++ cleanup patches to reduce warnings.
* R. Kelley Cook for making GCC buildable from a read-only directory
as well as other miscellaneous build process and documentation
clean-ups.
* Ralf Corsepius for SH testing and minor bug fixing.
* Franc,ois-Xavier Coudert for contributions to GNU Fortran.
* Stan Cox for care and feeding of the x86 port and lots of behind
the scenes hacking.
* Alex Crain provided changes for the 3b1.
* Ian Dall for major improvements to the NS32k port.
* Paul Dale for his work to add uClinux platform support to the m68k
backend.
* Palmer Dabbelt for his work maintaining the RISC-V port.
* Dario Dariol contributed the four varieties of sample programs that
print a copy of their source.
* Russell Davidson for fstream and stringstream fixes in libstdc++.
* Bud Davis for work on the G77 and GNU Fortran compilers.
* Mo DeJong for GCJ and libgcj bug fixes.
* Jerry DeLisle for contributions to GNU Fortran.
* DJ Delorie for the DJGPP port, build and libiberty maintenance,
various bug fixes, and the M32C, MeP, MSP430, and RL78 ports.
* Arnaud Desitter for helping to debug GNU Fortran.
* Gabriel Dos Reis for contributions to G++, contributions and
maintenance of GCC diagnostics infrastructure, libstdc++-v3,
including 'valarray<>', 'complex<>', maintaining the numerics
library (including that pesky '<limits>' :-) and keeping up-to-date
anything to do with numbers.
* Ulrich Drepper for his work on glibc, testing of GCC using glibc,
ISO C99 support, CFG dumping support, etc., plus support of the C++
runtime libraries including for all kinds of C interface issues,
contributing and maintaining 'complex<>', sanity checking and
disbursement, configuration architecture, libio maintenance, and
early math work.
* Franc,ois Dumont for his work on libstdc++-v3, especially
maintaining and improving 'debug-mode' and associative and
unordered containers.
* Zdenek Dvorak for a new loop unroller and various fixes.
* Michael Eager for his work on the Xilinx MicroBlaze port.
* Richard Earnshaw for his ongoing work with the ARM.
* David Edelsohn for his direction via the steering committee,
ongoing work with the RS6000/PowerPC port, help cleaning up Haifa
loop changes, doing the entire AIX port of libstdc++ with his bare
hands, and for ensuring GCC properly keeps working on AIX.
* Kevin Ediger for the floating point formatting of num_put::do_put
in libstdc++.
* Phil Edwards for libstdc++ work including configuration hackery,
documentation maintainer, chief breaker of the web pages, the
occasional iostream bug fix, and work on shared library symbol
versioning.
* Paul Eggert for random hacking all over GCC.
* Mark Elbrecht for various DJGPP improvements, and for libstdc++
configuration support for locales and fstream-related fixes.
* Vadim Egorov for libstdc++ fixes in strings, streambufs, and
iostreams.
* Christian Ehrhardt for dealing with bug reports.
* Ben Elliston for his work to move the Objective-C runtime into its
own subdirectory and for his work on autoconf.
* Revital Eres for work on the PowerPC 750CL port.
* Marc Espie for OpenBSD support.
* Doug Evans for much of the global optimization framework, arc,
m32r, and SPARC work.
* Christopher Faylor for his work on the Cygwin port and for caring
and feeding the gcc.gnu.org box and saving its users tons of spam.
* Fred Fish for BeOS support and Ada fixes.
* Ivan Fontes Garcia for the Portuguese translation of the GCJ FAQ.
* Peter Gerwinski for various bug fixes and the Pascal front end.
* Kaveh R. Ghazi for his direction via the steering committee,
amazing work to make '-W -Wall -W* -Werror' useful, and testing GCC
on a plethora of platforms. Kaveh extends his gratitude to the
CAIP Center at Rutgers University for providing him with computing
resources to work on Free Software from the late 1980s to 2010.
* John Gilmore for a donation to the FSF earmarked improving GNU
Java.
* Judy Goldberg for c++ contributions.
* Torbjorn Granlund for various fixes and the c-torture testsuite,
multiply- and divide-by-constant optimization, improved long long
support, improved leaf function register allocation, and his
direction via the steering committee.
* Jonny Grant for improvements to 'collect2's' '--help'
documentation.
* Anthony Green for his '-Os' contributions, the moxie port, and Java
front end work.
* Stu Grossman for gdb hacking, allowing GCJ developers to debug Java
code.
* Michael K. Gschwind contributed the port to the PDP-11.
* Richard Biener for his ongoing middle-end contributions and bug
fixes and for release management.
* Ron Guilmette implemented the 'protoize' and 'unprotoize' tools,
the support for DWARF 1 symbolic debugging information, and much of
the support for System V Release 4. He has also worked heavily on
the Intel 386 and 860 support.
* Sumanth Gundapaneni for contributing the CR16 port.
* Mostafa Hagog for Swing Modulo Scheduling (SMS) and post reload
GCSE.
* Bruno Haible for improvements in the runtime overhead for EH, new
warnings and assorted bug fixes.
* Andrew Haley for his amazing Java compiler and library efforts.
* Chris Hanson assisted in making GCC work on HP-UX for the 9000
series 300.
* Michael Hayes for various thankless work he's done trying to get
the c30/c40 ports functional. Lots of loop and unroll improvements
and fixes.
* Dara Hazeghi for wading through myriads of target-specific bug
reports.
* Kate Hedstrom for staking the G77 folks with an initial testsuite.
* Richard Henderson for his ongoing SPARC, alpha, ia32, and ia64
work, loop opts, and generally fixing lots of old problems we've
ignored for years, flow rewrite and lots of further stuff,
including reviewing tons of patches.
* Aldy Hernandez for working on the PowerPC port, SIMD support, and
various fixes.
* Nobuyuki Hikichi of Software Research Associates, Tokyo,
contributed the support for the Sony NEWS machine.
* Kazu Hirata for caring and feeding the Renesas H8/300 port and
various fixes.
* Katherine Holcomb for work on GNU Fortran.
* Manfred Hollstein for his ongoing work to keep the m88k alive, lots
of testing and bug fixing, particularly of GCC configury code.
* Steve Holmgren for MachTen patches.
* Mat Hostetter for work on the TILE-Gx and TILEPro ports.
* Jan Hubicka for his x86 port improvements.
* Falk Hueffner for working on C and optimization bug reports.
* Bernardo Innocenti for his m68k work, including merging of ColdFire
improvements and uClinux support.
* Christian Iseli for various bug fixes.
* Kamil Iskra for general m68k hacking.
* Lee Iverson for random fixes and MIPS testing.
* Balaji V. Iyer for Cilk+ development and merging.
* Andreas Jaeger for testing and benchmarking of GCC and various bug
fixes.
* Martin Jambor for his work on inter-procedural optimizations, the
switch conversion pass, and scalar replacement of aggregates.
* Jakub Jelinek for his SPARC work and sibling call optimizations as
well as lots of bug fixes and test cases, and for improving the
Java build system.
* Janis Johnson for ia64 testing and fixes, her quality improvement
sidetracks, and web page maintenance.
* Kean Johnston for SCO OpenServer support and various fixes.
* Tim Josling for the sample language treelang based originally on
Richard Kenner's "toy" language.
* Nicolai Josuttis for additional libstdc++ documentation.
* Klaus Kaempf for his ongoing work to make alpha-vms a viable
target.
* Steven G. Kargl for work on GNU Fortran.
* David Kashtan of SRI adapted GCC to VMS.
* Ryszard Kabatek for many, many libstdc++ bug fixes and
optimizations of strings, especially member functions, and for
auto_ptr fixes.
* Geoffrey Keating for his ongoing work to make the PPC work for
GNU/Linux and his automatic regression tester.
* Brendan Kehoe for his ongoing work with G++ and for a lot of early
work in just about every part of libstdc++.
* Oliver M. Kellogg of Deutsche Aerospace contributed the port to the
MIL-STD-1750A.
* Richard Kenner of the New York University Ultracomputer Research
Laboratory wrote the machine descriptions for the AMD 29000, the
DEC Alpha, the IBM RT PC, and the IBM RS/6000 as well as the
support for instruction attributes. He also made changes to better
support RISC processors including changes to common subexpression
elimination, strength reduction, function calling sequence
handling, and condition code support, in addition to generalizing
the code for frame pointer elimination and delay slot scheduling.
Richard Kenner was also the head maintainer of GCC for several
years.
* Mumit Khan for various contributions to the Cygwin and Mingw32
ports and maintaining binary releases for Microsoft Windows hosts,
and for massive libstdc++ porting work to Cygwin/Mingw32.
* Robin Kirkham for cpu32 support.
* Mark Klein for PA improvements.
* Thomas Koenig for various bug fixes.
* Bruce Korb for the new and improved fixincludes code.
* Benjamin Kosnik for his G++ work and for leading the libstdc++-v3
effort.
* Maxim Kuvyrkov for contributions to the instruction scheduler, the
Android and m68k/Coldfire ports, and optimizations.
* Charles LaBrec contributed the support for the Integrated Solutions
68020 system.
* Asher Langton and Mike Kumbera for contributing Cray pointer
support to GNU Fortran, and for other GNU Fortran improvements.
* Jeff Law for his direction via the steering committee, coordinating
the entire egcs project and GCC 2.95, rolling out snapshots and
releases, handling merges from GCC2, reviewing tons of patches that
might have fallen through the cracks else, and random but extensive
hacking.
* Walter Lee for work on the TILE-Gx and TILEPro ports.
* Marc Lehmann for his direction via the steering committee and
helping with analysis and improvements of x86 performance.
* Victor Leikehman for work on GNU Fortran.
* Ted Lemon wrote parts of the RTL reader and printer.
* Kriang Lerdsuwanakij for C++ improvements including template as
template parameter support, and many C++ fixes.
* Warren Levy for tremendous work on libgcj (Java Runtime Library)
and random work on the Java front end.
* Alain Lichnewsky ported GCC to the MIPS CPU.
* Oskar Liljeblad for hacking on AWT and his many Java bug reports
and patches.
* Robert Lipe for OpenServer support, new testsuites, testing, etc.
* Chen Liqin for various S+core related fixes/improvement, and for
maintaining the S+core port.
* Martin Liska for his work on identical code folding, the
sanitizers, HSA, general bug fixing and for running automated
regression testing of GCC and reporting numerous bugs.
* Weiwen Liu for testing and various bug fixes.
* Manuel Lo'pez-Iba'n~ez for improving '-Wconversion' and many other
diagnostics fixes and improvements.
* Dave Love for his ongoing work with the Fortran front end and
runtime libraries.
* Martin von Lo"wis for internal consistency checking infrastructure,
various C++ improvements including namespace support, and tons of
assistance with libstdc++/compiler merges.
* H.J. Lu for his previous contributions to the steering committee,
many x86 bug reports, prototype patches, and keeping the GNU/Linux
ports working.
* Greg McGary for random fixes and (someday) bounded pointers.
* Andrew MacLeod for his ongoing work in building a real EH system,
various code generation improvements, work on the global optimizer,
etc.
* Vladimir Makarov for hacking some ugly i960 problems, PowerPC
hacking improvements to compile-time performance, overall knowledge
and direction in the area of instruction scheduling, design and
implementation of the automaton based instruction scheduler and
design and implementation of the integrated and local register
allocators.
* David Malcolm for his work on improving GCC diagnostics, JIT,
self-tests and unit testing.
* Bob Manson for his behind the scenes work on dejagnu.
* John Marino for contributing the DragonFly BSD port.
* Philip Martin for lots of libstdc++ string and vector iterator
fixes and improvements, and string clean up and testsuites.
* Michael Matz for his work on dominance tree discovery, the x86-64
port, link-time optimization framework and general optimization
improvements.
* All of the Mauve project contributors for Java test code.
* Bryce McKinlay for numerous GCJ and libgcj fixes and improvements.
* Adam Megacz for his work on the Microsoft Windows port of GCJ.
* Michael Meissner for LRS framework, ia32, m32r, v850, m88k, MIPS,
powerpc, haifa, ECOFF debug support, and other assorted hacking.
* Jason Merrill for his direction via the steering committee and
leading the G++ effort.
* Martin Michlmayr for testing GCC on several architectures using the
entire Debian archive.
* David Miller for his direction via the steering committee, lots of
SPARC work, improvements in jump.c and interfacing with the Linux
kernel developers.
* Gary Miller ported GCC to Charles River Data Systems machines.
* Alfred Minarik for libstdc++ string and ios bug fixes, and turning
the entire libstdc++ testsuite namespace-compatible.
* Mark Mitchell for his direction via the steering committee,
mountains of C++ work, load/store hoisting out of loops, alias
analysis improvements, ISO C 'restrict' support, and serving as
release manager from 2000 to 2011.
* Alan Modra for various GNU/Linux bits and testing.
* Toon Moene for his direction via the steering committee, Fortran
maintenance, and his ongoing work to make us make Fortran run fast.
* Jason Molenda for major help in the care and feeding of all the
services on the gcc.gnu.org (formerly egcs.cygnus.com)
machine--mail, web services, ftp services, etc etc. Doing all this
work on scrap paper and the backs of envelopes would have been...
difficult.
* Catherine Moore for fixing various ugly problems we have sent her
way, including the haifa bug which was killing the Alpha & PowerPC
Linux kernels.
* Mike Moreton for his various Java patches.
* David Mosberger-Tang for various Alpha improvements, and for the
initial IA-64 port.
* Stephen Moshier contributed the floating point emulator that
assists in cross-compilation and permits support for floating point
numbers wider than 64 bits and for ISO C99 support.
* Bill Moyer for his behind the scenes work on various issues.
* Philippe De Muyter for his work on the m68k port.
* Joseph S. Myers for his work on the PDP-11 port, format checking
and ISO C99 support, and continuous emphasis on (and contributions
to) documentation.
* Nathan Myers for his work on libstdc++-v3: architecture and
authorship through the first three snapshots, including
implementation of locale infrastructure, string, shadow C headers,
and the initial project documentation (DESIGN, CHECKLIST, and so
forth). Later, more work on MT-safe string and shadow headers.
* Felix Natter for documentation on porting libstdc++.
* Nathanael Nerode for cleaning up the configuration/build process.
* NeXT, Inc. donated the front end that supports the Objective-C
language.
* Hans-Peter Nilsson for the CRIS and MMIX ports, improvements to the
search engine setup, various documentation fixes and other small
fixes.
* Geoff Noer for his work on getting cygwin native builds working.
* Vegard Nossum for running automated regression testing of GCC and
reporting numerous bugs.
* Diego Novillo for his work on Tree SSA, OpenMP, SPEC performance
tracking web pages, GIMPLE tuples, and assorted fixes.
* David O'Brien for the FreeBSD/alpha, FreeBSD/AMD x86-64,
FreeBSD/ARM, FreeBSD/PowerPC, and FreeBSD/SPARC64 ports and related
infrastructure improvements.
* Alexandre Oliva for various build infrastructure improvements,
scripts and amazing testing work, including keeping libtool issues
sane and happy.
* Stefan Olsson for work on mt_alloc.
* Melissa O'Neill for various NeXT fixes.
* Rainer Orth for random MIPS work, including improvements to GCC's
o32 ABI support, improvements to dejagnu's MIPS support, Java
configuration clean-ups and porting work, and maintaining the IRIX,
Solaris 2, and Tru64 UNIX ports.
* Steven Pemberton for his contribution of 'enquire' which allowed
GCC to determine various properties of the floating point unit and
generate 'float.h' in older versions of GCC.
* Hartmut Penner for work on the s390 port.
* Paul Petersen wrote the machine description for the Alliant FX/8.
* Alexandre Petit-Bianco for implementing much of the Java compiler
and continued Java maintainership.
* Matthias Pfaller for major improvements to the NS32k port.
* Gerald Pfeifer for his direction via the steering committee,
pointing out lots of problems we need to solve, maintenance of the
web pages, and taking care of documentation maintenance in general.
* Marek Polacek for his work on the C front end, the sanitizers and
general bug fixing.
* Andrew Pinski for processing bug reports by the dozen.
* Ovidiu Predescu for his work on the Objective-C front end and
runtime libraries.
* Jerry Quinn for major performance improvements in C++ formatted
I/O.
* Ken Raeburn for various improvements to checker, MIPS ports and
various cleanups in the compiler.
* Rolf W. Rasmussen for hacking on AWT.
* David Reese of Sun Microsystems contributed to the Solaris on
PowerPC port.
* John Regehr for running automated regression testing of GCC and
reporting numerous bugs.
* Volker Reichelt for running automated regression testing of GCC and
reporting numerous bugs and for keeping up with the problem
reports.
* Joern Rennecke for maintaining the sh port, loop, regmove & reload
hacking and developing and maintaining the Epiphany port.
* Loren J. Rittle for improvements to libstdc++-v3 including the
FreeBSD port, threading fixes, thread-related configury changes,
critical threading documentation, and solutions to really tricky
I/O problems, as well as keeping GCC properly working on FreeBSD
and continuous testing.
* Craig Rodrigues for processing tons of bug reports.
* Ola Ro"nnerup for work on mt_alloc.
* Gavin Romig-Koch for lots of behind the scenes MIPS work.
* David Ronis inspired and encouraged Craig to rewrite the G77
documentation in texinfo format by contributing a first pass at a
translation of the old 'g77-0.5.16/f/DOC' file.
* Ken Rose for fixes to GCC's delay slot filling code.
* Ira Rosen for her contributions to the auto-vectorizer.
* Paul Rubin wrote most of the preprocessor.
* Pe'tur Runo'lfsson for major performance improvements in C++
formatted I/O and large file support in C++ filebuf.
* Chip Salzenberg for libstdc++ patches and improvements to locales,
traits, Makefiles, libio, libtool hackery, and "long long" support.
* Juha Sarlin for improvements to the H8 code generator.
* Greg Satz assisted in making GCC work on HP-UX for the 9000 series
300.
* Roger Sayle for improvements to constant folding and GCC's RTL
optimizers as well as for fixing numerous bugs.
* Bradley Schatz for his work on the GCJ FAQ.
* Peter Schauer wrote the code to allow debugging to work on the
Alpha.
* William Schelter did most of the work on the Intel 80386 support.
* Tobias Schlu"ter for work on GNU Fortran.
* Bernd Schmidt for various code generation improvements and major
work in the reload pass, serving as release manager for GCC 2.95.3,
and work on the Blackfin and C6X ports.
* Peter Schmid for constant testing of libstdc++--especially
application testing, going above and beyond what was requested for
the release criteria--and libstdc++ header file tweaks.
* Jason Schroeder for jcf-dump patches.
* Andreas Schwab for his work on the m68k port.
* Lars Segerlund for work on GNU Fortran.
* Dodji Seketeli for numerous C++ bug fixes and debug info
improvements.
* Tim Shen for major work on '<regex>'.
* Joel Sherrill for his direction via the steering committee, RTEMS
contributions and RTEMS testing.
* Nathan Sidwell for many C++ fixes/improvements.
* Jeffrey Siegal for helping RMS with the original design of GCC,
some code which handles the parse tree and RTL data structures,
constant folding and help with the original VAX & m68k ports.
* Kenny Simpson for prompting libstdc++ fixes due to defect reports
from the LWG (thereby keeping GCC in line with updates from the
ISO).
* Franz Sirl for his ongoing work with making the PPC port stable for
GNU/Linux.
* Andrey Slepuhin for assorted AIX hacking.
* Trevor Smigiel for contributing the SPU port.
* Christopher Smith did the port for Convex machines.
* Danny Smith for his major efforts on the Mingw (and Cygwin) ports.
Retired from GCC maintainership August 2010, having mentored two
new maintainers into the role.
* Randy Smith finished the Sun FPA support.
* Ed Smith-Rowland for his continuous work on libstdc++-v3, special
functions, '<random>', and various improvements to C++11 features.
* Scott Snyder for queue, iterator, istream, and string fixes and
libstdc++ testsuite entries. Also for providing the patch to G77
to add rudimentary support for 'INTEGER*1', 'INTEGER*2', and
'LOGICAL*1'.
* Zdenek Sojka for running automated regression testing of GCC and
reporting numerous bugs.
* Arseny Solokha for running automated regression testing of GCC and
reporting numerous bugs.
* Jayant Sonar for contributing the CR16 port.
* Brad Spencer for contributions to the GLIBCPP_FORCE_NEW technique.
* Richard Stallman, for writing the original GCC and launching the
GNU project.
* Jan Stein of the Chalmers Computer Society provided support for
Genix, as well as part of the 32000 machine description.
* Gerhard Steinmetz for running automated regression testing of GCC
and reporting numerous bugs.
* Nigel Stephens for various mips16 related fixes/improvements.
* Jonathan Stone wrote the machine description for the Pyramid
computer.
* Graham Stott for various infrastructure improvements.
* John Stracke for his Java HTTP protocol fixes.
* Mike Stump for his Elxsi port, G++ contributions over the years and
more recently his vxworks contributions
* Jeff Sturm for Java porting help, bug fixes, and encouragement.
* Zhendong Su for running automated regression testing of GCC and
reporting numerous bugs.
* Chengnian Sun for running automated regression testing of GCC and
reporting numerous bugs.
* Shigeya Suzuki for this fixes for the bsdi platforms.
* Ian Lance Taylor for the Go frontend, the initial mips16 and mips64
support, general configury hacking, fixincludes, etc.
* Holger Teutsch provided the support for the Clipper CPU.
* Gary Thomas for his ongoing work to make the PPC work for
GNU/Linux.
* Paul Thomas for contributions to GNU Fortran.
* Philipp Thomas for random bug fixes throughout the compiler
* Jason Thorpe for thread support in libstdc++ on NetBSD.
* Kresten Krab Thorup wrote the run time support for the Objective-C
language and the fantastic Java bytecode interpreter.
* Michael Tiemann for random bug fixes, the first instruction
scheduler, initial C++ support, function integration, NS32k, SPARC
and M88k machine description work, delay slot scheduling.
* Andreas Tobler for his work porting libgcj to Darwin.
* Teemu Torma for thread safe exception handling support.
* Leonard Tower wrote parts of the parser, RTL generator, and RTL
definitions, and of the VAX machine description.
* Daniel Towner and Hariharan Sandanagobalane contributed and
maintain the picoChip port.
* Tom Tromey for internationalization support and for his many Java
contributions and libgcj maintainership.
* Lassi Tuura for improvements to config.guess to determine HP
processor types.
* Petter Urkedal for libstdc++ CXXFLAGS, math, and algorithms fixes.
* Andy Vaught for the design and initial implementation of the GNU
Fortran front end.
* Brent Verner for work with the libstdc++ cshadow files and their
associated configure steps.
* Todd Vierling for contributions for NetBSD ports.
* Andrew Waterman for contributing the RISC-V port, as well as
maintaining it.
* Jonathan Wakely for contributing libstdc++ Doxygen notes and XHTML
guidance and maintaining libstdc++.
* Dean Wakerley for converting the install documentation from HTML to
texinfo in time for GCC 3.0.
* Krister Walfridsson for random bug fixes.
* Feng Wang for contributions to GNU Fortran.
* Stephen M. Webb for time and effort on making libstdc++ shadow
files work with the tricky Solaris 8+ headers, and for pushing the
build-time header tree. Also, for starting and driving the
'<regex>' effort.
* John Wehle for various improvements for the x86 code generator,
related infrastructure improvements to help x86 code generation,
value range propagation and other work, WE32k port.
* Ulrich Weigand for work on the s390 port.
* Janus Weil for contributions to GNU Fortran.
* Zack Weinberg for major work on cpplib and various other bug fixes.
* Matt Welsh for help with Linux Threads support in GCJ.
* Urban Widmark for help fixing java.io.
* Mark Wielaard for new Java library code and his work integrating
with Classpath.
* Dale Wiles helped port GCC to the Tahoe.
* Bob Wilson from Tensilica, Inc. for the Xtensa port.
* Jim Wilson for his direction via the steering committee, tackling
hard problems in various places that nobody else wanted to work on,
strength reduction and other loop optimizations.
* Paul Woegerer and Tal Agmon for the CRX port.
* Carlo Wood for various fixes.
* Tom Wood for work on the m88k port.
* Chung-Ju Wu for his work on the Andes NDS32 port.
* Canqun Yang for work on GNU Fortran.
* Masanobu Yuhara of Fujitsu Laboratories implemented the machine
description for the Tron architecture (specifically, the Gmicro).
* Kevin Zachmann helped port GCC to the Tahoe.
* Ayal Zaks for Swing Modulo Scheduling (SMS).
* Qirun Zhang for running automated regression testing of GCC and
reporting numerous bugs.
* Xiaoqiang Zhang for work on GNU Fortran.
* Gilles Zunino for help porting Java to Irix.
The following people are recognized for their contributions to GNAT,
the Ada front end of GCC:
* Bernard Banner
* Romain Berrendonner
* Geert Bosch
* Emmanuel Briot
* Joel Brobecker
* Ben Brosgol
* Vincent Celier
* Arnaud Charlet
* Chien Chieng
* Cyrille Comar
* Cyrille Crozes
* Robert Dewar
* Gary Dismukes
* Robert Duff
* Ed Falis
* Ramon Fernandez
* Sam Figueroa
* Vasiliy Fofanov
* Michael Friess
* Franco Gasperoni
* Ted Giering
* Matthew Gingell
* Laurent Guerby
* Jerome Guitton
* Olivier Hainque
* Jerome Hugues
* Hristian Kirtchev
* Jerome Lambourg
* Bruno Leclerc
* Albert Lee
* Sean McNeil
* Javier Miranda
* Laurent Nana
* Pascal Obry
* Dong-Ik Oh
* Laurent Pautet
* Brett Porter
* Thomas Quinot
* Nicolas Roche
* Pat Rogers
* Jose Ruiz
* Douglas Rupp
* Sergey Rybin
* Gail Schenker
* Ed Schonberg
* Nicolas Setton
* Samuel Tardieu
The following people are recognized for their contributions of new
features, bug reports, testing and integration of classpath/libgcj for
GCC version 4.1:
* Lillian Angel for 'JTree' implementation and lots Free Swing
additions and bug fixes.
* Wolfgang Baer for 'GapContent' bug fixes.
* Anthony Balkissoon for 'JList', Free Swing 1.5 updates and mouse
event fixes, lots of Free Swing work including 'JTable' editing.
* Stuart Ballard for RMI constant fixes.
* Goffredo Baroncelli for 'HTTPURLConnection' fixes.
* Gary Benson for 'MessageFormat' fixes.
* Daniel Bonniot for 'Serialization' fixes.
* Chris Burdess for lots of gnu.xml and http protocol fixes, 'StAX'
and 'DOM xml:id' support.
* Ka-Hing Cheung for 'TreePath' and 'TreeSelection' fixes.
* Archie Cobbs for build fixes, VM interface updates,
'URLClassLoader' updates.
* Kelley Cook for build fixes.
* Martin Cordova for Suggestions for better 'SocketTimeoutException'.
* David Daney for 'BitSet' bug fixes, 'HttpURLConnection' rewrite and
improvements.
* Thomas Fitzsimmons for lots of upgrades to the gtk+ AWT and Cairo
2D support. Lots of imageio framework additions, lots of AWT and
Free Swing bug fixes.
* Jeroen Frijters for 'ClassLoader' and nio cleanups, serialization
fixes, better 'Proxy' support, bug fixes and IKVM integration.
* Santiago Gala for 'AccessControlContext' fixes.
* Nicolas Geoffray for 'VMClassLoader' and 'AccessController'
improvements.
* David Gilbert for 'basic' and 'metal' icon and plaf support and
lots of documenting, Lots of Free Swing and metal theme additions.
'MetalIconFactory' implementation.
* Anthony Green for 'MIDI' framework, 'ALSA' and 'DSSI' providers.
* Andrew Haley for 'Serialization' and 'URLClassLoader' fixes, gcj
build speedups.
* Kim Ho for 'JFileChooser' implementation.
* Andrew John Hughes for 'Locale' and net fixes, URI RFC2986 updates,
'Serialization' fixes, 'Properties' XML support and generic branch
work, VMIntegration guide update.
* Bastiaan Huisman for 'TimeZone' bug fixing.
* Andreas Jaeger for mprec updates.
* Paul Jenner for better '-Werror' support.
* Ito Kazumitsu for 'NetworkInterface' implementation and updates.
* Roman Kennke for 'BoxLayout', 'GrayFilter' and 'SplitPane', plus
bug fixes all over. Lots of Free Swing work including styled text.
* Simon Kitching for 'String' cleanups and optimization suggestions.
* Michael Koch for configuration fixes, 'Locale' updates, bug and
build fixes.
* Guilhem Lavaux for configuration, thread and channel fixes and
Kaffe integration. JCL native 'Pointer' updates. Logger bug
fixes.
* David Lichteblau for JCL support library global/local reference
cleanups.
* Aaron Luchko for JDWP updates and documentation fixes.
* Ziga Mahkovec for 'Graphics2D' upgraded to Cairo 0.5 and new regex
features.
* Sven de Marothy for BMP imageio support, CSS and 'TextLayout'
fixes. 'GtkImage' rewrite, 2D, awt, free swing and date/time fixes
and implementing the Qt4 peers.
* Casey Marshall for crypto algorithm fixes, 'FileChannel' lock,
'SystemLogger' and 'FileHandler' rotate implementations, NIO
'FileChannel.map' support, security and policy updates.
* Bryce McKinlay for RMI work.
* Audrius Meskauskas for lots of Free Corba, RMI and HTML work plus
testing and documenting.
* Kalle Olavi Niemitalo for build fixes.
* Rainer Orth for build fixes.
* Andrew Overholt for 'File' locking fixes.
* Ingo Proetel for 'Image', 'Logger' and 'URLClassLoader' updates.
* Olga Rodimina for 'MenuSelectionManager' implementation.
* Jan Roehrich for 'BasicTreeUI' and 'JTree' fixes.
* Julian Scheid for documentation updates and gjdoc support.
* Christian Schlichtherle for zip fixes and cleanups.
* Robert Schuster for documentation updates and beans fixes,
'TreeNode' enumerations and 'ActionCommand' and various fixes, XML
and URL, AWT and Free Swing bug fixes.
* Keith Seitz for lots of JDWP work.
* Christian Thalinger for 64-bit cleanups, Configuration and VM
interface fixes and 'CACAO' integration, 'fdlibm' updates.
* Gael Thomas for 'VMClassLoader' boot packages support suggestions.
* Andreas Tobler for Darwin and Solaris testing and fixing, 'Qt4'
support for Darwin/OS X, 'Graphics2D' support, 'gtk+' updates.
* Dalibor Topic for better 'DEBUG' support, build cleanups and Kaffe
integration. 'Qt4' build infrastructure, 'SHA1PRNG' and
'GdkPixbugDecoder' updates.
* Tom Tromey for Eclipse integration, generics work, lots of bug
fixes and gcj integration including coordinating The Big Merge.
* Mark Wielaard for bug fixes, packaging and release management,
'Clipboard' implementation, system call interrupts and network
timeouts and 'GdkPixpufDecoder' fixes.
In addition to the above, all of which also contributed time and energy
in testing GCC, we would like to thank the following for their
contributions to testing:
* Michael Abd-El-Malek
* Thomas Arend
* Bonzo Armstrong
* Steven Ashe
* Chris Baldwin
* David Billinghurst
* Jim Blandy
* Stephane Bortzmeyer
* Horst von Brand
* Frank Braun
* Rodney Brown
* Sidney Cadot
* Bradford Castalia
* Robert Clark
* Jonathan Corbet
* Ralph Doncaster
* Richard Emberson
* Levente Farkas
* Graham Fawcett
* Mark Fernyhough
* Robert A. French
* Jo"rgen Freyh
* Mark K. Gardner
* Charles-Antoine Gauthier
* Yung Shing Gene
* David Gilbert
* Simon Gornall
* Fred Gray
* John Griffin
* Patrik Hagglund
* Phil Hargett
* Amancio Hasty
* Takafumi Hayashi
* Bryan W. Headley
* Kevin B. Hendricks
* Joep Jansen
* Christian Joensson
* Michel Kern
* David Kidd
* Tobias Kuipers
* Anand Krishnaswamy
* A. O. V. Le Blanc
* llewelly
* Damon Love
* Brad Lucier
* Matthias Klose
* Martin Knoblauch
* Rick Lutowski
* Jesse Macnish
* Stefan Morrell
* Anon A. Mous
* Matthias Mueller
* Pekka Nikander
* Rick Niles
* Jon Olson
* Magnus Persson
* Chris Pollard
* Richard Polton
* Derk Reefman
* David Rees
* Paul Reilly
* Tom Reilly
* Torsten Rueger
* Danny Sadinoff
* Marc Schifer
* Erik Schnetter
* Wayne K. Schroll
* David Schuler
* Vin Shelton
* Tim Souder
* Adam Sulmicki
* Bill Thorson
* George Talbot
* Pedro A. M. Vazquez
* Gregory Warnes
* Ian Watson
* David E. Young
* And many others
And finally we'd like to thank everyone who uses the compiler, provides
feedback and generally reminds us why we're doing this work in the first
place.
File: gcc.info, Node: Option Index, Next: Keyword Index, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top
Option Index
************
GCC's command line options are indexed here without any initial '-' or
'--'. Where an option has both positive and negative forms (such as
'-fOPTION' and '-fno-OPTION'), relevant entries in the manual are
indexed under the most appropriate form; it may sometimes be useful to
look up both forms.
* Menu:
* ###: Overall Options. (line 204)
* -fipa-bit-cp: Optimize Options. (line 1025)
* -fipa-vrp: Optimize Options. (line 1030)
* -mfunction-return: x86 Options. (line 1305)
* -mindirect-branch: x86 Options. (line 1286)
* -mindirect-branch-register: x86 Options. (line 1320)
* -mlow-precision-div: AArch64 Options. (line 103)
* -mlow-precision-sqrt: AArch64 Options. (line 94)
* -mno-low-precision-div: AArch64 Options. (line 103)
* -mno-low-precision-sqrt: AArch64 Options. (line 94)
* -Wabi-tag: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 559)
* -Wno-scalar-storage-order: Warning Options. (line 2250)
* -Wscalar-storage-order: Warning Options. (line 2250)
* 80387: x86 Options. (line 465)
* A: Preprocessor Options.
(line 328)
* allowable_client: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* all_load: Darwin Options. (line 110)
* ansi: Standards. (line 13)
* ansi <1>: C Dialect Options. (line 11)
* ansi <2>: Other Builtins. (line 31)
* ansi <3>: Non-bugs. (line 107)
* arch_errors_fatal: Darwin Options. (line 114)
* aux-info: C Dialect Options. (line 217)
* B: Directory Options. (line 122)
* Bdynamic: VxWorks Options. (line 22)
* bind_at_load: Darwin Options. (line 118)
* Bstatic: VxWorks Options. (line 22)
* bundle: Darwin Options. (line 123)
* bundle_loader: Darwin Options. (line 127)
* c: Overall Options. (line 159)
* C: Preprocessor Options.
(line 337)
* c <1>: Link Options. (line 20)
* CC: Preprocessor Options.
(line 349)
* client_name: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* compatibility_version: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* coverage: Instrumentation Options.
(line 51)
* current_version: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* D: Preprocessor Options.
(line 19)
* d: Preprocessor Options.
(line 403)
* d <1>: Developer Options. (line 18)
* da: Developer Options. (line 225)
* dA: Developer Options. (line 228)
* dD: Preprocessor Options.
(line 427)
* dD <1>: Developer Options. (line 232)
* dead_strip: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* dependency-file: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* dH: Developer Options. (line 236)
* dI: Preprocessor Options.
(line 437)
* dM: Preprocessor Options.
(line 412)
* dN: Preprocessor Options.
(line 433)
* dp: Developer Options. (line 239)
* dP: Developer Options. (line 244)
* dU: Preprocessor Options.
(line 441)
* dumpfullversion: Developer Options. (line 951)
* dumpmachine: Developer Options. (line 939)
* dumpspecs: Developer Options. (line 955)
* dumpversion: Developer Options. (line 943)
* dx: Developer Options. (line 248)
* dylib_file: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* dylinker_install_name: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* dynamic: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* dynamiclib: Darwin Options. (line 131)
* E: Overall Options. (line 180)
* E <1>: Link Options. (line 20)
* EB: ARC Options. (line 589)
* EB <1>: MIPS Options. (line 7)
* EL: ARC Options. (line 598)
* EL <1>: MIPS Options. (line 10)
* exported_symbols_list: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* F: Darwin Options. (line 31)
* fabi-compat-version: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 85)
* fabi-version: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 24)
* fada-spec-parent: Overall Options. (line 384)
* faggressive-loop-optimizations: Optimize Options. (line 523)
* falign-functions: Optimize Options. (line 1596)
* falign-jumps: Optimize Options. (line 1654)
* falign-labels: Optimize Options. (line 1621)
* falign-loops: Optimize Options. (line 1640)
* faligned-new: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 105)
* fallow-parameterless-variadic-functions: C Dialect Options.
(line 233)
* fasan-shadow-offset: Instrumentation Options.
(line 380)
* fassociative-math: Optimize Options. (line 2136)
* fasynchronous-unwind-tables: Code Gen Options. (line 156)
* fauto-inc-dec: Optimize Options. (line 545)
* fauto-profile: Optimize Options. (line 2015)
* fbounds-check: Instrumentation Options.
(line 453)
* fbranch-probabilities: Optimize Options. (line 2281)
* fbranch-target-load-optimize: Optimize Options. (line 2417)
* fbranch-target-load-optimize2: Optimize Options. (line 2423)
* fbtr-bb-exclusive: Optimize Options. (line 2427)
* fcall-saved: Code Gen Options. (line 454)
* fcall-used: Code Gen Options. (line 440)
* fcaller-saves: Optimize Options. (line 903)
* fcf-protection: Instrumentation Options.
(line 581)
* fcheck-new: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 114)
* fcheck-pointer-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 459)
* fchecking: Developer Options. (line 633)
* fchkp-check-incomplete-type: Instrumentation Options.
(line 497)
* fchkp-check-read: Instrumentation Options.
(line 553)
* fchkp-check-write: Instrumentation Options.
(line 557)
* fchkp-first-field-has-own-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 508)
* fchkp-flexible-struct-trailing-arrays: Instrumentation Options.
(line 514)
* fchkp-instrument-calls: Instrumentation Options.
(line 565)
* fchkp-instrument-marked-only: Instrumentation Options.
(line 569)
* fchkp-narrow-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 501)
* fchkp-narrow-to-innermost-array: Instrumentation Options.
(line 520)
* fchkp-optimize: Instrumentation Options.
(line 525)
* fchkp-store-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 561)
* fchkp-treat-zero-dynamic-size-as-infinite: Instrumentation Options.
(line 546)
* fchkp-use-fast-string-functions: Instrumentation Options.
(line 529)
* fchkp-use-nochk-string-functions: Instrumentation Options.
(line 533)
* fchkp-use-static-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 537)
* fchkp-use-static-const-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 541)
* fchkp-use-wrappers: Instrumentation Options.
(line 574)
* fcode-hoisting: Optimize Options. (line 944)
* fcombine-stack-adjustments: Optimize Options. (line 915)
* fcommon: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 118)
* fcompare-debug: Developer Options. (line 727)
* fcompare-debug-second: Developer Options. (line 753)
* fcompare-elim: Optimize Options. (line 1968)
* fconcepts: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 124)
* fcond-mismatch: C Dialect Options. (line 384)
* fconserve-stack: Optimize Options. (line 934)
* fconstant-string-class: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 30)
* fconstexpr-depth: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 131)
* fconstexpr-loop-limit: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 137)
* fcprop-registers: Optimize Options. (line 1980)
* fcrossjumping: Optimize Options. (line 538)
* fcse-follow-jumps: Optimize Options. (line 459)
* fcse-skip-blocks: Optimize Options. (line 468)
* fcx-fortran-rules: Optimize Options. (line 2268)
* fcx-limited-range: Optimize Options. (line 2256)
* fdata-sections: Optimize Options. (line 2388)
* fdbg-cnt: Developer Options. (line 863)
* fdbg-cnt-list: Developer Options. (line 860)
* fdce: Optimize Options. (line 551)
* fdebug-cpp: Preprocessor Options.
(line 448)
* fdebug-prefix-map: Debugging Options. (line 137)
* fdebug-types-section: Debugging Options. (line 183)
* fdeclone-ctor-dtor: Optimize Options. (line 574)
* fdeduce-init-list: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 142)
* fdelayed-branch: Optimize Options. (line 727)
* fdelete-dead-exceptions: Code Gen Options. (line 141)
* fdelete-null-pointer-checks: Optimize Options. (line 585)
* fdevirtualize: Optimize Options. (line 606)
* fdevirtualize-at-ltrans: Optimize Options. (line 623)
* fdevirtualize-speculatively: Optimize Options. (line 613)
* fdiagnostics-color: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 35)
* fdiagnostics-generate-patch: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 160)
* fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 133)
* fdiagnostics-show-caret: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 124)
* fdiagnostics-show-location: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 20)
* fdiagnostics-show-option: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 118)
* fdiagnostics-show-template-tree: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 178)
* fdirectives-only: Preprocessor Options.
(line 202)
* fdisable-: Developer Options. (line 564)
* fdollars-in-identifiers: Preprocessor Options.
(line 223)
* fdollars-in-identifiers <1>: Interoperation. (line 141)
* fdpic: SH Options. (line 388)
* fdse: Optimize Options. (line 555)
* fdump-ada-spec: Overall Options. (line 379)
* fdump-final-insns: Developer Options. (line 721)
* fdump-go-spec: Overall Options. (line 388)
* fdump-ipa: Developer Options. (line 273)
* fdump-lang: Developer Options. (line 293)
* fdump-lang-all: Developer Options. (line 293)
* fdump-noaddr: Developer Options. (line 252)
* fdump-passes: Developer Options. (line 311)
* fdump-rtl-alignments: Developer Options. (line 44)
* fdump-rtl-all: Developer Options. (line 225)
* fdump-rtl-asmcons: Developer Options. (line 47)
* fdump-rtl-auto_inc_dec: Developer Options. (line 51)
* fdump-rtl-barriers: Developer Options. (line 55)
* fdump-rtl-bbpart: Developer Options. (line 58)
* fdump-rtl-bbro: Developer Options. (line 61)
* fdump-rtl-btl2: Developer Options. (line 65)
* fdump-rtl-btl2 <1>: Developer Options. (line 65)
* fdump-rtl-bypass: Developer Options. (line 69)
* fdump-rtl-ce1: Developer Options. (line 80)
* fdump-rtl-ce2: Developer Options. (line 80)
* fdump-rtl-ce3: Developer Options. (line 80)
* fdump-rtl-combine: Developer Options. (line 72)
* fdump-rtl-compgotos: Developer Options. (line 75)
* fdump-rtl-cprop_hardreg: Developer Options. (line 84)
* fdump-rtl-csa: Developer Options. (line 87)
* fdump-rtl-cse1: Developer Options. (line 91)
* fdump-rtl-cse2: Developer Options. (line 91)
* fdump-rtl-dbr: Developer Options. (line 98)
* fdump-rtl-dce: Developer Options. (line 95)
* fdump-rtl-dce1: Developer Options. (line 102)
* fdump-rtl-dce2: Developer Options. (line 102)
* fdump-rtl-dfinish: Developer Options. (line 221)
* fdump-rtl-dfinit: Developer Options. (line 221)
* fdump-rtl-eh: Developer Options. (line 106)
* fdump-rtl-eh_ranges: Developer Options. (line 109)
* fdump-rtl-expand: Developer Options. (line 112)
* fdump-rtl-fwprop1: Developer Options. (line 116)
* fdump-rtl-fwprop2: Developer Options. (line 116)
* fdump-rtl-gcse1: Developer Options. (line 121)
* fdump-rtl-gcse2: Developer Options. (line 121)
* fdump-rtl-init-regs: Developer Options. (line 125)
* fdump-rtl-initvals: Developer Options. (line 128)
* fdump-rtl-into_cfglayout: Developer Options. (line 131)
* fdump-rtl-ira: Developer Options. (line 134)
* fdump-rtl-jump: Developer Options. (line 137)
* fdump-rtl-loop2: Developer Options. (line 140)
* fdump-rtl-mach: Developer Options. (line 144)
* fdump-rtl-mode_sw: Developer Options. (line 148)
* fdump-rtl-outof_cfglayout: Developer Options. (line 154)
* fdump-rtl-PASS: Developer Options. (line 18)
* fdump-rtl-peephole2: Developer Options. (line 157)
* fdump-rtl-postreload: Developer Options. (line 160)
* fdump-rtl-pro_and_epilogue: Developer Options. (line 163)
* fdump-rtl-ree: Developer Options. (line 171)
* fdump-rtl-regclass: Developer Options. (line 221)
* fdump-rtl-rnreg: Developer Options. (line 151)
* fdump-rtl-sched1: Developer Options. (line 167)
* fdump-rtl-sched2: Developer Options. (line 167)
* fdump-rtl-seqabstr: Developer Options. (line 174)
* fdump-rtl-shorten: Developer Options. (line 177)
* fdump-rtl-sibling: Developer Options. (line 180)
* fdump-rtl-sms: Developer Options. (line 191)
* fdump-rtl-split1: Developer Options. (line 187)
* fdump-rtl-split2: Developer Options. (line 187)
* fdump-rtl-split3: Developer Options. (line 187)
* fdump-rtl-split4: Developer Options. (line 187)
* fdump-rtl-split5: Developer Options. (line 187)
* fdump-rtl-stack: Developer Options. (line 195)
* fdump-rtl-subreg1: Developer Options. (line 201)
* fdump-rtl-subreg2: Developer Options. (line 201)
* fdump-rtl-subregs_of_mode_finish: Developer Options. (line 221)
* fdump-rtl-subregs_of_mode_init: Developer Options. (line 221)
* fdump-rtl-unshare: Developer Options. (line 205)
* fdump-rtl-vartrack: Developer Options. (line 208)
* fdump-rtl-vregs: Developer Options. (line 211)
* fdump-rtl-web: Developer Options. (line 214)
* fdump-statistics: Developer Options. (line 315)
* fdump-tree: Developer Options. (line 328)
* fdump-tree-all: Developer Options. (line 328)
* fdump-unnumbered: Developer Options. (line 262)
* fdump-unnumbered-links: Developer Options. (line 268)
* fdwarf2-cfi-asm: Debugging Options. (line 388)
* fearly-inlining: Optimize Options. (line 304)
* felide-type: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 198)
* feliminate-unused-debug-symbols: Debugging Options. (line 118)
* feliminate-unused-debug-types: Debugging Options. (line 392)
* femit-class-debug-always: Debugging Options. (line 122)
* femit-struct-debug-baseonly: Debugging Options. (line 319)
* femit-struct-debug-detailed: Debugging Options. (line 346)
* femit-struct-debug-reduced: Debugging Options. (line 332)
* fenable-: Developer Options. (line 564)
* fexceptions: Code Gen Options. (line 119)
* fexcess-precision: Optimize Options. (line 2062)
* fexec-charset: Preprocessor Options.
(line 266)
* fexpensive-optimizations: Optimize Options. (line 630)
* fext-numeric-literals: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 695)
* fextended-identifiers: Preprocessor Options.
(line 226)
* fextern-tls-init: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 195)
* ffast-math: Optimize Options. (line 2086)
* ffat-lto-objects: Optimize Options. (line 1945)
* ffile-prefix-map: Overall Options. (line 359)
* ffinite-math-only: Optimize Options. (line 2163)
* ffix-and-continue: Darwin Options. (line 104)
* ffixed: Code Gen Options. (line 428)
* ffloat-store: Optimize Options. (line 2048)
* ffloat-store <1>: Disappointments. (line 77)
* ffor-scope: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 216)
* fforward-propagate: Optimize Options. (line 212)
* ffp-contract: Optimize Options. (line 221)
* ffreestanding: Standards. (line 94)
* ffreestanding <1>: C Dialect Options. (line 302)
* ffreestanding <2>: Warning Options. (line 299)
* ffreestanding <3>: Common Function Attributes.
(line 283)
* ffriend-injection: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 163)
* ffunction-sections: Optimize Options. (line 2388)
* fgcse: Optimize Options. (line 482)
* fgcse-after-reload: Optimize Options. (line 518)
* fgcse-las: Optimize Options. (line 511)
* fgcse-lm: Optimize Options. (line 493)
* fgcse-sm: Optimize Options. (line 502)
* fgimple: C Dialect Options. (line 288)
* fgnu-runtime: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 39)
* fgnu-tm: C Dialect Options. (line 341)
* fgnu89-inline: C Dialect Options. (line 178)
* fgraphite-identity: Optimize Options. (line 1206)
* fhoist-adjacent-loads: Optimize Options. (line 974)
* fhosted: C Dialect Options. (line 294)
* fif-conversion: Optimize Options. (line 559)
* fif-conversion2: Optimize Options. (line 568)
* filelist: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* findirect-data: Darwin Options. (line 104)
* findirect-inlining: Optimize Options. (line 276)
* finhibit-size-directive: Code Gen Options. (line 261)
* finline-functions: Optimize Options. (line 285)
* finline-functions-called-once: Optimize Options. (line 296)
* finline-limit: Optimize Options. (line 320)
* finline-small-functions: Optimize Options. (line 267)
* finput-charset: Preprocessor Options.
(line 279)
* finstrument-functions: Instrumentation Options.
(line 774)
* finstrument-functions <1>: Common Function Attributes.
(line 543)
* finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list: Instrumentation Options.
(line 809)
* finstrument-functions-exclude-function-list: Instrumentation Options.
(line 830)
* fipa-cp: Optimize Options. (line 1007)
* fipa-cp-clone: Optimize Options. (line 1015)
* fipa-icf: Optimize Options. (line 1035)
* fipa-profile: Optimize Options. (line 999)
* fipa-pta: Optimize Options. (line 993)
* fipa-pure-const: Optimize Options. (line 985)
* fipa-ra: Optimize Options. (line 921)
* fipa-reference: Optimize Options. (line 989)
* fipa-sra: Optimize Options. (line 313)
* fira-algorithm: Optimize Options. (line 664)
* fira-hoist-pressure: Optimize Options. (line 693)
* fira-loop-pressure: Optimize Options. (line 700)
* fira-region: Optimize Options. (line 672)
* fira-verbose: Developer Options. (line 790)
* fisolate-erroneous-paths-attribute: Optimize Options. (line 1117)
* fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference: Optimize Options. (line 1109)
* fivar-visibility: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 161)
* fivopts: Optimize Options. (line 1317)
* fkeep-inline-functions: Optimize Options. (line 351)
* fkeep-inline-functions <1>: Inline. (line 51)
* fkeep-static-consts: Optimize Options. (line 362)
* fkeep-static-functions: Optimize Options. (line 358)
* flat_namespace: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* flax-vector-conversions: C Dialect Options. (line 389)
* fleading-underscore: Code Gen Options. (line 484)
* flive-patching: Optimize Options. (line 1049)
* flive-range-shrinkage: Optimize Options. (line 659)
* flocal-ivars: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 152)
* floop-block: Optimize Options. (line 1200)
* floop-interchange: Optimize Options. (line 1280)
* floop-nest-optimize: Optimize Options. (line 1214)
* floop-parallelize-all: Optimize Options. (line 1220)
* floop-strip-mine: Optimize Options. (line 1200)
* floop-unroll-and-jam: Optimize Options. (line 1296)
* flra-remat: Optimize Options. (line 720)
* flto: Optimize Options. (line 1709)
* flto-compression-level: Optimize Options. (line 1919)
* flto-odr-type-merging: Optimize Options. (line 1914)
* flto-partition: Optimize Options. (line 1900)
* flto-report: Developer Options. (line 796)
* flto-report-wpa: Developer Options. (line 804)
* fmacro-prefix-map: Preprocessor Options.
(line 257)
* fmax-errors: Warning Options. (line 18)
* fmem-report: Developer Options. (line 808)
* fmem-report-wpa: Developer Options. (line 812)
* fmerge-all-constants: Optimize Options. (line 381)
* fmerge-constants: Optimize Options. (line 371)
* fmerge-debug-strings: Debugging Options. (line 130)
* fmessage-length: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 14)
* fmodulo-sched: Optimize Options. (line 392)
* fmodulo-sched-allow-regmoves: Optimize Options. (line 397)
* fmove-loop-invariants: Optimize Options. (line 2374)
* fms-extensions: C Dialect Options. (line 356)
* fms-extensions <1>: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 250)
* fms-extensions <2>: Unnamed Fields. (line 36)
* fnew-inheriting-ctors: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 255)
* fnew-ttp-matching: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 261)
* fnext-runtime: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 43)
* fno-access-control: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 101)
* fno-asm: C Dialect Options. (line 240)
* fno-branch-count-reg: Optimize Options. (line 404)
* fno-builtin: C Dialect Options. (line 254)
* fno-builtin <1>: Warning Options. (line 299)
* fno-builtin <2>: Common Function Attributes.
(line 283)
* fno-builtin <3>: Other Builtins. (line 21)
* fno-canonical-system-headers: Preprocessor Options.
(line 230)
* fno-check-pointer-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 459)
* fno-checking: Developer Options. (line 633)
* fno-chkp-check-incomplete-type: Instrumentation Options.
(line 497)
* fno-chkp-check-read: Instrumentation Options.
(line 553)
* fno-chkp-check-write: Instrumentation Options.
(line 557)
* fno-chkp-first-field-has-own-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 508)
* fno-chkp-flexible-struct-trailing-arrays: Instrumentation Options.
(line 514)
* fno-chkp-instrument-calls: Instrumentation Options.
(line 565)
* fno-chkp-instrument-marked-only: Instrumentation Options.
(line 569)
* fno-chkp-narrow-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 501)
* fno-chkp-narrow-to-innermost-array: Instrumentation Options.
(line 520)
* fno-chkp-optimize: Instrumentation Options.
(line 525)
* fno-chkp-store-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 561)
* fno-chkp-treat-zero-dynamic-size-as-infinite: Instrumentation Options.
(line 546)
* fno-chkp-use-fast-string-functions: Instrumentation Options.
(line 529)
* fno-chkp-use-nochk-string-functions: Instrumentation Options.
(line 533)
* fno-chkp-use-static-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 537)
* fno-chkp-use-static-const-bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 541)
* fno-chkp-use-wrappers: Instrumentation Options.
(line 574)
* fno-common: Code Gen Options. (line 231)
* fno-common <1>: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 118)
* fno-compare-debug: Developer Options. (line 727)
* fno-debug-types-section: Debugging Options. (line 183)
* fno-default-inline: Inline. (line 68)
* fno-defer-pop: Optimize Options. (line 204)
* fno-diagnostics-show-caret: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 124)
* fno-diagnostics-show-option: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 118)
* fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm: Debugging Options. (line 388)
* fno-elide-constructors: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 174)
* fno-elide-type: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 198)
* fno-eliminate-unused-debug-types: Debugging Options. (line 392)
* fno-enforce-eh-specs: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 185)
* fno-ext-numeric-literals: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 695)
* fno-extern-tls-init: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 195)
* fno-for-scope: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 216)
* fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact: Optimize Options. (line 2235)
* fno-function-cse: Optimize Options. (line 419)
* fno-gnu-keywords: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 227)
* fno-gnu-unique: Code Gen Options. (line 162)
* fno-guess-branch-probability: Optimize Options. (line 1485)
* fno-ident: Code Gen Options. (line 258)
* fno-implement-inlines: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 245)
* fno-implement-inlines <1>: C++ Interface. (line 66)
* fno-implicit-inline-templates: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 239)
* fno-implicit-templates: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 233)
* fno-implicit-templates <1>: Template Instantiation.
(line 118)
* fno-inline: Optimize Options. (line 259)
* fno-ira-share-save-slots: Optimize Options. (line 708)
* fno-ira-share-spill-slots: Optimize Options. (line 714)
* fno-jump-tables: Code Gen Options. (line 420)
* fno-keep-inline-dllexport: Optimize Options. (line 345)
* fno-lifetime-dse: Optimize Options. (line 644)
* fno-local-ivars: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 152)
* fno-math-errno: Optimize Options. (line 2100)
* fno-merge-debug-strings: Debugging Options. (line 130)
* fno-nil-receivers: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 49)
* fno-nonansi-builtins: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 268)
* fno-operator-names: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 284)
* fno-optional-diags: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 288)
* fno-peephole: Optimize Options. (line 1476)
* fno-peephole2: Optimize Options. (line 1476)
* fno-plt: Code Gen Options. (line 402)
* fno-pretty-templates: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 298)
* fno-printf-return-value: Optimize Options. (line 1453)
* fno-rtti: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 315)
* fno-sanitize-recover: Instrumentation Options.
(line 389)
* fno-sanitize=all: Instrumentation Options.
(line 374)
* fno-sched-interblock: Optimize Options. (line 753)
* fno-sched-spec: Optimize Options. (line 758)
* fno-set-stack-executable: x86 Windows Options.
(line 46)
* fno-show-column: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 210)
* fno-signed-bitfields: C Dialect Options. (line 422)
* fno-signed-zeros: Optimize Options. (line 2175)
* fno-stack-limit: Instrumentation Options.
(line 686)
* fno-threadsafe-statics: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 365)
* fno-toplevel-reorder: Optimize Options. (line 1675)
* fno-trapping-math: Optimize Options. (line 2185)
* fno-unsigned-bitfields: C Dialect Options. (line 422)
* fno-use-cxa-get-exception-ptr: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 378)
* fno-var-tracking-assignments: Debugging Options. (line 157)
* fno-var-tracking-assignments-toggle: Developer Options. (line 774)
* fno-weak: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 440)
* fno-working-directory: Preprocessor Options.
(line 314)
* fno-writable-relocated-rdata: x86 Windows Options.
(line 53)
* fno-zero-initialized-in-bss: Optimize Options. (line 430)
* fnon-call-exceptions: Code Gen Options. (line 133)
* fnothrow-opt: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 273)
* fobjc-abi-version: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 56)
* fobjc-call-cxx-cdtors: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 67)
* fobjc-direct-dispatch: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 92)
* fobjc-exceptions: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 96)
* fobjc-gc: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 104)
* fobjc-nilcheck: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 110)
* fobjc-std: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 119)
* fomit-frame-pointer: Optimize Options. (line 232)
* fopenacc: C Dialect Options. (line 313)
* fopenacc-dim: C Dialect Options. (line 322)
* fopenmp: C Dialect Options. (line 328)
* fopenmp-simd: C Dialect Options. (line 337)
* fopt-info: Developer Options. (line 453)
* foptimize-sibling-calls: Optimize Options. (line 247)
* foptimize-strlen: Optimize Options. (line 252)
* force_cpusubtype_ALL: Darwin Options. (line 135)
* force_flat_namespace: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* fpack-struct: Code Gen Options. (line 471)
* fpartial-inlining: Optimize Options. (line 1429)
* fpatchable-function-entry: Instrumentation Options.
(line 842)
* fpcc-struct-return: Code Gen Options. (line 175)
* fpcc-struct-return <1>: Incompatibilities. (line 170)
* fpch-deps: Preprocessor Options.
(line 289)
* fpch-preprocess: Preprocessor Options.
(line 297)
* fpeel-loops: Optimize Options. (line 2366)
* fpermissive: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 293)
* fpermitted-flt-eval-methods: C Dialect Options. (line 195)
* fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=c11: C Dialect Options. (line 195)
* fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=ts-18661-3: C Dialect Options. (line 195)
* fpic: Code Gen Options. (line 359)
* fPIC: Code Gen Options. (line 380)
* fpie: Code Gen Options. (line 393)
* fPIE: Code Gen Options. (line 393)
* fplan9-extensions: C Dialect Options. (line 374)
* fplan9-extensions <1>: Unnamed Fields. (line 43)
* fplugin: Overall Options. (line 368)
* fplugin-arg: Overall Options. (line 375)
* fpost-ipa-mem-report: Developer Options. (line 817)
* fpre-ipa-mem-report: Developer Options. (line 816)
* fpredictive-commoning: Optimize Options. (line 1436)
* fprefetch-loop-arrays: Optimize Options. (line 1443)
* fpreprocessed: Preprocessor Options.
(line 189)
* fprofile-abs-path: Instrumentation Options.
(line 107)
* fprofile-arcs: Instrumentation Options.
(line 31)
* fprofile-arcs <1>: Other Builtins. (line 425)
* fprofile-correction: Optimize Options. (line 1987)
* fprofile-dir: Instrumentation Options.
(line 113)
* fprofile-generate: Instrumentation Options.
(line 124)
* fprofile-reorder-functions: Optimize Options. (line 2308)
* fprofile-report: Developer Options. (line 821)
* fprofile-update: Instrumentation Options.
(line 141)
* fprofile-use: Optimize Options. (line 1995)
* fprofile-values: Optimize Options. (line 2299)
* fpu: RX Options. (line 17)
* frandom-seed: Developer Options. (line 638)
* freciprocal-math: Optimize Options. (line 2153)
* frecord-gcc-switches: Code Gen Options. (line 347)
* free: Optimize Options. (line 636)
* freg-struct-return: Code Gen Options. (line 193)
* frename-registers: Optimize Options. (line 2325)
* freorder-blocks: Optimize Options. (line 1502)
* freorder-blocks-algorithm: Optimize Options. (line 1508)
* freorder-blocks-and-partition: Optimize Options. (line 1519)
* freorder-functions: Optimize Options. (line 1536)
* freplace-objc-classes: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 130)
* frepo: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 310)
* frepo <1>: Template Instantiation.
(line 94)
* freport-bug: Developer Options. (line 258)
* frerun-cse-after-loop: Optimize Options. (line 476)
* freschedule-modulo-scheduled-loops: Optimize Options. (line 852)
* frounding-math: Optimize Options. (line 2200)
* fsanitize-address-use-after-scope: Instrumentation Options.
(line 425)
* fsanitize-coverage=trace-cmp: Instrumentation Options.
(line 440)
* fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc: Instrumentation Options.
(line 436)
* fsanitize-recover: Instrumentation Options.
(line 389)
* fsanitize-sections: Instrumentation Options.
(line 385)
* fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error: Instrumentation Options.
(line 429)
* fsanitize=address: Instrumentation Options.
(line 158)
* fsanitize=alignment: Instrumentation Options.
(line 300)
* fsanitize=bool: Instrumentation Options.
(line 338)
* fsanitize=bounds: Instrumentation Options.
(line 285)
* fsanitize=bounds-strict: Instrumentation Options.
(line 292)
* fsanitize=builtin: Instrumentation Options.
(line 362)
* fsanitize=enum: Instrumentation Options.
(line 343)
* fsanitize=float-cast-overflow: Instrumentation Options.
(line 318)
* fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero: Instrumentation Options.
(line 312)
* fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero: Instrumentation Options.
(line 248)
* fsanitize=kernel-address: Instrumentation Options.
(line 172)
* fsanitize=leak: Instrumentation Options.
(line 213)
* fsanitize=nonnull-attribute: Instrumentation Options.
(line 326)
* fsanitize=null: Instrumentation Options.
(line 262)
* fsanitize=object-size: Instrumentation Options.
(line 307)
* fsanitize=pointer-compare: Instrumentation Options.
(line 177)
* fsanitize=pointer-overflow: Instrumentation Options.
(line 356)
* fsanitize=pointer-subtract: Instrumentation Options.
(line 188)
* fsanitize=return: Instrumentation Options.
(line 270)
* fsanitize=returns-nonnull-attribute: Instrumentation Options.
(line 332)
* fsanitize=shift: Instrumentation Options.
(line 228)
* fsanitize=shift-base: Instrumentation Options.
(line 241)
* fsanitize=shift-exponent: Instrumentation Options.
(line 236)
* fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow: Instrumentation Options.
(line 276)
* fsanitize=thread: Instrumentation Options.
(line 198)
* fsanitize=undefined: Instrumentation Options.
(line 223)
* fsanitize=unreachable: Instrumentation Options.
(line 252)
* fsanitize=vla-bound: Instrumentation Options.
(line 258)
* fsanitize=vptr: Instrumentation Options.
(line 349)
* fsched-critical-path-heuristic: Optimize Options. (line 818)
* fsched-dep-count-heuristic: Optimize Options. (line 845)
* fsched-group-heuristic: Optimize Options. (line 812)
* fsched-last-insn-heuristic: Optimize Options. (line 838)
* fsched-pressure: Optimize Options. (line 763)
* fsched-rank-heuristic: Optimize Options. (line 831)
* fsched-spec-insn-heuristic: Optimize Options. (line 824)
* fsched-spec-load: Optimize Options. (line 772)
* fsched-spec-load-dangerous: Optimize Options. (line 777)
* fsched-stalled-insns: Optimize Options. (line 783)
* fsched-stalled-insns-dep: Optimize Options. (line 793)
* fsched-verbose: Developer Options. (line 550)
* fsched2-use-superblocks: Optimize Options. (line 802)
* fschedule-fusion: Optimize Options. (line 2335)
* fschedule-insns: Optimize Options. (line 734)
* fschedule-insns2: Optimize Options. (line 744)
* fsection-anchors: Optimize Options. (line 2435)
* fsel-sched-pipelining: Optimize Options. (line 865)
* fsel-sched-pipelining-outer-loops: Optimize Options. (line 870)
* fselective-scheduling: Optimize Options. (line 857)
* fselective-scheduling2: Optimize Options. (line 861)
* fsemantic-interposition: Optimize Options. (line 875)
* fshort-enums: Code Gen Options. (line 211)
* fshort-enums <1>: Structures unions enumerations and bit-fields implementation.
(line 48)
* fshort-enums <2>: Common Type Attributes.
(line 235)
* fshort-enums <3>: Non-bugs. (line 42)
* fshort-wchar: Code Gen Options. (line 221)
* fshrink-wrap: Optimize Options. (line 892)
* fshrink-wrap-separate: Optimize Options. (line 897)
* fsignaling-nans: Optimize Options. (line 2220)
* fsigned-bitfields: C Dialect Options. (line 422)
* fsigned-bitfields <1>: Non-bugs. (line 57)
* fsigned-char: C Dialect Options. (line 412)
* fsigned-char <1>: Characters implementation.
(line 31)
* fsimd-cost-model: Optimize Options. (line 1389)
* fsingle-precision-constant: Optimize Options. (line 2252)
* fsized-deallocation: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 325)
* fsplit-ivs-in-unroller: Optimize Options. (line 1410)
* fsplit-loops: Optimize Options. (line 2378)
* fsplit-paths: Optimize Options. (line 1405)
* fsplit-stack: Instrumentation Options.
(line 703)
* fsplit-stack <1>: Common Function Attributes.
(line 592)
* fsplit-wide-types: Optimize Options. (line 451)
* fssa-backprop: Optimize Options. (line 1140)
* fssa-phiopt: Optimize Options. (line 1146)
* fsso-struct: C Dialect Options. (line 428)
* fstack-check: Instrumentation Options.
(line 629)
* fstack-clash-protection: Instrumentation Options.
(line 671)
* fstack-limit-register: Instrumentation Options.
(line 686)
* fstack-limit-symbol: Instrumentation Options.
(line 686)
* fstack-protector: Instrumentation Options.
(line 608)
* fstack-protector-all: Instrumentation Options.
(line 617)
* fstack-protector-explicit: Instrumentation Options.
(line 625)
* fstack-protector-strong: Instrumentation Options.
(line 620)
* fstack-usage: Developer Options. (line 825)
* fstack_reuse: Code Gen Options. (line 15)
* fstats: Developer Options. (line 854)
* fstdarg-opt: Optimize Options. (line 2431)
* fstore-merging: Optimize Options. (line 1341)
* fstrict-aliasing: Optimize Options. (line 1549)
* fstrict-enums: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 335)
* fstrict-overflow: Code Gen Options. (line 115)
* fstrict-volatile-bitfields: Code Gen Options. (line 595)
* fstrong-eval-order: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 344)
* fsync-libcalls: Code Gen Options. (line 627)
* fsyntax-only: Warning Options. (line 14)
* ftabstop: Preprocessor Options.
(line 234)
* ftemplate-backtrace-limit: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 352)
* ftemplate-depth: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 356)
* ftest-coverage: Instrumentation Options.
(line 98)
* fthread-jumps: Optimize Options. (line 442)
* ftime-report: Developer Options. (line 782)
* ftime-report-details: Developer Options. (line 786)
* ftls-model: Code Gen Options. (line 495)
* ftracer: Optimize Options. (line 2343)
* ftrack-macro-expansion: Preprocessor Options.
(line 240)
* ftrampolines: Code Gen Options. (line 506)
* ftrapv: Code Gen Options. (line 91)
* ftree-bit-ccp: Optimize Options. (line 1129)
* ftree-builtin-call-dce: Optimize Options. (line 1167)
* ftree-ccp: Optimize Options. (line 1135)
* ftree-ch: Optimize Options. (line 1187)
* ftree-coalesce-vars: Optimize Options. (line 1226)
* ftree-copy-prop: Optimize Options. (line 980)
* ftree-dce: Optimize Options. (line 1163)
* ftree-dominator-opts: Optimize Options. (line 1173)
* ftree-dse: Optimize Options. (line 1180)
* ftree-forwprop: Optimize Options. (line 959)
* ftree-fre: Optimize Options. (line 963)
* ftree-loop-distribute-patterns: Optimize Options. (line 1260)
* ftree-loop-distribution: Optimize Options. (line 1243)
* ftree-loop-if-convert: Optimize Options. (line 1236)
* ftree-loop-im: Optimize Options. (line 1302)
* ftree-loop-ivcanon: Optimize Options. (line 1311)
* ftree-loop-linear: Optimize Options. (line 1200)
* ftree-loop-optimize: Optimize Options. (line 1194)
* ftree-loop-vectorize: Optimize Options. (line 1367)
* ftree-parallelize-loops: Optimize Options. (line 1322)
* ftree-partial-pre: Optimize Options. (line 955)
* ftree-phiprop: Optimize Options. (line 970)
* ftree-pre: Optimize Options. (line 951)
* ftree-pta: Optimize Options. (line 1331)
* ftree-reassoc: Optimize Options. (line 940)
* ftree-sink: Optimize Options. (line 1125)
* ftree-slp-vectorize: Optimize Options. (line 1371)
* ftree-slsr: Optimize Options. (line 1356)
* ftree-sra: Optimize Options. (line 1335)
* ftree-switch-conversion: Optimize Options. (line 1150)
* ftree-tail-merge: Optimize Options. (line 1155)
* ftree-ter: Optimize Options. (line 1348)
* ftree-vectorize: Optimize Options. (line 1362)
* ftree-vrp: Optimize Options. (line 1396)
* funconstrained-commons: Optimize Options. (line 532)
* funit-at-a-time: Optimize Options. (line 1668)
* funroll-all-loops: Optimize Options. (line 2360)
* funroll-loops: Optimize Options. (line 2350)
* funsafe-math-optimizations: Optimize Options. (line 2118)
* funsigned-bitfields: C Dialect Options. (line 422)
* funsigned-bitfields <1>: Structures unions enumerations and bit-fields implementation.
(line 17)
* funsigned-bitfields <2>: Non-bugs. (line 57)
* funsigned-char: C Dialect Options. (line 394)
* funsigned-char <1>: Characters implementation.
(line 31)
* funswitch-loops: Optimize Options. (line 2382)
* funwind-tables: Code Gen Options. (line 149)
* fuse-cxa-atexit: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 371)
* fuse-ld=bfd: Link Options. (line 25)
* fuse-ld=gold: Link Options. (line 28)
* fuse-ld=lld: Link Options. (line 31)
* fuse-linker-plugin: Optimize Options. (line 1927)
* fvar-tracking: Debugging Options. (line 147)
* fvar-tracking-assignments: Debugging Options. (line 157)
* fvar-tracking-assignments-toggle: Developer Options. (line 774)
* fvariable-expansion-in-unroller: Optimize Options. (line 1424)
* fvect-cost-model: Optimize Options. (line 1375)
* fverbose-asm: Code Gen Options. (line 268)
* fvisibility: Code Gen Options. (line 530)
* fvisibility-inlines-hidden: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 383)
* fvisibility-ms-compat: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 411)
* fvpt: Optimize Options. (line 2315)
* fvtable-verify: Instrumentation Options.
(line 721)
* fvtv-counts: Instrumentation Options.
(line 757)
* fvtv-debug: Instrumentation Options.
(line 744)
* fweb: Optimize Options. (line 1687)
* fwhole-program: Optimize Options. (line 1698)
* fwide-exec-charset: Preprocessor Options.
(line 271)
* fworking-directory: Preprocessor Options.
(line 314)
* fwrapv: Code Gen Options. (line 99)
* fwrapv-pointer: Code Gen Options. (line 109)
* fzero-link: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 140)
* g: Debugging Options. (line 25)
* G: ARC Options. (line 413)
* G <1>: M32R/D Options. (line 57)
* G <2>: MIPS Options. (line 436)
* G <3>: Nios II Options. (line 9)
* G <4>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 524)
* G <5>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 774)
* G <6>: System V Options. (line 10)
* gas-loc-support: Debugging Options. (line 212)
* gas-locview-support: Debugging Options. (line 228)
* gcolumn-info: Debugging Options. (line 240)
* gdwarf: Debugging Options. (line 45)
* gen-decls: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 166)
* gfull: Darwin Options. (line 69)
* ggdb: Debugging Options. (line 38)
* ggnu-pubnames: Debugging Options. (line 178)
* ginline-points: Debugging Options. (line 299)
* ginternal-reset-location-views: Debugging Options. (line 288)
* gno-as-loc-support: Debugging Options. (line 224)
* gno-column-info: Debugging Options. (line 240)
* gno-inline-points: Debugging Options. (line 299)
* gno-internal-reset-location-views: Debugging Options. (line 288)
* gno-record-gcc-switches: Debugging Options. (line 193)
* gno-statement-frontiers: Debugging Options. (line 245)
* gno-strict-dwarf: Debugging Options. (line 208)
* gno-variable-location-views: Debugging Options. (line 256)
* gpubnames: Debugging Options. (line 175)
* grecord-gcc-switches: Debugging Options. (line 193)
* gsplit-dwarf: Debugging Options. (line 168)
* gstabs: Debugging Options. (line 63)
* gstabs+: Debugging Options. (line 71)
* gstatement-frontiers: Debugging Options. (line 245)
* gstrict-dwarf: Debugging Options. (line 202)
* gtoggle: Developer Options. (line 766)
* gused: Darwin Options. (line 64)
* gvariable-location-views: Debugging Options. (line 256)
* gvariable-location-views=incompat5: Debugging Options. (line 256)
* gvms: Debugging Options. (line 90)
* gxcoff: Debugging Options. (line 77)
* gxcoff+: Debugging Options. (line 82)
* gz: Debugging Options. (line 308)
* H: Preprocessor Options.
(line 396)
* headerpad_max_install_names: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* help: Overall Options. (line 210)
* I: Directory Options. (line 13)
* I-: Directory Options. (line 65)
* idirafter: Directory Options. (line 13)
* iframework: Darwin Options. (line 57)
* imacros: Preprocessor Options.
(line 57)
* image_base: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* imultilib: Directory Options. (line 98)
* include: Preprocessor Options.
(line 46)
* init: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* install_name: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* iplugindir=: Directory Options. (line 113)
* iprefix: Directory Options. (line 80)
* iquote: Directory Options. (line 13)
* isysroot: Directory Options. (line 92)
* isystem: Directory Options. (line 13)
* iwithprefix: Directory Options. (line 86)
* iwithprefixbefore: Directory Options. (line 86)
* keep_private_externs: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* l: Link Options. (line 35)
* L: Directory Options. (line 118)
* lobjc: Link Options. (line 62)
* M: Preprocessor Options.
(line 77)
* m: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 352)
* m <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 579)
* m1: SH Options. (line 9)
* m10: PDP-11 Options. (line 29)
* m128bit-long-double: x86 Options. (line 517)
* m16: x86 Options. (line 1343)
* m16-bit: CRIS Options. (line 64)
* m16-bit <1>: NDS32 Options. (line 51)
* m1reg-: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 131)
* m2: SH Options. (line 12)
* m210: MCore Options. (line 43)
* m2a: SH Options. (line 30)
* m2a-nofpu: SH Options. (line 18)
* m2a-single: SH Options. (line 26)
* m2a-single-only: SH Options. (line 22)
* m3: SH Options. (line 34)
* m31: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 86)
* m32: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 10)
* m32 <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 283)
* m32 <2>: SPARC Options. (line 315)
* m32 <3>: TILE-Gx Options. (line 23)
* m32 <4>: TILEPro Options. (line 13)
* m32 <5>: x86 Options. (line 1343)
* m32-bit: CRIS Options. (line 64)
* m32bit-doubles: RL78 Options. (line 73)
* m32bit-doubles <1>: RX Options. (line 10)
* m32r: M32R/D Options. (line 15)
* m32r2: M32R/D Options. (line 9)
* m32rx: M32R/D Options. (line 12)
* m340: MCore Options. (line 43)
* m3dnow: x86 Options. (line 742)
* m3dnowa: x86 Options. (line 743)
* m3e: SH Options. (line 37)
* m4: SH Options. (line 51)
* m4-100: SH Options. (line 54)
* m4-100-nofpu: SH Options. (line 57)
* m4-100-single: SH Options. (line 61)
* m4-100-single-only: SH Options. (line 65)
* m4-200: SH Options. (line 69)
* m4-200-nofpu: SH Options. (line 72)
* m4-200-single: SH Options. (line 76)
* m4-200-single-only: SH Options. (line 80)
* m4-300: SH Options. (line 84)
* m4-300-nofpu: SH Options. (line 87)
* m4-300-single: SH Options. (line 91)
* m4-300-single-only: SH Options. (line 95)
* m4-340: SH Options. (line 99)
* m4-500: SH Options. (line 102)
* m4-nofpu: SH Options. (line 40)
* m4-single: SH Options. (line 47)
* m4-single-only: SH Options. (line 43)
* m40: PDP-11 Options. (line 23)
* m45: PDP-11 Options. (line 26)
* m4a: SH Options. (line 118)
* m4a-nofpu: SH Options. (line 106)
* m4a-single: SH Options. (line 114)
* m4a-single-only: SH Options. (line 110)
* m4al: SH Options. (line 121)
* m4byte-functions: MCore Options. (line 27)
* m5200: M680x0 Options. (line 144)
* m5206e: M680x0 Options. (line 153)
* m528x: M680x0 Options. (line 157)
* m5307: M680x0 Options. (line 161)
* m5407: M680x0 Options. (line 165)
* m64: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 10)
* m64 <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 283)
* m64 <2>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 86)
* m64 <3>: SPARC Options. (line 315)
* m64 <4>: TILE-Gx Options. (line 23)
* m64 <5>: x86 Options. (line 1343)
* m64bit-doubles: RL78 Options. (line 73)
* m64bit-doubles <1>: RX Options. (line 10)
* m68000: M680x0 Options. (line 93)
* m68010: M680x0 Options. (line 101)
* m68020: M680x0 Options. (line 107)
* m68020-40: M680x0 Options. (line 175)
* m68020-60: M680x0 Options. (line 184)
* m68030: M680x0 Options. (line 112)
* m68040: M680x0 Options. (line 117)
* m68060: M680x0 Options. (line 126)
* m68881: M680x0 Options. (line 194)
* m8-bit: CRIS Options. (line 64)
* m8bit-idiv: x86 Options. (line 1249)
* m8byte-align: V850 Options. (line 170)
* m96bit-long-double: x86 Options. (line 517)
* mA6: ARC Options. (line 23)
* mA7: ARC Options. (line 30)
* mabi: AArch64 Options. (line 9)
* mabi <1>: ARM Options. (line 9)
* mabi <2>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 379)
* mabi <3>: RISC-V Options. (line 17)
* mabi <4>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 610)
* mabi <5>: x86 Options. (line 969)
* mabi=32: MIPS Options. (line 155)
* mabi=64: MIPS Options. (line 155)
* mabi=eabi: MIPS Options. (line 155)
* mabi=elfv1: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 408)
* mabi=elfv1 <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 631)
* mabi=elfv2: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 414)
* mabi=elfv2 <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 637)
* mabi=gnu: MMIX Options. (line 20)
* mabi=ibmlongdouble: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 392)
* mabi=ibmlongdouble <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 615)
* mabi=ieeelongdouble: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 400)
* mabi=ieeelongdouble <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 623)
* mabi=mmixware: MMIX Options. (line 20)
* mabi=n32: MIPS Options. (line 155)
* mabi=no-spe: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 389)
* mabi=o64: MIPS Options. (line 155)
* mabi=spe: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 384)
* mabicalls: MIPS Options. (line 191)
* mabm: x86 Options. (line 745)
* mabort-on-noreturn: ARM Options. (line 607)
* mabs=2008: MIPS Options. (line 299)
* mabs=legacy: MIPS Options. (line 299)
* mabsdata: AVR Options. (line 163)
* mabsdiff: MeP Options. (line 7)
* mabshi: PDP-11 Options. (line 55)
* mac0: PDP-11 Options. (line 16)
* macc-4: FRV Options. (line 139)
* macc-8: FRV Options. (line 143)
* maccumulate-args: AVR Options. (line 170)
* maccumulate-outgoing-args: SH Options. (line 314)
* maccumulate-outgoing-args <1>: x86 Options. (line 1007)
* maddress-mode=long: x86 Options. (line 1393)
* maddress-mode=short: x86 Options. (line 1398)
* maddress-space-conversion: SPU Options. (line 68)
* mads: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 448)
* mads <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 671)
* madx: x86 Options. (line 746)
* maes: x86 Options. (line 724)
* maix-struct-return: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 372)
* maix-struct-return <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 603)
* maix32: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 148)
* maix32 <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 321)
* maix64: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 321)
* malign-300: H8/300 Options. (line 41)
* malign-call: ARC Options. (line 432)
* malign-data: x86 Options. (line 557)
* malign-double: x86 Options. (line 502)
* malign-int: M680x0 Options. (line 263)
* malign-labels: FRV Options. (line 128)
* malign-loops: M32R/D Options. (line 73)
* malign-natural: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 172)
* malign-natural <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 359)
* malign-power: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 172)
* malign-power <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 359)
* mall-opts: MeP Options. (line 11)
* malloc-cc: FRV Options. (line 31)
* mallow-string-insns: RX Options. (line 150)
* mallregs: RL78 Options. (line 66)
* maltivec: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 141)
* maltivec=be: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 157)
* maltivec=le: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 169)
* mam33: MN10300 Options. (line 17)
* mam33-2: MN10300 Options. (line 24)
* mam34: MN10300 Options. (line 27)
* mandroid: GNU/Linux Options. (line 26)
* mannotate-align: ARC Options. (line 379)
* mapcs: ARM Options. (line 21)
* mapcs-frame: ARM Options. (line 13)
* mapp-regs: SPARC Options. (line 10)
* mapp-regs <1>: V850 Options. (line 181)
* mARC600: ARC Options. (line 23)
* mARC601: ARC Options. (line 27)
* mARC700: ARC Options. (line 30)
* march: AArch64 Options. (line 124)
* march <1>: ARM Options. (line 74)
* march <2>: C6X Options. (line 7)
* march <3>: CRIS Options. (line 10)
* march <4>: HPPA Options. (line 9)
* march <5>: HPPA Options. (line 162)
* march <6>: M680x0 Options. (line 12)
* march <7>: MIPS Options. (line 14)
* march <8>: NDS32 Options. (line 64)
* march <9>: Nios II Options. (line 94)
* march <10>: RISC-V Options. (line 51)
* march <11>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 148)
* march <12>: x86 Options. (line 9)
* marclinux: ARC Options. (line 385)
* marclinux_prof: ARC Options. (line 392)
* margonaut: ARC Options. (line 585)
* marm: ARM Options. (line 679)
* mas100-syntax: RX Options. (line 76)
* masm-hex: MSP430 Options. (line 9)
* masm-syntax-unified: ARM Options. (line 779)
* masm=DIALECT: x86 Options. (line 451)
* matomic: ARC Options. (line 155)
* matomic-model=MODEL: SH Options. (line 193)
* matomic-updates: SPU Options. (line 83)
* mauto-litpools: Xtensa Options. (line 60)
* mauto-modify-reg: ARC Options. (line 435)
* mauto-pic: IA-64 Options. (line 50)
* maverage: MeP Options. (line 16)
* mavoid-indexed-addresses: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 216)
* mavoid-indexed-addresses <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 418)
* mavx: x86 Options. (line 712)
* mavx2: x86 Options. (line 713)
* mavx256-split-unaligned-load: x86 Options. (line 1257)
* mavx256-split-unaligned-store: x86 Options. (line 1257)
* mavx5124fmaps: x86 Options. (line 770)
* mavx5124vnniw: x86 Options. (line 772)
* mavx512bitalg: x86 Options. (line 766)
* mavx512bw: x86 Options. (line 719)
* mavx512cd: x86 Options. (line 717)
* mavx512dq: x86 Options. (line 720)
* mavx512er: x86 Options. (line 716)
* mavx512f: x86 Options. (line 714)
* mavx512ifma: x86 Options. (line 721)
* mavx512pf: x86 Options. (line 715)
* mavx512vbmi: x86 Options. (line 722)
* mavx512vbmi2: x86 Options. (line 762)
* mavx512vl: x86 Options. (line 718)
* mavx512vnni: x86 Options. (line 771)
* mavx512vpopcntdq: x86 Options. (line 769)
* max-vect-align: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 119)
* mb: SH Options. (line 126)
* mbackchain: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 35)
* mbarrel-shift-enabled: LM32 Options. (line 9)
* mbarrel-shifter: ARC Options. (line 10)
* mbarrel_shifter: ARC Options. (line 605)
* mbase-addresses: MMIX Options. (line 53)
* mbased=: MeP Options. (line 20)
* mbbit-peephole: ARC Options. (line 438)
* mbcopy: PDP-11 Options. (line 36)
* mbcopy-builtin: PDP-11 Options. (line 32)
* mbe8: ARM Options. (line 66)
* mbig: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 271)
* mbig <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 498)
* mbig-endian: AArch64 Options. (line 20)
* mbig-endian <1>: ARC Options. (line 588)
* mbig-endian <2>: ARM Options. (line 61)
* mbig-endian <3>: C6X Options. (line 13)
* mbig-endian <4>: IA-64 Options. (line 9)
* mbig-endian <5>: MCore Options. (line 39)
* mbig-endian <6>: MicroBlaze Options. (line 56)
* mbig-endian <7>: NDS32 Options. (line 9)
* mbig-endian <8>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 271)
* mbig-endian <9>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 498)
* mbig-endian <10>: TILE-Gx Options. (line 29)
* mbig-endian-data: RX Options. (line 42)
* mbig-switch: V850 Options. (line 176)
* mbigtable: SH Options. (line 141)
* mbionic: GNU/Linux Options. (line 22)
* mbit-align: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 450)
* mbit-ops: CR16 Options. (line 25)
* mbitfield: M680x0 Options. (line 231)
* mbitops: MeP Options. (line 26)
* mbitops <1>: SH Options. (line 145)
* mblock-compare-inline-limit: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 752)
* mblock-compare-inline-loop-limit: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 758)
* mblock-move-inline-limit: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 518)
* mblock-move-inline-limit <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 746)
* mbmi: x86 Options. (line 747)
* mbmi2: x86 Options. (line 748)
* mbranch-cheap: PDP-11 Options. (line 65)
* mbranch-cost: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 18)
* mbranch-cost <1>: AVR Options. (line 185)
* mbranch-cost <2>: MIPS Options. (line 751)
* mbranch-cost <3>: RISC-V Options. (line 9)
* mbranch-cost=NUM: SH Options. (line 334)
* mbranch-cost=NUMBER: M32R/D Options. (line 82)
* mbranch-expensive: PDP-11 Options. (line 61)
* mbranch-hints: SPU Options. (line 29)
* mbranch-likely: MIPS Options. (line 758)
* mbranch-predict: MMIX Options. (line 48)
* mbss-plt: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 73)
* mbss-plt <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 189)
* mbuild-constants: DEC Alpha Options. (line 141)
* mbwx: DEC Alpha Options. (line 163)
* mbypass-cache: Nios II Options. (line 103)
* mc68000: M680x0 Options. (line 93)
* mc68020: M680x0 Options. (line 107)
* mc=: MeP Options. (line 31)
* mcache-block-size: NDS32 Options. (line 60)
* mcache-size: SPU Options. (line 75)
* mcache-volatile: Nios II Options. (line 109)
* mcall-eabi: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 346)
* mcall-eabi <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 573)
* mcall-freebsd: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 360)
* mcall-freebsd <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 587)
* mcall-linux: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 356)
* mcall-linux <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 583)
* mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues: x86 Options. (line 983)
* mcall-netbsd: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 364)
* mcall-netbsd <1>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 368)
* mcall-netbsd <2>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 591)
* mcall-netbsd <3>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 595)
* mcall-prologues: AVR Options. (line 190)
* mcall-sysv: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 338)
* mcall-sysv <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 565)
* mcall-sysv-eabi: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 346)
* mcall-sysv-eabi <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 573)
* mcall-sysv-noeabi: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 349)
* mcall-sysv-noeabi <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 576)
* mcallee-super-interworking: ARM Options. (line 708)
* mcaller-copies: HPPA Options. (line 23)
* mcaller-super-interworking: ARM Options. (line 715)
* mcallgraph-data: MCore Options. (line 31)
* mcase-vector-pcrel: ARC Options. (line 447)
* mcbcond: SPARC Options. (line 260)
* mcbranch-force-delay-slot: SH Options. (line 349)
* mcc-init: CRIS Options. (line 42)
* mcfv4e: M680x0 Options. (line 169)
* mcheck-zero-division: MIPS Options. (line 546)
* mcix: DEC Alpha Options. (line 163)
* mcld: x86 Options. (line 822)
* mclear-hwcap: Solaris 2 Options. (line 9)
* mclflushopt: x86 Options. (line 726)
* mclip: MeP Options. (line 35)
* mclwb: x86 Options. (line 727)
* mclzero: x86 Options. (line 760)
* mcmodel: NDS32 Options. (line 67)
* mcmodel <1>: SPARC Options. (line 320)
* mcmodel=kernel: x86 Options. (line 1377)
* mcmodel=large: AArch64 Options. (line 45)
* mcmodel=large <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 135)
* mcmodel=large <2>: TILE-Gx Options. (line 14)
* mcmodel=large <3>: x86 Options. (line 1389)
* mcmodel=medany: RISC-V Options. (line 92)
* mcmodel=medium: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 130)
* mcmodel=medium <1>: x86 Options. (line 1382)
* mcmodel=medlow: RISC-V Options. (line 85)
* mcmodel=small: AArch64 Options. (line 39)
* mcmodel=small <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 126)
* mcmodel=small <2>: TILE-Gx Options. (line 9)
* mcmodel=small <3>: x86 Options. (line 1371)
* mcmodel=tiny: AArch64 Options. (line 34)
* mcmov: NDS32 Options. (line 21)
* mcmove: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 23)
* mcmpb: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mcmse: ARM Options. (line 808)
* mcode-density: ARC Options. (line 163)
* mcode-readable: MIPS Options. (line 506)
* mcode-region: MSP430 Options. (line 93)
* mcompact-branches=always: MIPS Options. (line 770)
* mcompact-branches=never: MIPS Options. (line 770)
* mcompact-branches=optimal: MIPS Options. (line 770)
* mcompact-casesi: ARC Options. (line 451)
* mcompat-align-parm: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 653)
* mcompat-align-parm <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 942)
* mcompress: FT32 Options. (line 26)
* mcond-exec: FRV Options. (line 187)
* mcond-move: FRV Options. (line 159)
* mconfig=: MeP Options. (line 39)
* mconsole: x86 Windows Options.
(line 9)
* mconst-align: CRIS Options. (line 55)
* mconst16: Xtensa Options. (line 10)
* mconstant-gp: IA-64 Options. (line 46)
* mcop: MeP Options. (line 48)
* mcop32: MeP Options. (line 53)
* mcop64: MeP Options. (line 56)
* mcorea: Blackfin Options. (line 154)
* mcoreb: Blackfin Options. (line 161)
* mcpu: AArch64 Options. (line 199)
* mcpu <1>: ARC Options. (line 18)
* mcpu <2>: ARM Options. (line 478)
* mcpu <3>: CRIS Options. (line 10)
* mcpu <4>: DEC Alpha Options. (line 215)
* mcpu <5>: FRV Options. (line 258)
* mcpu <6>: M680x0 Options. (line 28)
* mcpu <7>: picoChip Options. (line 9)
* mcpu <8>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 27)
* mcpu <9>: RL78 Options. (line 32)
* mcpu <10>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 68)
* mcpu <11>: RX Options. (line 30)
* mcpu <12>: SPARC Options. (line 115)
* mcpu <13>: TILE-Gx Options. (line 18)
* mcpu <14>: TILEPro Options. (line 9)
* mcpu <15>: Visium Options. (line 33)
* mcpu <16>: x86 Options. (line 397)
* mcpu32: M680x0 Options. (line 135)
* mcpu=: Blackfin Options. (line 7)
* mcpu= <1>: M32C Options. (line 7)
* mcpu= <2>: MicroBlaze Options. (line 20)
* mcpu= <3>: MSP430 Options. (line 42)
* mcr16c: CR16 Options. (line 14)
* mcr16cplus: CR16 Options. (line 14)
* mcrc32: x86 Options. (line 890)
* mcrypto: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 215)
* mcsync-anomaly: Blackfin Options. (line 57)
* mctor-dtor: NDS32 Options. (line 81)
* mcustom-fpu-cfg: Nios II Options. (line 259)
* mcustom-INSN: Nios II Options. (line 139)
* mcx16: x86 Options. (line 863)
* MD: Preprocessor Options.
(line 169)
* mdalign: SH Options. (line 132)
* mdata-align: CRIS Options. (line 55)
* mdata-model: CR16 Options. (line 28)
* mdata-region: MSP430 Options. (line 93)
* mdc: MeP Options. (line 62)
* mdebug: M32R/D Options. (line 69)
* mdebug <1>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 144)
* mdebug <2>: Visium Options. (line 7)
* mdebug-main=PREFIX: VMS Options. (line 13)
* mdec-asm: PDP-11 Options. (line 72)
* mdisable-callt: V850 Options. (line 92)
* mdisable-fpregs: HPPA Options. (line 34)
* mdisable-indexing: HPPA Options. (line 40)
* mdiv: M680x0 Options. (line 206)
* mdiv <1>: MCore Options. (line 15)
* mdiv <2>: MeP Options. (line 65)
* mdiv <3>: RISC-V Options. (line 46)
* mdiv-rem: ARC Options. (line 160)
* mdiv=STRATEGY: SH Options. (line 284)
* mdivide-breaks: MIPS Options. (line 552)
* mdivide-enabled: LM32 Options. (line 12)
* mdivide-traps: MIPS Options. (line 552)
* mdivsi3_libfunc=NAME: SH Options. (line 320)
* mdll: x86 Windows Options.
(line 16)
* mdlmzb: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 443)
* mdmx: MIPS Options. (line 375)
* mdouble: FRV Options. (line 48)
* mdouble-float: MIPS Options. (line 287)
* mdouble-float <1>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 190)
* mdouble-float <2>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 377)
* mdpfp: ARC Options. (line 99)
* mdpfp-compact: ARC Options. (line 100)
* mdpfp-fast: ARC Options. (line 104)
* mdpfp_compact: ARC Options. (line 608)
* mdpfp_fast: ARC Options. (line 611)
* mdsp: MIPS Options. (line 352)
* mdsp-packa: ARC Options. (line 332)
* mdspr2: MIPS Options. (line 358)
* mdsp_packa: ARC Options. (line 614)
* mdual-nops: SPU Options. (line 95)
* mdump-tune-features: x86 Options. (line 804)
* mdvbf: ARC Options. (line 337)
* mdwarf2-asm: IA-64 Options. (line 94)
* mdword: FRV Options. (line 40)
* mdynamic-no-pic: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 276)
* mdynamic-no-pic <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 503)
* mea: ARC Options. (line 112)
* mEA: ARC Options. (line 617)
* mea32: SPU Options. (line 60)
* mea64: SPU Options. (line 60)
* meabi: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 467)
* meabi <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 690)
* mearly-cbranchsi: ARC Options. (line 473)
* mearly-stop-bits: IA-64 Options. (line 100)
* meb: MeP Options. (line 68)
* meb <1>: Moxie Options. (line 7)
* meb <2>: Nios II Options. (line 90)
* meb <3>: Score Options. (line 9)
* mel: MeP Options. (line 71)
* mel <1>: Moxie Options. (line 11)
* mel <2>: Nios II Options. (line 90)
* mel <3>: Score Options. (line 12)
* melf: CRIS Options. (line 87)
* melf <1>: MMIX Options. (line 43)
* memb: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 462)
* memb <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 685)
* membedded-data: MIPS Options. (line 493)
* memregs=: M32C Options. (line 21)
* mep: V850 Options. (line 16)
* mepsilon: MMIX Options. (line 15)
* merror-reloc: SPU Options. (line 10)
* mesa: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 94)
* metrax100: CRIS Options. (line 27)
* metrax4: CRIS Options. (line 27)
* meva: MIPS Options. (line 402)
* mexpand-adddi: ARC Options. (line 476)
* mexplicit-relocs: DEC Alpha Options. (line 176)
* mexplicit-relocs <1>: MIPS Options. (line 537)
* mexr: H8/300 Options. (line 28)
* mextern-sdata: MIPS Options. (line 456)
* MF: Preprocessor Options.
(line 111)
* mf16c: x86 Options. (line 730)
* mfast-fp: Blackfin Options. (line 130)
* mfast-indirect-calls: HPPA Options. (line 52)
* mfast-sw-div: Nios II Options. (line 115)
* mfaster-structs: SPARC Options. (line 91)
* mfdiv: RISC-V Options. (line 39)
* mfdpic: FRV Options. (line 72)
* mfentry: x86 Options. (line 1216)
* mfix: DEC Alpha Options. (line 163)
* mfix-24k: MIPS Options. (line 617)
* mfix-and-continue: Darwin Options. (line 104)
* mfix-at697f: SPARC Options. (line 294)
* mfix-cortex-a53-835769: AArch64 Options. (line 73)
* mfix-cortex-a53-843419: AArch64 Options. (line 80)
* mfix-cortex-m3-ldrd: ARM Options. (line 748)
* mfix-gr712rc: SPARC Options. (line 307)
* mfix-r10000: MIPS Options. (line 639)
* mfix-r4000: MIPS Options. (line 623)
* mfix-r4400: MIPS Options. (line 633)
* mfix-rm7000: MIPS Options. (line 650)
* mfix-sb1: MIPS Options. (line 675)
* mfix-ut699: SPARC Options. (line 299)
* mfix-ut700: SPARC Options. (line 303)
* mfix-vr4120: MIPS Options. (line 655)
* mfix-vr4130: MIPS Options. (line 668)
* mfixed-cc: FRV Options. (line 35)
* mfixed-range: HPPA Options. (line 59)
* mfixed-range <1>: IA-64 Options. (line 105)
* mfixed-range <2>: SH Options. (line 327)
* mfixed-range <3>: SPU Options. (line 52)
* mflat: SPARC Options. (line 22)
* mflip-mips16: MIPS Options. (line 127)
* mflip-thumb: ARM Options. (line 691)
* mfloat-abi: ARM Options. (line 41)
* mfloat-gprs: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 103)
* mfloat-ieee: DEC Alpha Options. (line 171)
* mfloat-vax: DEC Alpha Options. (line 171)
* mfloat128: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 97)
* mfloat128 <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 252)
* mfloat128-hardware: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 274)
* mfloat32: PDP-11 Options. (line 52)
* mfloat64: PDP-11 Options. (line 48)
* mflush-func: MIPS Options. (line 742)
* mflush-func=NAME: M32R/D Options. (line 93)
* mflush-trap=NUMBER: M32R/D Options. (line 86)
* mfma: x86 Options. (line 731)
* mfma4: x86 Options. (line 734)
* mfmaf: SPARC Options. (line 267)
* mfmovd: SH Options. (line 148)
* mforce-indirect-call: x86 Options. (line 978)
* mforce-no-pic: Xtensa Options. (line 41)
* mfp-exceptions: MIPS Options. (line 790)
* mfp-mode: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 71)
* mfp-reg: DEC Alpha Options. (line 25)
* mfp-rounding-mode: DEC Alpha Options. (line 85)
* mfp-trap-mode: DEC Alpha Options. (line 63)
* mfp16-format: ARM Options. (line 585)
* mfp32: MIPS Options. (line 257)
* mfp64: MIPS Options. (line 260)
* mfpmath: Optimize Options. (line 2079)
* mfpmath <1>: x86 Options. (line 400)
* mfpr-32: FRV Options. (line 15)
* mfpr-64: FRV Options. (line 19)
* mfprnd: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mfpu: ARC Options. (line 231)
* mfpu <1>: ARM Options. (line 557)
* mfpu <2>: PDP-11 Options. (line 9)
* mfpu <3>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 385)
* mfpu <4>: SPARC Options. (line 34)
* mfpu <5>: Visium Options. (line 19)
* mfpxx: MIPS Options. (line 263)
* mfract-convert-truncate: AVR Options. (line 277)
* mframe-header-opt: MIPS Options. (line 851)
* mfriz: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 913)
* mfsca: SH Options. (line 365)
* mfsgsbase: x86 Options. (line 728)
* mfsmuld: SPARC Options. (line 274)
* mfsrra: SH Options. (line 374)
* mft32b: FT32 Options. (line 23)
* mfull-regs: NDS32 Options. (line 18)
* mfull-toc: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 122)
* mfull-toc <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 294)
* mfused-madd: IA-64 Options. (line 88)
* mfused-madd <1>: MIPS Options. (line 600)
* mfused-madd <2>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 225)
* mfused-madd <3>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 427)
* mfused-madd <4>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 175)
* mfused-madd <5>: SH Options. (line 356)
* mfused-madd <6>: Xtensa Options. (line 19)
* mfxsr: x86 Options. (line 750)
* MG: Preprocessor Options.
(line 122)
* mg: VAX Options. (line 17)
* mg10: RL78 Options. (line 62)
* mg13: RL78 Options. (line 62)
* mg14: RL78 Options. (line 62)
* mgas: HPPA Options. (line 75)
* mgas-isr-prologues: AVR Options. (line 194)
* mgcc-abi: V850 Options. (line 148)
* mgeneral-regs-only: AArch64 Options. (line 24)
* mgeneral-regs-only <1>: x86 Options. (line 1281)
* mgfni: x86 Options. (line 763)
* mghs: V850 Options. (line 127)
* mglibc: GNU/Linux Options. (line 9)
* mgnu: VAX Options. (line 13)
* mgnu-as: IA-64 Options. (line 18)
* mgnu-attribute: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 421)
* mgnu-attribute <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 644)
* mgnu-ld: HPPA Options. (line 111)
* mgnu-ld <1>: IA-64 Options. (line 23)
* mgomp: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 48)
* mgotplt: CRIS Options. (line 81)
* mgp32: MIPS Options. (line 251)
* mgp64: MIPS Options. (line 254)
* mgpopt: MIPS Options. (line 478)
* mgpopt <1>: Nios II Options. (line 16)
* mgpr-32: FRV Options. (line 7)
* mgpr-64: FRV Options. (line 11)
* mgprel-ro: FRV Options. (line 99)
* mgprel-sec: Nios II Options. (line 65)
* mh: H8/300 Options. (line 14)
* mhal: Nios II Options. (line 304)
* mhalf-reg-file: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 9)
* mhard-dfp: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mhard-dfp <1>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 20)
* mhard-float: FRV Options. (line 23)
* mhard-float <1>: M680x0 Options. (line 194)
* mhard-float <2>: MicroBlaze Options. (line 10)
* mhard-float <3>: MIPS Options. (line 266)
* mhard-float <4>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 184)
* mhard-float <5>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 371)
* mhard-float <6>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 11)
* mhard-float <7>: SPARC Options. (line 34)
* mhard-float <8>: V850 Options. (line 113)
* mhard-float <9>: Visium Options. (line 19)
* mhard-float <10>: x86 Options. (line 465)
* mhard-quad-float: SPARC Options. (line 55)
* mharden-sls: x86 Options. (line 1323)
* mhardlit: MCore Options. (line 10)
* mhint-max-distance: SPU Options. (line 107)
* mhint-max-nops: SPU Options. (line 101)
* mhle: x86 Options. (line 756)
* mhotpatch: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 210)
* mhp-ld: HPPA Options. (line 123)
* mhtm: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 221)
* mhtm <1>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 104)
* mhw-div: Nios II Options. (line 124)
* mhw-mul: Nios II Options. (line 124)
* mhw-mulx: Nios II Options. (line 124)
* mhwmult=: MSP430 Options. (line 63)
* miamcu: x86 Options. (line 1343)
* micplb: Blackfin Options. (line 175)
* mid-shared-library: Blackfin Options. (line 78)
* mieee: DEC Alpha Options. (line 39)
* mieee <1>: SH Options. (line 165)
* mieee-conformant: DEC Alpha Options. (line 134)
* mieee-fp: x86 Options. (line 459)
* mieee-with-inexact: DEC Alpha Options. (line 52)
* milp32: IA-64 Options. (line 121)
* mimadd: MIPS Options. (line 593)
* mimpure-text: Solaris 2 Options. (line 15)
* mincoming-stack-boundary: x86 Options. (line 678)
* mindexed-loads: ARC Options. (line 480)
* mindirect-branch-cs-prefix: x86 Options. (line 1330)
* minline-all-stringops: x86 Options. (line 1148)
* minline-float-divide-max-throughput: IA-64 Options. (line 58)
* minline-float-divide-min-latency: IA-64 Options. (line 54)
* minline-ic_invalidate: SH Options. (line 174)
* minline-int-divide-max-throughput: IA-64 Options. (line 69)
* minline-int-divide-min-latency: IA-64 Options. (line 65)
* minline-plt: Blackfin Options. (line 135)
* minline-plt <1>: FRV Options. (line 81)
* minline-sqrt-max-throughput: IA-64 Options. (line 80)
* minline-sqrt-min-latency: IA-64 Options. (line 76)
* minline-stringops-dynamically: x86 Options. (line 1155)
* minrt: MSP430 Options. (line 85)
* minsert-sched-nops: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 316)
* minsert-sched-nops <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 543)
* mint-register: RX Options. (line 100)
* mint16: PDP-11 Options. (line 40)
* mint32: CR16 Options. (line 22)
* mint32 <1>: H8/300 Options. (line 38)
* mint32 <2>: PDP-11 Options. (line 44)
* mint8: AVR Options. (line 204)
* minterlink-compressed: MIPS Options. (line 134)
* minterlink-mips16: MIPS Options. (line 146)
* mio-volatile: MeP Options. (line 74)
* mips1: MIPS Options. (line 79)
* mips16: MIPS Options. (line 119)
* mips2: MIPS Options. (line 82)
* mips3: MIPS Options. (line 85)
* mips32: MIPS Options. (line 91)
* mips32r3: MIPS Options. (line 94)
* mips32r5: MIPS Options. (line 97)
* mips32r6: MIPS Options. (line 100)
* mips3d: MIPS Options. (line 381)
* mips4: MIPS Options. (line 88)
* mips64: MIPS Options. (line 103)
* mips64r2: MIPS Options. (line 106)
* mips64r3: MIPS Options. (line 109)
* mips64r5: MIPS Options. (line 112)
* mips64r6: MIPS Options. (line 115)
* mirq-ctrl-saved: ARC Options. (line 296)
* misel: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 79)
* misel <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 195)
* misize: ARC Options. (line 376)
* misize <1>: SH Options. (line 186)
* misr-vector-size: NDS32 Options. (line 57)
* missue-rate=NUMBER: M32R/D Options. (line 79)
* mivc2: MeP Options. (line 59)
* mjli-alawys: ARC Options. (line 14)
* mjsr: RX Options. (line 169)
* mjump-in-delay: HPPA Options. (line 30)
* mkernel: Darwin Options. (line 82)
* mknuthdiv: MMIX Options. (line 32)
* ml: MeP Options. (line 78)
* ml <1>: SH Options. (line 129)
* mlarge: MSP430 Options. (line 52)
* mlarge-data: DEC Alpha Options. (line 187)
* mlarge-data-threshold: x86 Options. (line 564)
* mlarge-mem: SPU Options. (line 38)
* mlarge-text: DEC Alpha Options. (line 205)
* mleadz: MeP Options. (line 81)
* mleaf-id-shared-library: Blackfin Options. (line 89)
* mlibfuncs: MMIX Options. (line 10)
* mlibrary-pic: FRV Options. (line 135)
* mlinked-fp: FRV Options. (line 116)
* mlinker-opt: HPPA Options. (line 85)
* mlinux: CRIS Options. (line 91)
* mlittle: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 265)
* mlittle <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 492)
* mlittle-endian: AArch64 Options. (line 30)
* mlittle-endian <1>: ARC Options. (line 597)
* mlittle-endian <2>: ARM Options. (line 57)
* mlittle-endian <3>: C6X Options. (line 16)
* mlittle-endian <4>: IA-64 Options. (line 13)
* mlittle-endian <5>: MCore Options. (line 39)
* mlittle-endian <6>: MicroBlaze Options. (line 59)
* mlittle-endian <7>: NDS32 Options. (line 12)
* mlittle-endian <8>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 265)
* mlittle-endian <9>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 492)
* mlittle-endian <10>: TILE-Gx Options. (line 29)
* mlittle-endian-data: RX Options. (line 42)
* mliw: MN10300 Options. (line 54)
* mll64: ARC Options. (line 167)
* mllsc: MIPS Options. (line 338)
* mload-store-pairs: MIPS Options. (line 566)
* mlocal-sdata: MIPS Options. (line 444)
* mlock: ARC Options. (line 342)
* mlong-calls: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 55)
* mlong-calls <1>: ARC Options. (line 401)
* mlong-calls <2>: ARM Options. (line 612)
* mlong-calls <3>: Blackfin Options. (line 118)
* mlong-calls <4>: FRV Options. (line 122)
* mlong-calls <5>: MIPS Options. (line 579)
* mlong-calls <6>: V850 Options. (line 10)
* mlong-double-128: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 29)
* mlong-double-128 <1>: x86 Options. (line 543)
* mlong-double-64: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 29)
* mlong-double-64 <1>: x86 Options. (line 543)
* mlong-double-80: x86 Options. (line 543)
* mlong-jump-table-offsets: M680x0 Options. (line 342)
* mlong-jumps: V850 Options. (line 108)
* mlong-load-store: HPPA Options. (line 66)
* mlong32: MIPS Options. (line 419)
* mlong64: MIPS Options. (line 414)
* mlongcall: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 538)
* mlongcall <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 788)
* mlongcalls: Xtensa Options. (line 87)
* mloop: V850 Options. (line 121)
* mlow-64k: Blackfin Options. (line 67)
* mlow-precision-recip-sqrt: AArch64 Options. (line 86)
* mlp64: IA-64 Options. (line 121)
* mlpc-width: ARC Options. (line 313)
* mlra: ARC Options. (line 485)
* mlra <1>: FT32 Options. (line 16)
* mlra <2>: SPARC Options. (line 111)
* mlra-priority-compact: ARC Options. (line 493)
* mlra-priority-noncompact: ARC Options. (line 496)
* mlra-priority-none: ARC Options. (line 490)
* mlwp: x86 Options. (line 741)
* mlxc1-sxc1: MIPS Options. (line 861)
* mlzcnt: x86 Options. (line 749)
* MM: Preprocessor Options.
(line 102)
* mm: MeP Options. (line 84)
* mmac: CR16 Options. (line 9)
* mmac <1>: Score Options. (line 21)
* mmac-24: ARC Options. (line 351)
* mmac-d16: ARC Options. (line 347)
* mmac_24: ARC Options. (line 620)
* mmac_d16: ARC Options. (line 623)
* mmad: MIPS Options. (line 588)
* mmadd4: MIPS Options. (line 866)
* mmain-is-OS_task: AVR Options. (line 210)
* mmainkernel: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 13)
* mmalloc64: VMS Options. (line 17)
* mmax: DEC Alpha Options. (line 163)
* mmax-constant-size: RX Options. (line 82)
* mmax-stack-frame: CRIS Options. (line 23)
* mmcount-ra-address: MIPS Options. (line 838)
* mmcu: AVR Options. (line 9)
* mmcu <1>: MIPS Options. (line 398)
* mmcu=: MSP430 Options. (line 14)
* MMD: Preprocessor Options.
(line 185)
* mmedia: FRV Options. (line 56)
* mmedium-calls: ARC Options. (line 405)
* mmemcpy: MicroBlaze Options. (line 13)
* mmemcpy <1>: MIPS Options. (line 573)
* mmemcpy-strategy=STRATEGY: x86 Options. (line 1177)
* mmemory-latency: DEC Alpha Options. (line 268)
* mmemory-model: SPARC Options. (line 348)
* mmemset-strategy=STRATEGY: x86 Options. (line 1189)
* mmfcrf: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 11)
* mmfcrf <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mmfpgpr: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mmicromips: MIPS Options. (line 386)
* mminimal-toc: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 122)
* mminimal-toc <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 294)
* mminmax: MeP Options. (line 87)
* mmitigate-rop: x86 Options. (line 1275)
* mmixed-code: ARC Options. (line 508)
* mmmx: x86 Options. (line 703)
* mmodel=large: M32R/D Options. (line 33)
* mmodel=medium: M32R/D Options. (line 27)
* mmodel=small: M32R/D Options. (line 18)
* mmovbe: x86 Options. (line 882)
* mmovdir64b: x86 Options. (line 768)
* mmovdiri: x86 Options. (line 767)
* mmpx: x86 Options. (line 758)
* mmpy-option: ARC Options. (line 173)
* mms-bitfields: x86 Options. (line 1023)
* mmt: MIPS Options. (line 394)
* mmul: RL78 Options. (line 15)
* mmul-bug-workaround: CRIS Options. (line 32)
* mmul.x: Moxie Options. (line 14)
* mmul32x16: ARC Options. (line 121)
* mmul64: ARC Options. (line 124)
* mmuladd: FRV Options. (line 64)
* mmulhw: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 436)
* mmult: MeP Options. (line 90)
* mmult-bug: MN10300 Options. (line 9)
* mmultcost: ARC Options. (line 570)
* mmulti-cond-exec: FRV Options. (line 215)
* mmulticore: Blackfin Options. (line 139)
* mmultiple: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 195)
* mmultiple <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 397)
* mmusl: GNU/Linux Options. (line 18)
* mmvcle: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 138)
* mmvme: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 443)
* mmvme <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 666)
* mmwaitx: x86 Options. (line 759)
* mn: H8/300 Options. (line 20)
* mn-flash: AVR Options. (line 215)
* mnan=2008: MIPS Options. (line 319)
* mnan=legacy: MIPS Options. (line 319)
* mneon-for-64bits: ARM Options. (line 768)
* mnested-cond-exec: FRV Options. (line 230)
* mnhwloop: Score Options. (line 15)
* mno-16-bit: NDS32 Options. (line 54)
* mno-4byte-functions: MCore Options. (line 27)
* mno-8byte-align: V850 Options. (line 170)
* mno-abicalls: MIPS Options. (line 191)
* mno-abshi: PDP-11 Options. (line 58)
* mno-ac0: PDP-11 Options. (line 20)
* mno-address-space-conversion: SPU Options. (line 68)
* mno-align-double: x86 Options. (line 502)
* mno-align-int: M680x0 Options. (line 263)
* mno-align-loops: M32R/D Options. (line 76)
* mno-align-stringops: x86 Options. (line 1143)
* mno-allow-string-insns: RX Options. (line 150)
* mno-altivec: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 141)
* mno-am33: MN10300 Options. (line 20)
* mno-app-regs: SPARC Options. (line 10)
* mno-app-regs <1>: V850 Options. (line 185)
* mno-as100-syntax: RX Options. (line 76)
* mno-atomic-updates: SPU Options. (line 83)
* mno-auto-litpools: Xtensa Options. (line 60)
* mno-avoid-indexed-addresses: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 216)
* mno-avoid-indexed-addresses <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 418)
* mno-backchain: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 35)
* mno-base-addresses: MMIX Options. (line 53)
* mno-bit-align: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 450)
* mno-bitfield: M680x0 Options. (line 227)
* mno-branch-likely: MIPS Options. (line 758)
* mno-branch-predict: MMIX Options. (line 48)
* mno-brcc: ARC Options. (line 441)
* mno-bwx: DEC Alpha Options. (line 163)
* mno-bypass-cache: Nios II Options. (line 103)
* mno-cache-volatile: Nios II Options. (line 109)
* mno-call-ms2sysv-xlogues: x86 Options. (line 983)
* mno-callgraph-data: MCore Options. (line 31)
* mno-cbcond: SPARC Options. (line 260)
* mno-check-zero-division: MIPS Options. (line 546)
* mno-cix: DEC Alpha Options. (line 163)
* mno-clearbss: MicroBlaze Options. (line 16)
* mno-cmov: NDS32 Options. (line 24)
* mno-cmpb: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-cond-exec: ARC Options. (line 455)
* mno-cond-exec <1>: FRV Options. (line 194)
* mno-cond-move: FRV Options. (line 166)
* mno-const-align: CRIS Options. (line 55)
* mno-const16: Xtensa Options. (line 10)
* mno-crt0: MN10300 Options. (line 43)
* mno-crt0 <1>: Moxie Options. (line 18)
* mno-crypto: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 215)
* mno-csync-anomaly: Blackfin Options. (line 63)
* mno-custom-INSN: Nios II Options. (line 139)
* mno-data-align: CRIS Options. (line 55)
* mno-debug: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 144)
* mno-default: x86 Options. (line 818)
* mno-disable-callt: V850 Options. (line 92)
* mno-div: M680x0 Options. (line 206)
* mno-div <1>: MCore Options. (line 15)
* mno-dlmzb: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 443)
* mno-double: FRV Options. (line 52)
* mno-dpfp-lrsr: ARC Options. (line 108)
* mno-dsp: MIPS Options. (line 352)
* mno-dspr2: MIPS Options. (line 358)
* mno-dwarf2-asm: IA-64 Options. (line 94)
* mno-dword: FRV Options. (line 44)
* mno-eabi: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 467)
* mno-eabi <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 690)
* mno-early-stop-bits: IA-64 Options. (line 100)
* mno-eflags: FRV Options. (line 155)
* mno-embedded-data: MIPS Options. (line 493)
* mno-ep: V850 Options. (line 16)
* mno-epsilon: MMIX Options. (line 15)
* mno-eva: MIPS Options. (line 402)
* mno-explicit-relocs: DEC Alpha Options. (line 176)
* mno-explicit-relocs <1>: MIPS Options. (line 537)
* mno-exr: H8/300 Options. (line 33)
* mno-extern-sdata: MIPS Options. (line 456)
* mno-fancy-math-387: x86 Options. (line 492)
* mno-fast-sw-div: Nios II Options. (line 115)
* mno-faster-structs: SPARC Options. (line 91)
* mno-fix: DEC Alpha Options. (line 163)
* mno-fix-24k: MIPS Options. (line 617)
* mno-fix-cortex-a53-835769: AArch64 Options. (line 73)
* mno-fix-cortex-a53-843419: AArch64 Options. (line 80)
* mno-fix-r10000: MIPS Options. (line 639)
* mno-fix-r4000: MIPS Options. (line 623)
* mno-fix-r4400: MIPS Options. (line 633)
* mno-flat: SPARC Options. (line 22)
* mno-float: MIPS Options. (line 273)
* mno-float128: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 97)
* mno-float128 <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 252)
* mno-float128-hardware: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 274)
* mno-float32: PDP-11 Options. (line 48)
* mno-float64: PDP-11 Options. (line 52)
* mno-flush-func: M32R/D Options. (line 98)
* mno-flush-trap: M32R/D Options. (line 90)
* mno-fmaf: SPARC Options. (line 267)
* mno-fp-in-toc: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 122)
* mno-fp-in-toc <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 294)
* mno-fp-regs: DEC Alpha Options. (line 25)
* mno-fp-ret-in-387: x86 Options. (line 482)
* mno-fprnd: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-fpu: SPARC Options. (line 39)
* mno-fpu <1>: Visium Options. (line 24)
* mno-fsca: SH Options. (line 365)
* mno-fsmuld: SPARC Options. (line 274)
* mno-fsrra: SH Options. (line 374)
* mno-fused-madd: IA-64 Options. (line 88)
* mno-fused-madd <1>: MIPS Options. (line 600)
* mno-fused-madd <2>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 225)
* mno-fused-madd <3>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 427)
* mno-fused-madd <4>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 175)
* mno-fused-madd <5>: SH Options. (line 356)
* mno-fused-madd <6>: Xtensa Options. (line 19)
* mno-gnu-as: IA-64 Options. (line 18)
* mno-gnu-attribute: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 421)
* mno-gnu-attribute <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 644)
* mno-gnu-ld: IA-64 Options. (line 23)
* mno-gotplt: CRIS Options. (line 81)
* mno-gpopt: MIPS Options. (line 478)
* mno-gpopt <1>: Nios II Options. (line 16)
* mno-hard-dfp: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-hard-dfp <1>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 20)
* mno-hardlit: MCore Options. (line 10)
* mno-htm: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 221)
* mno-htm <1>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 104)
* mno-hw-div: Nios II Options. (line 124)
* mno-hw-mul: Nios II Options. (line 124)
* mno-hw-mulx: Nios II Options. (line 124)
* mno-id-shared-library: Blackfin Options. (line 85)
* mno-ieee: SH Options. (line 165)
* mno-ieee-fp: x86 Options. (line 459)
* mno-imadd: MIPS Options. (line 593)
* mno-inline-float-divide: IA-64 Options. (line 62)
* mno-inline-int-divide: IA-64 Options. (line 73)
* mno-inline-sqrt: IA-64 Options. (line 84)
* mno-int16: PDP-11 Options. (line 44)
* mno-int32: PDP-11 Options. (line 40)
* mno-interlink-compressed: MIPS Options. (line 134)
* mno-interlink-mips16: MIPS Options. (line 146)
* mno-interrupts: AVR Options. (line 218)
* mno-isel: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 79)
* mno-isel <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 195)
* mno-jsr: RX Options. (line 169)
* mno-knuthdiv: MMIX Options. (line 32)
* mno-leaf-id-shared-library: Blackfin Options. (line 95)
* mno-libfuncs: MMIX Options. (line 10)
* mno-llsc: MIPS Options. (line 338)
* mno-load-store-pairs: MIPS Options. (line 566)
* mno-local-sdata: MIPS Options. (line 444)
* mno-long-calls: ARM Options. (line 612)
* mno-long-calls <1>: Blackfin Options. (line 118)
* mno-long-calls <2>: HPPA Options. (line 136)
* mno-long-calls <3>: MIPS Options. (line 579)
* mno-long-calls <4>: V850 Options. (line 10)
* mno-long-jumps: V850 Options. (line 108)
* mno-longcall: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 538)
* mno-longcall <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 788)
* mno-longcalls: Xtensa Options. (line 87)
* mno-low-64k: Blackfin Options. (line 71)
* mno-low-precision-recip-sqrt: AArch64 Options. (line 86)
* mno-lra: SPARC Options. (line 111)
* mno-lsim: FR30 Options. (line 14)
* mno-lsim <1>: MCore Options. (line 46)
* mno-mad: MIPS Options. (line 588)
* mno-max: DEC Alpha Options. (line 163)
* mno-mcount-ra-address: MIPS Options. (line 838)
* mno-mcu: MIPS Options. (line 398)
* mno-mdmx: MIPS Options. (line 375)
* mno-media: FRV Options. (line 60)
* mno-memcpy: MIPS Options. (line 573)
* mno-mfcrf: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 11)
* mno-mfcrf <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-mfpgpr: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-millicode: ARC Options. (line 499)
* mno-mips16: MIPS Options. (line 119)
* mno-mips3d: MIPS Options. (line 381)
* mno-mmicromips: MIPS Options. (line 386)
* mno-mpy: ARC Options. (line 117)
* mno-ms-bitfields: x86 Options. (line 1023)
* mno-mt: MIPS Options. (line 394)
* mno-mul-bug-workaround: CRIS Options. (line 32)
* mno-muladd: FRV Options. (line 68)
* mno-mulhw: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 436)
* mno-mult-bug: MN10300 Options. (line 13)
* mno-multi-cond-exec: FRV Options. (line 223)
* mno-multiple: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 195)
* mno-multiple <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 397)
* mno-mvcle: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 138)
* mno-nested-cond-exec: FRV Options. (line 237)
* mno-odd-spreg: MIPS Options. (line 292)
* mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer: AArch64 Options. (line 56)
* mno-optimize-membar: FRV Options. (line 249)
* mno-opts: MeP Options. (line 93)
* mno-pack: FRV Options. (line 151)
* mno-packed-stack: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 54)
* mno-paired: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 204)
* mno-paired-single: MIPS Options. (line 369)
* mno-pc-relative-literal-loads: AArch64 Options. (line 238)
* mno-perf-ext: NDS32 Options. (line 30)
* mno-perf-ext <1>: NDS32 Options. (line 36)
* mno-perf-ext <2>: NDS32 Options. (line 42)
* mno-pic: IA-64 Options. (line 26)
* mno-pid: RX Options. (line 117)
* mno-plt: MIPS Options. (line 218)
* mno-popc: SPARC Options. (line 281)
* mno-popcntb: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 11)
* mno-popcntb <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-popcntd: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-postinc: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 109)
* mno-postmodify: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 109)
* mno-power8-fusion: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 227)
* mno-power8-vector: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 233)
* mno-powerpc-gfxopt: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-powerpc-gpopt: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-powerpc64: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mno-prolog-function: V850 Options. (line 23)
* mno-prologue-epilogue: CRIS Options. (line 71)
* mno-prototype: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 427)
* mno-prototype <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 650)
* mno-push-args: x86 Options. (line 1000)
* mno-quad-memory: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 240)
* mno-quad-memory-atomic: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 246)
* mno-readonly-in-sdata: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 742)
* mno-red-zone: x86 Options. (line 1363)
* mno-register-names: IA-64 Options. (line 37)
* mno-regnames: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 532)
* mno-regnames <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 782)
* mno-relax: V850 Options. (line 103)
* mno-relax-immediate: MCore Options. (line 19)
* mno-relocatable: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 239)
* mno-relocatable <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 466)
* mno-relocatable-lib: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 250)
* mno-relocatable-lib <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 477)
* mno-renesas: SH Options. (line 155)
* mno-round-nearest: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 51)
* mno-rtd: M680x0 Options. (line 258)
* mno-save-mduc-in-interrupts: RL78 Options. (line 79)
* mno-scc: FRV Options. (line 180)
* mno-sched-ar-data-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 135)
* mno-sched-ar-in-data-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 157)
* mno-sched-br-data-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 128)
* mno-sched-br-in-data-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 150)
* mno-sched-control-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 142)
* mno-sched-count-spec-in-critical-path: IA-64 Options. (line 185)
* mno-sched-in-control-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 164)
* mno-sched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns: IA-64 Options. (line 178)
* mno-sched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns: IA-64 Options. (line 171)
* mno-sched-prolog: ARM Options. (line 32)
* mno-sdata: ARC Options. (line 419)
* mno-sdata <1>: IA-64 Options. (line 42)
* mno-sdata <2>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 513)
* mno-sdata <3>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 736)
* mno-sep-data: Blackfin Options. (line 113)
* mno-serialize-volatile: Xtensa Options. (line 35)
* mno-short: M680x0 Options. (line 222)
* mno-side-effects: CRIS Options. (line 46)
* mno-sim: RX Options. (line 71)
* mno-single-exit: MMIX Options. (line 65)
* mno-slow-bytes: MCore Options. (line 35)
* mno-small-exec: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 79)
* mno-smartmips: MIPS Options. (line 365)
* mno-soft-cmpsf: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 29)
* mno-soft-float: DEC Alpha Options. (line 10)
* mno-space-regs: HPPA Options. (line 45)
* mno-spe: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 88)
* mno-specld-anomaly: Blackfin Options. (line 53)
* mno-split-addresses: MIPS Options. (line 531)
* mno-stack-align: CRIS Options. (line 55)
* mno-stack-bias: SPARC Options. (line 372)
* mno-std-struct-return: SPARC Options. (line 102)
* mno-strict-align: M680x0 Options. (line 283)
* mno-strict-align <1>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 234)
* mno-strict-align <2>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 461)
* mno-subxc: SPARC Options. (line 288)
* mno-sum-in-toc: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 122)
* mno-sum-in-toc <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 294)
* mno-sym32: MIPS Options. (line 429)
* mno-target-align: Xtensa Options. (line 74)
* mno-text-section-literals: Xtensa Options. (line 47)
* mno-tls-markers: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 557)
* mno-tls-markers <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 820)
* mno-toc: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 259)
* mno-toc <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 486)
* mno-toplevel-symbols: MMIX Options. (line 39)
* mno-tpf-trace: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 169)
* mno-unaligned-access: ARM Options. (line 755)
* mno-unaligned-doubles: SPARC Options. (line 73)
* mno-uninit-const-in-rodata: MIPS Options. (line 501)
* mno-update: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 206)
* mno-update <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 408)
* mno-user-mode: SPARC Options. (line 85)
* mno-usermode: SH Options. (line 274)
* mno-v3push: NDS32 Options. (line 48)
* mno-v8plus: SPARC Options. (line 214)
* mno-vect-double: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 115)
* mno-virt: MIPS Options. (line 406)
* mno-vis: SPARC Options. (line 221)
* mno-vis2: SPARC Options. (line 227)
* mno-vis3: SPARC Options. (line 235)
* mno-vis4: SPARC Options. (line 243)
* mno-vis4b: SPARC Options. (line 251)
* mno-vliw-branch: FRV Options. (line 208)
* mno-volatile-asm-stop: IA-64 Options. (line 32)
* mno-volatile-cache: ARC Options. (line 428)
* mno-vrsave: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 181)
* mno-vsx: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 209)
* mno-vx: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 112)
* mno-warn-mcu: MSP430 Options. (line 35)
* mno-warn-multiple-fast-interrupts: RX Options. (line 143)
* mno-wide-bitfields: MCore Options. (line 23)
* mno-xgot: M680x0 Options. (line 315)
* mno-xgot <1>: MIPS Options. (line 228)
* mno-xl-compat: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 152)
* mno-xl-compat <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 329)
* mno-xpa: MIPS Options. (line 410)
* mno-zdcbranch: SH Options. (line 341)
* mno-zero-extend: MMIX Options. (line 26)
* mno-zvector: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 123)
* mnobitfield: M680x0 Options. (line 227)
* mnodiv: FT32 Options. (line 20)
* mnoliw: MN10300 Options. (line 59)
* mnomacsave: SH Options. (line 160)
* mnop-fun-dllimport: x86 Windows Options.
(line 22)
* mnop-mcount: x86 Options. (line 1229)
* mnopm: FT32 Options. (line 29)
* mnops: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 26)
* mnorm: ARC Options. (line 128)
* mnosetlb: MN10300 Options. (line 69)
* mnosplit-lohi: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 109)
* modd-spreg: MIPS Options. (line 292)
* momit-leaf-frame-pointer: AArch64 Options. (line 56)
* momit-leaf-frame-pointer <1>: Blackfin Options. (line 43)
* momit-leaf-frame-pointer <2>: x86 Options. (line 1193)
* mone-byte-bool: Darwin Options. (line 90)
* moptimize: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 17)
* moptimize-membar: FRV Options. (line 244)
* moverride: AArch64 Options. (line 225)
* MP: Preprocessor Options.
(line 132)
* mpa-risc-1-0: HPPA Options. (line 19)
* mpa-risc-1-1: HPPA Options. (line 19)
* mpa-risc-2-0: HPPA Options. (line 19)
* mpack: FRV Options. (line 147)
* mpacked-stack: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 54)
* mpadstruct: SH Options. (line 189)
* mpaired: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 204)
* mpaired-single: MIPS Options. (line 369)
* mpc-relative-literal-loads: AArch64 Options. (line 238)
* mpc32: x86 Options. (line 627)
* mpc64: x86 Options. (line 627)
* mpc80: x86 Options. (line 627)
* mpclmul: x86 Options. (line 725)
* mpconfig: x86 Options. (line 732)
* mpcrel: M680x0 Options. (line 275)
* mpdebug: CRIS Options. (line 36)
* mpe: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 348)
* mpe-aligned-commons: x86 Windows Options.
(line 59)
* mperf-ext: NDS32 Options. (line 27)
* mperf-ext <1>: NDS32 Options. (line 33)
* mperf-ext <2>: NDS32 Options. (line 39)
* mpic-data-is-text-relative: ARM Options. (line 649)
* mpic-register: ARM Options. (line 642)
* mpid: RX Options. (line 117)
* mpku: x86 Options. (line 761)
* mplt: MIPS Options. (line 218)
* mpointer-size=SIZE: VMS Options. (line 20)
* mpointers-to-nested-functions: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 632)
* mpointers-to-nested-functions <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 921)
* mpoke-function-name: ARM Options. (line 657)
* mpopc: SPARC Options. (line 281)
* mpopcnt: x86 Options. (line 744)
* mpopcntb: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 11)
* mpopcntb <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mpopcntd: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mportable-runtime: HPPA Options. (line 71)
* mpower8-fusion: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 227)
* mpower8-vector: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 233)
* mpowerpc-gfxopt: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mpowerpc-gpopt: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mpowerpc64: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 27)
* mprefer-avx128: x86 Options. (line 842)
* mprefer-short-insn-regs: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 13)
* mprefer-vector-width: x86 Options. (line 846)
* mprefergot: SH Options. (line 268)
* mpreferred-stack-boundary: RISC-V Options. (line 60)
* mpreferred-stack-boundary <1>: x86 Options. (line 657)
* mprefetchwt1: x86 Options. (line 737)
* mpretend-cmove: SH Options. (line 383)
* mprfchw: x86 Options. (line 735)
* mprint-tune-info: ARM Options. (line 791)
* mprioritize-restricted-insns: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 288)
* mprioritize-restricted-insns <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 515)
* mprolog-function: V850 Options. (line 23)
* mprologue-epilogue: CRIS Options. (line 71)
* mprototype: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 427)
* mprototype <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 650)
* mpure-code: ARM Options. (line 801)
* mpush-args: x86 Options. (line 1000)
* MQ: Preprocessor Options.
(line 159)
* mq-class: ARC Options. (line 513)
* mquad-memory: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 240)
* mquad-memory-atomic: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 246)
* mr0rel-sec: Nios II Options. (line 76)
* mr10k-cache-barrier: MIPS Options. (line 680)
* mRcq: ARC Options. (line 517)
* mRcw: ARC Options. (line 521)
* mrdpid: x86 Options. (line 736)
* mrdrnd: x86 Options. (line 729)
* mrdseed: x86 Options. (line 738)
* mreadonly-in-sdata: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 742)
* mrecip: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 565)
* mrecip <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 828)
* mrecip <2>: x86 Options. (line 896)
* mrecip-precision: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 622)
* mrecip-precision <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 885)
* mrecip=opt: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 578)
* mrecip=opt <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 841)
* mrecip=opt <2>: x86 Options. (line 918)
* mrecord-mcount: x86 Options. (line 1223)
* mreduced-regs: NDS32 Options. (line 15)
* mregister-names: IA-64 Options. (line 37)
* mregnames: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 532)
* mregnames <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 782)
* mregparm: x86 Options. (line 594)
* mrelax: AVR Options. (line 222)
* mrelax <1>: H8/300 Options. (line 9)
* mrelax <2>: MN10300 Options. (line 46)
* mrelax <3>: MSP430 Options. (line 58)
* mrelax <4>: NDS32 Options. (line 84)
* mrelax <5>: RX Options. (line 95)
* mrelax <6>: SH Options. (line 137)
* mrelax <7>: V850 Options. (line 103)
* mrelax-immediate: MCore Options. (line 19)
* mrelax-pic-calls: MIPS Options. (line 825)
* mrelocatable: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 239)
* mrelocatable <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 466)
* mrelocatable-lib: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 250)
* mrelocatable-lib <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 477)
* mrenesas: SH Options. (line 152)
* mrepeat: MeP Options. (line 96)
* mrestrict-it: ARM Options. (line 785)
* mreturn-pointer-on-d0: MN10300 Options. (line 36)
* mrf16: ARC Options. (line 324)
* mrgf-banked-regs: ARC Options. (line 304)
* mrh850-abi: V850 Options. (line 127)
* mrl78: RL78 Options. (line 62)
* mrmw: AVR Options. (line 236)
* mrtd: M680x0 Options. (line 236)
* mrtd <1>: x86 Options. (line 570)
* mrtd <2>: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* mrtm: x86 Options. (line 755)
* mrtp: VxWorks Options. (line 11)
* mrtsc: ARC Options. (line 355)
* ms: H8/300 Options. (line 17)
* ms <1>: MeP Options. (line 100)
* ms2600: H8/300 Options. (line 24)
* msafe-dma: SPU Options. (line 18)
* msafe-hints: SPU Options. (line 112)
* msahf: x86 Options. (line 872)
* msatur: MeP Options. (line 105)
* msave-acc-in-interrupts: RX Options. (line 109)
* msave-mduc-in-interrupts: RL78 Options. (line 79)
* msave-restore: RISC-V Options. (line 74)
* msave-toc-indirect: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 644)
* msave-toc-indirect <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 933)
* mscc: FRV Options. (line 173)
* msched-ar-data-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 135)
* msched-ar-in-data-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 157)
* msched-br-data-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 128)
* msched-br-in-data-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 150)
* msched-control-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 142)
* msched-costly-dep: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 295)
* msched-costly-dep <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 522)
* msched-count-spec-in-critical-path: IA-64 Options. (line 185)
* msched-fp-mem-deps-zero-cost: IA-64 Options. (line 202)
* msched-in-control-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 164)
* msched-max-memory-insns: IA-64 Options. (line 211)
* msched-max-memory-insns-hard-limit: IA-64 Options. (line 217)
* msched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns: IA-64 Options. (line 178)
* msched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns: IA-64 Options. (line 171)
* msched-spec-ldc: IA-64 Options. (line 191)
* msched-spec-ldc <1>: IA-64 Options. (line 194)
* msched-stop-bits-after-every-cycle: IA-64 Options. (line 198)
* mschedule: HPPA Options. (line 78)
* mscore5: Score Options. (line 25)
* mscore5u: Score Options. (line 28)
* mscore7: Score Options. (line 31)
* mscore7d: Score Options. (line 35)
* msda: V850 Options. (line 40)
* msdata: IA-64 Options. (line 42)
* msdata <1>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 500)
* msdata <2>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 723)
* msdata=all: C6X Options. (line 30)
* msdata=data: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 505)
* msdata=data <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 728)
* msdata=default: C6X Options. (line 22)
* msdata=default <1>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 500)
* msdata=default <2>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 723)
* msdata=eabi: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 481)
* msdata=eabi <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 704)
* msdata=none: C6X Options. (line 35)
* msdata=none <1>: M32R/D Options. (line 40)
* msdata=none <2>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 513)
* msdata=none <3>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 736)
* msdata=sdata: M32R/D Options. (line 49)
* msdata=sysv: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 491)
* msdata=sysv <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 714)
* msdata=use: M32R/D Options. (line 53)
* msdram: Blackfin Options. (line 169)
* msdram <1>: MeP Options. (line 110)
* msecure-plt: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 68)
* msecure-plt <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 184)
* msel-sched-dont-check-control-spec: IA-64 Options. (line 207)
* msep-data: Blackfin Options. (line 107)
* mserialize-volatile: Xtensa Options. (line 35)
* msetlb: MN10300 Options. (line 64)
* msgx: x86 Options. (line 739)
* msha: x86 Options. (line 723)
* mshared-library-id: Blackfin Options. (line 100)
* mshort: M680x0 Options. (line 216)
* mshort-calls: AVR Options. (line 240)
* mshstk: x86 Options. (line 886)
* msign-extend-enabled: LM32 Options. (line 18)
* msign-return-address: AArch64 Options. (line 244)
* msilicon-errata: MSP430 Options. (line 102)
* msilicon-errata-warn: MSP430 Options. (line 106)
* msim: Blackfin Options. (line 36)
* msim <1>: C6X Options. (line 19)
* msim <2>: CR16 Options. (line 18)
* msim <3>: FT32 Options. (line 9)
* msim <4>: M32C Options. (line 13)
* msim <5>: MeP Options. (line 114)
* msim <6>: MSP430 Options. (line 47)
* msim <7>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 437)
* msim <8>: RL78 Options. (line 7)
* msim <9>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 660)
* msim <10>: RX Options. (line 71)
* msim <11>: Visium Options. (line 13)
* msim <12>: Xstormy16 Options. (line 9)
* msimd: ARC Options. (line 141)
* msimnovec: MeP Options. (line 117)
* msimple-fpu: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 381)
* msingle-exit: MMIX Options. (line 65)
* msingle-float: MIPS Options. (line 283)
* msingle-float <1>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 190)
* msingle-float <2>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 377)
* msingle-pic-base: ARM Options. (line 636)
* msingle-pic-base <1>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 282)
* msingle-pic-base <2>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 509)
* msio: HPPA Options. (line 105)
* msize-level: ARC Options. (line 525)
* mskip-rax-setup: x86 Options. (line 1236)
* mslow-bytes: MCore Options. (line 35)
* mslow-flash-data: ARM Options. (line 773)
* msmall: MSP430 Options. (line 55)
* msmall-data: DEC Alpha Options. (line 187)
* msmall-data-limit: RISC-V Options. (line 69)
* msmall-data-limit <1>: RX Options. (line 47)
* msmall-divides: MicroBlaze Options. (line 38)
* msmall-exec: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 79)
* msmall-mem: SPU Options. (line 38)
* msmall-model: FR30 Options. (line 9)
* msmall-text: DEC Alpha Options. (line 205)
* msmall16: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 66)
* msmallc: Nios II Options. (line 310)
* msmartmips: MIPS Options. (line 365)
* msoft-float: ARC Options. (line 145)
* msoft-float <1>: DEC Alpha Options. (line 10)
* msoft-float <2>: FRV Options. (line 27)
* msoft-float <3>: HPPA Options. (line 91)
* msoft-float <4>: M680x0 Options. (line 200)
* msoft-float <5>: MicroBlaze Options. (line 7)
* msoft-float <6>: MIPS Options. (line 269)
* msoft-float <7>: PDP-11 Options. (line 13)
* msoft-float <8>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 184)
* msoft-float <9>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 371)
* msoft-float <10>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 11)
* msoft-float <11>: SPARC Options. (line 39)
* msoft-float <12>: V850 Options. (line 113)
* msoft-float <13>: Visium Options. (line 24)
* msoft-float <14>: x86 Options. (line 469)
* msoft-quad-float: SPARC Options. (line 59)
* msoft-stack: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 21)
* msp8: AVR Options. (line 247)
* mspace: V850 Options. (line 30)
* mspe: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 88)
* mspecld-anomaly: Blackfin Options. (line 48)
* mspfp: ARC Options. (line 132)
* mspfp-compact: ARC Options. (line 133)
* mspfp-fast: ARC Options. (line 137)
* mspfp_compact: ARC Options. (line 626)
* mspfp_fast: ARC Options. (line 629)
* msplit-addresses: MIPS Options. (line 531)
* msplit-vecmove-early: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 126)
* msse: x86 Options. (line 704)
* msse2: x86 Options. (line 705)
* msse2avx: x86 Options. (line 1211)
* msse3: x86 Options. (line 706)
* msse4: x86 Options. (line 708)
* msse4.1: x86 Options. (line 710)
* msse4.2: x86 Options. (line 711)
* msse4a: x86 Options. (line 709)
* msseregparm: x86 Options. (line 605)
* mssse3: x86 Options. (line 707)
* mstack-align: CRIS Options. (line 55)
* mstack-bias: SPARC Options. (line 372)
* mstack-check-l1: Blackfin Options. (line 74)
* mstack-guard: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 194)
* mstack-increment: MCore Options. (line 50)
* mstack-offset: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 37)
* mstack-protector-guard: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 670)
* mstack-protector-guard <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 959)
* mstack-protector-guard <2>: x86 Options. (line 1262)
* mstack-protector-guard-offset: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 670)
* mstack-protector-guard-offset <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 959)
* mstack-protector-guard-offset <2>: x86 Options. (line 1262)
* mstack-protector-guard-reg: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 670)
* mstack-protector-guard-reg <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 959)
* mstack-protector-guard-reg <2>: x86 Options. (line 1262)
* mstack-protector-guard-symbol: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 670)
* mstack-protector-guard-symbol <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 959)
* mstack-size: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 194)
* mstackrealign: x86 Options. (line 648)
* mstd-struct-return: SPARC Options. (line 102)
* mstdmain: SPU Options. (line 44)
* mstrict-align: AArch64 Options. (line 50)
* mstrict-align <1>: M680x0 Options. (line 283)
* mstrict-align <2>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 234)
* mstrict-align <3>: RISC-V Options. (line 80)
* mstrict-align <4>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 461)
* mstrict-X: AVR Options. (line 260)
* mstring-compare-inline-limit: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 766)
* mstringop-strategy=ALG: x86 Options. (line 1159)
* mstructure-size-boundary: ARM Options. (line 591)
* msubxc: SPARC Options. (line 288)
* msv-mode: Visium Options. (line 52)
* msve-vector-bits: AArch64 Options. (line 251)
* msvr4-struct-return: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 375)
* msvr4-struct-return <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 606)
* mswap: ARC Options. (line 152)
* mswape: ARC Options. (line 360)
* msym32: MIPS Options. (line 429)
* msynci: MIPS Options. (line 811)
* msys-crt0: Nios II Options. (line 314)
* msys-lib: Nios II Options. (line 318)
* MT: Preprocessor Options.
(line 144)
* mtarget-align: Xtensa Options. (line 74)
* mtas: SH Options. (line 259)
* mtbm: x86 Options. (line 757)
* mtda: V850 Options. (line 34)
* mtelephony: ARC Options. (line 365)
* mtext-section-literals: Xtensa Options. (line 47)
* mtf: MeP Options. (line 121)
* mthread: x86 Windows Options.
(line 26)
* mthreads: x86 Options. (line 1015)
* mthumb: ARM Options. (line 679)
* mthumb-interwork: ARM Options. (line 24)
* mtiny-stack: AVR Options. (line 274)
* mtiny=: MeP Options. (line 125)
* mTLS: FRV Options. (line 90)
* mtls: FRV Options. (line 94)
* mtls-dialect: ARM Options. (line 731)
* mtls-dialect <1>: x86 Options. (line 993)
* mtls-dialect=desc: AArch64 Options. (line 60)
* mtls-dialect=traditional: AArch64 Options. (line 64)
* mtls-direct-seg-refs: x86 Options. (line 1201)
* mtls-markers: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 557)
* mtls-markers <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 820)
* mtls-size: AArch64 Options. (line 68)
* mtls-size <1>: IA-64 Options. (line 112)
* mtoc: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 259)
* mtoc <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 486)
* mtomcat-stats: FRV Options. (line 254)
* mtoplevel-symbols: MMIX Options. (line 39)
* mtp: ARM Options. (line 723)
* mtp-regno: ARC Options. (line 170)
* mtpcs-frame: ARM Options. (line 696)
* mtpcs-leaf-frame: ARM Options. (line 702)
* mtpf-trace: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 169)
* mtraceback: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 599)
* mtrap-precision: DEC Alpha Options. (line 109)
* mtune: AArch64 Options. (line 161)
* mtune <1>: ARC Options. (line 546)
* mtune <2>: ARC Options. (line 632)
* mtune <3>: ARM Options. (line 427)
* mtune <4>: CRIS Options. (line 17)
* mtune <5>: DEC Alpha Options. (line 259)
* mtune <6>: IA-64 Options. (line 116)
* mtune <7>: M680x0 Options. (line 68)
* mtune <8>: MIPS Options. (line 65)
* mtune <9>: MN10300 Options. (line 30)
* mtune <10>: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 60)
* mtune <11>: RISC-V Options. (line 56)
* mtune <12>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 118)
* mtune <13>: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 162)
* mtune <14>: SPARC Options. (line 199)
* mtune <15>: Visium Options. (line 47)
* mtune <16>: x86 Options. (line 343)
* mtune-ctrl=FEATURE-LIST: x86 Options. (line 809)
* muclibc: GNU/Linux Options. (line 14)
* muls: Score Options. (line 18)
* multcost: ARC Options. (line 637)
* multcost=NUMBER: SH Options. (line 281)
* multilib-library-pic: FRV Options. (line 110)
* multiply-enabled: LM32 Options. (line 15)
* multiply_defined: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* multiply_defined_unused: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* multi_module: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* munalign-prob-threshold: ARC Options. (line 574)
* munaligned-access: ARM Options. (line 755)
* munaligned-doubles: SPARC Options. (line 73)
* municode: x86 Windows Options.
(line 30)
* muniform-simt: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 33)
* muninit-const-in-rodata: MIPS Options. (line 501)
* munix: VAX Options. (line 9)
* munix-asm: PDP-11 Options. (line 68)
* munsafe-dma: SPU Options. (line 18)
* mupdate: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 206)
* mupdate <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 408)
* muser-enabled: LM32 Options. (line 21)
* muser-mode: SPARC Options. (line 85)
* muser-mode <1>: Visium Options. (line 57)
* musermode: SH Options. (line 274)
* mv3push: NDS32 Options. (line 45)
* mv850: V850 Options. (line 49)
* mv850e: V850 Options. (line 79)
* mv850e1: V850 Options. (line 70)
* mv850e2: V850 Options. (line 66)
* mv850e2v3: V850 Options. (line 61)
* mv850e2v4: V850 Options. (line 57)
* mv850e3v5: V850 Options. (line 52)
* mv850es: V850 Options. (line 75)
* mv8plus: SPARC Options. (line 214)
* mvaes: x86 Options. (line 764)
* mveclibabi: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 894)
* mveclibabi <1>: x86 Options. (line 947)
* mvect8-ret-in-mem: x86 Options. (line 615)
* mverbose-cost-dump: AArch64 Options. (line 233)
* mverbose-cost-dump <1>: ARM Options. (line 797)
* mvirt: MIPS Options. (line 406)
* mvis: SPARC Options. (line 221)
* mvis2: SPARC Options. (line 227)
* mvis3: SPARC Options. (line 235)
* mvis4: SPARC Options. (line 243)
* mvis4b: SPARC Options. (line 251)
* mvliw-branch: FRV Options. (line 201)
* mvms-return-codes: VMS Options. (line 9)
* mvolatile-asm-stop: IA-64 Options. (line 32)
* mvolatile-cache: ARC Options. (line 424)
* mvpclmulqdq: x86 Options. (line 765)
* mvr4130-align: MIPS Options. (line 800)
* mvrsave: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 181)
* mvsx: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 209)
* mvx: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 112)
* mvxworks: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 458)
* mvxworks <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 681)
* mvzeroupper: x86 Options. (line 836)
* mwarn-dynamicstack: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 188)
* mwarn-framesize: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 180)
* mwarn-mcu: MSP430 Options. (line 35)
* mwarn-multiple-fast-interrupts: RX Options. (line 143)
* mwarn-reloc: SPU Options. (line 10)
* mwbnoinvd: x86 Options. (line 733)
* mwide-bitfields: MCore Options. (line 23)
* mwin32: x86 Windows Options.
(line 35)
* mwindows: x86 Windows Options.
(line 41)
* mword-relocations: ARM Options. (line 742)
* mx32: x86 Options. (line 1343)
* mxgot: M680x0 Options. (line 315)
* mxgot <1>: MIPS Options. (line 228)
* mxilinx-fpu: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 392)
* mxl-barrel-shift: MicroBlaze Options. (line 32)
* mxl-compat: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 152)
* mxl-compat <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 329)
* mxl-float-convert: MicroBlaze Options. (line 50)
* mxl-float-sqrt: MicroBlaze Options. (line 53)
* mxl-gp-opt: MicroBlaze Options. (line 44)
* mxl-multiply-high: MicroBlaze Options. (line 47)
* mxl-pattern-compare: MicroBlaze Options. (line 35)
* mxl-reorder: MicroBlaze Options. (line 62)
* mxl-soft-div: MicroBlaze Options. (line 29)
* mxl-soft-mul: MicroBlaze Options. (line 26)
* mxl-stack-check: MicroBlaze Options. (line 41)
* mxop: x86 Options. (line 740)
* mxpa: MIPS Options. (line 410)
* mxsave: x86 Options. (line 751)
* mxsavec: x86 Options. (line 753)
* mxsaveopt: x86 Options. (line 752)
* mxsaves: x86 Options. (line 754)
* mxy: ARC Options. (line 370)
* myellowknife: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 453)
* myellowknife <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 676)
* mzarch: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 94)
* mzda: V850 Options. (line 45)
* mzdcbranch: SH Options. (line 341)
* mzero-extend: MMIX Options. (line 26)
* mzvector: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 123)
* no-80387: x86 Options. (line 469)
* no-canonical-prefixes: Directory Options. (line 164)
* no-integrated-cpp: Preprocessor Options.
(line 476)
* no-pie: Link Options. (line 114)
* no-sysroot-suffix: Directory Options. (line 183)
* noall_load: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* nocpp: MIPS Options. (line 612)
* nodefaultlibs: Link Options. (line 71)
* nodevicelib: AVR Options. (line 281)
* nodevicespecs: AVR Options. (line 284)
* nofixprebinding: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* nofpu: RX Options. (line 17)
* nolibdld: HPPA Options. (line 188)
* nomultidefs: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* non-static: VxWorks Options. (line 16)
* noprebind: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* noseglinkedit: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* nostartfiles: Link Options. (line 66)
* nostdinc: Directory Options. (line 102)
* nostdinc++: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 447)
* nostdinc++ <1>: Directory Options. (line 108)
* nostdlib: Link Options. (line 83)
* no_dead_strip_inits_and_terms: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* o: Overall Options. (line 187)
* O: Optimize Options. (line 39)
* O0: Optimize Options. (line 160)
* O1: Optimize Options. (line 39)
* O2: Optimize Options. (line 92)
* O3: Optimize Options. (line 141)
* Ofast: Optimize Options. (line 176)
* Og: Optimize Options. (line 183)
* Os: Optimize Options. (line 164)
* p: Instrumentation Options.
(line 19)
* P: Preprocessor Options.
(line 361)
* pagezero_size: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* param: Optimize Options. (line 2459)
* pass-exit-codes: Overall Options. (line 326)
* pedantic: Standards. (line 13)
* pedantic <1>: Warning Options. (line 85)
* pedantic <2>: C Extensions. (line 6)
* pedantic <3>: Alternate Keywords. (line 30)
* pedantic <4>: Warnings and Errors.
(line 25)
* pedantic-errors: Standards. (line 13)
* pedantic-errors <1>: Warning Options. (line 126)
* pedantic-errors <2>: Non-bugs. (line 216)
* pedantic-errors <3>: Warnings and Errors.
(line 25)
* pg: Instrumentation Options.
(line 25)
* pie: Link Options. (line 108)
* pipe: Overall Options. (line 334)
* plt: RISC-V Options. (line 13)
* prebind: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* prebind_all_twolevel_modules: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* print-file-name: Developer Options. (line 872)
* print-libgcc-file-name: Developer Options. (line 906)
* print-multi-directory: Developer Options. (line 878)
* print-multi-lib: Developer Options. (line 883)
* print-multi-os-directory: Developer Options. (line 890)
* print-multiarch: Developer Options. (line 899)
* print-objc-runtime-info: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 216)
* print-prog-name: Developer Options. (line 903)
* print-search-dirs: Developer Options. (line 914)
* print-sysroot: Developer Options. (line 927)
* print-sysroot-headers-suffix: Developer Options. (line 934)
* private_bundle: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* pthread: Preprocessor Options.
(line 70)
* pthread <1>: Link Options. (line 125)
* pthreads: Solaris 2 Options. (line 30)
* Q: Developer Options. (line 778)
* Qn: System V Options. (line 18)
* Qy: System V Options. (line 14)
* rdynamic: Link Options. (line 132)
* read_only_relocs: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* remap: Preprocessor Options.
(line 392)
* S: Overall Options. (line 170)
* S <1>: Link Options. (line 20)
* s: Link Options. (line 139)
* save-temps: Developer Options. (line 653)
* save-temps=obj: Developer Options. (line 679)
* sectalign: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* sectcreate: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* sectobjectsymbols: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* sectobjectsymbols <1>: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* sectorder: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* seg1addr: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* segaddr: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* seglinkedit: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* segprot: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* segs_read_only_addr: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* segs_read_only_addr <1>: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* segs_read_write_addr: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* segs_read_write_addr <1>: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* seg_addr_table: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* seg_addr_table_filename: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* shared: Link Options. (line 148)
* shared-libgcc: Link Options. (line 156)
* short-calls: Adapteva Epiphany Options.
(line 61)
* sim: CRIS Options. (line 95)
* sim2: CRIS Options. (line 101)
* single_module: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* specs: Overall Options. (line 340)
* static: Link Options. (line 143)
* static <1>: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* static <2>: HPPA Options. (line 192)
* static-libasan: Link Options. (line 190)
* static-libgcc: Link Options. (line 156)
* static-liblsan: Link Options. (line 206)
* static-libmpx: Link Options. (line 223)
* static-libmpxwrappers: Link Options. (line 232)
* static-libstdc++: Link Options. (line 242)
* static-libtsan: Link Options. (line 198)
* static-libubsan: Link Options. (line 214)
* static-pie: Link Options. (line 117)
* std: Standards. (line 13)
* std <1>: C Dialect Options. (line 46)
* std <2>: Other Builtins. (line 31)
* std <3>: Non-bugs. (line 107)
* sub_library: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* sub_umbrella: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* symbolic: Link Options. (line 253)
* sysroot: Directory Options. (line 168)
* T: Link Options. (line 259)
* target-help: Overall Options. (line 219)
* threads: HPPA Options. (line 205)
* time: Developer Options. (line 694)
* tno-android-cc: GNU/Linux Options. (line 36)
* tno-android-ld: GNU/Linux Options. (line 40)
* traditional: Preprocessor Options.
(line 368)
* traditional <1>: Incompatibilities. (line 6)
* traditional-cpp: Preprocessor Options.
(line 368)
* trigraphs: Preprocessor Options.
(line 378)
* twolevel_namespace: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* U: Preprocessor Options.
(line 42)
* u: Link Options. (line 291)
* umbrella: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* undef: Preprocessor Options.
(line 66)
* undefined: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* unexported_symbols_list: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* v: Overall Options. (line 198)
* version: Overall Options. (line 323)
* w: Warning Options. (line 25)
* W: Warning Options. (line 206)
* W <1>: Warning Options. (line 2424)
* W <2>: Warning Options. (line 2526)
* W <3>: Incompatibilities. (line 64)
* Wa: Assembler Options. (line 9)
* Wabi: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 455)
* Wabi-tag: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 559)
* Waddr-space-convert: AVR Options. (line 290)
* Waddress: Warning Options. (line 2319)
* Waggregate-return: Warning Options. (line 2355)
* Waggressive-loop-optimizations: Warning Options. (line 2360)
* Waligned-new: Warning Options. (line 1883)
* Wall: Warning Options. (line 135)
* Wall <1>: Standard Libraries. (line 6)
* Walloc-zero: Warning Options. (line 1458)
* Walloca: Warning Options. (line 1481)
* Warray-bounds: Warning Options. (line 1544)
* Wassign-intercept: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 170)
* Wattributes: Warning Options. (line 2365)
* Wbad-function-cast: Warning Options. (line 2015)
* Wbidi-chars: Warning Options. (line 1565)
* Wbidi-chars=: Warning Options. (line 1565)
* Wbool-compare: Warning Options. (line 1580)
* Wbool-operation: Warning Options. (line 1589)
* Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch: Warning Options. (line 2371)
* Wbuiltin-macro-redefined: Warning Options. (line 2375)
* Wc++-compat: Warning Options. (line 2035)
* Wc++11-compat: Warning Options. (line 2040)
* Wc++14-compat: Warning Options. (line 2046)
* Wc++17-compat: Warning Options. (line 2050)
* Wc90-c99-compat: Warning Options. (line 2020)
* Wc99-c11-compat: Warning Options. (line 2027)
* Wcast-align: Warning Options. (line 2070)
* Wcast-align=strict: Warning Options. (line 2076)
* Wcast-function-type: Warning Options. (line 2081)
* Wcast-qual: Warning Options. (line 2054)
* Wcatch-value: Warning Options. (line 2108)
* Wchar-subscripts: Warning Options. (line 248)
* Wchkp: Warning Options. (line 253)
* Wclass-memaccess: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 646)
* Wclobbered: Warning Options. (line 2116)
* Wcomment: Warning Options. (line 1957)
* Wcomments: Warning Options. (line 1957)
* Wconditionally-supported: Warning Options. (line 2120)
* Wconversion: Warning Options. (line 2123)
* Wconversion-null: Warning Options. (line 2141)
* Wctor-dtor-privacy: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 564)
* Wdangling-else: Warning Options. (line 2162)
* Wdate-time: Warning Options. (line 2196)
* Wdeclaration-after-statement: Warning Options. (line 1786)
* Wdelete-incomplete: Warning Options. (line 2201)
* Wdelete-non-virtual-dtor: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 571)
* Wdeprecated: Warning Options. (line 2503)
* Wdeprecated-declarations: Warning Options. (line 2507)
* Wdisabled-optimization: Warning Options. (line 2731)
* Wdiscarded-array-qualifiers: Warning Options. (line 1628)
* Wdiscarded-qualifiers: Warning Options. (line 1622)
* Wdiv-by-zero: Warning Options. (line 1646)
* Wdouble-promotion: Warning Options. (line 276)
* Wduplicate-decl-specifier: Warning Options. (line 294)
* Wduplicated-branches: Warning Options. (line 1599)
* Wduplicated-cond: Warning Options. (line 1610)
* weak_reference_mismatches: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* Weffc++: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 706)
* Wempty-body: Warning Options. (line 2208)
* Wendif-labels: Warning Options. (line 2001)
* Wenum-compare: Warning Options. (line 2212)
* Werror: Warning Options. (line 28)
* Werror=: Warning Options. (line 31)
* Wexpansion-to-defined: Warning Options. (line 1976)
* Wextra: Warning Options. (line 206)
* Wextra <1>: Warning Options. (line 2424)
* Wextra <2>: Warning Options. (line 2526)
* Wextra-semi: Warning Options. (line 2218)
* Wfatal-errors: Warning Options. (line 48)
* Wfloat-conversion: Warning Options. (line 2244)
* Wfloat-equal: Warning Options. (line 1686)
* Wformat: Warning Options. (line 299)
* Wformat <1>: Warning Options. (line 324)
* Wformat <2>: Warning Options. (line 1406)
* Wformat <3>: Common Function Attributes.
(line 243)
* Wformat-contains-nul: Warning Options. (line 333)
* Wformat-extra-args: Warning Options. (line 337)
* Wformat-nonliteral: Warning Options. (line 442)
* Wformat-nonliteral <1>: Common Function Attributes.
(line 308)
* Wformat-overflow: Warning Options. (line 352)
* Wformat-overflow <1>: Warning Options. (line 363)
* Wformat-security: Warning Options. (line 447)
* Wformat-signedness: Warning Options. (line 459)
* Wformat-truncation: Warning Options. (line 465)
* Wformat-truncation <1>: Warning Options. (line 477)
* Wformat-y2k: Warning Options. (line 488)
* Wformat-zero-length: Warning Options. (line 432)
* Wformat=: Warning Options. (line 299)
* Wformat=1: Warning Options. (line 324)
* Wformat=2: Warning Options. (line 437)
* Wframe-address: Warning Options. (line 1616)
* Wframe-larger-than: Warning Options. (line 1844)
* Wfree-nonheap-object: Warning Options. (line 1853)
* whatsloaded: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* whyload: Darwin Options. (line 196)
* Wif-not-aligned: Warning Options. (line 660)
* Wignored-attributes: Warning Options. (line 676)
* Wignored-qualifiers: Warning Options. (line 665)
* Wimplicit: Warning Options. (line 538)
* Wimplicit-fallthrough: Warning Options. (line 542)
* Wimplicit-fallthrough=: Warning Options. (line 547)
* Wimplicit-function-declaration: Warning Options. (line 532)
* Wimplicit-int: Warning Options. (line 528)
* Wincompatible-pointer-types: Warning Options. (line 1634)
* Winherited-variadic-ctor: Warning Options. (line 2619)
* Winit-self: Warning Options. (line 513)
* Winline: Warning Options. (line 2624)
* Winline <1>: Inline. (line 60)
* Wint-conversion: Warning Options. (line 1640)
* Wint-in-bool-context: Warning Options. (line 2649)
* Wint-to-pointer-cast: Warning Options. (line 2657)
* Winvalid-memory-model: Warning Options. (line 1093)
* Winvalid-offsetof: Warning Options. (line 2637)
* Winvalid-pch: Warning Options. (line 2666)
* Wjump-misses-init: Warning Options. (line 2221)
* Wl: Link Options. (line 283)
* Wlarger-than-LEN: Warning Options. (line 1841)
* Wlarger-than=LEN: Warning Options. (line 1841)
* Wliteral-suffix: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 578)
* Wlogical-not-parentheses: Warning Options. (line 2340)
* Wlogical-op: Warning Options. (line 2332)
* Wlong-long: Warning Options. (line 2670)
* Wlto-type-mismatch: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 604)
* Wmain: Warning Options. (line 683)
* Wmaybe-uninitialized: Warning Options. (line 1110)
* Wmemset-elt-size: Warning Options. (line 2300)
* Wmemset-transposed-args: Warning Options. (line 2308)
* Wmisleading-indentation: Warning Options. (line 690)
* Wmissing-attributes: Warning Options. (line 724)
* Wmissing-braces: Warning Options. (line 750)
* Wmissing-declarations: Warning Options. (line 2414)
* Wmissing-field-initializers: Warning Options. (line 2424)
* Wmissing-format-attribute: Warning Options. (line 1406)
* Wmissing-include-dirs: Warning Options. (line 761)
* Wmissing-parameter-type: Warning Options. (line 2396)
* Wmissing-prototypes: Warning Options. (line 2404)
* Wmisspelled-isr: AVR Options. (line 295)
* Wmultichar: Warning Options. (line 2454)
* Wmultiple-inheritance: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 792)
* Wmultistatement-macros: Warning Options. (line 764)
* Wnamespaces: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 806)
* Wnarrowing: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 610)
* Wnested-externs: Warning Options. (line 2616)
* Wno-abi: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 455)
* Wno-address: Warning Options. (line 2319)
* Wno-aggregate-return: Warning Options. (line 2355)
* Wno-aggressive-loop-optimizations: Warning Options. (line 2360)
* Wno-aligned-new: Warning Options. (line 1883)
* Wno-all: Warning Options. (line 135)
* Wno-alloc-zero: Warning Options. (line 1458)
* Wno-alloca: Warning Options. (line 1481)
* Wno-array-bounds: Warning Options. (line 1544)
* Wno-assign-intercept: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 170)
* Wno-attributes: Warning Options. (line 2365)
* Wno-bad-function-cast: Warning Options. (line 2015)
* Wno-bidi-chars: Warning Options. (line 1565)
* Wno-bool-compare: Warning Options. (line 1580)
* Wno-bool-operation: Warning Options. (line 1589)
* Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch: Warning Options. (line 2371)
* Wno-builtin-macro-redefined: Warning Options. (line 2375)
* Wno-c90-c99-compat: Warning Options. (line 2020)
* Wno-c99-c11-compat: Warning Options. (line 2027)
* Wno-cast-align: Warning Options. (line 2070)
* Wno-cast-function-type: Warning Options. (line 2081)
* Wno-cast-qual: Warning Options. (line 2054)
* Wno-catch-value: Warning Options. (line 2108)
* Wno-char-subscripts: Warning Options. (line 248)
* Wno-clobbered: Warning Options. (line 2116)
* Wno-conditionally-supported: Warning Options. (line 2120)
* Wno-conversion: Warning Options. (line 2123)
* Wno-conversion-null: Warning Options. (line 2141)
* Wno-coverage-mismatch: Warning Options. (line 257)
* Wno-ctor-dtor-privacy: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 564)
* Wno-dangling-else: Warning Options. (line 2162)
* Wno-date-time: Warning Options. (line 2196)
* Wno-declaration-after-statement: Warning Options. (line 1786)
* Wno-delete-incomplete: Warning Options. (line 2201)
* Wno-delete-non-virtual-dtor: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 571)
* Wno-deprecated: Warning Options. (line 2503)
* Wno-deprecated-declarations: Warning Options. (line 2507)
* Wno-disabled-optimization: Warning Options. (line 2731)
* Wno-discarded-array-qualifiers: Warning Options. (line 1628)
* Wno-discarded-qualifiers: Warning Options. (line 1622)
* Wno-div-by-zero: Warning Options. (line 1646)
* Wno-double-promotion: Warning Options. (line 276)
* Wno-duplicate-decl-specifier: Warning Options. (line 294)
* Wno-duplicated-branches: Warning Options. (line 1599)
* Wno-duplicated-cond: Warning Options. (line 1610)
* Wno-effc++: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 706)
* Wno-empty-body: Warning Options. (line 2208)
* Wno-endif-labels: Warning Options. (line 2001)
* Wno-enum-compare: Warning Options. (line 2212)
* Wno-error: Warning Options. (line 28)
* Wno-error=: Warning Options. (line 31)
* Wno-extra: Warning Options. (line 206)
* Wno-extra <1>: Warning Options. (line 2424)
* Wno-extra <2>: Warning Options. (line 2526)
* Wno-extra-semi: Warning Options. (line 2218)
* Wno-fatal-errors: Warning Options. (line 48)
* Wno-float-conversion: Warning Options. (line 2244)
* Wno-float-equal: Warning Options. (line 1686)
* Wno-format: Warning Options. (line 299)
* Wno-format <1>: Warning Options. (line 1406)
* Wno-format-contains-nul: Warning Options. (line 333)
* Wno-format-extra-args: Warning Options. (line 337)
* Wno-format-nonliteral: Warning Options. (line 442)
* Wno-format-overflow: Warning Options. (line 352)
* Wno-format-overflow <1>: Warning Options. (line 363)
* Wno-format-overflow <2>: Warning Options. (line 477)
* Wno-format-security: Warning Options. (line 447)
* Wno-format-signedness: Warning Options. (line 459)
* Wno-format-truncation: Warning Options. (line 465)
* Wno-format-y2k: Warning Options. (line 488)
* Wno-format-zero-length: Warning Options. (line 432)
* Wno-frame-address: Warning Options. (line 1616)
* Wno-free-nonheap-object: Warning Options. (line 1853)
* Wno-if-not-aligned: Warning Options. (line 660)
* Wno-ignored-attributes: Warning Options. (line 676)
* Wno-ignored-qualifiers: Warning Options. (line 665)
* Wno-implicit: Warning Options. (line 538)
* Wno-implicit-fallthrough: Warning Options. (line 542)
* Wno-implicit-function-declaration: Warning Options. (line 532)
* Wno-implicit-int: Warning Options. (line 528)
* Wno-incompatible-pointer-types: Warning Options. (line 1634)
* Wno-inherited-variadic-ctor: Warning Options. (line 2619)
* Wno-init-self: Warning Options. (line 513)
* Wno-inline: Warning Options. (line 2624)
* Wno-int-conversion: Warning Options. (line 1640)
* Wno-int-in-bool-context: Warning Options. (line 2649)
* Wno-int-to-pointer-cast: Warning Options. (line 2657)
* Wno-invalid-memory-model: Warning Options. (line 1093)
* Wno-invalid-offsetof: Warning Options. (line 2637)
* Wno-invalid-pch: Warning Options. (line 2666)
* Wno-jump-misses-init: Warning Options. (line 2221)
* Wno-literal-suffix: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 578)
* Wno-logical-not-parentheses: Warning Options. (line 2340)
* Wno-logical-op: Warning Options. (line 2332)
* Wno-long-long: Warning Options. (line 2670)
* Wno-lto-type-mismatch: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 604)
* Wno-main: Warning Options. (line 683)
* Wno-maybe-uninitialized: Warning Options. (line 1110)
* Wno-memset-elt-size: Warning Options. (line 2300)
* Wno-memset-transposed-args: Warning Options. (line 2308)
* Wno-misleading-indentation: Warning Options. (line 690)
* Wno-missing-attributes: Warning Options. (line 724)
* Wno-missing-braces: Warning Options. (line 750)
* Wno-missing-declarations: Warning Options. (line 2414)
* Wno-missing-field-initializers: Warning Options. (line 2424)
* Wno-missing-format-attribute: Warning Options. (line 1406)
* Wno-missing-include-dirs: Warning Options. (line 761)
* Wno-missing-parameter-type: Warning Options. (line 2396)
* Wno-missing-prototypes: Warning Options. (line 2404)
* Wno-multichar: Warning Options. (line 2454)
* Wno-multistatement-macros: Warning Options. (line 764)
* Wno-narrowing: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 610)
* Wno-nested-externs: Warning Options. (line 2616)
* Wno-noexcept: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 626)
* Wno-noexcept-type: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 632)
* Wno-non-template-friend: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 741)
* Wno-non-virtual-dtor: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 666)
* Wno-nonnull: Warning Options. (line 492)
* Wno-nonnull-compare: Warning Options. (line 499)
* Wno-normalized: Warning Options. (line 2460)
* Wno-null-dereference: Warning Options. (line 506)
* Wno-odr: Warning Options. (line 2516)
* Wno-old-style-cast: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 750)
* Wno-old-style-declaration: Warning Options. (line 2386)
* Wno-old-style-definition: Warning Options. (line 2392)
* Wno-overflow: Warning Options. (line 2513)
* Wno-overlength-strings: Warning Options. (line 2751)
* Wno-overloaded-virtual: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 756)
* Wno-override-init: Warning Options. (line 2526)
* Wno-override-init-side-effects: Warning Options. (line 2534)
* Wno-packed: Warning Options. (line 2539)
* Wno-packed-bitfield-compat: Warning Options. (line 2556)
* Wno-packed-not-aligned: Warning Options. (line 2573)
* Wno-padded: Warning Options. (line 2586)
* Wno-parentheses: Warning Options. (line 784)
* Wno-pedantic-ms-format: Warning Options. (line 1877)
* Wno-placement-new: Warning Options. (line 1894)
* Wno-pmf-conversions: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 775)
* Wno-pmf-conversions <1>: Bound member functions.
(line 35)
* Wno-pointer-arith: Warning Options. (line 1929)
* Wno-pointer-compare: Warning Options. (line 1936)
* Wno-pointer-sign: Warning Options. (line 2740)
* Wno-pointer-to-int-cast: Warning Options. (line 2662)
* Wno-pragmas: Warning Options. (line 1162)
* Wno-protocol: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 174)
* Wno-redundant-decls: Warning Options. (line 2593)
* Wno-register: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 674)
* Wno-reorder: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 681)
* Wno-restrict: Warning Options. (line 2597)
* Wno-return-local-addr: Warning Options. (line 864)
* Wno-return-type: Warning Options. (line 868)
* Wno-selector: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 184)
* Wno-sequence-point: Warning Options. (line 811)
* Wno-shadow: Warning Options. (line 1792)
* Wno-shadow-ivar: Warning Options. (line 1800)
* Wno-shift-count-negative: Warning Options. (line 887)
* Wno-shift-count-overflow: Warning Options. (line 891)
* Wno-shift-negative-value: Warning Options. (line 895)
* Wno-shift-overflow: Warning Options. (line 900)
* Wno-sign-compare: Warning Options. (line 2232)
* Wno-sign-conversion: Warning Options. (line 2238)
* Wno-sign-promo: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 779)
* Wno-sized-deallocation: Warning Options. (line 2254)
* Wno-sizeof-array-argument: Warning Options. (line 2295)
* Wno-sizeof-pointer-div: Warning Options. (line 2265)
* Wno-sizeof-pointer-memaccess: Warning Options. (line 2273)
* Wno-stack-protector: Warning Options. (line 2746)
* Wno-strict-aliasing: Warning Options. (line 1167)
* Wno-strict-null-sentinel: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 734)
* Wno-strict-overflow: Warning Options. (line 1206)
* Wno-strict-prototypes: Warning Options. (line 2380)
* Wno-strict-selector-match: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 196)
* Wno-stringop-overflow: Warning Options. (line 1255)
* Wno-stringop-overflow <1>: Warning Options. (line 1294)
* Wno-stringop-truncation: Warning Options. (line 1332)
* Wno-subobject-linkage: Warning Options. (line 2149)
* Wno-suggest-attribute=: Warning Options. (line 1385)
* Wno-suggest-attribute=cold: Warning Options. (line 1427)
* Wno-suggest-attribute=const: Warning Options. (line 1392)
* Wno-suggest-attribute=format: Warning Options. (line 1406)
* Wno-suggest-attribute=malloc: Warning Options. (line 1392)
* Wno-suggest-attribute=noreturn: Warning Options. (line 1392)
* Wno-suggest-attribute=pure: Warning Options. (line 1392)
* Wno-suggest-final-methods: Warning Options. (line 1444)
* Wno-suggest-final-types: Warning Options. (line 1435)
* Wno-switch: Warning Options. (line 915)
* Wno-switch-bool: Warning Options. (line 935)
* Wno-switch-default: Warning Options. (line 923)
* Wno-switch-enum: Warning Options. (line 926)
* Wno-switch-unreachable: Warning Options. (line 946)
* Wno-sync-nand: Warning Options. (line 970)
* Wno-system-headers: Warning Options. (line 1651)
* Wno-tautological-compare: Warning Options. (line 1662)
* Wno-terminate: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 813)
* Wno-traditional: Warning Options. (line 1701)
* Wno-traditional-conversion: Warning Options. (line 1778)
* Wno-trampolines: Warning Options. (line 1676)
* Wno-type-limits: Warning Options. (line 1949)
* Wno-undeclared-selector: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 204)
* Wno-undef: Warning Options. (line 1972)
* Wno-uninitialized: Warning Options. (line 1071)
* Wno-unknown-pragmas: Warning Options. (line 1155)
* Wno-unused: Warning Options. (line 1064)
* Wno-unused-but-set-parameter: Warning Options. (line 975)
* Wno-unused-but-set-variable: Warning Options. (line 984)
* Wno-unused-const-variable: Warning Options. (line 1031)
* Wno-unused-function: Warning Options. (line 994)
* Wno-unused-label: Warning Options. (line 999)
* Wno-unused-parameter: Warning Options. (line 1010)
* Wno-unused-result: Warning Options. (line 1017)
* Wno-unused-value: Warning Options. (line 1054)
* Wno-unused-variable: Warning Options. (line 1022)
* Wno-useless-cast: Warning Options. (line 2205)
* Wno-varargs: Warning Options. (line 2681)
* Wno-variadic-macros: Warning Options. (line 2675)
* Wno-vector-operation-performance: Warning Options. (line 2686)
* Wno-virtual-move-assign: Warning Options. (line 2696)
* Wno-vla: Warning Options. (line 2705)
* Wno-volatile-register-var: Warning Options. (line 2725)
* Wno-write-strings: Warning Options. (line 2094)
* Wno-zero-as-null-pointer-constant: Warning Options. (line 2145)
* Wnoexcept: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 626)
* Wnoexcept-type: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 632)
* Wnon-template-friend: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 741)
* Wnon-virtual-dtor: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 666)
* Wnonnull: Warning Options. (line 492)
* Wnonnull-compare: Warning Options. (line 499)
* Wnormalized: Warning Options. (line 2460)
* Wnormalized=: Warning Options. (line 2460)
* Wnull-dereference: Warning Options. (line 506)
* Wodr: Warning Options. (line 2516)
* Wold-style-cast: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 750)
* Wold-style-declaration: Warning Options. (line 2386)
* Wold-style-definition: Warning Options. (line 2392)
* Wopenm-simd: Warning Options. (line 2521)
* Woverflow: Warning Options. (line 2513)
* Woverlength-strings: Warning Options. (line 2751)
* Woverloaded-virtual: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 756)
* Woverride-init: Warning Options. (line 2526)
* Woverride-init-side-effects: Warning Options. (line 2534)
* Wp: Preprocessor Options.
(line 456)
* Wpacked: Warning Options. (line 2539)
* Wpacked-bitfield-compat: Warning Options. (line 2556)
* Wpacked-not-aligned: Warning Options. (line 2573)
* Wpadded: Warning Options. (line 2586)
* Wparentheses: Warning Options. (line 784)
* Wpedantic: Warning Options. (line 85)
* Wpedantic-ms-format: Warning Options. (line 1877)
* Wplacement-new: Warning Options. (line 1894)
* Wpmf-conversions: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 775)
* Wpointer-arith: Warning Options. (line 1929)
* Wpointer-arith <1>: Pointer Arith. (line 13)
* Wpointer-compare: Warning Options. (line 1936)
* Wpointer-sign: Warning Options. (line 2740)
* Wpointer-to-int-cast: Warning Options. (line 2662)
* Wpragmas: Warning Options. (line 1162)
* Wprotocol: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 174)
* wrapper: Overall Options. (line 349)
* Wredundant-decls: Warning Options. (line 2593)
* Wregister: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 674)
* Wreorder: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 681)
* Wrestrict: Warning Options. (line 2597)
* Wreturn-local-addr: Warning Options. (line 864)
* Wreturn-type: Warning Options. (line 868)
* Wselector: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 184)
* Wsequence-point: Warning Options. (line 811)
* Wshadow: Warning Options. (line 1792)
* Wshadow-ivar: Warning Options. (line 1800)
* Wshadow=compatible-local: Warning Options. (line 1811)
* Wshadow=local: Warning Options. (line 1804)
* Wshadow=local <1>: Warning Options. (line 1807)
* Wshift-count-negative: Warning Options. (line 887)
* Wshift-count-overflow: Warning Options. (line 891)
* Wshift-negative-value: Warning Options. (line 895)
* Wshift-overflow: Warning Options. (line 900)
* Wsign-compare: Warning Options. (line 2232)
* Wsign-conversion: Warning Options. (line 2238)
* Wsign-promo: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 779)
* Wsized-deallocation: Warning Options. (line 2254)
* Wsizeof-array-argument: Warning Options. (line 2295)
* Wsizeof-pointer-div: Warning Options. (line 2265)
* Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess: Warning Options. (line 2273)
* Wstack-protector: Warning Options. (line 2746)
* Wstack-usage: Warning Options. (line 1857)
* Wstrict-aliasing: Warning Options. (line 1167)
* Wstrict-aliasing=n: Warning Options. (line 1174)
* Wstrict-null-sentinel: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 734)
* Wstrict-overflow: Warning Options. (line 1206)
* Wstrict-prototypes: Warning Options. (line 2380)
* Wstrict-selector-match: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 196)
* Wstringop-overflow: Warning Options. (line 1255)
* Wstringop-overflow <1>: Warning Options. (line 1294)
* Wstringop-truncation: Warning Options. (line 1332)
* Wsubobject-linkage: Warning Options. (line 2149)
* Wsuggest-attribute=: Warning Options. (line 1385)
* Wsuggest-attribute=cold: Warning Options. (line 1427)
* Wsuggest-attribute=const: Warning Options. (line 1392)
* Wsuggest-attribute=format: Warning Options. (line 1406)
* Wsuggest-attribute=malloc: Warning Options. (line 1392)
* Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn: Warning Options. (line 1392)
* Wsuggest-attribute=pure: Warning Options. (line 1392)
* Wsuggest-final-methods: Warning Options. (line 1444)
* Wsuggest-final-types: Warning Options. (line 1435)
* Wswitch: Warning Options. (line 915)
* Wswitch-bool: Warning Options. (line 935)
* Wswitch-default: Warning Options. (line 923)
* Wswitch-enum: Warning Options. (line 926)
* Wswitch-unreachable: Warning Options. (line 946)
* Wsync-nand: Warning Options. (line 970)
* Wsystem-headers: Warning Options. (line 1651)
* Wtautological-compare: Warning Options. (line 1662)
* Wtemplates: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 785)
* Wterminate: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 813)
* Wtraditional: Warning Options. (line 1701)
* Wtraditional-conversion: Warning Options. (line 1778)
* Wtrampolines: Warning Options. (line 1676)
* Wtrigraphs: Warning Options. (line 1962)
* Wtype-limits: Warning Options. (line 1949)
* Wundeclared-selector: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 204)
* Wundef: Warning Options. (line 1972)
* Wuninitialized: Warning Options. (line 1071)
* Wunknown-pragmas: Warning Options. (line 1155)
* Wunsuffixed-float-constants: Warning Options. (line 2766)
* Wunused: Warning Options. (line 1064)
* Wunused-but-set-parameter: Warning Options. (line 975)
* Wunused-but-set-variable: Warning Options. (line 984)
* Wunused-const-variable: Warning Options. (line 1031)
* Wunused-function: Warning Options. (line 994)
* Wunused-label: Warning Options. (line 999)
* Wunused-local-typedefs: Warning Options. (line 1006)
* Wunused-macros: Warning Options. (line 1982)
* Wunused-parameter: Warning Options. (line 1010)
* Wunused-result: Warning Options. (line 1017)
* Wunused-value: Warning Options. (line 1054)
* Wunused-variable: Warning Options. (line 1022)
* Wuseless-cast: Warning Options. (line 2205)
* Wvarargs: Warning Options. (line 2681)
* Wvariadic-macros: Warning Options. (line 2675)
* Wvector-operation-performance: Warning Options. (line 2686)
* Wvirtual-inheritance: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 799)
* Wvirtual-move-assign: Warning Options. (line 2696)
* Wvla: Warning Options. (line 2705)
* Wvolatile-register-var: Warning Options. (line 2725)
* Wwrite-strings: Warning Options. (line 2094)
* Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant: Warning Options. (line 2145)
* x: Overall Options. (line 129)
* Xassembler: Assembler Options. (line 13)
* Xbind-lazy: VxWorks Options. (line 26)
* Xbind-now: VxWorks Options. (line 30)
* Xlinker: Link Options. (line 265)
* Xpreprocessor: Preprocessor Options.
(line 467)
* Ym: System V Options. (line 26)
* YP: System V Options. (line 22)
* z: Link Options. (line 296)
File: gcc.info, Node: Keyword Index, Prev: Option Index, Up: Top
Keyword Index
*************
* Menu:
* #pragma: Pragmas. (line 6)
* #pragma implementation: C++ Interface. (line 36)
* #pragma implementation, implied: C++ Interface. (line 43)
* #pragma interface: C++ Interface. (line 17)
* $: Dollar Signs. (line 6)
* % in constraint: Modifiers. (line 52)
* %include: Spec Files. (line 26)
* %include_noerr: Spec Files. (line 30)
* %rename: Spec Files. (line 34)
* & in constraint: Modifiers. (line 25)
* ': Incompatibilities. (line 116)
* *__builtin_alloca: Other Builtins. (line 129)
* *__builtin_alloca_with_align: Other Builtins. (line 166)
* *__builtin_alloca_with_align_and_max: Other Builtins. (line 211)
* + in constraint: Modifiers. (line 12)
* -lgcc, use with -nodefaultlibs: Link Options. (line 94)
* -lgcc, use with -nostdlib: Link Options. (line 94)
* -march feature modifiers: AArch64 Options. (line 273)
* -mcpu feature modifiers: AArch64 Options. (line 273)
* -nodefaultlibs and unresolved references: Link Options. (line 94)
* -nostdlib and unresolved references: Link Options. (line 94)
* .sdata/.sdata2 references (PowerPC): PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 524)
* .sdata/.sdata2 references (PowerPC) <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 774)
* //: C++ Comments. (line 6)
* 0 in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 125)
* < in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 47)
* = in constraint: Modifiers. (line 8)
* > in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 59)
* ?: extensions: Conditionals. (line 6)
* ?: side effect: Conditionals. (line 20)
* _ in variables in macros: Typeof. (line 46)
* _Accum data type: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* _Complex keyword: Complex. (line 6)
* _Decimal128 data type: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* _Decimal32 data type: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* _Decimal64 data type: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* _Exit: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* _exit: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* _FloatN data types: Floating Types. (line 6)
* _FloatNx data types: Floating Types. (line 6)
* _Fract data type: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* _get_ssp: x86 control-flow protection intrinsics.
(line 6)
* _HTM_FIRST_USER_ABORT_CODE: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 44)
* _inc_ssp: x86 control-flow protection intrinsics.
(line 12)
* _Sat data type: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* _xabort: x86 transactional memory intrinsics.
(line 57)
* _xbegin: x86 transactional memory intrinsics.
(line 19)
* _xend: x86 transactional memory intrinsics.
(line 48)
* _xtest: x86 transactional memory intrinsics.
(line 53)
* __atomic_add_fetch: __atomic Builtins. (line 179)
* __atomic_always_lock_free: __atomic Builtins. (line 265)
* __atomic_and_fetch: __atomic Builtins. (line 183)
* __atomic_clear: __atomic Builtins. (line 239)
* __atomic_compare_exchange: __atomic Builtins. (line 171)
* __atomic_compare_exchange_n: __atomic Builtins. (line 147)
* __atomic_exchange: __atomic Builtins. (line 141)
* __atomic_exchange_n: __atomic Builtins. (line 131)
* __atomic_fetch_add: __atomic Builtins. (line 203)
* __atomic_fetch_and: __atomic Builtins. (line 207)
* __atomic_fetch_nand: __atomic Builtins. (line 213)
* __atomic_fetch_or: __atomic Builtins. (line 211)
* __atomic_fetch_sub: __atomic Builtins. (line 205)
* __atomic_fetch_xor: __atomic Builtins. (line 209)
* __atomic_is_lock_free: __atomic Builtins. (line 279)
* __atomic_load: __atomic Builtins. (line 113)
* __atomic_load_n: __atomic Builtins. (line 106)
* __atomic_nand_fetch: __atomic Builtins. (line 189)
* __atomic_or_fetch: __atomic Builtins. (line 187)
* __atomic_signal_fence: __atomic Builtins. (line 258)
* __atomic_store: __atomic Builtins. (line 126)
* __atomic_store_n: __atomic Builtins. (line 118)
* __atomic_sub_fetch: __atomic Builtins. (line 181)
* __atomic_test_and_set: __atomic Builtins. (line 227)
* __atomic_thread_fence: __atomic Builtins. (line 251)
* __atomic_xor_fetch: __atomic Builtins. (line 185)
* __builtin_addf128_round_to_odd: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 253)
* __builtin_add_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 9)
* __builtin_add_overflow_p: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 86)
* __builtin_alloca: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_alloca_with_align: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_alloca_with_align_and_max: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_apply: Constructing Calls. (line 29)
* __builtin_apply_args: Constructing Calls. (line 19)
* __builtin_arc_aligned: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 18)
* __builtin_arc_brk: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 28)
* __builtin_arc_core_read: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 32)
* __builtin_arc_core_write: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 39)
* __builtin_arc_divaw: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 46)
* __builtin_arc_flag: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 53)
* __builtin_arc_lr: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 57)
* __builtin_arc_mul64: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 64)
* __builtin_arc_mulu64: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 68)
* __builtin_arc_nop: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 73)
* __builtin_arc_norm: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 77)
* __builtin_arc_normw: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 84)
* __builtin_arc_rtie: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 91)
* __builtin_arc_sleep: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 95)
* __builtin_arc_sr: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 99)
* __builtin_arc_swap: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 106)
* __builtin_arc_swi: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 112)
* __builtin_arc_sync: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 116)
* __builtin_arc_trap_s: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 120)
* __builtin_arc_unimp_s: ARC Built-in Functions.
(line 124)
* __builtin_assume_aligned: Other Builtins. (line 504)
* __builtin_bswap16: Other Builtins. (line 820)
* __builtin_bswap32: Other Builtins. (line 824)
* __builtin_bswap64: Other Builtins. (line 828)
* __builtin_call_with_static_chain: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_call_with_static_chain <1>: Other Builtins. (line 265)
* __builtin_choose_expr: Other Builtins. (line 276)
* __builtin_clrsb: Other Builtins. (line 750)
* __builtin_clrsbl: Other Builtins. (line 772)
* __builtin_clrsbll: Other Builtins. (line 795)
* __builtin_clz: Other Builtins. (line 742)
* __builtin_clzl: Other Builtins. (line 764)
* __builtin_clzll: Other Builtins. (line 787)
* __builtin_complex: Other Builtins. (line 370)
* __builtin_constant_p: Other Builtins. (line 379)
* __builtin_cpu_init: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 9)
* __builtin_cpu_init <1>: x86 Built-in Functions.
(line 68)
* __builtin_cpu_is: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 13)
* __builtin_cpu_is <1>: x86 Built-in Functions.
(line 96)
* __builtin_cpu_supports: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 71)
* __builtin_cpu_supports <1>: x86 Built-in Functions.
(line 174)
* __builtin_ctz: Other Builtins. (line 746)
* __builtin_ctzl: Other Builtins. (line 768)
* __builtin_ctzll: Other Builtins. (line 791)
* __builtin_divf128_round_to_odd: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 265)
* __builtin_expect: Other Builtins. (line 424)
* __builtin_extend_pointer: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_extend_pointer <1>: Other Builtins. (line 832)
* __builtin_extract_return_addr: Return Address. (line 50)
* __builtin_ffs: Other Builtins. (line 738)
* __builtin_ffsl: Other Builtins. (line 761)
* __builtin_ffsll: Other Builtins. (line 783)
* __builtin_FILE: Other Builtins. (line 537)
* __builtin_fmaf128: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 249)
* __builtin_fmaf128_round_to_odd: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 273)
* __builtin_fpclassify: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_fpclassify <1>: Other Builtins. (line 634)
* __builtin_frame_address: Return Address. (line 62)
* __builtin_frob_return_address: Return Address. (line 59)
* __builtin_FUNCTION: Other Builtins. (line 529)
* __builtin_huge_val: Other Builtins. (line 614)
* __builtin_huge_valf: Other Builtins. (line 619)
* __builtin_huge_valfN: Other Builtins. (line 626)
* __builtin_huge_valfNx: Other Builtins. (line 630)
* __builtin_huge_vall: Other Builtins. (line 622)
* __builtin_huge_valq: x86 Built-in Functions.
(line 50)
* __builtin_inf: Other Builtins. (line 645)
* __builtin_infd128: Other Builtins. (line 655)
* __builtin_infd32: Other Builtins. (line 649)
* __builtin_infd64: Other Builtins. (line 652)
* __builtin_inff: Other Builtins. (line 659)
* __builtin_inffN: Other Builtins. (line 668)
* __builtin_inffNx: Other Builtins. (line 671)
* __builtin_infl: Other Builtins. (line 664)
* __builtin_infq: x86 Built-in Functions.
(line 47)
* __builtin_isfinite: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_isgreater: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_isgreaterequal: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_isinf_sign: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_isinf_sign <1>: Other Builtins. (line 674)
* __builtin_isless: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_islessequal: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_islessgreater: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_isnormal: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_isunordered: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_LINE: Other Builtins. (line 522)
* __builtin_mulf128_round_to_odd: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 261)
* __builtin_mul_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 63)
* __builtin_mul_overflow_p: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 90)
* __builtin_nan: Other Builtins. (line 682)
* __builtin_nand128: Other Builtins. (line 704)
* __builtin_nand32: Other Builtins. (line 698)
* __builtin_nand64: Other Builtins. (line 701)
* __builtin_nanf: Other Builtins. (line 708)
* __builtin_nanfN: Other Builtins. (line 715)
* __builtin_nanfNx: Other Builtins. (line 718)
* __builtin_nanl: Other Builtins. (line 711)
* __builtin_nanq: x86 Built-in Functions.
(line 54)
* __builtin_nans: Other Builtins. (line 721)
* __builtin_nansf: Other Builtins. (line 725)
* __builtin_nansfN: Other Builtins. (line 732)
* __builtin_nansfNx: Other Builtins. (line 735)
* __builtin_nansl: Other Builtins. (line 728)
* __builtin_nansq: x86 Built-in Functions.
(line 57)
* __builtin_nds32_isb: NDS32 Built-in Functions.
(line 12)
* __builtin_nds32_isync: NDS32 Built-in Functions.
(line 8)
* __builtin_nds32_mfsr: NDS32 Built-in Functions.
(line 15)
* __builtin_nds32_mfusr: NDS32 Built-in Functions.
(line 18)
* __builtin_nds32_mtsr: NDS32 Built-in Functions.
(line 21)
* __builtin_nds32_mtusr: NDS32 Built-in Functions.
(line 24)
* __builtin_nds32_setgie_dis: NDS32 Built-in Functions.
(line 30)
* __builtin_nds32_setgie_en: NDS32 Built-in Functions.
(line 27)
* __builtin_non_tx_store: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 98)
* __builtin_object_size: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin_object_size <1>: Object Size Checking.
(line 16)
* __builtin_offsetof: Offsetof. (line 6)
* __builtin_parity: Other Builtins. (line 758)
* __builtin_parityl: Other Builtins. (line 779)
* __builtin_parityll: Other Builtins. (line 803)
* __builtin_popcount: Other Builtins. (line 755)
* __builtin_popcountl: Other Builtins. (line 775)
* __builtin_popcountll: Other Builtins. (line 799)
* __builtin_powi: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_powi <1>: Other Builtins. (line 807)
* __builtin_powif: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_powif <1>: Other Builtins. (line 812)
* __builtin_powil: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* __builtin_powil <1>: Other Builtins. (line 816)
* __builtin_prefetch: Other Builtins. (line 575)
* __builtin_return: Constructing Calls. (line 47)
* __builtin_return_address: Return Address. (line 9)
* __builtin_rx_brk: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 10)
* __builtin_rx_clrpsw: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 13)
* __builtin_rx_int: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 17)
* __builtin_rx_machi: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 21)
* __builtin_rx_maclo: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 26)
* __builtin_rx_mulhi: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 31)
* __builtin_rx_mullo: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 36)
* __builtin_rx_mvfachi: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 41)
* __builtin_rx_mvfacmi: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 45)
* __builtin_rx_mvfc: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 49)
* __builtin_rx_mvtachi: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 53)
* __builtin_rx_mvtaclo: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 57)
* __builtin_rx_mvtc: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 61)
* __builtin_rx_mvtipl: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 65)
* __builtin_rx_racw: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 69)
* __builtin_rx_revw: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 73)
* __builtin_rx_rmpa: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 78)
* __builtin_rx_round: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 82)
* __builtin_rx_sat: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 87)
* __builtin_rx_setpsw: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 91)
* __builtin_rx_wait: RX Built-in Functions.
(line 95)
* __builtin_saddll_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 15)
* __builtin_saddl_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 13)
* __builtin_sadd_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 11)
* __builtin_set_thread_pointer: SH Built-in Functions.
(line 9)
* __builtin_shuffle: Vector Extensions. (line 126)
* __builtin_sh_get_fpscr: SH Built-in Functions.
(line 35)
* __builtin_sh_set_fpscr: SH Built-in Functions.
(line 38)
* __builtin_smulll_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 69)
* __builtin_smull_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 67)
* __builtin_smul_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 65)
* __builtin_sqrtf128: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 245)
* __builtin_sqrtf128_round_to_odd: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 269)
* __builtin_ssubll_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 49)
* __builtin_ssubl_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 47)
* __builtin_ssub_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 45)
* __builtin_subf128_round_to_odd: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 257)
* __builtin_sub_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 43)
* __builtin_sub_overflow_p: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 88)
* __builtin_tabort: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 82)
* __builtin_tbegin: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 6)
* __builtin_tbeginc: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 73)
* __builtin_tbegin_nofloat: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 54)
* __builtin_tbegin_retry: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 60)
* __builtin_tbegin_retry_nofloat: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 67)
* __builtin_tend: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 77)
* __builtin_tgmath: Other Builtins. (line 316)
* __builtin_thread_pointer: SH Built-in Functions.
(line 18)
* __builtin_trap: Other Builtins. (line 448)
* __builtin_truncf128_round_to_odd: PowerPC Built-in Functions.
(line 277)
* __builtin_tx_assist: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 87)
* __builtin_tx_nesting_depth: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 93)
* __builtin_types_compatible_p: Other Builtins. (line 220)
* __builtin_uaddll_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 21)
* __builtin_uaddl_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 19)
* __builtin_uadd_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 17)
* __builtin_umulll_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 75)
* __builtin_umull_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 73)
* __builtin_umul_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 71)
* __builtin_unreachable: Other Builtins. (line 455)
* __builtin_usubll_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 55)
* __builtin_usubl_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 53)
* __builtin_usub_overflow: Integer Overflow Builtins.
(line 51)
* __builtin_va_arg_pack: Constructing Calls. (line 52)
* __builtin_va_arg_pack_len: Constructing Calls. (line 75)
* __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_bounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_bounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 110)
* __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_lbounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_lbounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 85)
* __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_ubounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_ubounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 103)
* __builtin___bnd_copy_ptr_bounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_copy_ptr_bounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 46)
* __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_lbound: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_lbound <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 128)
* __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_ubound: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_ubound <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 140)
* __builtin___bnd_init_ptr_bounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_init_ptr_bounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 59)
* __builtin___bnd_narrow_ptr_bounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_narrow_ptr_bounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 27)
* __builtin___bnd_null_ptr_bounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_null_ptr_bounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 67)
* __builtin___bnd_set_ptr_bounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_set_ptr_bounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 12)
* __builtin___bnd_store_ptr_bounds: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* __builtin___bnd_store_ptr_bounds <1>: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 75)
* __builtin___clear_cache: Other Builtins. (line 562)
* __builtin___fprintf_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___memcpy_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___memmove_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___mempcpy_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___memset_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___printf_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___snprintf_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___sprintf_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___stpcpy_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___strcat_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___strcpy_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___strncat_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___strncpy_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___vfprintf_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___vprintf_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___vsnprintf_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __builtin___vsprintf_chk: Object Size Checking.
(line 6)
* __complex__ keyword: Complex. (line 6)
* __declspec(dllexport): Microsoft Windows Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* __declspec(dllimport): Microsoft Windows Function Attributes.
(line 42)
* __ea SPU Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 170)
* __extension__: Alternate Keywords. (line 30)
* __far M32C Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 153)
* __far RL78 Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 162)
* __flash AVR Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 44)
* __flash1 AVR Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 53)
* __flash2 AVR Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 53)
* __flash3 AVR Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 53)
* __flash4 AVR Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 53)
* __flash5 AVR Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 53)
* __float128 data type: Floating Types. (line 6)
* __float80 data type: Floating Types. (line 6)
* __fp16 data type: Half-Precision. (line 6)
* __FUNCTION__ identifier: Function Names. (line 6)
* __func__ identifier: Function Names. (line 6)
* __ibm128 data type: Floating Types. (line 6)
* __imag__ keyword: Complex. (line 31)
* __int128 data types: __int128. (line 6)
* __memx AVR Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 59)
* __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ identifier: Function Names. (line 6)
* __real__ keyword: Complex. (line 31)
* __seg_fs x86 named address space: Named Address Spaces.
(line 188)
* __seg_gs x86 named address space: Named Address Spaces.
(line 188)
* __STDC_HOSTED__: Standards. (line 13)
* __sync_add_and_fetch: __sync Builtins. (line 72)
* __sync_and_and_fetch: __sync Builtins. (line 72)
* __sync_bool_compare_and_swap: __sync Builtins. (line 88)
* __sync_fetch_and_add: __sync Builtins. (line 50)
* __sync_fetch_and_and: __sync Builtins. (line 50)
* __sync_fetch_and_nand: __sync Builtins. (line 50)
* __sync_fetch_and_or: __sync Builtins. (line 50)
* __sync_fetch_and_sub: __sync Builtins. (line 50)
* __sync_fetch_and_xor: __sync Builtins. (line 50)
* __sync_lock_release: __sync Builtins. (line 118)
* __sync_lock_test_and_set: __sync Builtins. (line 100)
* __sync_nand_and_fetch: __sync Builtins. (line 72)
* __sync_or_and_fetch: __sync Builtins. (line 72)
* __sync_sub_and_fetch: __sync Builtins. (line 72)
* __sync_synchronize: __sync Builtins. (line 97)
* __sync_val_compare_and_swap: __sync Builtins. (line 88)
* __sync_xor_and_fetch: __sync Builtins. (line 72)
* __thread: Thread-Local. (line 6)
* AArch64 Options: AArch64 Options. (line 6)
* ABI: Compatibility. (line 6)
* abi_tag function attribute: C++ Attributes. (line 9)
* abi_tag type attribute: C++ Attributes. (line 9)
* abi_tag variable attribute: C++ Attributes. (line 9)
* abort: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* abs: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* absdata variable attribute, AVR: AVR Variable Attributes.
(line 104)
* accessing volatiles: Volatiles. (line 6)
* accessing volatiles <1>: C++ Volatiles. (line 6)
* acos: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* acosf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* acosh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* acoshf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* acoshl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* acosl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* Ada: G++ and GCC. (line 6)
* Ada <1>: G++ and GCC. (line 30)
* additional floating types: Floating Types. (line 6)
* address constraints: Simple Constraints. (line 152)
* address of a label: Labels as Values. (line 6)
* address variable attribute, AVR: AVR Variable Attributes.
(line 97)
* address_operand: Simple Constraints. (line 156)
* alias function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* aligned function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 23)
* aligned type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 8)
* aligned variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 8)
* alignment: Alignment. (line 6)
* alloca: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* alloca vs variable-length arrays: Variable Length. (line 35)
* alloc_align function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 43)
* alloc_size function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 60)
* Allow nesting in an interrupt handler on the Blackfin processor: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 45)
* Altera Nios II options: Nios II Options. (line 6)
* alternate keywords: Alternate Keywords. (line 6)
* altivec type attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Type Attributes.
(line 12)
* altivec variable attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Variable Attributes.
(line 12)
* always_inline function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 81)
* AMD1: Standards. (line 13)
* ANSI C: Standards. (line 13)
* ANSI C standard: Standards. (line 13)
* ANSI C89: Standards. (line 13)
* ANSI support: C Dialect Options. (line 10)
* ANSI X3.159-1989: Standards. (line 13)
* apostrophes: Incompatibilities. (line 116)
* application binary interface: Compatibility. (line 6)
* ARC options: ARC Options. (line 6)
* arch= function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 49)
* arch= function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 91)
* ARM options: ARM Options. (line 6)
* ARM [Annotated C++ Reference Manual]: Backwards Compatibility.
(line 6)
* arrays of length zero: Zero Length. (line 6)
* arrays of variable length: Variable Length. (line 6)
* arrays, non-lvalue: Subscripting. (line 6)
* artificial function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 91)
* asin: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* asinf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* asinh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* asinhf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* asinhl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* asinl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* asm assembler template: Extended Asm. (line 225)
* asm clobbers: Extended Asm. (line 653)
* asm constraints: Constraints. (line 6)
* asm expressions: Extended Asm. (line 558)
* asm flag output operands: Extended Asm. (line 487)
* asm goto labels: Extended Asm. (line 832)
* asm inline: Size of an asm. (line 25)
* asm input operands: Extended Asm. (line 558)
* asm keyword: Using Assembly Language with C.
(line 6)
* asm output operands: Extended Asm. (line 328)
* asm scratch registers: Extended Asm. (line 653)
* asm volatile: Extended Asm. (line 116)
* assembler names for identifiers: Asm Labels. (line 6)
* assembly code, invalid: Bug Criteria. (line 12)
* assembly language in C: Using Assembly Language with C.
(line 6)
* assembly language in C, basic: Basic Asm. (line 6)
* assembly language in C, extended: Extended Asm. (line 6)
* assume_aligned function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 98)
* atan: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* atan2: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* atan2f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* atan2l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* atanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* atanh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* atanhf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* atanhl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* atanl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* attribute of types: Type Attributes. (line 6)
* attribute of variables: Variable Attributes.
(line 6)
* attribute syntax: Attribute Syntax. (line 6)
* autoincrement/decrement addressing: Simple Constraints. (line 30)
* automatic inline for C++ member fns: Inline. (line 68)
* aux variable attribute, ARC: ARC Variable Attributes.
(line 7)
* AVR Options: AVR Options. (line 6)
* Backwards Compatibility: Backwards Compatibility.
(line 6)
* bank_switch function attribute, M32C: M32C Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* base class members: Name lookup. (line 6)
* based type attribute, MeP: MeP Type Attributes.
(line 6)
* based variable attribute, MeP: MeP Variable Attributes.
(line 16)
* basic asm: Basic Asm. (line 6)
* bcmp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* below100 variable attribute, Xstormy16: Xstormy16 Variable Attributes.
(line 10)
* binary compatibility: Compatibility. (line 6)
* Binary constants using the 0b prefix: Binary constants. (line 6)
* Blackfin Options: Blackfin Options. (line 6)
* bnd_instrument function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 113)
* bnd_legacy function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 118)
* bnd_variable_size type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 127)
* bound pointer to member function: Bound member functions.
(line 6)
* break handler functions: MicroBlaze Function Attributes.
(line 17)
* break_handler function attribute, MicroBlaze: MicroBlaze Function Attributes.
(line 17)
* brk_interrupt function attribute, RL78: RL78 Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* bug criteria: Bug Criteria. (line 6)
* bugs: Bugs. (line 6)
* bugs, known: Trouble. (line 6)
* built-in functions: C Dialect Options. (line 254)
* built-in functions <1>: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* bzero: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* C compilation options: Invoking GCC. (line 18)
* C intermediate output, nonexistent: G++ and GCC. (line 35)
* C language extensions: C Extensions. (line 6)
* C language, traditional: Preprocessor Options.
(line 366)
* C standard: Standards. (line 13)
* C standards: Standards. (line 13)
* c++: Invoking G++. (line 14)
* C++: G++ and GCC. (line 30)
* C++ comments: C++ Comments. (line 6)
* C++ interface and implementation headers: C++ Interface. (line 6)
* C++ language extensions: C++ Extensions. (line 6)
* C++ member fns, automatically inline: Inline. (line 68)
* C++ misunderstandings: C++ Misunderstandings.
(line 6)
* C++ options, command-line: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 6)
* C++ pragmas, effect on inlining: C++ Interface. (line 57)
* C++ source file suffixes: Invoking G++. (line 6)
* C++ static data, declaring and defining: Static Definitions.
(line 6)
* C11: Standards. (line 13)
* C17: Standards. (line 13)
* C1X: Standards. (line 13)
* C6X Options: C6X Options. (line 6)
* C89: Standards. (line 13)
* C90: Standards. (line 13)
* C94: Standards. (line 13)
* C95: Standards. (line 13)
* C99: Standards. (line 13)
* C9X: Standards. (line 13)
* cabs: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cabsf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cabsl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cacos: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cacosf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cacosh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cacoshf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cacoshl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cacosl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* callee_pop_aggregate_return function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 47)
* calling functions through the function vector on SH2A: SH Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* calloc: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* carg: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cargf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cargl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* case labels in initializers: Designated Inits. (line 6)
* case ranges: Case Ranges. (line 6)
* casin: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* casinf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* casinh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* casinhf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* casinhl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* casinl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cast to a union: Cast to Union. (line 6)
* catan: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* catanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* catanh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* catanhf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* catanhl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* catanl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cb variable attribute, MeP: MeP Variable Attributes.
(line 46)
* cbrt: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cbrtf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cbrtl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ccos: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ccosf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ccosh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ccoshf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ccoshl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ccosl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cdecl function attribute, x86-32: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* ceil: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ceilf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ceill: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cexp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cexpf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cexpl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* character set, execution: Preprocessor Options.
(line 266)
* character set, input: Preprocessor Options.
(line 279)
* character set, input normalization: Warning Options. (line 2460)
* character set, wide execution: Preprocessor Options.
(line 271)
* cimag: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cimagf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cimagl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cleanup variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 103)
* clog: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* clog10: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* clog10f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* clog10l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* clogf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* clogl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cmodel= function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 27)
* COBOL: G++ and GCC. (line 23)
* code generation conventions: Code Gen Options. (line 6)
* code, mixed with declarations: Mixed Declarations. (line 6)
* cold function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 123)
* cold label attribute: Label Attributes. (line 45)
* command options: Invoking GCC. (line 6)
* comments, C++ style: C++ Comments. (line 6)
* common variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 118)
* comparison of signed and unsigned values, warning: Warning Options.
(line 2232)
* compilation statistics: Developer Options. (line 6)
* compiler bugs, reporting: Bug Reporting. (line 6)
* compiler compared to C++ preprocessor: G++ and GCC. (line 35)
* compiler options, C++: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 6)
* compiler options, Objective-C and Objective-C++: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 6)
* compiler version, specifying: Invoking GCC. (line 24)
* COMPILER_PATH: Environment Variables.
(line 91)
* complex conjugation: Complex. (line 38)
* complex numbers: Complex. (line 6)
* compound literals: Compound Literals. (line 6)
* computed gotos: Labels as Values. (line 6)
* conditional expressions, extensions: Conditionals. (line 6)
* conflicting types: Disappointments. (line 21)
* conj: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* conjf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* conjl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* const applied to function: Function Attributes.
(line 6)
* const function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 139)
* const qualifier: Pointers to Arrays. (line 6)
* constants in constraints: Simple Constraints. (line 68)
* constraint modifier characters: Modifiers. (line 6)
* constraint, matching: Simple Constraints. (line 137)
* constraints, asm: Constraints. (line 6)
* constraints, machine specific: Machine Constraints.
(line 6)
* constructing calls: Constructing Calls. (line 6)
* constructor expressions: Compound Literals. (line 6)
* constructor function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 161)
* contributors: Contributors. (line 6)
* copysign: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* copysignf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* copysignl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* core dump: Bug Criteria. (line 9)
* cos: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cosf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cosh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* coshf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* coshl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cosl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* CPATH: Environment Variables.
(line 127)
* CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH: Environment Variables.
(line 129)
* cpow: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cpowf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cpowl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cproj: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cprojf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cprojl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* cpu= function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 59)
* CR16 Options: CR16 Options. (line 6)
* creal: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* crealf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* creall: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* CRIS Options: CRIS Options. (line 6)
* critical function attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* cross compiling: Invoking GCC. (line 24)
* csin: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* csinf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* csinh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* csinhf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* csinhl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* csinl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* csqrt: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* csqrtf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* csqrtl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ctan: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ctanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ctanh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ctanhf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ctanhl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ctanl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* C_INCLUDE_PATH: Environment Variables.
(line 128)
* Darwin options: Darwin Options. (line 6)
* dcgettext: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* dd integer suffix: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* DD integer suffix: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* deallocating variable length arrays: Variable Length. (line 22)
* debug dump options: Developer Options. (line 6)
* debugging GCC: Developer Options. (line 6)
* debugging information options: Debugging Options. (line 6)
* decimal floating types: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* declaration scope: Incompatibilities. (line 80)
* declarations inside expressions: Statement Exprs. (line 6)
* declarations, mixed with code: Mixed Declarations. (line 6)
* declaring attributes of functions: Function Attributes.
(line 6)
* declaring static data in C++: Static Definitions. (line 6)
* defining static data in C++: Static Definitions. (line 6)
* dependencies for make as output: Environment Variables.
(line 156)
* dependencies for make as output <1>: Environment Variables.
(line 172)
* dependencies, make: Preprocessor Options.
(line 77)
* DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT: Environment Variables.
(line 155)
* dependent name lookup: Name lookup. (line 6)
* deprecated enumerator attribute: Enumerator Attributes.
(line 28)
* deprecated function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 185)
* deprecated type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 154)
* deprecated variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 127)
* designated initializers: Designated Inits. (line 6)
* designated_init type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 182)
* designator lists: Designated Inits. (line 96)
* designators: Designated Inits. (line 64)
* destructor function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 161)
* developer options: Developer Options. (line 6)
* df integer suffix: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* DF integer suffix: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* dgettext: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* diagnostic messages: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 6)
* dialect options: C Dialect Options. (line 6)
* diff-delete GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 108)
* diff-filename GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 101)
* diff-hunk GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 104)
* diff-insert GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 111)
* digits in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 125)
* directory options: Directory Options. (line 6)
* disinterrupt function attribute, Epiphany: Epiphany Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* disinterrupt function attribute, MeP: MeP Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* dl integer suffix: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* DL integer suffix: Decimal Float. (line 6)
* dllexport function attribute: Microsoft Windows Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* dllexport variable attribute: Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes.
(line 12)
* dllimport function attribute: Microsoft Windows Function Attributes.
(line 42)
* dllimport variable attribute: Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes.
(line 12)
* dollar signs in identifier names: Dollar Signs. (line 6)
* double-word arithmetic: Long Long. (line 6)
* downward funargs: Nested Functions. (line 6)
* drem: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* dremf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* dreml: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* dump options: Developer Options. (line 6)
* E in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 87)
* earlyclobber operand: Modifiers. (line 25)
* eight-bit data on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S: H8/300 Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* eightbit_data variable attribute, H8/300: H8/300 Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* EIND: AVR Options. (line 301)
* either function attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Function Attributes.
(line 53)
* either variable attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Variable Attributes.
(line 24)
* empty structures: Empty Structures. (line 6)
* Enumerator Attributes: Enumerator Attributes.
(line 6)
* environment variables: Environment Variables.
(line 6)
* erf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* erfc: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* erfcf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* erfcl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* erff: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* erfl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* error function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 206)
* error GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 72)
* error messages: Warnings and Errors.
(line 6)
* escaped newlines: Escaped Newlines. (line 6)
* exception function attribute: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* exception handler functions, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* exception handler functions, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* exception_handler function attribute: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* exit: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* exp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* exp10: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* exp10f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* exp10l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* exp2: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* exp2f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* exp2l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* expf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* expl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* explicit register variables: Explicit Register Variables.
(line 6)
* expm1: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* expm1f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* expm1l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* expressions containing statements: Statement Exprs. (line 6)
* expressions, constructor: Compound Literals. (line 6)
* extended asm: Extended Asm. (line 6)
* extensible constraints: Simple Constraints. (line 161)
* extensions, ?:: Conditionals. (line 6)
* extensions, C language: C Extensions. (line 6)
* extensions, C++ language: C++ Extensions. (line 6)
* external declaration scope: Incompatibilities. (line 80)
* externally_visible function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 223)
* extra NOP instructions at the function entry point: Common Function Attributes.
(line 734)
* F in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 92)
* fabs: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fabsf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fabsl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fallthrough statement attribute: Statement Attributes.
(line 26)
* far function attribute, MeP: MeP Function Attributes.
(line 25)
* far function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 63)
* far type attribute, MeP: MeP Type Attributes.
(line 6)
* far variable attribute, MeP: MeP Variable Attributes.
(line 30)
* fastcall function attribute, x86-32: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 15)
* fast_interrupt function attribute, M32C: M32C Function Attributes.
(line 14)
* fast_interrupt function attribute, MicroBlaze: MicroBlaze Function Attributes.
(line 27)
* fast_interrupt function attribute, RX: RX Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* fatal signal: Bug Criteria. (line 9)
* fdim: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fdimf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fdiml: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* ffs: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* file name suffix: Overall Options. (line 14)
* file names: Link Options. (line 10)
* fix-cortex-a53-835769 function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 19)
* fixed-point types: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* fixit-delete GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 98)
* fixit-insert GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 94)
* flatten function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 236)
* flexible array members: Zero Length. (line 6)
* float as function value type: Incompatibilities. (line 141)
* floating point precision: Disappointments. (line 68)
* floating-point precision: Optimize Options. (line 2052)
* floor: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* floorf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* floorl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fma: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmaf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmal: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmax: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmaxf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmaxl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmin: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fminf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fminl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmod: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmodf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fmodl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* force_align_arg_pointer function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 100)
* format function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 243)
* format_arg function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 308)
* Fortran: G++ and GCC. (line 6)
* forwarder_section function attribute, Epiphany: Epiphany Function Attributes.
(line 13)
* forwarding calls: Constructing Calls. (line 6)
* fprintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fprintf_unlocked: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fputs: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fputs_unlocked: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* FR30 Options: FR30 Options. (line 6)
* freestanding environment: Standards. (line 13)
* freestanding implementation: Standards. (line 13)
* frexp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* frexpf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* frexpl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* FRV Options: FRV Options. (line 6)
* fscanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* fscanf, and constant strings: Incompatibilities. (line 17)
* FT32 Options: FT32 Options. (line 6)
* function addressability on the M32R/D: M32R/D Function Attributes.
(line 15)
* function attributes: Function Attributes.
(line 6)
* function pointers, arithmetic: Pointer Arith. (line 6)
* function prototype declarations: Function Prototypes.
(line 6)
* function versions: Function Multiversioning.
(line 6)
* function, size of pointer to: Pointer Arith. (line 6)
* functions in arbitrary sections: Common Function Attributes.
(line 798)
* functions that are dynamically resolved: Common Function Attributes.
(line 400)
* functions that are passed arguments in registers on x86-32: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 76)
* functions that behave like malloc: Common Function Attributes.
(line 527)
* functions that have no side effects: Common Function Attributes.
(line 139)
* functions that have no side effects <1>: Common Function Attributes.
(line 752)
* functions that never return: Common Function Attributes.
(line 681)
* functions that pop the argument stack on x86-32: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* functions that pop the argument stack on x86-32 <1>: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 15)
* functions that pop the argument stack on x86-32 <2>: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 23)
* functions that pop the argument stack on x86-32 <3>: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 108)
* functions that return more than once: Common Function Attributes.
(line 789)
* functions with non-null pointer arguments: Common Function Attributes.
(line 633)
* functions with printf, scanf, strftime or strfmon style arguments: Common Function Attributes.
(line 243)
* function_return function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 550)
* function_vector function attribute, H8/300: H8/300 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* function_vector function attribute, M16C/M32C: M32C Function Attributes.
(line 20)
* function_vector function attribute, SH: SH Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* G in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 96)
* g in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 118)
* g++: Invoking G++. (line 14)
* G++: G++ and GCC. (line 30)
* gamma: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* gammaf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* gammaf_r: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* gammal: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* gammal_r: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* gamma_r: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* GCC: G++ and GCC. (line 6)
* GCC command options: Invoking GCC. (line 6)
* GCC_COLORS environment variable: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 35)
* GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG: Environment Variables.
(line 52)
* GCC_EXEC_PREFIX: Environment Variables.
(line 57)
* gcc_struct type attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Type Attributes.
(line 9)
* gcc_struct type attribute, x86: x86 Type Attributes.
(line 11)
* gcc_struct variable attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* gcc_struct variable attribute, x86: x86 Variable Attributes.
(line 11)
* gcov: Instrumentation Options.
(line 50)
* general-regs-only function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 12)
* gettext: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* global offset table: Code Gen Options. (line 359)
* global register after longjmp: Global Register Variables.
(line 74)
* global register variables: Global Register Variables.
(line 6)
* GNAT: G++ and GCC. (line 30)
* GNU C Compiler: G++ and GCC. (line 6)
* GNU Compiler Collection: G++ and GCC. (line 6)
* gnu_inline function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 354)
* Go: G++ and GCC. (line 6)
* goto with computed label: Labels as Values. (line 6)
* gprof: Instrumentation Options.
(line 24)
* grouping options: Invoking GCC. (line 31)
* H in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 96)
* half-precision floating point: Half-Precision. (line 6)
* hardware models and configurations, specifying: Submodel Options.
(line 6)
* hex floats: Hex Floats. (line 6)
* highlight, color: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 35)
* hk fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* HK fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* hosted environment: Standards. (line 13)
* hosted environment <1>: C Dialect Options. (line 294)
* hosted environment <2>: C Dialect Options. (line 302)
* hosted implementation: Standards. (line 13)
* hot function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 390)
* hot label attribute: Label Attributes. (line 38)
* hotpatch function attribute, S/390: S/390 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* HPPA Options: HPPA Options. (line 6)
* hr fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* HR fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* hypot: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* hypotf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* hypotl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* i in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 68)
* I in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 79)
* IA-64 Options: IA-64 Options. (line 6)
* IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 6)
* identifier names, dollar signs in: Dollar Signs. (line 6)
* identifiers, names in assembler code: Asm Labels. (line 6)
* ifunc function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 400)
* ilogb: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ilogbf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ilogbl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* imaxabs: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* implementation-defined behavior, C language: C Implementation.
(line 6)
* implementation-defined behavior, C++ language: C++ Implementation.
(line 6)
* implied #pragma implementation: C++ Interface. (line 43)
* incompatibilities of GCC: Incompatibilities. (line 6)
* increment operators: Bug Criteria. (line 17)
* index: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* indirect calls, ARC: ARC Function Attributes.
(line 24)
* indirect calls, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 31)
* indirect calls, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 38)
* indirect calls, Epiphany: Epiphany Function Attributes.
(line 57)
* indirect calls, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 63)
* indirect calls, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* indirect functions: Common Function Attributes.
(line 400)
* indirect_branch function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 540)
* initializations in expressions: Compound Literals. (line 6)
* initializers with labeled elements: Designated Inits. (line 6)
* initializers, non-constant: Initializers. (line 6)
* init_priority variable attribute: C++ Attributes. (line 50)
* inline assembly language: Using Assembly Language with C.
(line 6)
* inline automatic for C++ member fns: Inline. (line 68)
* inline functions: Inline. (line 6)
* inline functions, omission of: Inline. (line 51)
* inlining and C++ pragmas: C++ Interface. (line 57)
* installation trouble: Trouble. (line 6)
* instrumentation options: Instrumentation Options.
(line 6)
* integrating function code: Inline. (line 6)
* interface and implementation headers, C++: C++ Interface. (line 6)
* intermediate C version, nonexistent: G++ and GCC. (line 35)
* interrupt function attribute, ARC: ARC Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* interrupt function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* interrupt function attribute, AVR: AVR Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* interrupt function attribute, CR16: CR16 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* interrupt function attribute, Epiphany: Epiphany Function Attributes.
(line 20)
* interrupt function attribute, M32C: M32C Function Attributes.
(line 53)
* interrupt function attribute, M32R/D: M32R/D Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* interrupt function attribute, m68k: m68k Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* interrupt function attribute, MeP: MeP Function Attributes.
(line 14)
* interrupt function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* interrupt function attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Function Attributes.
(line 15)
* interrupt function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 14)
* interrupt function attribute, RL78: RL78 Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* interrupt function attribute, RX: RX Function Attributes.
(line 15)
* interrupt function attribute, V850: V850 Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* interrupt function attribute, Visium: Visium Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* interrupt function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 124)
* interrupt function attribute, Xstormy16: Xstormy16 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* interrupt_handler function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 15)
* interrupt_handler function attribute, H8/300: H8/300 Function Attributes.
(line 17)
* interrupt_handler function attribute, m68k: m68k Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* interrupt_handler function attribute, MicroBlaze: MicroBlaze Function Attributes.
(line 27)
* interrupt_handler function attribute, SH: SH Function Attributes.
(line 28)
* interrupt_handler function attribute, V850: V850 Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* interrupt_thread function attribute, fido: m68k Function Attributes.
(line 16)
* introduction: Top. (line 6)
* invalid assembly code: Bug Criteria. (line 12)
* invalid input: Bug Criteria. (line 42)
* invoking g++: Invoking G++. (line 22)
* io variable attribute, AVR: AVR Variable Attributes.
(line 73)
* io variable attribute, MeP: MeP Variable Attributes.
(line 36)
* io_low variable attribute, AVR: AVR Variable Attributes.
(line 91)
* isalnum: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* isalpha: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* isascii: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* isblank: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iscntrl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* isdigit: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* isgraph: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* islower: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ISO 9899: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C standard: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C11: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C17: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C1X: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C90: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C94: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C95: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C99: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO C9X: Standards. (line 13)
* ISO support: C Dialect Options. (line 10)
* ISO/IEC 9899: Standards. (line 13)
* isprint: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ispunct: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* isr function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 26)
* isspace: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* isupper: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswalnum: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswalpha: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswblank: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswcntrl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswdigit: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswgraph: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswlower: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswprint: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswpunct: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswspace: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswupper: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* iswxdigit: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* isxdigit: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* j0: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* j0f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* j0l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* j1: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* j1f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* j1l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* jli_always function attribute, ARC: ARC Function Attributes.
(line 41)
* jli_fixed function attribute, ARC: ARC Function Attributes.
(line 47)
* jn: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* jnf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* jnl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* k fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* K fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* keep_interrupts_masked function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 34)
* kernel attribute, Nvidia PTX: Nvidia PTX Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* keywords, alternate: Alternate Keywords. (line 6)
* known causes of trouble: Trouble. (line 6)
* kspisusp function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 21)
* l1_data variable attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Variable Attributes.
(line 11)
* l1_data_A variable attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Variable Attributes.
(line 11)
* l1_data_B variable attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Variable Attributes.
(line 11)
* l1_text function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 26)
* l2 function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 32)
* l2 variable attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Variable Attributes.
(line 19)
* Label Attributes: Label Attributes. (line 6)
* labeled elements in initializers: Designated Inits. (line 6)
* labels as values: Labels as Values. (line 6)
* labs: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* LANG: Environment Variables.
(line 21)
* LANG <1>: Environment Variables.
(line 106)
* language dialect options: C Dialect Options. (line 6)
* LC_ALL: Environment Variables.
(line 21)
* LC_CTYPE: Environment Variables.
(line 21)
* LC_MESSAGES: Environment Variables.
(line 21)
* ldexp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ldexpf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ldexpl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* leaf function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 490)
* length-zero arrays: Zero Length. (line 6)
* lgamma: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lgammaf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lgammaf_r: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lgammal: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lgammal_r: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lgamma_r: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* Libraries: Link Options. (line 33)
* LIBRARY_PATH: Environment Variables.
(line 97)
* link options: Link Options. (line 6)
* linker script: Link Options. (line 259)
* lk fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* LK fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* LL integer suffix: Long Long. (line 6)
* llabs: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* llk fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* LLK fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* llr fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* LLR fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* llrint: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* llrintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* llrintl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* llround: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* llroundf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* llroundl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* LM32 options: LM32 Options. (line 6)
* load address instruction: Simple Constraints. (line 152)
* local labels: Local Labels. (line 6)
* local variables in macros: Typeof. (line 46)
* local variables, specifying registers: Local Register Variables.
(line 6)
* locale: Environment Variables.
(line 21)
* locale definition: Environment Variables.
(line 106)
* locus GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 87)
* log: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log10: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log10f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log10l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log1p: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log1pf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log1pl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log2: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log2f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* log2l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* logb: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* logbf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* logbl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* logf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* logl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* long long data types: Long Long. (line 6)
* longcall function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 38)
* longcall function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* longjmp: Global Register Variables.
(line 74)
* longjmp incompatibilities: Incompatibilities. (line 39)
* longjmp warnings: Warning Options. (line 1140)
* long_call function attribute, ARC: ARC Function Attributes.
(line 24)
* long_call function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 31)
* long_call function attribute, Epiphany: Epiphany Function Attributes.
(line 57)
* long_call function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 63)
* lower function attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Function Attributes.
(line 53)
* lower variable attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Variable Attributes.
(line 24)
* lr fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* LR fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* lrint: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lrintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lrintl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lround: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lroundf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* lroundl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* m in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 17)
* M32C options: M32C Options. (line 6)
* M32R/D options: M32R/D Options. (line 6)
* M680x0 options: M680x0 Options. (line 6)
* machine specific constraints: Machine Constraints.
(line 6)
* machine-dependent options: Submodel Options. (line 6)
* macro with variable arguments: Variadic Macros. (line 6)
* macros, inline alternative: Inline. (line 6)
* macros, local labels: Local Labels. (line 6)
* macros, local variables in: Typeof. (line 46)
* macros, statements in expressions: Statement Exprs. (line 6)
* macros, types of arguments: Typeof. (line 6)
* make: Preprocessor Options.
(line 77)
* malloc: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* malloc function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 527)
* matching constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 137)
* may_alias type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 193)
* MCore options: MCore Options. (line 6)
* medium_call function attribute, ARC: ARC Function Attributes.
(line 24)
* member fns, automatically inline: Inline. (line 68)
* memchr: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* memcmp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* memcpy: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* memory references in constraints: Simple Constraints. (line 17)
* mempcpy: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* memset: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* MeP options: MeP Options. (line 6)
* Mercury: G++ and GCC. (line 23)
* message formatting: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 6)
* messages, warning: Warning Options. (line 6)
* messages, warning and error: Warnings and Errors.
(line 6)
* MicroBlaze Options: MicroBlaze Options. (line 6)
* micromips function attribute: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 91)
* middle-operands, omitted: Conditionals. (line 6)
* MIPS options: MIPS Options. (line 6)
* mips16 function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 75)
* misunderstandings in C++: C++ Misunderstandings.
(line 6)
* mixed declarations and code: Mixed Declarations. (line 6)
* mixing assembly language and C: Using Assembly Language with C.
(line 6)
* mktemp, and constant strings: Incompatibilities. (line 13)
* MMIX Options: MMIX Options. (line 6)
* MN10300 options: MN10300 Options. (line 6)
* mode variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 181)
* model function attribute, M32R/D: M32R/D Function Attributes.
(line 15)
* model variable attribute, IA-64: IA-64 Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* model-name variable attribute, M32R/D: M32R/D Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* modf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* modff: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* modfl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* modifiers in constraints: Modifiers. (line 6)
* Moxie Options: Moxie Options. (line 6)
* MSP430 Options: MSP430 Options. (line 6)
* ms_abi function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 34)
* ms_hook_prologue function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 59)
* ms_struct type attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Type Attributes.
(line 9)
* ms_struct type attribute, x86: x86 Type Attributes.
(line 11)
* ms_struct variable attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* ms_struct variable attribute, x86: x86 Variable Attributes.
(line 11)
* multiple alternative constraints: Multi-Alternative. (line 6)
* multiprecision arithmetic: Long Long. (line 6)
* n in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 73)
* naked function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 41)
* naked function attribute, AVR: AVR Function Attributes.
(line 23)
* naked function attribute, MCORE: MCORE Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* naked function attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Function Attributes.
(line 30)
* naked function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 35)
* naked function attribute, RISC-V: RISC-V Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* naked function attribute, RL78: RL78 Function Attributes.
(line 20)
* naked function attribute, RX: RX Function Attributes.
(line 39)
* naked function attribute, SPU: SPU Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* naked function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 66)
* Named Address Spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 6)
* names used in assembler code: Asm Labels. (line 6)
* naming convention, implementation headers: C++ Interface. (line 43)
* NDS32 Options: NDS32 Options. (line 6)
* near function attribute, MeP: MeP Function Attributes.
(line 20)
* near function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 63)
* near type attribute, MeP: MeP Type Attributes.
(line 6)
* near variable attribute, MeP: MeP Variable Attributes.
(line 24)
* nearbyint: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* nearbyintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* nearbyintl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* nested function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 19)
* nested functions: Nested Functions. (line 6)
* nested_ready function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 23)
* nesting function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 45)
* newlines (escaped): Escaped Newlines. (line 6)
* nextafter: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* nextafterf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* nextafterl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* nexttoward: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* nexttowardf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* nexttowardl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* NFC: Warning Options. (line 2460)
* NFKC: Warning Options. (line 2460)
* Nios II options: Nios II Options. (line 6)
* nmi function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 50)
* NMI handler functions on the Blackfin processor: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 50)
* nmi_handler function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 50)
* nocf_check function attribute: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 559)
* noclone function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 603)
* nocommon variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 118)
* nocompression function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 108)
* noinit variable attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Variable Attributes.
(line 7)
* noinline function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 609)
* noipa function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 620)
* nomicromips function attribute: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 91)
* nomips16 function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 75)
* non-constant initializers: Initializers. (line 6)
* non-static inline function: Inline. (line 82)
* nonnull function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 633)
* nonstring variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 148)
* noplt function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 657)
* noreturn function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 681)
* nosave_low_regs function attribute, SH: SH Function Attributes.
(line 34)
* note GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 78)
* nothrow function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 712)
* notshared type attribute, ARM: ARM Type Attributes.
(line 6)
* not_nested function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 21)
* no_caller_saved_registers function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 113)
* no_gccisr function attribute, AVR: AVR Function Attributes.
(line 33)
* no_icf function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 539)
* no_instrument_function function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 543)
* no_profile_instrument_function function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 548)
* no_reorder function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 553)
* no_sanitize function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 561)
* no_sanitize_address function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 573)
* no_sanitize_thread function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 581)
* no_sanitize_undefined function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 586)
* no_split_stack function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 592)
* no_stack_limit function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 598)
* Nvidia PTX options: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 6)
* nvptx options: Nvidia PTX Options. (line 6)
* o in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 23)
* OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH: Environment Variables.
(line 130)
* Objective-C: G++ and GCC. (line 6)
* Objective-C <1>: Standards. (line 184)
* Objective-C and Objective-C++ options, command-line: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 6)
* Objective-C++: G++ and GCC. (line 6)
* Objective-C++ <1>: Standards. (line 184)
* offsettable address: Simple Constraints. (line 23)
* old-style function definitions: Function Prototypes.
(line 6)
* omit-leaf-frame-pointer function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 37)
* omitted middle-operands: Conditionals. (line 6)
* open coding: Inline. (line 6)
* OpenACC accelerator programming: C Dialect Options. (line 313)
* OpenACC accelerator programming <1>: C Dialect Options. (line 322)
* OpenMP parallel: C Dialect Options. (line 328)
* OpenMP SIMD: C Dialect Options. (line 337)
* operand constraints, asm: Constraints. (line 6)
* optimize function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 719)
* optimize options: Optimize Options. (line 6)
* options to control diagnostics formatting: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 6)
* options to control warnings: Warning Options. (line 6)
* options, C++: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 6)
* options, code generation: Code Gen Options. (line 6)
* options, debugging: Debugging Options. (line 6)
* options, dialect: C Dialect Options. (line 6)
* options, directory search: Directory Options. (line 6)
* options, GCC command: Invoking GCC. (line 6)
* options, grouping: Invoking GCC. (line 31)
* options, linking: Link Options. (line 6)
* options, Objective-C and Objective-C++: Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
(line 6)
* options, optimization: Optimize Options. (line 6)
* options, order: Invoking GCC. (line 35)
* options, preprocessor: Preprocessor Options.
(line 6)
* options, profiling: Instrumentation Options.
(line 6)
* options, program instrumentation: Instrumentation Options.
(line 6)
* options, run-time error checking: Instrumentation Options.
(line 6)
* order of evaluation, side effects: Non-bugs. (line 196)
* order of options: Invoking GCC. (line 35)
* OS_main function attribute, AVR: AVR Function Attributes.
(line 56)
* OS_task function attribute, AVR: AVR Function Attributes.
(line 56)
* other register constraints: Simple Constraints. (line 161)
* outline-atomics function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 71)
* output file option: Overall Options. (line 186)
* overloaded virtual function, warning: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 756)
* p in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 152)
* packed type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 229)
* packed variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 193)
* parameter forward declaration: Variable Length. (line 66)
* partial_save function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 31)
* Pascal: G++ and GCC. (line 23)
* patchable_function_entry function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 734)
* pcs function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 51)
* PDP-11 Options: PDP-11 Options. (line 6)
* persistent variable attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Variable Attributes.
(line 12)
* PIC: Code Gen Options. (line 359)
* picoChip options: picoChip Options. (line 6)
* pmf: Bound member functions.
(line 6)
* pointer arguments: Common Function Attributes.
(line 150)
* Pointer Bounds Checker attributes: Common Function Attributes.
(line 118)
* Pointer Bounds Checker attributes <1>: Common Type Attributes.
(line 127)
* Pointer Bounds Checker builtins: Pointer Bounds Checker builtins.
(line 6)
* Pointer Bounds Checker options: Instrumentation Options.
(line 459)
* pointer to member function: Bound member functions.
(line 6)
* pointers to arrays: Pointers to Arrays. (line 6)
* portions of temporary objects, pointers to: Temporaries. (line 6)
* pow: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* pow10: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* pow10f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* pow10l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* PowerPC options: PowerPC Options. (line 6)
* PowerPC SPE options: PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 6)
* powf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* powl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* pragma GCC ivdep: Loop-Specific Pragmas.
(line 7)
* pragma GCC optimize: Function Specific Option Pragmas.
(line 20)
* pragma GCC pop_options: Function Specific Option Pragmas.
(line 31)
* pragma GCC push_options: Function Specific Option Pragmas.
(line 31)
* pragma GCC reset_options: Function Specific Option Pragmas.
(line 39)
* pragma GCC target: Function Specific Option Pragmas.
(line 7)
* pragma GCC unroll N: Loop-Specific Pragmas.
(line 37)
* pragma, address: M32C Pragmas. (line 15)
* pragma, align: Solaris Pragmas. (line 11)
* pragma, call: MeP Pragmas. (line 48)
* pragma, coprocessor available: MeP Pragmas. (line 13)
* pragma, coprocessor call_saved: MeP Pragmas. (line 20)
* pragma, coprocessor subclass: MeP Pragmas. (line 28)
* pragma, custom io_volatile: MeP Pragmas. (line 7)
* pragma, diagnostic: Diagnostic Pragmas. (line 14)
* pragma, diagnostic <1>: Diagnostic Pragmas. (line 57)
* pragma, disinterrupt: MeP Pragmas. (line 38)
* pragma, fini: Solaris Pragmas. (line 20)
* pragma, init: Solaris Pragmas. (line 26)
* pragma, longcall: RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas.
(line 14)
* pragma, long_calls: ARM Pragmas. (line 11)
* pragma, long_calls_off: ARM Pragmas. (line 17)
* pragma, mark: Darwin Pragmas. (line 11)
* pragma, memregs: M32C Pragmas. (line 7)
* pragma, no_long_calls: ARM Pragmas. (line 14)
* pragma, options align: Darwin Pragmas. (line 14)
* pragma, pop_macro: Push/Pop Macro Pragmas.
(line 15)
* pragma, push_macro: Push/Pop Macro Pragmas.
(line 11)
* pragma, redefine_extname: Symbol-Renaming Pragmas.
(line 13)
* pragma, segment: Darwin Pragmas. (line 21)
* pragma, unused: Darwin Pragmas. (line 24)
* pragma, visibility: Visibility Pragmas. (line 8)
* pragma, weak: Weak Pragmas. (line 10)
* pragmas: Pragmas. (line 6)
* pragmas in C++, effect on inlining: C++ Interface. (line 57)
* pragmas, interface and implementation: C++ Interface. (line 6)
* pragmas, warning of unknown: Warning Options. (line 1155)
* precompiled headers: Precompiled Headers.
(line 6)
* preprocessing numbers: Incompatibilities. (line 173)
* preprocessing tokens: Incompatibilities. (line 173)
* preprocessor options: Preprocessor Options.
(line 6)
* printf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* printf_unlocked: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* prof: Instrumentation Options.
(line 18)
* profiling options: Instrumentation Options.
(line 6)
* progmem variable attribute, AVR: AVR Variable Attributes.
(line 7)
* program instrumentation options: Instrumentation Options.
(line 6)
* promotion of formal parameters: Function Prototypes.
(line 6)
* pure function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 752)
* push address instruction: Simple Constraints. (line 152)
* putchar: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* puts: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* q floating point suffix: Floating Types. (line 6)
* Q floating point suffix: Floating Types. (line 6)
* qsort, and global register variables: Global Register Variables.
(line 60)
* quote GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 91)
* r fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* R fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* r in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 64)
* RAMPD: AVR Options. (line 412)
* RAMPX: AVR Options. (line 412)
* RAMPY: AVR Options. (line 412)
* RAMPZ: AVR Options. (line 412)
* range1 GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 81)
* range2 GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 84)
* ranges in case statements: Case Ranges. (line 6)
* read-only strings: Incompatibilities. (line 9)
* reentrant function attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Function Attributes.
(line 40)
* register variable after longjmp: Global Register Variables.
(line 74)
* registers for local variables: Local Register Variables.
(line 6)
* registers in constraints: Simple Constraints. (line 64)
* registers, global allocation: Global Register Variables.
(line 6)
* registers, global variables in: Global Register Variables.
(line 6)
* regparm function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 76)
* relocation truncated to fit (ColdFire): M680x0 Options. (line 325)
* relocation truncated to fit (MIPS): MIPS Options. (line 236)
* remainder: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* remainderf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* remainderl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* remquo: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* remquof: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* remquol: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* renesas function attribute, SH: SH Function Attributes.
(line 40)
* reordering, warning: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 681)
* reporting bugs: Bugs. (line 6)
* resbank function attribute, SH: SH Function Attributes.
(line 44)
* reset function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 45)
* reset handler functions: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 45)
* rest argument (in macro): Variadic Macros. (line 6)
* restricted pointers: Restricted Pointers.
(line 6)
* restricted references: Restricted Pointers.
(line 6)
* restricted this pointer: Restricted Pointers.
(line 6)
* returns_nonnull function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 779)
* returns_twice function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 789)
* rindex: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* rint: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* rintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* rintl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* RISC-V Options: RISC-V Options. (line 6)
* RL78 Options: RL78 Options. (line 6)
* round: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* roundf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* roundl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* RS/6000 and PowerPC Options: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 6)
* RTTI: Vague Linkage. (line 42)
* run-time error checking options: Instrumentation Options.
(line 6)
* run-time options: Code Gen Options. (line 6)
* RX Options: RX Options. (line 6)
* s in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 100)
* S/390 and zSeries Options: S/390 and zSeries Options.
(line 6)
* saddr variable attribute, RL78: RL78 Variable Attributes.
(line 6)
* save all registers on the Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 56)
* save all registers on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S: H8/300 Function Attributes.
(line 23)
* saveall function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 56)
* saveall function attribute, H8/300: H8/300 Function Attributes.
(line 23)
* save_all function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 28)
* save_volatiles function attribute, MicroBlaze: MicroBlaze Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* scalar_storage_order type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 264)
* scalb: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scalbf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scalbl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scalbln: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scalblnf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scalblnf <1>: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scalbn: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scalbnf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scanf, and constant strings: Incompatibilities. (line 17)
* scanfnl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* scope of a variable length array: Variable Length. (line 22)
* scope of declaration: Disappointments. (line 21)
* scope of external declarations: Incompatibilities. (line 80)
* Score Options: Score Options. (line 6)
* sda variable attribute, V850: V850 Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* search path: Directory Options. (line 6)
* section function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 798)
* section variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 214)
* secure_call function attribute, ARC: ARC Function Attributes.
(line 51)
* selectany variable attribute: Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes.
(line 16)
* sentinel function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 814)
* setjmp: Global Register Variables.
(line 74)
* setjmp incompatibilities: Incompatibilities. (line 39)
* shared attribute, Nvidia PTX: Nvidia PTX Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* shared strings: Incompatibilities. (line 9)
* shared variable attribute: Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes.
(line 37)
* shortcall function attribute, Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 38)
* shortcall function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 10)
* short_call function attribute, ARC: ARC Function Attributes.
(line 24)
* short_call function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 31)
* short_call function attribute, Epiphany: Epiphany Function Attributes.
(line 57)
* short_call function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 63)
* side effect in ?:: Conditionals. (line 20)
* side effects, macro argument: Statement Exprs. (line 35)
* side effects, order of evaluation: Non-bugs. (line 196)
* sign-return-address function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 65)
* signal function attribute, AVR: AVR Function Attributes.
(line 80)
* signbit: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* signbitd128: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* signbitd32: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* signbitd64: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* signbitf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* signbitl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* signed and unsigned values, comparison warning: Warning Options.
(line 2232)
* significand: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* significandf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* significandl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* SIMD: C Dialect Options. (line 337)
* simd function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 840)
* simple constraints: Simple Constraints. (line 6)
* sin: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sincos: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sincosf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sincosl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sinf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sinh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sinhf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sinhl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sinl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sizeof: Typeof. (line 6)
* smaller data references: M32R/D Options. (line 57)
* smaller data references <1>: Nios II Options. (line 9)
* smaller data references (PowerPC): PowerPC SPE Options.
(line 524)
* smaller data references (PowerPC) <1>: RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
(line 774)
* snprintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* Solaris 2 options: Solaris 2 Options. (line 6)
* SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: Environment Variables.
(line 177)
* SPARC options: SPARC Options. (line 6)
* Spec Files: Spec Files. (line 6)
* specified registers: Explicit Register Variables.
(line 6)
* specifying compiler version and target machine: Invoking GCC.
(line 24)
* specifying hardware config: Submodel Options. (line 6)
* specifying machine version: Invoking GCC. (line 24)
* specifying registers for local variables: Local Register Variables.
(line 6)
* speed of compilation: Precompiled Headers.
(line 6)
* sprintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* SPU options: SPU Options. (line 6)
* spu_vector type attribute, SPU: SPU Type Attributes.
(line 6)
* spu_vector variable attribute, SPU: SPU Variable Attributes.
(line 6)
* sp_switch function attribute, SH: SH Function Attributes.
(line 58)
* sqrt: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sqrtf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sqrtl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sscanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* sscanf, and constant strings: Incompatibilities. (line 17)
* sseregparm function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 93)
* stack_protect function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 859)
* Statement Attributes: Statement Attributes.
(line 6)
* statements inside expressions: Statement Exprs. (line 6)
* static data in C++, declaring and defining: Static Definitions.
(line 6)
* stdcall function attribute, x86-32: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 108)
* stpcpy: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* stpncpy: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strcasecmp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strcat: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strchr: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strcmp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strcpy: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strcspn: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strdup: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strfmon: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strftime: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strict-align function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 32)
* string constants: Incompatibilities. (line 9)
* strlen: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strncasecmp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strncat: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strncmp: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strncpy: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strndup: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strpbrk: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strrchr: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strspn: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* strstr: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* struct: Unnamed Fields. (line 6)
* struct __htm_tdb: S/390 System z Built-in Functions.
(line 49)
* structures: Incompatibilities. (line 146)
* structures, constructor expression: Compound Literals. (line 6)
* submodel options: Submodel Options. (line 6)
* subscripting: Subscripting. (line 6)
* subscripting and function values: Subscripting. (line 6)
* suffixes for C++ source: Invoking G++. (line 6)
* SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES: Environment Variables.
(line 171)
* suppressing warnings: Warning Options. (line 6)
* surprises in C++: C++ Misunderstandings.
(line 6)
* syntax checking: Warning Options. (line 13)
* syscall_linkage function attribute, IA-64: IA-64 Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* system headers, warnings from: Warning Options. (line 1651)
* sysv_abi function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 34)
* tan: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tanh: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tanhf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tanhl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tanl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* target function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 864)
* target function attribute <1>: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 70)
* target function attribute <2>: Nios II Function Attributes.
(line 9)
* target function attribute <3>: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 21)
* target function attribute <4>: S/390 Function Attributes.
(line 22)
* target function attribute <5>: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 180)
* target machine, specifying: Invoking GCC. (line 24)
* target("3dnow") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 186)
* target("3dnowa") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 190)
* target("abm") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 195)
* target("adx") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 200)
* target("aes") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 204)
* target("align-stringops") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 517)
* target("altivec") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 28)
* target("arch=ARCH") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 526)
* target("arm") function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 80)
* target("avoid-indexed-addresses") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 149)
* target("avx") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 208)
* target("avx2") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 212)
* target("avx5124fmaps") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 216)
* target("avx5124vnniw") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 221)
* target("avx512bitalg") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 226)
* target("avx512bw") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 231)
* target("avx512cd") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 235)
* target("avx512dq") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 239)
* target("avx512er") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 243)
* target("avx512f") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 247)
* target("avx512ifma") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 251)
* target("avx512pf") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 255)
* target("avx512vbmi") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 259)
* target("avx512vbmi2") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 263)
* target("avx512vl") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 267)
* target("avx512vnni") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 271)
* target("avx512vpopcntdq") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 275)
* target("bmi") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 280)
* target("bmi2") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 284)
* target("cld") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 493)
* target("clflushopt") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 288)
* target("clwb") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 292)
* target("clzero") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 296)
* target("cmpb") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 34)
* target("cpu=CPU") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 164)
* target("crc32") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 300)
* target("custom-fpu-cfg=NAME") function attribute, Nios II: Nios II Function Attributes.
(line 25)
* target("custom-INSN=N") function attribute, Nios II: Nios II Function Attributes.
(line 16)
* target("cx16") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 304)
* target("default") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 307)
* target("dlmzb") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 40)
* target("f16c") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 312)
* target("fancy-math-387") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 497)
* target("fma") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 316)
* target("fma4") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 320)
* target("fpmath=FPMATH") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 534)
* target("fprnd") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 47)
* target("fpu=") function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 86)
* target("friz") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 140)
* target("fsgsbase") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 324)
* target("fxsr") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 328)
* target("gfni") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 332)
* target("hard-dfp") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 53)
* target("hle") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 336)
* target("ieee-fp") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 502)
* target("inline-all-stringops") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 507)
* target("inline-stringops-dynamically") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 511)
* target("isel") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 59)
* target("longcall") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 159)
* target("lwp") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 340)
* target("lzcnt") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 344)
* target("mfcrf") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 63)
* target("mfpgpr") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 70)
* target("mmx") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 348)
* target("movbe") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 352)
* target("movdir64b") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 356)
* target("movdiri") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 360)
* target("mulhw") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 77)
* target("multiple") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 84)
* target("mwaitx") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 364)
* target("no-custom-INSN") function attribute, Nios II: Nios II Function Attributes.
(line 16)
* target("paired") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 154)
* target("pclmul") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 368)
* target("pconfig") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 372)
* target("pku") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 376)
* target("popcnt") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 380)
* target("popcntb") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 95)
* target("popcntd") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 102)
* target("powerpc-gfxopt") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 108)
* target("powerpc-gpopt") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 114)
* target("prefetchwt1") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 384)
* target("prfchw") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 388)
* target("rdpid") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 392)
* target("rdrnd") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 396)
* target("rdseed") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 400)
* target("recip") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 521)
* target("recip-precision") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 120)
* target("rtm") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 404)
* target("sahf") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 408)
* target("sgx") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 412)
* target("sha") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 416)
* target("shstk") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 420)
* target("sse") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 424)
* target("sse2") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 428)
* target("sse3") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 432)
* target("sse4") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 436)
* target("sse4.1") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 441)
* target("sse4.2") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 445)
* target("sse4a") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 449)
* target("ssse3") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 453)
* target("string") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 126)
* target("tbm") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 457)
* target("thumb") function attribute, ARM: ARM Function Attributes.
(line 76)
* target("tune=TUNE") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 171)
* target("tune=TUNE") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 530)
* target("update") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 89)
* target("vaes") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 461)
* target("vpclmulqdq") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 465)
* target("vsx") function attribute, PowerPC: PowerPC Function Attributes.
(line 132)
* target("wbnoinvd") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 469)
* target("xop") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 473)
* target("xsave") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 477)
* target("xsavec") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 481)
* target("xsaveopt") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 485)
* target("xsaves") function attribute, x86: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 489)
* target-dependent options: Submodel Options. (line 6)
* target_clones function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 898)
* TC1: Standards. (line 13)
* TC2: Standards. (line 13)
* TC3: Standards. (line 13)
* tda variable attribute, V850: V850 Variable Attributes.
(line 13)
* Technical Corrigenda: Standards. (line 13)
* Technical Corrigendum 1: Standards. (line 13)
* Technical Corrigendum 2: Standards. (line 13)
* Technical Corrigendum 3: Standards. (line 13)
* template instantiation: Template Instantiation.
(line 6)
* temporaries, lifetime of: Temporaries. (line 6)
* tentative definitions: Code Gen Options. (line 231)
* tgamma: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tgammaf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tgammal: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* thiscall function attribute, x86-32: x86 Function Attributes.
(line 23)
* Thread-Local Storage: Thread-Local. (line 6)
* thunks: Nested Functions. (line 6)
* TILE-Gx options: TILE-Gx Options. (line 6)
* TILEPro options: TILEPro Options. (line 6)
* tiny data section on the H8/300H and H8S: H8/300 Variable Attributes.
(line 19)
* tiny type attribute, MeP: MeP Type Attributes.
(line 6)
* tiny variable attribute, MeP: MeP Variable Attributes.
(line 20)
* tiny_data variable attribute, H8/300: H8/300 Variable Attributes.
(line 19)
* TLS: Thread-Local. (line 6)
* tls-dialect= function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 44)
* tls_model variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 259)
* TMPDIR: Environment Variables.
(line 45)
* toascii: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tolower: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* toupper: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* towlower: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* towupper: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* traditional C language: Preprocessor Options.
(line 366)
* transparent_union type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 304)
* trapa_handler function attribute, SH: SH Function Attributes.
(line 73)
* trap_exit function attribute, SH: SH Function Attributes.
(line 68)
* trunc: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* truncf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* truncl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* tune= function attribute, AArch64: AArch64 Function Attributes.
(line 54)
* two-stage name lookup: Name lookup. (line 6)
* type alignment: Alignment. (line 6)
* type attributes: Type Attributes. (line 6)
* type-diff GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 114)
* typedef names as function parameters: Incompatibilities. (line 97)
* typeof: Typeof. (line 6)
* type_info: Vague Linkage. (line 42)
* uhk fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* UHK fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* uhr fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* UHR fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* uk fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* UK fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* ulk fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* ULK fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* ULL integer suffix: Long Long. (line 6)
* ullk fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* ULLK fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* ullr fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* ULLR fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* ulr fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* ULR fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* uncached type attribute, ARC: ARC Type Attributes.
(line 6)
* undefined behavior: Bug Criteria. (line 17)
* undefined function value: Bug Criteria. (line 17)
* underscores in variables in macros: Typeof. (line 46)
* union: Unnamed Fields. (line 6)
* union, casting to a: Cast to Union. (line 6)
* unions: Incompatibilities. (line 146)
* unknown pragmas, warning: Warning Options. (line 1155)
* unresolved references and -nodefaultlibs: Link Options. (line 94)
* unresolved references and -nostdlib: Link Options. (line 94)
* unused function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 919)
* unused label attribute: Label Attributes. (line 31)
* unused type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 357)
* unused variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 268)
* upper function attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Function Attributes.
(line 53)
* upper variable attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Variable Attributes.
(line 24)
* ur fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* UR fixed-suffix: Fixed-Point. (line 6)
* used function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 924)
* used variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 273)
* User stack pointer in interrupts on the Blackfin: Blackfin Function Attributes.
(line 21)
* use_debug_exception_return function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 39)
* use_shadow_register_set function attribute, MIPS: MIPS Function Attributes.
(line 28)
* V in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 43)
* V850 Options: V850 Options. (line 6)
* vague linkage: Vague Linkage. (line 6)
* value after longjmp: Global Register Variables.
(line 74)
* variable addressability on the M32R/D: M32R/D Variable Attributes.
(line 9)
* variable alignment: Alignment. (line 6)
* variable attributes: Variable Attributes.
(line 6)
* variable number of arguments: Variadic Macros. (line 6)
* variable-length array in a structure: Variable Length. (line 26)
* variable-length array scope: Variable Length. (line 22)
* variable-length arrays: Variable Length. (line 6)
* variables in specified registers: Explicit Register Variables.
(line 6)
* variables, local, in macros: Typeof. (line 46)
* variadic macros: Variadic Macros. (line 6)
* VAX options: VAX Options. (line 6)
* vector function attribute, RX: RX Function Attributes.
(line 49)
* vector_size variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 282)
* version_id function attribute, IA-64: IA-64 Function Attributes.
(line 16)
* vfprintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* vfscanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* visibility function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 934)
* visibility type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 366)
* visibility variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 305)
* Visium options: Visium Options. (line 6)
* VLAs: Variable Length. (line 6)
* vliw function attribute, MeP: MeP Function Attributes.
(line 30)
* void pointers, arithmetic: Pointer Arith. (line 6)
* void, size of pointer to: Pointer Arith. (line 6)
* volatile access: Volatiles. (line 6)
* volatile access <1>: C++ Volatiles. (line 6)
* volatile applied to function: Function Attributes.
(line 6)
* volatile asm: Extended Asm. (line 116)
* volatile read: Volatiles. (line 6)
* volatile read <1>: C++ Volatiles. (line 6)
* volatile write: Volatiles. (line 6)
* volatile write <1>: C++ Volatiles. (line 6)
* vprintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* vscanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* vsnprintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* vsprintf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* vsscanf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* vtable: Vague Linkage. (line 27)
* VxWorks Options: VxWorks Options. (line 6)
* w floating point suffix: Floating Types. (line 6)
* W floating point suffix: Floating Types. (line 6)
* wakeup function attribute, MSP430: MSP430 Function Attributes.
(line 45)
* warm function attribute, NDS32: NDS32 Function Attributes.
(line 52)
* warning for comparison of signed and unsigned values: Warning Options.
(line 2232)
* warning for overloaded virtual function: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 756)
* warning for reordering of member initializers: C++ Dialect Options.
(line 681)
* warning for unknown pragmas: Warning Options. (line 1155)
* warning function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 206)
* warning GCC_COLORS capability: Diagnostic Message Formatting Options.
(line 75)
* warning messages: Warning Options. (line 6)
* warnings from system headers: Warning Options. (line 1651)
* warnings vs errors: Warnings and Errors.
(line 6)
* warn_if_not_aligned type attribute: Common Type Attributes.
(line 83)
* warn_if_not_aligned variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 73)
* warn_unused type attribute: C++ Attributes. (line 71)
* warn_unused_result function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 1034)
* weak function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 1051)
* weak variable attribute: Common Variable Attributes.
(line 310)
* weakref function attribute: Common Function Attributes.
(line 1060)
* whitespace: Incompatibilities. (line 112)
* Windows Options for x86: x86 Windows Options.
(line 6)
* X in constraint: Simple Constraints. (line 122)
* X3.159-1989: Standards. (line 13)
* x86 named address spaces: Named Address Spaces.
(line 183)
* x86 Options: x86 Options. (line 6)
* x86 Windows Options: x86 Windows Options.
(line 6)
* Xstormy16 Options: Xstormy16 Options. (line 6)
* Xtensa Options: Xtensa Options. (line 6)
* y0: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* y0f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* y0l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* y1: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* y1f: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* y1l: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* yn: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ynf: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* ynl: Other Builtins. (line 6)
* zda variable attribute, V850: V850 Variable Attributes.
(line 17)
* zero-length arrays: Zero Length. (line 6)
* zero-size structures: Empty Structures. (line 6)
* zSeries options: zSeries Options. (line 6)
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